中英文标点符号的差异及英文标点符号的使用 中英文标点符号的差异： 汉语中目前使用的标点符号是参考借鉴西文的标点体系而制定的，它既保留了西文标点的主体特征，又带有与汉语语言特点相适应的特色。因而，中英文标点符号之间存在着一定的差异。 ⒈ 汉语中的某些标点符号为英语所没有。 ⑴ 顿号（、）：顿号在汉语中起分割句子中的并列成分的作用；英语中没有顿号，分割句中的并列成分多用逗号。如： She slowly, carefully, deliberately moved the box. 注意：类似的情况下，最后一个逗号后可加 and ，这个逗号也可省略 --She slowly, carefully(,) and deliberately moved the box. ⑵ 书名号（《》）：英文没有书名号，书名、报刊名用斜体或者下划线表示。如： Hamlet / Hamlet 《哈姆雷特》 Winter‘s Tale / Winter‘s Tale 《冬天的童话》 The New York Times / The New York Times 《纽约时报》 另外，英语中文章、诗歌、乐曲、电影、绘画等的名称和交通工具、航天器等的专有名词也常用斜体来表示。 ⑶ 间隔号（ #8226; ）：汉语有间隔号，用在月份和日期、音译的名和姓等需要隔开的词语的正中间，如 " 一二 #8226; 九 " 、 " 奥黛丽 #8226; 赫本（人名） " 等。英语中没有汉语的间隔号，需要间隔时多用逗点。 着重号：有时汉语用在文字下点实心圆点表示需要强调的词语，这些实心点就是着重号。而英语中没有这一符号，需强调某些成分时可借助文字斜体、某些强调性词汇、特殊句型、标点停顿等多种方法。 ⒉ 英语中的某些标点符号为汉语所没有。 ⑴ 撇号 --Apostrophe （ ‘ ） ⑵ 连字号 --Hyphen （ - ） ⑶ 斜线号 —Virgule or Slash （ / ）：该符号主要起分割作用，如 It could be for staff and / or students. 也常用于标音，如 bed /bed/ 。 ⒊ 某些符号在汉英两种语言中的形式不同。 ⑴ 中文的句号是空心圈（。） 英文的句号是实心点（ . ）。 ⑵ 英文的省略号是三个点（ ... ），位置在行底； 中文的为六个点（ ...... ），居于行中。 ⑶ 英文的破折号是（ - ） 中文的是（ -- ） 英文标点符号的使用 : 句点（Full Stop / Period，“.”） 问号（Question Mark，“？”） 感叹号（Exclamation Mark，“!”） 逗点（Comma，“,”） 冒号（Colon，“:”） 分号（Semicolon，“;”） 连字符（Hyphen，“-”） 连接号（En Dash，“–”） 破折号（Em Dash，“—”） 括号（Parentheses，小括号“( )”；中括号“ of those surveyed 5.用于一个词的一部分要移行, 一般按音节间断开单词加连字号（例如：ha-ppy,不可断为hap-py……）,或根据发音,不要把单个字母留在行尾或行首。注意一页中最后一个单词不能使用连字号将其置于两页。 八、圆括弧Parenthesis( ( ) ) 1．标出表顺序的数字和字母(如: (1) 、(2) 等) 2．用来表示其中插入的或附加的解释成分。这个插入成分可以是单词、词组或句子．但要注意,括号会削弱强调作用,因此,如果要强调插入的句子成份,则要用破折号。 They might take a walk together(remember feet) and see the neighborhood with fresh , new eyes. 九、引号Quotation Marks(“”‘’) 引号分单引号(single quotation marks) 和双引号(double quotation marks) 。单引号只用在一个直接引语中所含有的另一个直接引语上。 1． 表示直接引语。当直接引语超过四行或多于40 个字词时, 一般不用引号而改用黑体字以便与文章的其它部分界线清晰 “Well, ”the foreigner said to him ,“ you look like an engineer. ” 句号和逗号必须置于引号(双引号和单引号) 之内。 He told the gunman ,“I refuse to do that ”；his knees , however , were shaking even as he said those words. She called this schedule of activities her “load ”：work , study , exercise , recreation , and sleep. 冒号与分号必置于引号外。 The teacher asked , “Could you understand me”？ Did the teacher ask ,“Have they gone”？ Did the teacher ask ,“They have gone ？” The frightened girl screamed ,“Help”! The fellow only said ,“Sorry !” He interrupted me , “Now , listen”——and went on saying. 问号、感叹号和破折号有时置于引号之内, 有时置于外号之外。如果所引内容本身是疑问句或感叹句或带有破折号, 问号、感叹号或破折号一般放在引号之内。否则,放在引号之外。 2. 标明短篇出版物的标题, 诸如杂志、报纸上的文章、短诗、短篇故事和整部书的某一章节。 Have you read“The Old Man and the Sea”？ Chapter three is entitled“The Internet . ” 3.表示所用的词语具有特殊意义。另外,当俚语出现在较正式的文章中, 也用引号引起来, 以表示文风的有意转变。 The report contained the“facts”of the case. The speaker owns a“fat farm”in California , which slims down rich overeaters for ＄2 , 500 a week. 4. 用于表示引起读者注意的词语, 或读者不熟悉的特殊词语。 It is customary to say“Youpre welcome” whenever anyone says“Thank you. ” “SOS”is a message for help from a ship or aircraft when in danger. 十、省略号Ell ipsis(...) 此省略号无论出现在句首、句中、还是句尾,都是表示单词的省略。 1. 表示直接引语中的省略 Max wrote ,“...in one word ,manps consciousness , changes with every change in the conditions of his material existence....” 句后的省略号和句号的写法应是在一条直线上的四个黑点。前三个黑点表示省略号,后一个黑点表句号。 2. 表示说话中的犹豫或迟疑 “If that the way you think...just go back to school ,”he said. 3. 表示段落或整行词句的省略, 须使用一整行黑点。 十一、撇号或省字号Apostrophe(’) 1.构成名词所有格 rest my son’ s a moment’s books A three weeks’pay 2.表示词、字母、数码、符号等的复数形式 Don’t use so many ands in the sentence. How many 5s have you got？ 这与一般单词的复数形式不同, 正规的写法须在s 前加“ ’ ”, 要牢记规则。 3.除表动词的紧缩形式外, 还表一个或几个字母和数字的省略。 I’ve got it. “Yes ,ma’ am ,”the waiter said. 注意：有相当大一部分省略词是口语中的用法，不宜出现在书面语中。例如：I’d like to(在书面语中要写作I would like to) 十二、 字底线Underline( ) 和斜体Italics 斜体是英语的一种独特的书写手段, 但具有标点的作用,它和字底线的作用完全一样。 1. 用于火车、飞机、轮船、太空船的名称之下 Challenger (飞机) Apollo Nine(太空船) 2. 用于具有一定厚度的书籍、报纸、杂志、长诗、电影、作曲的标题下 Have you read Gone with the Wind ？ 在书写体中,长篇小说书名下要加字底线,如是印刷体写成斜体即可。 the Washington Post Time magazine 3．表示不常用的或还没有被英语这一语言所接受的外来词或短语。但外来语中的动植物科目须用字底线来表示。 In Korea , the sixty-first birthday is calld huan gup (beginning of new life) 1 He longed for La dolce vita. 4． 强调文章中的某些词语,以引起读者的注意, 相当于汉语中的着重号(即在所强调的汉字下加一个黑点) 。 英国英语和美国英语标点符号的差异 1 ．引号的用法： ① 属于引语的逗号、句号在美国英语中位于引号内，而在英国英语中多位于引号外； ② 引语内再套用引语时，美国英语中双引号在外单引号在内，而英国英语中的单引号在外、双引号在内。 在美国英语中，如果省略号恰好在句尾，就用四个点，如 I‘d like to...that is...if you don‘t mind.... 2 ． 冒号的用法： ① 在小时与分钟之间，美国英语多用冒号，英国英语多用句号； ② 美国英语中，信件或演说词的称呼语之后用冒号，而在英国英语中多用逗号。
一、~~~ the + ~ est + 名词 + (that) + 主词 + have ever + seen ( known/heard/had/read, etc) ~~~ the most + 形容词 + 名词 + (that) + 主词 + have ever + seen ( known/heard/had/read, etc) 例句：Helen is the most beautiful girl that I have ever seen. 海伦是我所看过最美丽的女孩。 Mr. Chang is the kindest teacher that I have ever had. 张老师是我曾经遇到最仁慈的教师。 二、Nothing is + ~~~ er than to + V Nothing is + more + 形容词 + than to + V 例句：Nothing is more important than to receive education. 没有比接受教育更重要的事。 三、~~~ cannot emphasize the importance of ~~~ too much.（再怎么强调...的重要性也不为过。） 例句：We cannot emphasize the importance of protecting our eyes too much. 我们再怎么强调保护眼睛的重要性也不为过。 四、There is no denying that + S + V ...（不可否认的...） 例句：There is no denying that the qualities of our living have gone from bad to worse. 不可否认的，我们的生活品质已经每况愈下。 五、It is universally acknowledged that + 句子~~ （全世界都知道...） 例句：It is universally acknowledged that trees are indispensable to us. 全世界都知道树木对我们是不可或缺的。 六、There is no doubt that + 句子~~ （毫无疑问的...） 例句：There is no doubt that our educational system leaves something to be desired. 毫无疑问的我们的教育制度令人不满意。 七、An advantage of ~~~ is that + 句子 （...的优点是...） 例句：An advantage of using the solar energy is that it won’t create (produce) any pollution. 使用太阳能的优点是它不会制造任何污染。 八、The reason why + 句子 ~~~ is that + 句子 （...的原因是...） 例句：The reason why we have to grow trees is that they can provide us with fresh air./ The reason why we have to grow trees is that they can supply fresh air for us. 我们必须种树的原因是它们能供应我们新鲜的空气。 九、So + 形容词 + be + 主词 + that + 句子 （如此...以致于...） 例句：So precious is time that we can’t afford to waste it. 时间是如此珍贵，我们经不起浪费它。 十、Adj + as + Subject（主词）+ be, S + V~~~ （虽然...） 例句：Rich as our country is, the qualities of our living are by no means satisfactory. {by no means = in no way = on no account 一点也不} 虽然我们的国家富有，我们的生活品质绝对令人不满意。 十一、The + ~er + S + V, ~~~the + ~er + S + V ~~~ The + more + Adj + S + V, ~~~the + more + Adj + S + V~~~（愈...愈...） 例句：The harder you work, the more progress you make. 你愈努力，你愈进步。 The more books we read, the more learned we become. 我们书读愈多，我们愈有学问。 十二、By +Ving, ~~ can ~~ （借着...，..能够..） 例句：By taking exercise, we can always stay healthy. 借着做运动，我们能够始终保持健康。 十三、~~~ enable + Object（受词）+ to + V （..使..能够..） 例句：Listening to music enable us to feel relaxed. 听音乐使我们能够感觉轻松。 十四、On no account can we + V ~~~ （我们绝对不能...） 例句：On no account can we ignore the value of knowledge. 我们绝对不能忽略知识的价值。 十五、It is time + S + 过去式 （该是...的时候了） 例句：It is time the authorities concerned took proper steps to solve the traffic problems. 该是有关当局采取适当的措施来解决交通问题的时候了。 十六、Those who ~~~ （...的人...） 例句：Those who violate traffic regulati文明用语 should be punished. 违反交通规定的人应该受处罚。 *、There is no one but ~~~ （没有人不...） 例句：There is no one but longs to go to college. 没有人不渴望上大学。 十八、be + forced/compelled/obliged + to + V （不得不...） 例句：Since the examination is around the corner, I am compelled to give up doing sports. 既然考试迫在眉睫，我不得不放弃做运动。 十九、It is conceivable that + 句子 （可想而知的） It is obvious that + 句子 （明显的） It is apparent that + 句子 （显然的） 例句：It is conceivable that knowledge plays an important role in our life. 可想而知，知识在我们的一生中扮演一个重要的角色。 二十、That is the reason why ~~~ （那就是...的原因） 例句：Summer is sultry. That is the reason why I don’t like it. 夏天很燠热。那就是我不喜欢它的原因。 二十一、For the past + 时间，S + 现在完成式...（过去...年来，...一直...） 例句：For the past two years, I have been busy preparing for the examination. 过去两年来，我一直忙着准备考试。 二十二、Since + S + 过去式，S + 现在完成式。 例句：Since he went to senior high school, he has worked very hard. 自从他上高中，他一直很用功。 二十三、It pays to + V ~~~ （...是值得的。） 例句：It pays to help others. 帮助别人是值得的。 二十四、be based on （以...为基础） 例句：The progress of thee society is based on harmony. 社会的进步是以和谐为基础的。 二十五、Spare no effort to + V （不遗余力的） 例句：We should spare no effort to beautify our environment. 我们应该不遗余力的美化我们的环境。 还有下面这些是我正在读的一些原版书里的好句子 You can never have too much sky. You can fall asleep and wake up drunk on sky, and sky can keep you safe when you are sad. Here there is too much sadness and not enough sky. Butterflies too are few and so are flowers and most things that are beautiful. Still, we take what we can get and make the best of 。你永远不能拥有太多的天空。你可以在天空下睡去，醒来又沉醉。在你忧伤的时候，天空会给你安慰。可是忧伤太多，天空不够，蝴蝶不够，花儿也不够。大多美好的东西都不够。于是，我们去我们所能，好好的享用。——《芒果街上的小屋》 IT is a truth universally acknowledged, that （a single man in possession of a good fortune must be in want of a wife.）这是一条举世皆知的真理，那就是...（套进去^^）——《傲慢与偏见》 There is no royal road to (science.) ......路上无坦途。——马克思。 ～可以替换以下的词～ 1. important =crucial (extremely important),significant(amount or effect large enough to be important) 2.common=universal, ubiquitous(if something is ubiquitous, it seems to be everywhere) 3.abundant=ample(enough and usually extra), plentiful(enough for people's needs and wants) 4.stick=adhere, cling(hold on something tightly) 5.neglect=ignore.(difference: neglect means someone has not paid enough attention to something; ignore means no attention.) 6.near=adjacent(twothings next to each other), adjoin(the same as adjacent)' 7.pursue=woo(man woos woman, old-fashioned), seek(if you seek sth, you try to obtain it. ｆｏｒｍAL) 8.accurate=precise(precise is exact and accurate in all details), exact(correct in every detail) 9.vague=obscure(unknown or known by only a few people) 10.top=peak, summit 11.competitor=rival, opponent(especially in sports and politics)1 12.blame=condemn(if you condemn something, you say it is very bad and unacceptable) 13.opinon=perspective, standpoint(means looking at an event or situation in a particular way) 14.fame=prestige(describe those who are admired), reputation 15.build=erect(you can erect something as buildings, formal), establish 16.insult=humiliate(do something or say something which makes people feel ashamed or stupid) 17.complain=grumble (complain something in a bad-tempered way) 18.primary=radical (very important and great in degree), fundamental 19.relieve=alleviate (alleviate means you make pain or sufferings less intense or severe) 20.force=coerces into(coerce means you make someone do something s/he does not want to),compel 21.enlarge=magnify(magnify means make something larger than it really is) 22.complex=intricate(if something is intricate, it often has many all parts and details) 23. Lonely=solitary (if someone is solitary, there is no one near him/her) 24.small=minuscule(very all), minute 25.praise=extol(stronger than praise), compliment(polite and political) 26.hard-working=assiduous(someone who is assiduous works hard or does things very thoroughly 27.difficult=arduous (if something is arduous, it is difficult and tiring, and involves a lot of efforts) 28.poor(soil)=barren, infertile(used to describe the soil is so poor that plants cannot be planted on it) 29.fragile=brittle, vulnerable(someone who is vulnerable is easily hurt emotionally or physically) 30.show=demonstrate (to demonstrate a fact means tp make it clear to people.) 31.big=massive(large in size, quantity, or extent), colossal(use this word, you emphasize something’s large), tremendous(informal)+ 32.avoid=shun(if someone shuns something, s/he deliberately avoid that something or keep away from it 33.fair=impartial(someone who is impartial is able to give a fair opinion or decision on something.) 34.attack=assault (physically attack someone), assail (attack violently 35.dislike=abhor(abhor means you hate something to a extreme extent for moral reas), loathe(dislike very much)! 36.ruin=devastate (it means damage something very badly, or utterly destroy it.) 39.always=invariably(the same as always, but better than always) 40.forever=perpetual(a perpetual state never changes), immutable(something immutable will never change or be changed) 41.surprise=startle(it means surprise you slightly), astound(surprise you to a large degree),astonish(the same as astound) 42.enthusiasm=zeal (a great enthusiasm), fervency (sincere and enthusiasm)# 43.quiet=tranquil(calm and peaceful), serene(calm and quiet)! 44.expensive=exorbitant(it means too expensive that it should be) 45.luxurious=lavish(impressive and very expensive), sumptuous(grand and very expensive 46.boring=tedious(if you describe something tedious, you mean it is boring and frustrating) 47.respect=esteem(if you esteem someone, you respect and admire him/her. ｆｏｒｍAL) 48.worry=fret(if you fret about something, you worry about it) 49.cold=chilly(unpleasantly cold), icy(extremely cold) 50.hot=boiling(very hot) 51.dangerous=perilous(very dangerous, hazardous(dangerous, especially to people's safety and health） 52.nowadays=currently 53.only=unique(the only one of its kind), distinctive; 54.stop=cease(if something ceases, it stops happening or existing) 55.part=component(the components of something are the parts that it is made of） 56.result=cequence(the results or effects of something) 57.obvious=apparent, manifest 58.basedon=derived fromcan see or notice them very easily) 60.quite=fairly 61.pathetic=lamentable(very uncomfortable and disappointing) 62.field=domain(a particular field of thought, activities or interest) 63.appear=emerge(come into existence) 64.whole=entire(the whole of something) 65.wet=moist(slightly wet), damp(slightly wet), humid(very damp and hot)! 66.wrong=erroneous(incorrect or partly correct) 67.difficult=formidable 68.change=convert(change into another form) 69.typical=quintessential(this word means represent a typical example of something) 70.careful=cautious(very careful in order to avoid danger), prudent(careful and sensible) 71.ability=capacity, capability(the same as ability) 72.strange=eccentric(if some one is eccentric, s/he behaves in a strange way, orhis/her opinion is differentfrom most people) 73.rich=affluent(if you are affluent, you have a lot of money) 74.use= utilize (the same as use) 75.dubious=skeptical(if you are skeptical about something, you have doubts on it.) 76.satisfy=gratify (if you are gratified by something, it gives you pleasure and satisfaction) 77.short=fleeting, ephemeral(if something is ephemeral, it lasts a short time) 78.scholarship=fellowship 79.angry=enraged(extremely angry) 80.文明用语elly=malodorous(used to describe an unpleasant 文明用语ell) 81.ugly=hideous(if something is hideous, it is very ugly or unattractive)# 82.attractive=appealing(pleasing and attractive), absorbing(something absorbing can attract you a great deal) 83.diverse=miscellaneous(a miscellaneous groups c文明用语ists of many different kinds of things) 84.disorder=disarray, chaos 85.crazily=frantically(used to describe someone who behaves in a wild and uncontrolled way) 86.rapid=meteoric(ATTENTION: meteoric is only used to describe someone achieves success quickly) 87.ordinary=mundane(very ordinary and not at interesting or unusual) 88.despite=notwithstanding(ｆｏｒｍAL) 89.best=optimal(used to describe the best level something can achieve)/ 90.sharp=acute(severe and intense) 91.unbelievable=inconceivable(ifyou deem something inconceivable, you think it very unlike to happen ^ 92.puzzle=perplex(something perplex someone means it confuses and worries him/her because he/she does not understand it) 93.method=avenue(away of getting something done) 94.famous=distinguished(used to describe people who are successful in their career) 95.ancient=archaic(extremely old and extremely old-fashioned) 96.decorate=embellish(embellish means make something look more attractive via decorating it with something else)/ 97.possible=feasible(if something is feasible, it can be done, made or achieved) 98.so=c文明用语equently, accordingly 99.rare=infrequent (doesn’t happen often 100.greedy=rapacious(greedy and selfish) 转载： http://wo.mop.com/topic/read_135_184780_1_0.html
我们中很多人学英语的时间大多在十年以上，但绝大部分人的英语水平还停留在初级阶段，根本不能通过英语获取知识以提高自身素质。究其原因，有以下几个方面： 1.观念问题 ：我们很多人认为英语就是一个工具，其实不然。英语应该成为你的生活方式， a way of life。也就是说，不管你的英语水平有多高，考试分数多好，如果你每天通过英文的信息处理量（或摄入量）不足50%，我说你英语考试分数再高，英语对你来说真的就是一个花瓶，没什么实际用途。大家要问自己： how much of the information processed or absorbed is through English on a daily basis? 5%, 20%, 50%, or 80%？ 就我个人而言，应该在80%左右，尽管我生活在中国。如果你每天大量的信息都来源于英语，你会发现你的视野会变得更开阔，知识面会更宽，思维会更活跃。逐渐地，你身边的人会发现你更博学，更聪明。 2.方法问题 ：我们很多人4、6级后就停止学习英语，或者想学也不知道该怎么学下去。更要命的是，我们很多人没有用英语获取知识的习惯。实际上，你应该这样：要想使你的英语达到高级水平，有两件事你必须做：第一, 直接学TOEFL和GRE，不管你要不要出国，考不考T或G。为什么？这两门考试是美国研究生院考察学生有没有学习能力的考试，很成熟，是你英语学习直接进入高级水平最快的途径。实际上，你上大一时就可以直接学TOEFL。具体方法如下：先把TOEFL的阅读当成精读教材，同时背单词，然后练听力，再把听力当成口语教材，模仿语音语调句式句型，表达方式等。TOEFL的听力材料非常贴近美国大学生活，是最好的口语教材。在此基础之上，再大量阅读，大量听。等这些做好了，写作就会自然变好。古语云：读书破万卷，下笔如有神，就是这个道理。 如果说TOEFL是Test OF English, 即关于英语的水平测试，那么GRE就是 Test IN English，即英语进行的能力(智力）测试。美国人进入研究生院也和你一样，也得考GRE。有人说，GRE的词汇大部分都没用，太偏。说这样话的人自己英语水平一定没有达到高级。GRE的词汇95%以上都在你的学习工作生活中很常用，或者说你作为一个英语的高级知识分子都应该要会的。否则，你很难与别人进行有实质有内涵的沟通。就会打打招呼，介绍自己从哪儿来，喜欢或不喜欢什么不能为你赢来真正的朋友，不会为你的求职带来好处，更不会为你带来商业谈判赢得先机。所以你要成为高级人才，必须过了TOEFL和GRE关。 第二， 你必须养成从英语中获得知识，在工作生活中使用英语的习惯。从你开始看TOEFL 和GRE的时候，你就应该开始看英美报纸，杂志，电影电视。我不建议你花几个小时学习Puma at Large。因为你学完了，就会了些单词，一些稀奇古怪的东西，对你的智力发展，知识积累没有任何好处。花同样的时间，如果你看一篇纽约时报的文章，学习为什么西方要求中国人民币升值，或者Intel与别的公司芯片之战打到什么程度了，在巴黎36小时应怎么度过等等，你不仅学到英文，而且增长了见识。长此以往，你的英文也日益精进了，你的知识面也宽了很多。还有，我建议大家直接用英文看美国大学的教材：经济（曼昆等人），金融，财会，政治，历史，心理等等。甚至你可以学数学。我在北大学微积分学得一塌糊涂（尽管我高考数学147），但去了美国，我用英文学微积分，线代，统计等都学得很好。为什么？就是英文国外的教材写得好。刚去美国时，我花了很多时间看美国本科生的教材，甚至包括我不熟悉的化学生物等，这个过程不仅让我的英文有更大进步，同时为我的宽广的知识面打下坚实基础，而这一切在我今天给大家做咨询和学业人生规划时都特别有用。 3）见识问题 ：学英语有如练武功，你如果不知道最高水平的高手是什么样子，你是学不成高手的。学英语不是学技巧，而是学成高级知识分子。很多同学会花时间听VOA，我觉在初期阶段是不错，但VOA是美国政府的宣传工具，你长时间听，就会受其毒害（不是吓你,呵呵）。你最好听NPR, National Public Radio ( http://www.npr.org) 。这是一个中立的广播电台，你不仅能学到英语，而且受到高水平的教育。你看东西，看什么？有人说Yahoo, CNN 里的英文新闻。但你水平低的时候，可以。但他们的写作水平相当于美国高中生水平，你看的再多，也不会让你成为知识分子。你知道美国高级知识分子看什么？ 纽约时报，华尔街日报，经济学家，纽约客等等。我建议大家集中看纽约时报就可以（ http://www.nytimes.com) ，实在想多看，可以看看经济学家，（ www.economist.com) 。我不建议大家通过看文学书籍来学英语。简爱是很好，但你现在看太费劲。你的水平高了，再去欣赏这些不迟。这些书能让你成为有品位的知识分子，但暂时咱们还是先成为知识分子再说。 英语学成了高级，你的乐趣就多了。能直接看懂好莱坞电影还没什么，看懂Friends, Prison Break, Desparate Housewives, Gossip Girls 也很容易。看懂这些还不是成为高级知识分子的标志。你要想对美国文化，社会等有很多了解，深入人家核心的东西，你还得看更高水平的东西，如看懂人家的Talk Show, 尤其是人家一些文化icon的东西：如CBS里David Letterman, NBC里 Jay Leno 等人的show，包括 NBC的 Staturday Night Live（尽管Opera等也很牛，但实质内容不多）。 最最厉害的要数美国Comedy Central的 Jon Stewart 和 Steven Colbert ( www.TheDailyShow.com) 和 （ www.ColbertNation.com) 。你如果你能看懂他们的东西，那你的生活就太有乐趣了，因为你每天都能体会到听真正聪明的人说话或分析事情是一种怎样的愉悦。从此之后，你再看国内电视里所谓的专家，你会发现水平差别太大了。 我们都说中国人爱听相声，但中国相声这些年实在不咋的，小品也很无聊。如果你想听听美国是如何幽默的，你看看人家的Standup Comedy（类似我们的单口相声）。我推荐两个人： Russell Peters （加拿大人）和Jeff Dunham。在优酷中你应能搜到。还有我大力推荐动画片南方公园 （ www.SouthParkStudios.com) 。如果你坚持看下来，你的英语水平提高自是不必说，更重要的是你对美国的认知会更加深刻。 罗罗嗦嗦说了这么多，自己总结一下： 1. 英语不靠学，靠用。让语言成为你的生活方式，而不工具。 2.高考后，直接学TOEFL，再学GRE，不管你考不考这两个试，出不出国。 3.让自己通过英语变成具有国际视野的高级知识分子，看以下网站： http://www.nytimes.com http://www.economist.com http://www.npr.org http://www.TheDailyShow.com http://www.ColbertNation.com http://www.SouthParkStudios.com 还有，enjoy Russell Peters and Jeff Dunham!! http://emuch.net/bbs/viewthread.php?tid=2924724
Beginning 1. In this paper, we focus on the need for 2. This paper proceeds as follow. 3. The structure of the paper is as follows. 4. In this paper, we shall first briefly introduce fuzzy sets and related concepts 5. To begin with we will provide a brief background on the Introduction 1. This will be followed by a description of the fuzzy nature of the problem and a detailed presentation of how the required membership functions are defined. 2. Details on xx and xx are discussed in later sections. 3. In the next section, after a statement of the basic problem, various situations involving possibility knowledge are investigated: first, an entirely possibility model is proposed; then the cases of a fuzzy service time with stochastic arrivals and non fuzzy service rule is studied; lastly, fuzzy service rule are considered. Review 1. This review is followed by an introduction. 2. A brief summary of some of the relevant concepts in xxx and xxx is presented in Section 2. 3. In the next section, a brief review of the .... is given. 4. In the next section, a short review of ... is given with special regard to ... 5. Section 2 reviews relevant research related to xx. 6. Section 1.1 briefly surveys the motivation for a methodology of action, while 1.2 looks at the difficulties posed by the complexity of systems and outlines the need for development of possibility methods. Body 1. Section 1 defines the notion of robustness, and argues for its importance. 2. Section 1 devoted to the basic aspects of the FLC decision making logic. 3. Section 2 gives the background of the problem which includes xxx 4. Section 2 discusses some problems with and approaches to, natural language understanding. 5. Section 2 explains how flexibility which often ... can be expressed in terms of fuzzy time window 6. Section 3 discusses the aspects of fuzzy set theory that are used in the ... 7. Section 3 describes the system itself in a general way, including the ….. and also discusses how to evaluate system performance. 8. Section 3 describes a new measure of xx. 9. Section 3 demonstrates the use of fuzzy possibility theory in the analysis of xx. 10. Section 3 is a fine description of fuzzy formulation of human decision. 11. Section 3, is developed to the modeling and processing of fuzzy decision rules 12. The main idea of the FLC is described in Section 3 while Section 4 describes the xx strategies. 13. Section 3 and 4 show experimental studies for verifying the proposed model. 14. Section 4 discusses a previous fuzzy set based approach to cost variance investigation. 15. Section 4 gives a specific example of xxx. 16. Section 4 is the experimental study to make a fuzzy model of memory process. 17. Section 4 contains a discussion of the implication of the results of Section 2 and 3. 18. Section 4 applies this fuzzy measure to the analysis of xx and illustrate its use on experimental data. 19. Section 5 presents the primary results of the paper: a fuzzy set model .. 20. Section 5 contains some conclusions plus some ideas for further work. 21. Section 6 illustrates the model with an example. 22. Various ways of justification and the reasons for their choice are discussed very briefly in Section 2. 23. In Section 2 are presented the block diagram expression of a whole model of human DM system 24. In Section 2 we shall list a collection of basic assumptions which a ... scheme must satisfy. 25. In Section 2 of this paper, we present representation and uniqueness theorems for the fundamental measurement of fuzziness when the domain of discourse is order dense. 26. In Section 3, we describe the preliminary results of an empirical study currently in progress to verify the measurement model and to construct membership functions. 27. In Section 5 is analyzed the inference process through the two kinds of inference experiments... This Section 1. In this section, the characteristics and environment under which MRP is designed are described. 2. We will provide in this section basic terminologies and notations which are necessary for the understanding of subsequent results.Next Section 2. The next section describes the mathematics that goes into the computer implementation of such fuzzy logic statements. 3. However, it is cumbersome for this purpose and in practical applications the formulae were rearranged and simplified as discussed in the next section. 4. The three components will be described in the next two section, and an example of xx analysis of a computer information system will then illustrate their use. 5. We can interpret the results of Experiments I and II as in the following sections. 6. The next section summarizes the method in a from that is useful for arguments based on xx Summary 1. This paper concludes with a discussion of future research consideration in section 5. 2. Section 5 summarizes the results of this investigation. 3. Section 5 gives the conclusions and future directions of research. 4. Section 7 provides a summary and a discussion of some extensions of the paper. 5. Finally, conclusions and future work are summarized 6. The basic questions posed above are then discussed and conclusions are drawn. 7. Section 7 is the conclusion of the paper. Chapter 0. Abstract 1. A basic problem in the design of xx is presented by the choice of a xx rate for the measurement of experimental variables. 2. This paper examines a new measure of xx in xx based on fuzzy mathematics which overcomes the difficulties found in other xx measures. 3. This paper describes a system for the analysis of the xx. 4. The method involves the construction of xx from fuzzy relations. 5. The procedure is useful in analyzing how groups reach a decision. 6. The technique used is to employ a newly developed and versatile xx algorithm. 7. The usefulness of xx is also considered. 8. A brief methodology used in xx is discussed. 9. The analysis is useful in xx and xx problem. 10. A model is developed for a xx analysis using fuzzy matrices. 11. Algorithms to combine these estimates and produce a xx are presented and justified. 12. The use of the method is discussed and an example is given. 13. Results of an experimental applications of this xx analysis procedure are given to illustrate the proposed technique. 14. This paper analyses problems in 15. This paper outlines the functions carried out by ... 16. This paper includes an illustration of the ... 17. This paper provides an overview and information useful for approaching 18. Emphasis is placed on the construction of a criterion function by which the xx in achieving a hierarchical system of objectives are evaluated. 19. The main emphasis is placed on the problem of xx 20. Our proposed model is verified through experimental study. 21. The experimental results reveal interesting examples of fuzzy phases of: xx, xx 22. The compatibility of a project in terms of cost, and xx are likewise represented by linguistic variables. 23. A didactic example is included to illustrate the computational procedure Chapter 1. Introduction Time 1. Over the course of the past 30 years, .. has emerged form intuitive 2. Technological revolutions have recently hit the industrial world 3. The advent of ... systems for has had a significant impact on the 4. The development of ... is explored 5. During the past decade, the theory of fuzzy sets has developed in a variety of directions 6.The concept of xx was investigated quite intensively in recent years 7. There has been a turning point in ... methodology in accordance with the advent of ... 8. A major concern in ... today is to continue to improve... 9. A xx is a latecomer in the part representation arena. 10. At the time of this writing, there is still no standard way of xx 11. Although a lot of effort is being spent on improving these weaknesses, the efficient and effective method has yet to be developed. 12. The pioneer work can be traced to xx . 13. To date, none of the methods developed is perfect and all are far from ready to be used in commercial systems. Objective / Goal / Purpose 1. The purpose of the inference engine can be outlined as follows: 2. The ultimate goal of the xx system is to allow the non experts to utilize the existing knowledge in the area of manual handling of loads, and to provide intelligent, computer aided instruction for xxx. 3. The paper concerns the development of a xx 4. The scope of this research lies in 5. The main theme of the paper is the application of rule based decision making. 6. These objectives are to be met with such thoroughness and confidence as to permit ... 7. The objectives of the ... operations study are as follows: 8. The primary purpose/consideration/objective of 9. The ultimate goal of this concept is to provide 10. The main objective of such a ... system is to 11. The aim of this paper is to provide methods to construct such probability distribution. 12. In order to achieve these objectives, an xx must meet the following requirements: 13. In order to take advantage of their similarity 14. more research is still required before final goal of ... can be completed 15. In this trial, the objective is to generate... 16. for the sake of concentrating on ... research issues 17. A major goal of this report is to extend the utilization of a recently developed procedure for the xx. 18. For an illustrative purpose, four well known OR problems are studied in presence of fuzzy data: xx. 19. A major thrust of the paper is to discuss approaches and strategies for structuring ..methods 20. This illustration points out the need to specify 21. The ultimate goal is both descriptive and prescriptive. Chapter 2. Literature Review 23. A wealth of information is to be found in the statistics literature, for example, regarding xx 24. A considerable amount of research has been done .. during the last decade 25. A great number of studies report on the treatment of uncertainties associated with xx. 26. There is considerable amount of literature on planning 27. However, these studies do not provide much attention to uncertainty in xx. 28. Since then, the subject has been extensively explored and it is still under investigation as well in methodological aspects as in concrete applications. 29. Many research studies have been carried out on this topic. 30. Problem of xx draws recently more and more attention of system analysis. 31. Attempts to resolve this dilemma have resulted in the development of 32. Many complex processes unfortunately, do not yield to this design procedure and have, therefore, not yet been automated. 33. Most of the methods developed so far are deterministic and /or probabilistic in nature. 34. The central issue in all these studies is to 35. The problem of xx has been studied by other investigators, however, these studies have been based upon classical statistical approaches. 36. Applied ... techniques to 37. Characterized the ... system as 38. Developed an algorithm to 39. Developed a system called ... which 40. Uses an iterative algorithm to deduce 41. Emphasized the need to 42. Identifies six key issues surrounding high technology 43. A comprehensive study of the... has been undertaken 44. Much work has been reported recently in these filed 45. Proposed/Presented/State that/Described/Illustrated/ Indicated/Has shown / showed/Address/Highlights 46. Point out that the problem of 47. A study on ...was done / developed by and is 50. The system developed by 52. ' model draws attention to evolution in human development 54. . 60. Studies have been completed to established 61. The ...studies indicated that 62. Though application of xx in the filed of xx has proliferated in recent years, effort in analyzing xx, especially xx, is lacking. Problem / Issue / Question 63. Unfortunately, real-world engineering problems such as manufacturing planning do not fit well with this narrowly defined model. They tend to span broad activities and require consideration of multiple aspects. 64. Remedy / solve / alleviate these problems 67. ... is a difficult problem, yet to be adequately resolved 68. Two major problems have yet to be addressed 69. An unanswered question 70. This problem in essence involves using x to obtain a solution. 71. An additional research issue to be tackled is .... 72. Some important issues in developing a ... system are discussed 73. The three prime issues can be summarized: 74. The situation leads to the problem of how to determine the ... 75. There have been many attempts to 76. It is expected to be serious barrier to 77. It offers a simple solution in a limited domain for a complex
1.Please try to understand my point of view。请理解我的观点。 2. Wait, can I take that back? 等一下，我能收回我说的话吗？ 3. This is important to me. Please listen。 这对我很重要。请仔细听。 4. I overreacted。 我反应过激了。 5. I see you’re in a tough position。 我知道你的处境艰难。 6. I can see my part in this。 这个问题，我有错。 7. I hadn’t thought of it that way before。 我以前没有这样想过。 8. I could be wrong。 我可能是错的。 9. Let’s agree to disagree on that。 让我们接受我们的不同观点。 10.This isn’t just your problem; it’s our problem。 这不只是你的问题。这是我们的问题。 11. I’m feeling unappreciated。 我感觉没有受到重视。 12. We’re getting off the subject。 我们跑题了。 13. I know I need to listen more。 我知道，我应该多倾听。 14. You’ve convinced me。 我已经被你说服了。 15. Let’s take a break for a few minutes。 我们停一会吧。 16. I realize it's not your fault。 我意识到这不是你的错。 17. That came out all wrong。 我表达错了。 18. I see how I contributed to the problem。 我明白是我引发了这个问题。 19. What are we really fighting about? 我们到底在争什么呢？ 20. How can I make things better? 我怎样才能把事情变得更好呢。
标签: 英语
