锂离子电池电动汽车充电 10 分钟完成 诸平 Figure1 Asymmetric Temperature Modulation Method Fig. 2 据 细胞出版社 ( Cell Press ) 2019 年 10 月 30 日提供的消息,王朝阳研究小组 ( Chao-Yang Wang Group ) 发明的快速充电电池(见图 3 ),为电动汽车充电在 10 min 内即可完成。 Fig. 3 A fast charging battery invented by Chao-Yang Wang Group. Credit: Chao-Yang Wang Group 科学家开发了一种锂离子电池,该电池可在高温下充电以提高反应速率,但在放电过程中仍可保持电池凉爽,显示出在 10 min 内可以为电动汽车增加 200 英里的续驶里程的电力。如果按比例缩放,该设计是一种缓解全电动汽车缺乏足够巡航距离,以安全到达目的地而又不会使旅途中途停滞的潜在策略。美国宾夕法尼亚州立大学( Pennsylvania State University )王朝阳小组的研究人员 2019 年 10 月 30 日在《焦耳》( Joule )杂志上发表了这项研究成果—— Xiao-Guang Yang , Teng Liu , Yue Gao , Shanhai Ge , Yongjun Leng , Donghai Wang , Chao-Yang Wang . Asymmetric Temperature Modulation for Extreme Fast Charging of Lithium-Ion Batteries. Joule, https://www.cell.com/joule/fulltext/S2542-4351(19)30481-7 . DOI: 10.1016/j.joule.2019.09.021 . PIIS2542435119304817.pdf 科学家已经认识到 , 为了满足电动汽车长途运输的需求,需要设计能够快速充电的电动汽车电池。然而,如此快速的充电速率将要求电池迅速吸收 400 千瓦的能量,这是当前电动车辆无法完成的壮举,因为它冒着 锂 电镀的风险即在阳极周围形成 金属锂的 危险,这不仅仅将严重降低 电池寿命 ,更为重要的是随时都有发生爆炸的可能。 当常规锂电池在相同温度下充电和放电时,研究人员发现,通过将电池充电至 60 ℃的高温几分钟,然后在 较低的温度下 放电,即可避免锂电镀问题。 宾夕法尼亚州立大学机械工程师王超阳( Chao-Yang Wang 音译)说: “ 除了快速充电外,这种设计还使我们能够将电池的暴露时间限制在升高的充电温度下,从而产生了非常长的循环寿命。 ”“ 关键是要实现快速加热;否则,电池将在高温下停留太长时间,从而导致严重退化。 ” 为了缩短加热时间并在均匀的温度下加热整个电池,王朝阳及其同事配备了一种 锂离子电池 设计,该 电池 具有自加热镍结构,可在不到 30 s 的时间内预热。为了测试他们的模型,他们使用各种冷却策略为 3 个用于混合动力 电动汽车的 石墨袋式 电池分别 在 40 ℃, 49 ℃和 60 ℃以及 20 ℃的对照下进行充电,以维持恒定的充电温度。为了确认没有发生镀锂,他们随后将电池完全放电并打开进行分析。 王朝阳和研究小组的其他成员发现,预热到 60 ℃的电池可以维持极快的充电过程达 1700 个循环,而对照电池只能保持 60 个循环。在 49 ℃和 60 ℃的平均充电温度下,该研究未观察到任何锂电镀。研究人员还观察到,升高的充电温度大大降低了将电池保持在初始温度所需的冷却 - 对照电池产生 3.05 瓦时,而 60 ℃电池仅产生 1.7 瓦时。 王朝阳说: “ 过去,人们普遍认为锂离子电池应避免在高温下运行,因为担心会加速副反应。 ”“ 这项研究表明,在有限的暴露时间下,在 高温下 减轻锂电镀的好处远远超过了加剧的副反应带来的负面影响。 ” 研究人员指出,该技术是完全可推广的,因为所有电池均基于工业上可用的电极。他们已经证明了它在大规模电池,模块和电池组中的使用。镍箔使每个电池的成本增加了 0.47 %,但是由于该设计消除了当前型号所用外部加热器的需求,因此实际上降低了生产每个电池组的成本。王朝阳研究团队的未来计划是将他们的设计进一步发展。他说: “ 我们正在努力在 5 min 内为高能量的电动汽车 电池充电 ,而不会对其造成损坏。 ”“ 除了我们发明的自热结构之外,这还需要高度稳定的电解质和活性材料。 ” 更多信息请注意浏览原文或者相关报道。 Lithium ion battery design can charge an electric vehicle in 10 minutes Self-heating, fast-charging battery makes electric vehicles climate-immune SUMMARY Adding a 200-mile range in 10 min, so-called extreme fast charging (XFC), is the key to mainstream adoption of battery electric vehicles (BEVs). Here, we present an asymmetric temperature modulation (ATM) method that, on one hand, charges a Li-ion cell at an elevated temperature of 60 ℃ to eliminate Li plating and, on the other, limits the exposure time at 60 ℃ to only 10 min per cycle, or 0.1% of the lifetime of a BEV, to prevent severe solid-electrolyte-interphase growth. The asymmetric temperature between charge and discharge opens a new path to enhance kinetics and transport during charging while still achieving long life. We show that a 9.5-Ah 170-Wh/kg cell sustained 1,700 XFC cycles (6 C charge to 80% state of charge) at 20% capacity loss with the ATM, compared to 60 cycles for a control cell, and that a 209-Wh/kg BEV cell retained 91.7% capacity after 2,500 XFC cycles.
Nature: 有望实现 电动汽车 无线充电 诸平 据斯坦福大学( Stanford University ) 2017 年 6 月 14 日 提供的消息,该大学电气工程系金兹顿实验室( Ginzton Laboratory )的研究人员,发明了一种可以通过无线电为运动圆盘传输电力的设备(见图 1 所示)。这项技术有朝一日可以用于为电动汽车和个人移动设备充电。此项研究成果于 2017 年 6 月 14 日在《自然》( Nature )杂志网站发表 —— Sid Assawaworrarit, Xiaofang Yu , Shanhui Fan . Robust wireless power transfer using a nonlinear parity?time-symmetric circuit . Nature , 2017 , 546: 387–390 . DOI: 10.1038/nature22404 . Fig. 1 Stanford scientists have created a device that wirelessly transmits electricity to a movable disc. The technology could some day be used to charge moving electric vehicles and personal devices. Credit: Sid Assawaworrarit/Stanford University 如果电动汽车 能够在 高速公路 行驶过程中进行 充电 , 就会解决驾驶员的后顾之忧,事实上也可以 消除 他们对于行驶里程范围的 担忧 , 当然也有利于降低营运 成本。现在 美国 斯坦福大学的科学家们已经克服 了电动汽车 的 能源供给问题,他们将在不久的未来 通过无线传输来 为 附近 行驶的电动汽车进行充电,也可以为附近的其它 移动物体 进行充电 。 这项研究的资深作者 、 电气工程教授 范汕洄 ( Shanhui Fan 音译 ) 说 : “ 除了 可以为电动车辆和个人设备如手机等进行 无线充电 之外, 我们的新技术 也可以为用于制造业的 机器人 进行充电。不过, 我们仍然需要大幅 提升为 电动汽车充电 的电 量,而并 不需要 增加 太多的距离。 ” 该 研究小组的此项技术,是 2007 年 在美国 麻省理工学院 ( MIT ) 为了对几英尺之外的某 静止的物体 通过 无线传输电力 而 开发的。在新的工作中 , 研究 团队 将 电力无线传输 到 一个移动的 LED 光源 。演示只涉及一个 1 mW(1 毫瓦 ) 电荷 , 而电动汽车 运行 往往需要数十千瓦 的功率 。 此研究 团队目前正在 研究 可以大大增加 传输电力 的问题 , 并调整系统延长传输距离 , 提高 传输 效率。 行驶里程 无线充电会解决插 电式 电动汽车 的一个主要缺点 , 即它们的行驶里程受限 。特斯拉汽车 公司( Tesla Motors ) 预计其即将到来的模型 3 ( Model 3 ) 一次充电 的 行驶里程会 超过 200 英里 , 而已经上市的 雪佛 ·博尔特( Chevy Bolt )电动汽车,其广告宣传中声称一次充电可以行使 238 英里。但电动汽车电池 的 完全充电 通常需要几个小时才能 完成 。 在行驶过程中完成充电的 系统将 会 克服这些 局限性 。 范 教授 解释道 : “ 在 理论上 , 人们 可以无时 限的开车,只要不 停止充电。 此 希望 就是 你 沿着高速公路开车时 , 能够 为自己的 电动汽车 充电 。 在车底部 的 线圈可以从 高速公路上 嵌入 电流的 一系列的线圈 相 连 为其 供电。 ” 一些交通专家设想一个自动化公路系统 , 在 此 无人驾驶电动汽车 通过太阳能或者 其他可再生能源 为其 无线充电。目标是减少事故的发生 , 大大提高交通流量 , 同时降低温室气体排放。 无线技术也可以帮助无人驾驶汽车 GPS 导航。 GPS 的 准确 范围 大约 为 35 英尺。为 了 安全起见 , 自动汽车需要 处于 车道中心 , 发送 线圈 将被 嵌入 此位置 , 为 GPS 卫星提供非常精确的定位。 磁共振 中程无线电力传输 , 作为 斯坦福大学和其他大学 已经开发出 的 技术 , 是 基于 磁共振 耦合。正如主要发电厂 通过在磁铁之间转动线圈 产生交流电 一样 , 电 流 通过 电线会产生 一个振荡磁场。 磁场也会 导致附近 线圈 内 的电子 产生 振动 , 因此 可以 无线传输功率。如果线圈都调到相同的磁共振频率和定位在正确的角度 , 传输效率 就会 进一步提高 。 然而 , 如果电路的某些方面 , 如频率 是可以 手动调 整 物体 的运动来实现,那么 电 力 的连续流 就可以持续 。所以 , 能量发射线圈和接收线圈必须保持几乎 是 静止 的 , 或 此 设备必须 可以 自动 不断 调整 , 很明显这是 一个复杂的过程。 为 了 应对挑战 , 斯坦福 大学的研究 团队消除 了 发射机的射频源 , 取而代之的是商用电压放大器和反馈电阻。这个系统 对于不同距离、 不需要人类干扰 就 会自动计算出合适的频率。 该研究的主要作者 、 研究生 Sid Assawaworrarit 说 : “ 尽管接收线圈的方向改变 , 但是, 添加放大器 之后 可以非常有效地 使电力传输到 三英尺 之外 。这消除了需要进行自动和连续调谐电路的任何方面。 Sid Assawaworrarit 通过将 LED 灯泡 连接到 接收线圈 上来进行 测试 。在一个没有活跃 调优 的常规设置 当中 ,LED 亮度会随着距离的 增加而减弱 。 但是 在新设置 中 , 接收机 距离电源 三英尺 其 LED 的 亮度保持不变。 范教授 的 研究 团队 对于此项研究的最新进展已经 提出专利申请。 该研究小组 使用现成的 、 具有 相对较低效率约 10% 的 通用放大器。他们说定制 的 放大器可以提高效率 达到 90% 以上。 范教授说: “ 我们可以重新思考如何交付电力 , 不仅 是对电力 汽车 , 而且包括我们体外和体内 较小设备 的供电问题 。可能受益于动态无线充电 的 任何 东西 , 此项研究成果的 重要 性是不言而喻 的。 ” 更多信息 请注意浏览原文或者 Wireless power could revolutionize highway transportation, researchers say Abstract Considerable progress in wireless power transfer has been made in the realm of non-radiative transfer, which employs magnetic-field coupling in the near field 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 . A combination of circuit resonance and impedance transformation is often used to help to achieve efficient transfer of power over a predetermined distance of about the size of the resonators 3 , 4 . The development of non-radiative wireless power transfer has paved the way towards real-world applications such as wireless powering of implantable medical devices and wireless charging of stationary electric vehicles 1 , 2 , 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 . However, it remains a fundamental challenge to create a wireless power transfer system in which the transfer efficiency is robust against the variation of operating conditions. Here we propose theoretically and demonstrate experimentally that a parity–time-symmetric circuit incorporating a nonlinear gain saturation element provides robust wireless power transfer. Our results show that the transfer efficiency remains near unity over a distance variation of approximately one metre, without the need for any tuning. This is in contrast with conventional methods where high transfer efficiency can only be maintained by constantly tuning the frequency or the internal coupling parameters as the transfer distance or the relative orientation of the source and receiver units is varied. The use of a nonlinear parity–time-symmetric circuit should enable robust wireless power transfer to moving devices or vehicles 9 , 10 . 范教授的高引论文(被引频次1000次) 标题 1–20 引用次数 发表年份 Photonic crystals: putting a new twist on light JD Joannopoulos, PR Villeneuve, S Fan Nature 386 (6621), 143 3182 1997 High transmission through sharp bends in photonic crystal waveguides A Mekis, JC Chen, I Kurland, S Fan, PR Villeneuve, JD Joannopoulos Physical Review Letters 77 (18), 3787 2034 1996 A dielectric omnidirectional reflector Y Fink, JN Winn, S Fan, C Chen, J Michel, JD Joannopoulos, EL Thomas Science 282 (5394), 1679-1682 1429 1998 Large single-molecule fluorescence enhancements produced by a bowtie nanoantenna A Kinkhabwala, Z Yu, S Fan, Y Avlasevich, K Müllen, WE Moerner Nature Photonics 3 (11), 654-657 1173 2009 Guided modes in photonic crystal slabs SG Johnson, S Fan, PR Villeneuve, JD Joannopoulos, LA Kolodziejski Physical Review B 60 (8), 5751 1157 1999 Photonic-bandgap microcavities in optical waveguides JS Foresi, PR Villeneuve, J Ferrera, ER Thoen, G Steinmeyer, S Fan, ... nature 390 (6656), 143-145 1146 1997
一般认为,会导致以下连锁反应: 日本福岛核危机-全球核电建设低迷-中国谨慎建设核电-电动汽车电能来源依赖火电-失去电动汽车节能环保的意义! ① 日本福岛核危机:引发全球在建、拟建核电项目的搁置。我国近年地震等地质灾害频发,因此,我国核电的发展将可能受到影响。 ② 中国的电能来源:主要以煤电为主(80%),其他(约20%):核电、风电、水电、太阳能发电等。 ③ 而火电的煤炭利用效率(用于火力发电的煤炭占全年煤炭使用量的1/5左右)很低,首先煤炭转化为电能,再输送(电能损耗),再给电动汽车充电,电能再经机械转化为汽车的推动力,这个过程的能量损耗比直接采用内燃机(汽油或柴油,甚至是天然气、代用燃料,如酒精等)的效率要低。这意味着对环境的污染并没有实质改善,因此,也就失去了通过电机拖动方式代替内燃机推动方式的意义。 ④ 另外,电动汽车本身的技术也存在瓶颈,例如:电池技术、充电技术等。 因此,综合以上分析,可以预见,在短期内: a)内燃机仍然将作为主要的汽车动力来源方式,尤其是中重型商用车、客车,解决石油危机的可能方式有可能转向可再生的代用燃料内燃机; b)对于电动汽车的发展,可以考虑采用风能、太阳能的利用,但这受地理条件和气候的影响和限制; c)对于氢电池,存在储存和使用的安全问题,造价也高,而且氢的收集也是一个问题(不能依靠电能分解)。
GM and Maplesoft to Collaborate on Electric Vehicle Technologies at the University of Waterloo Maplesoft October 15, 2010 A new five-year, $10.5-million partnership between General Motors of Canada, Waterloo-based Maplesoft Inc., and a multidisciplinary research team at the University of Waterloo is tackling the challenges of next generation electric vehicles. Through model-based design and prototype testing, the team will investigate crucial technologies for achieving more widespread use of electric vehicles. “Vehicle electrification is a key pillar of our energy diversification strategy,” said Kevin Williams, president and managing director of GM of Canada. “Building on our leading RD commitments in Canada, this project better positions us to exceed customers' expectations with respect to the performance, safety, and sustainability of our electric vehicle technologies.” The research is being supported by the Automotive Partnership Canada (APC) with the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC) as the lead agency. APC is contributing $3.6 million, in addition to $2.5 million from the Ontario Research Fund. “The Harper government's continued commitment to RD in Canada is bringing long-term benefits to our automotive industry, and is helping to keep us on the cutting edge of innovation,” said Peter Braid, Member of Parliament for Kitchener-Waterloo, on behalf of The Honourable Tony Clement, Minister of Industry. “This technology is an exciting example of made-in-Canada innovation resulting from the Automotive Partnership Canada program." “We're very excited about the APC project,” added Dr. Tom Lee, Maplesoft's vice-president, engineering applications. “This project will result in powerful new software tools that will speed up the design and analysis of electric vehicles.” The development and validation of key enabling technologies such as vehicle stability control, power management systems, and battery monitoring and charging devices will be important focus areas for the research team, led by Dr. Amir Khajepour from the University of Waterloo. Importantly, the technologies originating from Waterloo will also be tested by GM vehicle development teams. Engaging the research team in the vehicle development process will provide them with a unique opportunity to gain insight into bringing new technology concepts to market, and help transform the research findings into a truly integrated technological solution. "Electrification of automotive systems presents complex challenges for a vehicle's powertrain, control systems, battery health monitoring, thermal management, and safety,” added Dr. Khajepour. “With the APC funding and the support of General Motors, we plan to tackle these challenges to develop the next generation of key electric vehicle technologies.” Maplesoft, a leading developer of high performance physical modeling and simulation software, will incorporate the researchers' innovative ideas into new design tools that GM's staff can apply during their routine engineering work. Maplesoft is particularly interested in using its modelling capabilities to help improve the batteries deployed in electric vehicles. About General Motors of Canada Limited Headquartered in Oshawa, Ontario, General Motors of Canada Limited (GMCL) employs over 9,000 people across the country and is a recognized leader in green manufacturing. GMCL markets the full range of fuel-efficient Chevrolet, Buick, GMC and Cadillac vehicles and related services through Canada's largest automotive dealer network, which employs over 23,000 people dedicated to delivering a top customer experience. GMCL also plays a leadership role in automotive design and engineering, engaging in innovative research and development partnerships with leading Canadian universities and research institutes. In addition, through its Canadian Engineering Centres, GMCL conducts development activities ranging from cold weather testing to the advancement of key electric vehicle and green technologies. www.gm.ca About Maplesoft Maplesoft™, provider of high-performance software tools for engineering, science, and mathematics, offers a product suite that reflects the philosophy that given great tools, people can do great things. Maplesoft's core technologies include an advanced symbolic computation engine and revolutionary physical modelling techniques. Combined together, these technologies enable the creation of cutting edge tools for design, modelling, and high-performance simulation. Engineers, scientists, and mathematicians use Maplesoft's products to reduce errors, shorten design times, lower costs, and improve results. The Maplesoft product suite includes Maple™, the technical computing and documentation environment, and MapleSim™, the high-performance, multi-domain modelling and simulation tool for physical systems. Visit www.maplesoft.com to learn more. CONTACT(S): GM Canada Jason Easton 905-441-5782 Maplesoft Kathleen McNichol 519-747-2373 Options Tell a Colleague about this Media Release
Journal of Power Sources Article in Press, Accepted Manuscript - Note to users doi:10.1016/j.jpowsour.2011.01.005 | How to Cite or Link Using DOI Copyright 2011 Published by Elsevier B.V. Permissions Reprints Online Estimation of Internal Resistance and Open-circuit Voltage of Lithium-ion Batteries in Electric Vehicles Yi-Hsien Chiang , a , , Wu-Yang Sean a and Jia-Cheng Ke a a Mechanical and System Laboratories, Industrial Technology Research Institute, Taiwan Received 31 August 2010; revised 5 December 2010; accepted 5 January 2011. Available online 14 January 2011. Abstract State-of-charge (SoC) and state-of-health (SoH) define the amount of charge and rated capacity loss of a battery, respectively. In order to determine these two measures, open-circuit voltage (OCV) and internal resistance of the battery are indispensable parameters that are obtained with difficulty through direct measurement. The motivation of this study is to develop an online, simple, training-free, and easily-implementable scheme that is capable of estimating such parameters, particularly for the lithium-ion battery in battery-powered vehicles. Based on an equivalent circuit model (ECM), the electrical performance of a battery can be formulated into state-space representation. Also, underdetermined model parameters can be arranged to appear linearly so that an adaptive control approach can be applied. An adaptation algorithm is developed by exploiting the Lyapunov-stability criteria. The OCV and internal resistance can be extracted exactly without limitations of a system input signal, such as persistent excitation (PE), enhancing the method applicability for vehicular power systems. In this study, both simulations and experiments are established to verify the capability and effectiveness of the proposed estimation scheme. Keywords: Internal resistance; open-circuit voltage; state-of-charge; state-of-health; adaptive control; equivalent circuit model