昨天,我谈到口腔细菌、漱口水和高血压的问题,有位署名为 a3511260 的博友在文后留言,为大家提供了一条非常有价值的线索:一种口腔细菌被证明是诱发类风湿性关节炎的“祸根”!为了让大家了解这个最新进展,我将该留言黏贴如下: 据新加坡《联合早报》25日报道,认真刷牙可保口腔健康,医学界也发现,刷牙刷得好,对心脏健康也有关联益处。最近美国一项研究又发现,认真刷牙可以帮助对抗关节炎。 美国路易斯维尔大学研究人员在《科学公共图书馆病原卷》上介绍说,诱发牙周疾病的一种主要细菌“牙龈卟啉单胞菌”,会产生一种特定的酶。在这种酶的催化下,某些特定蛋白质的“残基”(蛋白质上的特定单元)会转变为瓜氨酸。这时机体就会把这样的蛋白质误认作“入侵者”,诱发免疫反应。 对于风湿性关节炎患者来说,这种免疫反应就会带来慢性炎症,引起关节内的硬骨质及软骨损伤。研究人员说,关节炎患者如果口腔记忆体在上述病菌,就会连锁反应般加速关节炎的病程,加重病情。研究者因此认为,认真刷牙可以帮助对抗关节炎。 我根据这条线索找到了它的原文,这是2013年9月12日发表于PLoS Pathogens上的一篇原创论文,为Open Access,点击以下论文题目即可打开阅读并下载全文: Porphyromonas gingivalis Facilitates the Development and Progression of Destructive Arthritis through Its Unique Bacterial Peptidylarginine Deiminase (PAD) 为便于介绍,下面分别列出该文的Abstract和Author Summary: Abstract Rheumatoid arthritis and periodontitis are two prevalent chronic inflammatory diseases in humans and are associated with each other both clinically and epidemiologically. Recent findings suggest a causative link between periodontal infection and rheumatoid arthritis via bacteria-dependent induction of a pathogenic autoimmune response to citrullinated epitopes. Here we showed that infection with viable periodontal pathogen Porphyromonas gingivalis strain W83 exacerbated collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) in a mouse model, as manifested by earlier onset, accelerated progression and enhanced severity of the disease, including significantly increased bone and cartilage destruction. The ability of P. gingivalis to augment CIA was dependent on the expression of a unique P. gingivalis peptidylarginine deiminase (PPAD), which converts arginine residues in proteins to citrulline. Infection with wild type P. gingivalis was responsible for significantly increased levels of autoantibodies to collagen type II and citrullinated epitopes as a PPAD-null mutant did not elicit similar host response. High level of citrullinated proteins was also detected at the site of infection with wild-type P. gingivalis . Together, these results suggest bacterial PAD as the mechanistic link between P. gingivalis periodontal infection and rheumatoid arthritis. Author Summary Clinical and epidemiological data indicates that chronic periodontal disease (PD), one of the most prevalent infectious inflammatory disease of mankind, is linked to systemic inflammatory diseases such as cardiovascular diseases (CVD), rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Nevertheless, the causative mechanisms of association between PD and chronic inflammatory diseases are very poorly understood. Recent findings suggest a causative link between periodontal infection and rheumatoid arthritis via bacteria-dependent induction of a pathogenic response to citrullinated epitopes. In present study we show that infection with viable periodontal pathogen Porphyromonas gingivalis but not another oral bacterium ( Prevotella intermedia ), exacerbated CIA, as manifested by earlier onset, accelerated progression and enhanced severity of the disease, including significantly increased bone and cartilage destruction. The ability of P. gingivalis to augment CIA was dependent on the expression of a unique enzyme peptidylarginine deiminase, which converts arginine residues in proteins to citrulline. This knowledge may create new perspectives in the treatment and prevention of RA in susceptible individuals. 问题一:这项实验研究是否已经找到类风湿性关节炎的病因? 它并没有找到该病的病因,只是发现一种特定的口腔细菌——牙龈卟啉单胞菌(Porphyromonas gingivalis)可以加重小鼠胶原诱导关节炎(CIA)的病情。 问题二:这种口腔细菌为何能加重类风湿性关节炎的病情? 牙龈卟啉单胞菌分泌肽酰精氨酸脱亚胺酶(PPAD),它能将蛋白质中精氨酸转变成瓜氨酸,而瓜氨酸不是人体中天然存在的氨基酸,故含有瓜氨酸的蛋白质会作为外来抗原诱发自身免疫反应。在本病的临床检验中,抗环瓜氨酸肽(CCP)抗体是常用的类风湿性关节炎诊断指标。 问题三:这个研究结果的意义何在? 这说明口腔细菌不仅能导致牙周炎、牙龈炎,而且能导致全身性炎症,除了加重类风湿性关节炎的病情以外,可能还是心血管病甚至肿瘤发生的“催化剂”。因此,消灭口腔细菌、保持口腔卫生是确保身体健康的关键环节。 【背景】 说起类风湿性关节炎的症状,轻者疼痛难忍,出现关节变形,重者不能行走,只能卧病在床,但其病因一直不明,只知道与自身免疫有关,而且与肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF- α )关系最密切。因此,该病的治疗主要是抑制免疫活性,即抗炎。过去常用的是化学抗炎药物(如水杨酸、吲哚美辛、布洛芬等),后来多采用生物抗炎药物(如肾上腺皮质激素等),最近已开始使用抗 TNF- α单克隆抗体(单抗)。 然而,过去所有的抗风湿疗法都只能控制病情,但不能消除病灶,更不能修复受损的关节和滑膜,其根本原因就是不知道它的病因。2010年Immunity上发表一篇论文称,肠道寄居的分节丝状菌(SFB)可以诱发自身免疫性疾病——强直性脊柱炎。2011年Nature Medicine又撰文对上述论文进行注解式说明,并画出一张说明细菌感染与脊柱炎发生机制的示意图: Commensal bacteria may have a role in producing inflammatory cytokines that can worsen autoimmune disease in the joints. Gut Gram positive bacteria, such as SFB, induce IL-1, IL-6 and IL-23 in the mucosa and also a TH17 response, increasing IL-17 and IL-22. The release of these cytokines may initiate IBD, but, when overproduced, they may spill into the systemic circulation. This may promote inflammatory diseases in distal sites, such as the joints, perhaps through action upon joint-resident lymphoid cell populations. Altered sensitivity to IL-23 may predispose people to develop rheumatic diseases, such as ankylosing spondylitis. 上图旨在说明,肠道中的革兰氏阳性细菌SFB可以诱导黏膜细胞分泌白细胞介素1、6和23,刺激TH17应答,由此提高白介素17和22的含量。这些细胞因子可先引起炎症性肠病(IBD),然后过量白介素经血液循环溢出,导致身体远端(如关节)出现炎症性疾病。 在此思路引导下,我们发现饲喂大肠杆菌(非致病菌)居然也能引起小鼠关节滑膜炎,其症状与胶原诱导关节炎(CIA)十分相似。经分析,我们阐明了细菌感染、炎症诱导、一氧化氮激发、缺氧形成、血管新生、组织增殖、淋巴浸润等一系列病理过程。下面是2012年3月发表的该文摘要: 最近,我们发现,炎症激发的一氧化氮含量与蛋白质硝基化程度呈正相关,也就是一氧化氮含量升高,3-硝基酪氨酸的含量水平也随之升高。有趣的是,随着3-硝基酪氨酸的增加,抗环瓜氨酸肽(CCP)抗体却减少。目前我们还无法解释这个现象,希望与同行切磋交流。
文章来自美国匹兹堡大学,发表在《移植国际》杂志上。美国匹兹堡大学 Nakao 课题组主要致力于氢气对器官移植损伤保护作用的研究,先后发表氢气对小肠、心脏、肺、肾脏、血管等器官移植后损伤方面的高水平研究论文。上周刚发表在肺组织移植和基因表达相互关系的研究。这周又发表氢气水对心脏移植保护作用的研究。 文章中使用的氢气水有两种,一是用金属镁和水反应产生,另一种是用氢气在水中充气泡产生, 充气泡产生氢气溶液是气体溶液研究中最经典传统的手段,过去氢气生物学领域一直认为,这样的方法可能不能制备出符合浓度要求的氢气溶液,但最近有一些研究先后发现,这样的土方法,仍可以制备出具有治疗作用的氢气溶液,这也给普通学者甚至普通的消费者提供了一种制备氢气水的“技术”,就是简单地把氢气用管子通入水中吹泡,大概 10 分钟,就可以制备出一瓶可以对身体有好处的保健水。 氢气的制备非常容易,或者可以直接购买氢气发生器使用。当然作为研究手段,这样的方法仍有不准确的嫌疑。不过这也给过去许多氢气的研究提出一种潜在的挑战:氢气的有效浓度或有效剂量到底有多低? 考虑到许多氢气电极的校对方式为这种充气法,但这样的溶液可能没有达到真正的饱和溶液,这样的标准溶液就非常容易产生误差,导致检测的数据偏大。也许过去许多研究中所声称的氢气浓度,甚至在体检测的氢气浓度都存在比较大的水分。 该研究在证明氢气效应后,重点从组织的炎症因子,白细胞介素 2 和 gama 干扰素角度观察氢气对抗炎症的作用,促进线粒体氧化磷酸化代谢相关的酶,提高组织细胞 ATP 水平,说明氢气不仅具有抗炎症的作用,而且具有提高组织能量代谢的能力。体外实验证明氢气可以减少 T 细胞的增殖。关于 T 细胞增殖体外研究,在 2009 年哈佛大学关于大肠细菌产生氢气治疗肝炎的论文也曾经使用过。当然,两个研究希望说明的问题是不同的,因此尽管是重复,仍具有价值,这就是生物学研究。 Transpl Int. 2012 Aug 14. doi: 10.1111/j.1432-2277.2012.01542.x. Hydrogen-supplemented drinking water protects cardiac allografts from inflammation-associated deterioration. Noda K , Tanaka Y , Shigemura N , Kawamura T , Wang Y , Masutani K , Sun X , Toyoda Y , Bermudez CA , Nakao A . Source Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Pittsburgh, PA, USA Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA Department of Diving Medicine, Faculty of Naval Medicine, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China Department of Surgery, Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Hyogo College of Medicine, Hyogo, Japan. Abstract Recent evidence suggests that molecular hydrogen has therapeutic value for disease states that involve inflammation. We hypothesized that drinking hydrogen-rich water (HW) daily would protect cardiac and aortic allograft recipients from inflammation-associated deterioration. Heterotopic heart transplantation with short-course tacrolimus immunosuppression and orthotopic aortic transplantation were performed in allogeneic rat strains. HW was generated either by bubbling hydrogen gas through tap water (Bu-HW) or via chemical reaction using a magnesium stick immersed in tap water (Mg-HW). Recipients were given either regular water (RW), Mg-HW, Bu-HW, or Mg-HW that had been subsequently degassed (DW). Graft survival was assessed by daily palpation for a heartbeat. Drinking Mg-HW or Bu-HW was remarkably effective in prolonging heart graft survival and reducing intimal hyperplasia in transplanted aortas as compared with grafts treated with RW or DW. Furthermore, T cell proliferation was significantly inhibited in the presence of hydrogen in vitro, accompanied by less production of interleukin-2 and interferon-γ. Hydrogen treatment was also associated with increased graft ATP levels and increased activity of the enzymes in mitochondrial respiratory chain. Drinking HW prolongs survival of cardiac allografts and reduces intimal hyperplasia of aortic allografts. 2012 The Authors. Transplant International 2012 European Society for Organ Transplantation.
线粒体从进化角度来说是起源于细菌的内共生体,含有与细菌相似的DNA。今天《自然》发表日本一研究组的一项研究显示,逃脱细胞自噬作用的线粒体DNA可以在心肌细胞引起由Toll-like受体(TLR)9 介导的炎症反应,并且能够诱发心肌炎和扩张型心肌病。该研究为阐明衰竭心脏慢性炎症的发生机制提供了新的思路。 Nature Volume: 485 , Pages: 251–255 Date published:(10 May 2012) DOI: doi:10.1038/nature10992 Mitochondrial DNA that escapes from autophagy causes inflammation and heart failure Heart failure is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in industrialized countries. Although infection with microorganisms is not involved in the development of heart failure in most cases, inflammation has been implicated in the pathogenesis of heart failure 1 . However, the mechanisms responsible for initiating and integrating inflammatory responses within the heart remain poorly defined. Mitochondria are evolutionary endosymbionts derived from bacteria and contain DNA similar to bacterial DNA 2 , 3 , 4 . Mitochondria damaged by external haemodynamic stress are degraded by the autophagy/lysosome system in cardiomyocytes 5 . Here we show that mitochondrial DNA that escapes from autophagy cell-autonomously leads to Toll-like receptor (TLR) 9-mediated inflammatory responses in cardiomyocytes and is capable of inducing myocarditis and dilated cardiomyopathy. Cardiac-specific deletion of lysosomal deoxyribonuclease (DNase) II showed no cardiac phenotypes under baseline conditions, but increased mortality and caused severe myocarditis and dilated cardiomyopathy 10 days after treatment with pressure overload. Early in the pathogenesis, DNase II-deficient hearts showed infiltration of inflammatory cells and increased messenger RNA expression of inflammatory cytokines, with accumulation of mitochondrial DNA deposits in autolysosomes in the myocardium. Administration of inhibitory oligodeoxynucleotides against TLR9, which is known to be activated by bacterial DNA 6 , or ablation of Tlr9 attenuated the development of cardiomyopathy in DNase II-deficient mice. Furthermore, Tlr9 ablation improved pressure overload-induced cardiac dysfunction and inflammation even in mice with wild-type Dnase2a alleles. These data provide new perspectives on the mechanism of genesis of chronic inflammation in failing hearts. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v485/n7397/full/nature10992.html#/affil-auth
http://www.gopubmed.org/web/gopubmed/1?WEB01qgtp5vnu8xn4I3bI6kI0 (cancer and carcinogenesis inflammatory response ) Carcinogens 135 of 47,629 documents semantically analyzed top author statistics Term: Carcinogens Description: Substances that increase the risk of NEOPLASMS in humans or animals. Both genotoxic chemicals, which affect DNA directly, and nongenotoxic chemicals, which induce neoplasms by other mechanism, are included. Synonyms: Tumor Initiators, Oncogens, Tumor Promoters 1 2 Top Years Publications 2000 12 2004 11 2009 10 1999 8 1996 8 2008 7 2005 7 2002 7 1994 7 2006 6 2003 6 2007 5 1997 5 1984 5 2001 4 1998 4 1991 4 1989 3 1982 3 1995 2 1 2 1 2 Top Countries Publications USA 62 Japan 16 Germany 6 United Kingdom 5 Canada 4 Brazil 3 Netherlands 3 South Korea 2 Switzerland 2 Italy 2 China 2 Denmark 1 Argentina 1 Spain 1 Taiwan 1 Norway 1 India 1 Poland 1 Australia 1 Sweden 1 1 2 1 2 3 4 Top Cities Publications New York 5 Birmingham, USA 4 Frederick 4 Heidelberg 4 Houston 4 Bethesda 4 Columbus 3 So Paulo 3 Kyoto 3 Denver 3 Cleveland 3 Seoul 2 Lausanne 2 Kobe 2 Maastricht 2 Morgantown 2 Leicester 2 Osaka 2 Anderson 2 Moscow, USA 2 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 Top Journals Publications Carcinogenesis 23 Cancer Res 11 Mutat Res-fund Mol M 5 Int J Cancer 4 J Invest Dermatol 3 Toxicology 3 Toxicol Lett 3 Cancer Prev Res (phila Pa) 2 Toxicol Sci 2 Exp Lung Res 2 Toxicol Appl Pharm 2 Biochemistry-moscow+ 2 Free Radical Bio Med 2 Oncogene 2 Cancer Lett 2 Mol Carcinogen 2 Iarc Sci Publ 2 J Cancer Res Clin 2 Environ Health Perspect 1 Am J Transl Res 1 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 ... 91 Top Terms Publications Carcinogens 134 Animals 113 Neoplasms 91 inflammatory response 70 Mice 69 Humans 57 hypersensitivity 44 Hypersensitivity 44 Inflammation 42 Skin Neoplasms 39 Genes 37 DNA 36 Incidence 32 Immunization 29 Immunity 29 Oxides 28 Proteins 26 Carcinoma 26 Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate 25 Metabolism 24 1 2 3 ... 91 1 2 3 ... 29 Top Authors Publications Waalkes M 4 Katiyar S 3 Cabrera W 3 Diwan B 3 Ohigashi H 3 Nakamura Y 3 Murakami A 3 DiGiovanni J 3 Paterson M 3 Klaunig J 2 Ibanez O 2 Di Pace R 2 Massa S 2 Ribeiro O 2 De Franco M 2 Starobinas N 2 Liu J 2 Borm P 2 Castranova V 2 Yoshikawa T 2 1 2 3 ... 29
炎症(上火) - 衰老是当前国际上衰老机理研究的热点,也是 夏 老师在下面文章中概括的主要内容。用我们的代谢应激衰老机理可以将其归纳为老应同源和老病同源八个字。这与前几年火热一时的氧化应激衰老学说有点类似,却又不尽相同。读一下 夏世金 老师在《实用老年医学》 2010 首期系列文章中的这篇专论,会使您看到该领域的研究现状和发展趋势 炎性衰老研究的现状和新策略 夏世金 上海复旦大学附属华东医院老年医学研究所 炎性衰老 ( inflammaging ) 是指在 自然衰老进程中机体内出现促炎症反应状态慢性进行性升高的现象 ,是衰老研究领域的新成员, 衰老研究的新课题。 炎性衰老被视为机体衰老进程速率和寿命的一个决定因素 , 与老年相关疾病如 阿尔茨海默病、帕金森 ( 氏 ) 病 、 动脉粥样硬化 和 心脏病 等密切相关 。 在国外,目前炎性衰老的机制主要有 应激论和 细胞因子论。 应激论认为自然衰老进程中机体长期处在应激原微环境中,应激原是 导致和维持 慢性促炎性反应状态的原因。 过度持续的应激反应引起的高促炎症反应状态 能导致炎性衰老 。 细胞因子论认为 促炎细胞因子 (pro inflammatory cytokine ) 在炎性衰老发生发展中起着核心作用 。 研究显示 人体内未激活和记忆 CD 4 + T 淋巴细胞的Ⅰ型细胞因子(如 IFN- 、 TNF- )和Ⅱ型细胞因子(如 IL-4 )参与了 促炎症反应过程 。 细胞因子网络重建也能导致炎性衰老, CD8 + 和 CD4 + T 淋巴细胞在重建中起关键作用 。 老年人血清中 IL-6 和 TNF- 水平的升高与疾病、残疾和死亡率有关。 循环中促炎细胞因子和介质如 IL-1 、 TNF- 、 IL-6 、 IL-15 、 IL-18 和 PGE 2 水平的升高是导致并维持高促炎症反应状态的主要原因 。 因此提出血清 IL-6 水平可作为炎性衰老的预测指标 。 循环中存在着高水平的促炎细胞因子,使得老年人的组织器官持续地处于这种炎性环境之中。 作用相互拮抗的细胞因子的强弱对比的最终结果在炎性衰老发展中可能起着决定性的作用。 但是, 细胞因子与长寿的关系存在人种特异性 。 促炎细胞因子能诱导细胞衰老。促炎细胞因子(如 TNT- 、 IFN- 、 IFN- 等)通过产生活性氧和激活 ATM/p53/ p21(WAF1/Cip1) 信号通路诱导上皮细胞衰老 。趋化因子受体 CXCR2 通过 p53 通路诱导成纤维细胞衰老; DNA 损伤激活 NF- B 等信号通路产生促炎细胞因子( IL-1 、 IL-6 、 IL-8 等),从而阻滞细胞周期,诱导和维持细胞衰老表型 。 在国内, 夏世金等基于神经-内分泌-免疫网络,以 老年大鼠的海马、下丘脑、垂体、肾上腺、脾淋巴细胞标本 为对象, 应用炎症细胞因子与受体基因芯片 进行时空动态检测, 筛选关键基因。同时检测大鼠血清、海马、下丘脑、垂体、肾上腺、脾淋巴细胞中与上述关键基因对应的 关键蛋白。研究发现, 在转录和蛋白水平上老年大鼠出现部分促炎细胞因子表达上调,这可能是炎性衰老中出现高促炎性反应状态的原因。还发现淫羊藿总黄酮和淫羊藿苷能够干预炎性衰老 。 总之,炎性衰老的研究目前尚处于初级 阶段 。有关炎性衰老机制、生物学标志物、评价体系、研究模型和干预手段等研究还十分欠缺。此外, 炎性衰老涉及整体、器官和细胞多 水平全方位加以深入研究和阐明 。 然而,目前研究方法过于单一,难以阐明炎性衰老中复杂 的炎性反应规律,严重制约着研究的深入进行 。 基于炎症细胞因子(inflammatory cytokine)在炎性衰老进程中的关键作用和复杂性 , 我们认为可以炎症细胞因子网络为切入点 , 探讨炎性衰老的炎症细胞因子网络调控机制和量化评价体系。 炎症细胞因子是由神经、免疫、内分泌以及组织细胞分泌的具有高度生物活性的可溶性蛋白或糖蛋白,包括白细胞介素、干扰素、肿瘤坏死因子、集落刺激因子和转化生长因子等,通过受体介导,以旁分泌和(或)自分泌的方式参与机体内复杂的细胞 - 细胞调节网络,在其生成的微环境中直接发挥作用。通过对炎症细胞和免疫活性细胞的激活及细胞因子的释放,在细胞、分子水平发挥重要的调控作用。可进入循环并引起全身效应。众多炎症细胞因子交互作用构成炎症细胞因子网络( inflammatory cytokine network ),其特征有三性:多源性指同一种炎症细胞因子可由不同细胞产生;多效性是同一种炎症细胞因子可具有多种功能;交叠性表示不同种的炎症细胞因子具有共同的活性。因此他们在体内构成纵横交错、四通八达的复杂网络。炎症细胞因子网络分为:促炎细胞因子网络 (pro inflammatory cytokine network ) 和抗炎细胞因子网络 (anti- inflammatory cytokine network ) 。促炎细胞因子网络主要成员有肿瘤坏死因子 - 、干扰素 - 、某些白介素( IL-1 、 IL-6 、 IL-8 )等;抗炎细胞因子网络中主要有 TGF- 1 、 IL-4 、 IL-10 、 IL-13 等。炎症反应如同免疫反应一样是机体的正常生理防御功能,适度的炎症反应对机体有利,反之则有害。炎症细胞因子网络的变化控制着炎症发生发展的方向。促炎细胞因子网络和抗炎细胞因子网络的动态平衡共同维持机体的炎症正常功能,一旦这个平衡被打破就会引起病理性炎症变化 。我们推测:导致炎性衰老的原因是促炎细胞因子网络和抗炎细胞因子网络之间的动态平衡被破坏,出现促炎症反应状态随增龄进行性升高,这可能是炎性衰老发生发展的新机制。 炎症细胞因子网络行为变化也有三个特性:( 1 )平行性意味着许多事件在同时平行发生使得这个网络一直处在变化之中,调控机制无时无刻不在发挥作用,且随时都在调节与再调节;( 2 )多层次性指炎症细胞因子网络包含各个子网络;( 3 )非线性是这个网络具有非线性动力学特征。这个网络的复杂性可想而知。因此,我们认为用线性思维和方法去认识复杂的炎症细胞因子网络是不可能的,非线性研究方法(如系统生物学方法等)逐步介入已是必然趋势。炎症细胞因子网络是一个典型的系统生物学课题,要克服传统研究中的单个基因或分子的孤立的研究模式,用系统生物学整体研究模式取而代之。 系统生物学 给炎症细胞因子网络的本质阐明带来契机与希望,也为阐明炎性衰老的炎症细胞因子网络调控机制和构建量化评价体系提供理论指导和新方法,可能成为炎性衰老研究的突破口。系统生物学是一门集生物学、医学、数学、物理学、化学等多学科交叉渗透的学科,研究整合各种生物信息的实验数据,建立数学模型,并通过实验验证完善模型,最终预测生物的系统的行为。它的研究分为四个逻辑层次 :第一个层次是对系统结构的识别和研究,包括基因相互作用网络、生化代谢途径的识别、节点分析等;第二个层次是对系统的动态特征和属性进行分析,如敏感性分析、鲁棒性分析、相图分析和分歧性分析等,以捕捉系统的特征与规律 ;第三个层次要研究控制系统的方法和规律,使系统的损失最小而效用最大;最后一个层次是将生物系统按照需要修改、重建和仿真模拟以及相应的方法学研究 ,也包括确定和变动设计原则与构想,提出创新的基于计算的假设,并指导进一步的实验,这样可以避免盲目的反复试错的方法 。 在还原论指导下的生物研究是采取从单个基因或蛋白质入手,逐个研究的策略,这样有助于获得单个分子的详细信息,但生命活动是整个生物大分子系统协同作用的结果,并非孤立、零散的单个分子的行为。系统生物学研究与传统的研究思维具有显著的不同:首先在于系统生物学将生物系统中所有的元素整合在一起进行研究,具有整体、动态的特点;其次系统生物学还在于发现各部分整合后的 涌现性 。如最近 Pomerening 等发现细胞周期的调控分子具有类似与物理现象的周期振荡特点 , Angeli 等发现并剖析了生物系统中的双稳态现象 。这些规律均是在线性和还原研究中不能呈现的规律。 衰老(包括炎性衰老)的发生发展也是一个典型的系统生物学课题, 衰老是一个非常复杂的过程,是很多因素共同作用的结果。 细胞衰老是生物衰老的基本单位;器官衰老既是细胞衰老的宏观体现,也是联接细胞衰老和整体衰老的桥梁。细胞衰老、器官衰老和整体衰老形成一条的衰老链,而细胞衰老是这条衰老链的关键环节。 衰老进程中生物体在基因水平、蛋白水平、代谢物水平、细胞水平、组织水平都发生不同程度的状态性变化,使机体的各个系统(如神经、内分泌、心血管、呼吸、消化、泌尿生殖、运动等)都发生明显的功能性衰退。衰老不是某单方面因素造成的结果,是机体功能的系统性衰退,系统性是衰老的显著特点 。 系统性特点强烈的体现在机体功能的时空渐变上。首先,衰老中的功能变化的是随着年龄的增长而逐级出现的,表现为时间渐进性,所有变化是时间累计的效应,时间是衰老的驱动因素。其次,机体是由各组织器官组成,因此在这个时间渐进过程中,不是一个点,而是一个面的衰退演化,也就是整个组织器官的时间演变。总的来说,衰老进程是时间渐进中的组织空间发展,这个发展表现为空间中的时间动态性,时间中的组织间共性、非同步性、特异性。因此,既然衰老是一个系统生物学课题,那么必须采用系统生物学的方法对衰老(包括炎性衰老)进行研究。 基因芯片检测技术能系统检测出基因的转录水平,已成为系统生物学研究的有效手段,相应的基因表达谱分析也被成功应用在生物科学的众多领域中。基因表达谱芯片技术的应用,使得人们对生物的研究从单个基因的局部、片面性研究,上升到对整个基因组的系统性、定量的研究层面,发展为从全局角度分析复杂系统的 生物信息 数据挖掘技术 。 总之,炎性衰老和炎症细胞因子网络都是典型的系统生物学课题, 炎症细胞因子网络贯通于炎症和衰老网络,成为炎性衰老研究理想的切入点, 基因芯片检测技术是解决系统生物学某些问题的有效手段 。 因此,在系统生物学理论指导下,运用基因芯片检测技术筛选炎性衰老进程中特征性炎症细胞因子基因,探讨炎性衰老的炎症细胞因子网络调控新机制,这是开展炎性衰老的基础研究的新策略,为阐明炎性衰老机制和建立量化评价体系提供新方法和新思路。 Franceschi C, Bonaf M, Valensin S, et al.Inflamm-aging. 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http://www.gopubmed.org/web/gopubmed/1?WEB0u2rrnnw9nlyqI3iI1I00f01000j10040001rl (inflammatory and hemodialysis or peritoneal dialysis) =Peritoneal Dialysis =Renal Dialysis =Inflammation statistics Top Years Publications 2008 7 2009 6 2003 6 2006 5 2007 4 2002 4 1998 4 2005 3 2004 2 2001 2 2000 2 1997 1 1996 1 1992 1 1990 1 Top Countries Publications USA 10 Italy 7 Sweden 6 United Kingdom 4 Netherlands 3 Japan 3 Poland 3 China 3 Germany 3 Spain 1 Turkey 1 Brazil 1 Hong Kong S.A.R., China 1 Belgium 1 France 1 1 2 Top Cities Publications Stockholm 5 London 3 Hanover 3 Torrance 2 Hiroshima 2 Messina 2 Davis 2 Malm 1 Leiden 1 Utrecht 1 Badalona 1 Wroc?aw 1 ?zmit 1 Vicenza 1 Kyoto 1 New York 1 Bari 1 Amsterdam 1 Houston 1 Curitiba 1 1 2 1 2 Top Journals Publications Blood Purif 4 J Ren Nutr 4 Adv Perit Dial 3 Am J Kidney Dis 3 Periton Dialysis Int 2 Nephrol Dial Transplant 2 Nephrol Dial Transpl 2 Kidney Int Suppl 2 Contrib Nephrol 1 Semin Nephrol 1 Eur J Pharmacol 1 Nefrologia 1 Ther Apher Dial 1 Oral Dis 1 Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 1 Pediatr Nephrol 1 Immunol Invest 1 Sichuan Da Xue Xue Bao Yi Xue Ban 1 Am J Clin Nutr 1 Minerva Urol Nefrol 1 1 2 1 2 3 ... 11 Top Authors Publications Stenvinkel P 4 Lindholm B 4 Kopple J 3 Heimbrger O 3 Kawanishi H 2 Pecoits-Filho R 2 Axelsson J 2 Savica V 2 Santoro D 2 Calvani M 2 Bellinghieri G 2 Zoccali C 2 Malatino L 2 Mallamaci F 2 Benedetto F 2 Tripepi G 2 Kaysen G 2 Floege J 2 Schaeffer J 2 Koch K 2 1 2 3 ... 11 1 2 3 ... 32 Top Terms Publications Peritoneal Dialysis 49 Inflammation 49 Renal Dialysis 49 Dialysis 49 Humans 48 Peritonitis 47 Patients 47 Kidney Failure, Chronic 35 Serum 29 Proteins 29 Middle Aged 28 C-Reactive Protein 27 c-reactive protein 23 crp 21 Mortality 20 Adult 18 Peritoneal Dialysis, Continuous Ambulatory 18 Albumins 15 Evaluation Studies as Topic 15 Chronic Disease 14 1 2 3 ... 32 维持性血液净化患者微炎症状态的临床研究 徐群红 ① 费晓 ①△ 王鸣 ① 谢祥成 ① 朱秋香 ① 中国中西医结合肾病杂志 2008 年 9 卷第 1 期 [摘要] 目的 观察血液透析患者与腹膜透析患者微炎症状态存在情况,比较两种不同类型血液净化治疗微炎症状态的差别。 方法 选择我院透析中心血液透析患者 58 例,腹膜透析患者 49 例,健康对照组 57 例,空腹采取静脉血检测超敏 CRP( hs-CRP ) 、 IL-6 、IL-8、TNF-,比较各组数值的情况。 结果 血液透析组、 腹膜透析组 超敏 CRP( hs-CRP ) 、 IL-6 、TNF-均高于健康对照组 ,P<0.05; IL-8 均高于对照组 ,但无统计学差异(P>0.05)。血液透析组与腹膜透析组比较, 超敏 CRP( hs-CRP ) 高于腹膜透析组 ,P<0.05;两组比较 IL-6 、 IL-8 、 TNF- 均无统计学差异。 结论 血液透析、腹膜透析患者均存在较高的微炎症状态,两者相比,血液透析患者微炎症状态高于腹膜透析,但腹膜透析患者的前炎症因子与血液透析水平相同。 [关键词] 血液透析;腹膜透析;微炎症状态 Clinical Study on micro inflammatory state in maintain blood purification. XU qunhong,FEIXiao,WANGming,XIE xiangcheng,ZHU qiu xiang Department of Nephrology Hangzhou First Peoples Hospital, Hangzhou Zhejiang province (310006) ABSTRACT Objective: To compare with the different micro inflammatory states in maintenance hemodialysis patients and peritoneal dialysis patients, to compare the difference in these two groups. Methods: This study included 58 HD patients and, 49 PD patients and 57 normal controls, use hs-CRP,IL-6, IL-8, TNF- with empty stomach and venous-blood-detect,and then compare every groups number. Result: Results the levels of inflammatory cytokines ( hs-CRP, IL -6, TNF ) in maintenance hemodialysis patiests and dialysis patients were much higher than those in health control group. IL-8 was higher too, but no signifigance was found. Hs-CRP in HD patients was higher than that in PD patients (p0.05), but there was no significance of IL-6, TNF- IL-8. Conclusions : There exists a rasied inflammatory cytokines levels in maintenance hemodialysis patients and PD patients, the inflammatory cytokines(hs-CRP) in HD is higher than in PD,but the proinflammatory cytokines ( IL-8 , IL -6, TNF ) were in the same level. KEY WORDS M aintenance hemodialysisP peritoneal dialysisM icroinflammatory state
这个领域正想我2年前估计的那样,开始快速发展了,这个研究是针对人类一个非常普遍的疾病:结肠炎,这个疾病不厉害,但严重困扰许多人的生活。有这个病的人都有体会。而且治疗手段非常缺乏。主要是病因不清楚。但炎症反应是非常确定的。氢治疗该疾病只针对炎症,虽然不能针对病因。但也提供了一个非常值得考虑的方法。这个研究非常值得重视。预示着氢分子医学向更广泛领域的发展。而且更具有实际意义。 Hydrogen mediates suppression of colon inflammation induced by dextran sodium sulfate References and further reading may be available for this article. To view references and further reading you must purchase this article. Mikihito Kajiya a , Marcelo J.B. Silva a , Kimihiro Sato b , Kazuhisa Ouhara a and Toshihisa Kawai a , , a Department of Immunology, The Forsyth Institute, Boston, MA, USA b Skyview Enterprises, New York, NY, USA Received 18 May 2009. Available online 30 May 2009. Abstract By its antioxidant effect, molecular hydrogen gas (H 2 ) was reported to protect organs from tissue damage induced by ischemia reperfusion. To evaluate its anti-inflammatory effects, we established a mouse model of human inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) by supplying mice with water containing (1) dextran sodium sulfate (DSS) (5%), (2) DSS (5%) and H 2 , or (3) H 2 only ad libitum up to 7days. At day-7, DSS-induced pathogenic outcomes including, loss of body weight, increase of colitis score, pathogenic shortening of colon length, elevated level of IL-12, TNF- and IL-1 in colon lesion, were significantly suppressed by the addition of H 2 to DSS solution. Histological analysis also revealed that the DSS-mediated colonic tissue destruction accompanied by macrophage infiltration was remarkably suppressed by H 2 . Therefore, the present study indicated that H 2 can prevent the development of DSS-induced colitis in mice. Keywords: Molecular hydrogen; Colitis; Inflammation; Antioxidant; Colon; Dextran sodium sulfate; IL-12; TNF-alpha; IL-1-beta; Macrophages Article Outline Introduction Materials and methods Results Discussion Acknowledgements References Fig. 1.Effects of H 2 on the clinical features of DSS-induced colitis in BALB/c mice. Temporal change of H 2 concentration in stomach (A) and in colon (B) after the oral administration of H 2 -saturated water to mice (n=5/each time point) was monitored. Distilled water saturated with H 2 (0.78mM, ORP=511mV, pH 7.67) was applied to mice using a Popper feeding needle (1ml/mouse). Immediately after the sacrifice of animals in each group, H 2 concentrations of liquid substance present in stomach and colon were measured. To examine the effects of H 2 on DSS-induced colitis, H 2 (0.78mM) water alone or 5% DSS with or without H 2 -water were administered to mice (8 w males, n=6/group) ad libitum for 7days. The percent of body weight change (C) and colitis score (D) were measured on a daily basis. Data points and bars of H 2 -water alone (), 5% DSS water alone (□), and 5% DSS including H 2 -water ( ) indicate meansSD. * p0.05, ** p0.01: Value is significantly different from the control group receiving DSS alone in the same measurement day (t-test). View Within Article Fig. 2.H 2 -mediated alleviation of colon contraction induced by DSS. To assess the severity of colitis, regular water, H 2 (0.78mM) water alone, or 5% DSS with or without H 2 -water were administered to mice for 7days after which the colon length was measured. (A) Representative macroscopic features of the colons isolated from mice treated with regular water (Control), H 2 -containing water (H 2 ), 5% DSS water (DSS) and 5% DSS containing H 2 -water (H 2 +DSS) are shown. (B) The measurement of meanSD of colon length in each group at Day-7 is depicted. ** p0.01: Value differs significantly between the groups indicated by brackets (t-test). View Within Article 全文