据《纳米快报》（ NANO Letters ） 网站2011年3月17日报道，美国史丹福大学（Stanford University）、宾州州立大学（ Penn State University ）和意大利米兰大学（ Università degli Studi di Milano ）的科学家联合研制出一种被称之为“混合熵电池”（mixing entropy battery），其工作原理是利用海水与河水之间的含盐量不同即盐度差来进行发电。海水和河水的含盐量差异是一种可再生资源,虽然其中蕴藏着巨大的潜能，但有效提取并作为一种有用的能量加以利用仍然存在很多挑战。“混合熵电池”是迎接这种挑战的一种产物,它可以提取并作为有用的电化学能量加以存储。该电池包含钠锰氧体{Na_(2-x)Mn_5O_(10)}纳米电极,可以适用于多种不同盐度的水体，能量提取效率可以达到74%。试验结果显示，每升淡水可以获得2.2 kJ的能量，考虑到河水流量因素限制,这种可再生能源总量可能会达到2 TW，相当于当今世界能耗总量的13%。“混合熵电池”制作简单，对于未来可再生能源的利用会有所贡献。 更多信息请浏览 http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/nl200500s
低铂、厚度可控膜电极组件制备方法及其电化学活性和催化剂利用率 (2011-03-28 17:54:14) Electrochemical Activity and Catalyst Utilization of Low Pt andThickness Controlled Membrane Electrode AssembliesJ.Electrochem.Soc.,Volume 158,Issue 5,pp.B562-B567(2011)(Published 25 March 2011)ABSTRACTREFERENCES(32)Madhu S.Saha,1 Dzmit... 作者： 林凡 标签： 杂谈 电喷法制备Nafion纳米纤维毡的形貌控制因素 (2011-03-28 17:49:40) Morphological Control of Electrospun Nafion Nanofiber MatsJ.Electrochem.Soc.,Volume 158,Issue 5,pp.B568-B572(2011)(Published 25 March 2011)ABSTRACTREFERENCES(22)J.B.Ballengee and P.N.PintauroDepartment of Chemical and Biomolecular Engin... 作者： 林凡 标签： 杂谈 单分散多孔五氧化二钒亚微米球：具有卓越低温行为的锂离子电池正极材料 (2011-03-28 17:16:42) Porous V2O5 cathodematerial for Li-ion batteries shows excellent low-temperaturebehavior作者：MikeMillikinResearchers from the University of California,Riverside and theUniversity of Science and Technology of China synthesizedmonodisper... 作者： 林凡 标签： 杂谈 全球稀土元素使用储量评估 (2011-03-28 17:05:39) Yale team estimatesglobal rare earth metal flows作者：MikeMillikin Global production of rare earth oxides.Credit:ACS,Du and Graedel.Click to enlarge.A team at Yale has used published and unpublished informationfrom China,Japan,the Unite... 作者： 林凡 标签： 杂谈 无金属石墨烯纳米片：锂空电池氧还原催化剂 (2011-03-28 16:42:28) AIST team demonstratesmetal-free graphene nanosheets as viable cathode catalysts forLi-air batteries作者：MikeMillikin Structure of the rechargeable Li-air batterybased on GNSs as an air electrode.Credit:ACS,Yoo and Zhou.Clickto enlarge... 作者： 林凡 标签： 杂谈
PNNL study outlines requirements for grid storage, reviews four electrochemical energy storage systems: vanadium redox flow, Na-beta, Li-ion and lead-carbon 作者： Mike Millikin Classification of potential electrical storage for stationary applications. Credit: ACS, Yang et al. Click to enlarge. There appears to be general agreement on the needs of electrical energy storage (EES) for the electrical grid, given the current trend toward increasing penetration of renewable energy, demands to improve power reliability and quality, along with implementation of smart grids, according to a new report by researchers at the US Department of Energy’s Pacific Northwest National Laboratory. However, while a number of potential technologies for EES exist, and some have been applied or demonstrated, they face either challenges in meeting the performance and economic matrix for the stationary applications, or limits in environment, site selection, and so on, Yang et al. note. In addition to outlining requirements for ESS and general guidelines for investigating technologies, the paper by Yang et al., published in the ACS journal Chemical Reviews , reviews in detail four stationary storage systems considered the most promising candidates for electrochemical energy storage: vanadium redox flow; sodium-beta alumina membrane; lithium-ion; and lead-carbon batteries. In their study, Yang et al. note the potential of each technology and explain what advances must occur with each if they’re ultimately to be deployed. To be successful, systems will need to evolve—in some cases, considerably—to compete financially with the cost of natural gas production. And besides technical improvements, the systems will need to be built to last, using materials that are safe and durable so that batteries could operate more than 15 years and require very little maintenance over their lifetime. The need for storage. EES is already an established, valuable approach for improving the reliability and overall use of the entire power system (generation, transmission, and distribution ). EES can be employed for services such as (1) frequency regulation and load following; (2) cold start services; (3) contingency reserves; and (4) energy services that shift generation from peak to off-peak periods. In addition, it can provide services to solve more localized power quality issues and reactive power support. However, the authors note, to date EES (almost exclusively pumped hydroelectric storage) contributes to only about 2% of the installed generation capacity in the United States. (The percentages are higher in Europe and Japan, at 10% and 15%, respectively, largely because of favorable economics and government policies.) The future grid will face significant challenges by providing clean power from intermittent resources to a much more dynamic load. These challenges will not only be faced in the United States, but also internationally. To smooth out the intermittency of renewable energy production, low-cost electrical energy storage (EES) will become necessary. EES has been considered as a key enabler of the smart grid or future grid, which is expected to integrate a significant amount of renewable energy resources while providing fuel (i.e., electricity) to hybrid and electrical vehicles, although the cost of implementing EES is of great concern. —Yang et al. Issues for potential ESS systems include: Performance requirements . These can vary based on the application market. For example, they note, to regulate frequency, the energy storage capacity may not need to be long-lasting—minutes can be sufficient—but it must have a long cycle life because the system is likely to encounter multiple daily discharge events. High discharge rates or high current densities are important, although the state-of-charge (SOC) of the storage system typically will not move over a wide range. In comparison, energy management, such as load shifting, requires systems of up to MWh or even GWh levels that are capable of discharge durations up to a few hours or more at designated power. This type of application requires high round-trip energy efficiency and a long deep-cycle life, along with low operation and maintenance costs. Unlike vehicle applications that have constraints on weight and volume, high-energy densities may not be strictly required for stationary applications. Also, the grid and renewable applications often require a quick response from the storage that can bring the grid up to full power in a matter of a second. Cost . This, the authors note, is probably the most important and fundamental issue of EES for a broad market penetration. Among the most important factors are capital cost and life-cycle cost. Reliability, durability, and safety . EES must have a long calendar life (e.g., 15 years) and a long cycle life (e.g., 4,000 deep cycles for energy applications) as well as minimum maintenance and safety requirements for utility assets and for a low life-cycle cost. Approximation of capital cost per cycle of different ESS technologies. Carrying charges, operation and maintenances (OM), and replacement costs are not included. Credit: ACS, Yang et al. Click to enlarge. ESS technologies can be broadly classified into two groups: those that store electricity directly in electrical charges (e.g., capacitors or supercapacitors that are highly efficient (close to 100%) but have a low energy density and discharge typically in a short period of time; and those that convert electrical energy to another form of energy that can be kinetic, potential, or chemical energy. The most commonly used systems today work by converting electricity to kinetic (e.g., flywheel) or potential energy (e.g., pumped hydro (PHS) or compressed air (CAES) and then discharging that energy back to the grid when needed. These systems have limiting factors such as lack of portability. Electrochemical energy storage systems, on the other hand, can efficiently store electricity in chemicals and then release it upon demand. Overall, however, most existing technologies cannot meet the economic requirements for most, if not all, utility markets even without accounting for carrying charges, operation/maintenance (OM), and replacement costs. Particularly, ESSs for energy applications compared to power applications are probably facing even more challenges to meet economic targets for broad market penetration. With the exception of PHS and possible CAES, all others are higher than the target for broad market penetration. The high cost is related to unsatisfactory performance and the high cost of raw materials and fabrication as well as the scale of production. Thus, cost reduction must rely on advances in technology to improve reliability, cycle life, efficiency, use of less expensive materials, etc. To help the research community obtain a better understanding of stationary EESs, a relatively new area, and accelerate development efforts, we offera comprehensive review on electrochemical energy storage technologies or batteries. This includes principles of operation as well as the status and challenges in materials, chemistries, and technologies. While there is no intention to cover all potential technologies, this paper focuses on redox flow, Na-solid oxide electrolyte, and Li-ion and lead-carbon batteries to illustrate the needs of research and development. —Yang et al. Schematic of an all-vanadium redox flow battery as an example of redox flow batteries (or regenerative fuel cells). Credit: ACS, Yang et al. Click to enlarge. Vanadium redox flow battery. A redox flow battery (RFB) stores electrical energy typically in two soluble redox couples contained in external electrolyte tanks sized in accordance with application requirements. Liquid electrolytes are pumped from storage tanks to flow-through electrodes where chemical energy is converted to electrical energy (discharge) or vice versa (charge). The electrolytes flowing through the cathode and anode are often different and are referred to as anolyte and catholyte, respectively. Unlike traditional batteries that store energy in electrode materials, the authors note, RFBs are more like regenerative fuel cells in which the chemical energy in the incoming fuels is converted into electricity at the electrodes. As such, the power and energy capacity of an RFB system can be designed separately. All-vanadium RFBs (VRBs) exploit the capability of vanadium to exist in solution in four different oxidation states and use this property to make a flow battery that has only one active element in both anolyte and catholyte. As such, the cross-contamination of the anolyte and catholyte in VRBs is significantly diminished. With all the stated advantages and the successful demonstration of systems up to MWh levels, all RFB technologies have, however, not seen broad market penetration. The current technologies are still expensive in capital cost and life-cycle cost...The high cost is attributed to the high cost of materials/components and performance parameters, including reliability, cycle/calendar life, energy efficiency, system energy capacity, etc. —Yang et al. Sodium-beta alumina membrane battery . Sodium-beta alumina batteries (SBBs) reversibly charge and discharge electricity via sodium ion transport across a β" -Al2O3 solid electrolyte (or BASE) that is doped with Li+ or Mg2+. To minimize electrical resistance and achieve satisfactory electrochemical activities, SBBs typically operate at moderate temperatures (300-350 °C). The anode is metallic sodium in a molten state during battery operation. The cathode can be either molten S/Na2Sx, which is known as a sodium-sulfur (Na-S) battery, or solid metal halides or Zeolite Battery Research Africa (ZEBRA) batteries. The Na-beta batteries are commonly built in tubular designs. Researchers say the battery’s high energy density and rapid rate of charge and discharge make it a candidate for powering electric vehicles and for other applications that require short, potent bursts of energy. However, materials are expensive and there are safety concerns with the high operating temperature of the battery. PNNL researchers say modifying the shape of the battery can improve efficiency, lower the operating temperature and cost. PNNL and EaglePicher Technologies, LLC, are studying these improvements as part of DOE’s ARPA-E program. Single-cell and tubular design of a Na-beta battery. Credit: ACS, Yang et al. Click to enlarge. Lithium-ion battery . Li-ion batteries store electrical energy in various compounds, comprising layers of different elements, such as lithium, manganese and cobalt. High energy and power capacity over other technologies has made Li-ion batteries the most promising option for transportation applications like electric vehicles. Researchers say bringing down materials cost and improving safety could vastly improve Li-ion batteries and could help accelerate the penetration of electric vehicles, which themselves could serve as back-up storage on the grid. In a traditional Li-ion battery cell, positively charged lithium ions migrate through a liquid electrolyte, while electrons flow through an external circuit, both moving back and forth from one side to the other. This movement creates and stores energy. Li-ion batteries have been a success for small, mobile electronics such as cell phones and laptop computers, but making them larger is difficult because they are expensive, prone to overheating and can lend themselves to electrical shorting. Scientists say while substantial progress has been made over past years to improve the technology, more work must be done to extend life, improve safety and reduce materials cost for the stationary applications. Lead-carbon battery. Lead-carbon batteries are an evolving technology born from the traditional lead-acid battery, commonly used for traditional automobiles and back-up generators. Scientists have found by adding a bit of carbon to traditional lead-acid batteries they can significantly increase the lifespan of the battery. Researchers say lead-carbon batteries could serve as a viable back-up source for wind and solar power because of their concentrated power. During discharge in a traditional lead-acid battery, sulfuric acid reacts with the lead anode and cathode to create lead sulfate. The process reverses during charge. This conversion produces a short, powerful burst of energy, such as needed to jump start a vehicle. But over time, a lead-acid battery can lose its charge due to the gradual crystallization and buildup of lead sulfate within the battery's core. The corrosive acid also can eat away at a battery’s core. Adding carbon to the battery seems to minimize or prevent this crystallization from occurring, improving the cycle life and overall lifespan of the battery. Researchers say this technology has potential for storing renewable energy but that more field work is needed to understand the limitations—and to find ways to bring down the cost. The capital cost of the technology remains at $500 per-kilowatt hour and they believe it needs to be reduced to between $150-$200 per-kilowatt hour to be viable. While there has been an increased interest and attempts to improve stationary storage, investment in the area is still limited in comparison with that of Li-ion batteries for vehicle applications. Currently, there are only a few government-funded programs worldwide with limited funding for developing electricity storage technologies for stationary applications. There is a general public and political lack of awareness of the need for new technologies for these applications. Even renewable energy industries are reluctant to lend support because of concerns about adding extra cost to renewable power systems as they struggle to reduce system cost. Furthermore, wide deployment of stationary storage will not happen without changes in regulations. Government support, such as tax incentives, can also be critical to the market entrance at early stages. —Yang et al. The Department of Energy’s Offices of Electricity Delivery and Energy Reliability, Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, and Advanced Research Projects Agency-Energy (ARPA-E), as well as PNNL’s Laboratory Directed Research and Development fund, supported this work. Resources Zhenguo Yang, Jianlu Zhang, Michael Kintner-Meyer, Xiaochuan Lu, Daiwon Choi, John Lemmon, Jun Liu (2011) Electrochemical Energy Storage for Green Grid, March 4, 2011, Chem. Reviews ) doi: 10.1021/cr100290v
J. Electrochem. Soc. / Volume 158 / Issue 5 / Fuel Cells and Energy Conversion Effect of Titanium Dioxide Supports on the Activity of Pt-Ru toward Electrochemical Oxidation of Methanol J. Electrochem. Soc., Volume 158, Issue 5, pp. B461-B466 (2011)(Published 10 March 2011) ABSTRACT REFERENCES (20) Roderick E. Fuentes , Brenda L. García , and John W. Weidner Department of Chemical Engineering, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina 29208, USA TiO 2 and Nb-TiO 2 were investigated as stable supports for Pt-Ru electrocatalysts towards methanol oxidation. X-ray photo-electron spectroscopy (XPS) data for all these TiO 2 -based supports show oxidation states of Ti 4+ , with no Ti 3+ , suggesting low electronic conductivity. However, the deposition of metal nanoparticles onto the supports at loadings of 60 wt% metal dramatically increased conductivity, making these electrodes (metal particles + support) suitable for electrochemistry even though the supports have low conductivity. For some of these TiO 2 -based supports, the activity of Pt-Ru towards methanol oxidation was excellent, even surpassing the activity of the same electrocatalysts supported on carbon. The activity of the electrocatalyst depended on TiO 2 crystalline structure, the addition of Nb into the support and the weight loading of metal. For example, using anatase Nb-TiO 2 as a support increased the electrochemical activity of Pt-Ru by 83% compared to the same electrocatalysts supported on either carbon Vulcan XC-72R or rutile Nb-TiO 2 . This electrode was also 64% more active than the one that had anatase TiO 2 as the support with no Nb. Finally, increasing the weight loading of metal from 5 to 60% increased the conductivity by 5 orders of magnitude and the activity by a factor of 20. 2011 The Electrochemical Society History: Submitted 1 June 2010; revised 24 January 2011; published 10 March 2011 Permalink: http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/1.3559495
引言 金刚石特殊的晶体结构，使金刚石具有许多优异的性能，金刚石一般情况下是良好的绝缘体，室温下电阻率达10 16 Ω ·cm，对其进行掺杂可成为半导体材料，可用于制作高温、高频、高功率等器件；由于金刚石本身具备许多其它特殊的优异性能，如耐腐蚀、抗辐射、耐高温、化学惰性等，因此，金刚石在现代化的工业领域有着广泛的应用前景 。 自从俄罗斯和美国科学家在《Nature》上发表了高温高压合成的含硼金刚石聚晶具有超导特性的文章 之后 ，引起了人们对含硼金刚石的广泛关注。采用微波等离子体化学气相沉积法和热丝化学气相沉积法等对金刚石膜进行掺杂，可以使金刚石膜具有良好的导电性能和半导体性质，并将其沉积到一些电极基体上（如石墨、硅片等），所得到的这种掺硼金刚石膜电极（BDD）材料，在物理、化学、生物等方面显示出良好的应用前景，也引起了国际电化学界的极大关注 。 随着石油化工、医药、农药和燃料工业的迅速发展，工业废水中难降解有机化合物的数量与种类与日俱增。特别是含有高浓度的芳香族化合物，如酚类，属“三致”物质，毒性很大，用一般生物降解方法难以直接去除。而此时电化学氧化处理难降解有机废水是高级氧化技术中的一个研究热点 ，近年来电化学工艺的不断进步以及新的电极材料和电极结构的出现，为电化学方法治理污染提供了更新、更有效的解决手段。该技术是指在电流作用下，电极表面产生羟基自由基(HO·)，将有机污染物氧化为有机小分子中间体 或CO 2 。整个过程具有几乎不消耗化学试剂，二次污染少等特点，因而已逐渐成为预处理或彻底降解有机污染物的重要方法之一，且有“环境友好技术”之称。金刚石具有低的背景电流,高的信号背景比和信号噪音比;抗腐蚀性强，几乎能耐所有的强酸强碱的腐蚀；表面不易产生吸附,是一种清洁的电极材料 。基于这些特性,金刚石完全可以成为新一代高效节能环保的电极材料。 近年来，BDD薄膜电极在电化学分析领域以及电化学合成领域有了突飞猛进的进展。但是在水处理的应用中也碰到了瓶颈，比如 制备的 成本高，金刚石与基底结合力差以及导电性不同的衬底对BDD薄膜用于电极方面的影响。因此很有必要对金刚石电极进行系统的研究，对金刚石掺杂工艺，电极电化学性能以及根据使用情况调节制备工艺要有一个新的认识。 作为电极使用的金刚石薄膜需要与导线连接才能构成电极。在使用非导电性基板的情况下 , 通常是在基板的表面蒸着上一小部分金膜形成导通的连接部位 , 然后使用环氧树脂粘结导线与金膜制成电极。而在使用导电性基板的情况下 , 基板本身具有导电性 , 但是需注意基板与薄膜之间的欧姆降效应。使用钛或是高掺杂的硅等导电性基板可得到良好欧姆降接合。 Ti基底上生长金刚石膜一直以来附着力就是个很大的问题 ，在长期的进行电解过程中就会发生脱落 。附着力好可以使金刚石膜制备的较厚从而提高 BDD电极的使用寿命。附着力差的，生长较厚的膜就会受热膨胀系数的差异而使膜脱落，从而影响其使用寿命。 因此 本 研究选用高掺杂的硅作基底利 用微波化学气相沉积法 来 制备BDD金刚石膜电极，并对其电化学性能进行了测试及进一步的研究。 结论 （1） 用微波等离子体化学气相沉积法制备的掺硼金刚石膜，从SEM和Raman光谱可知，其表面为微米多晶结构，而金刚石质量由于硼的掺入而有所下降，但是非金刚石碳含量较少。 （2） 采用循环伏安法对BDD电极的电化学性质进行了研究，结果表明，BDD电极具有较Pt电极更宽的电势窗口（3.2V）和较低的背景电流（达到10 -6 A），与纯的Pt电极相比，低两个数量级。选择高掺杂硅作衬底可以将电极引线从硅表面引入，从而可为BDD电极在电化学处理污水方面提供更大的工作面积 ，为 BDD电极的制备中节约成本。 （3） 在铁氰化钾电解液中，经多次循环测试，氧化还原峰都基本不变，仍然保持较好的准可逆性。在以苯酚为研究对象的模拟污水中进行循环伏安测试中发现，与Pt电极相比，BDD电极对苯酚具有更高的催化氧化能力，氧化过程单一而且氧化彻底。在多次循环伏安测试中发现，BDD电极表面因直接氧化而发生了钝化的现象，这与前人所做的测试结果相类似，只有在较高的阳极极化电势下（达到析氧电势）才能使BDD表面被激活。 鉴于以上分析可知，BDD电极确实是一种高效高寿命的节能环保电极材料。 参考文献 .满卫东,汪建华,王传新等.金刚石薄膜的性质、制备及应用 . 新型炭材料,2002.17(1),62-70． Ekimov E．A．，Sidomvl V．A．，Bauer E．D．，et a1．Superconductivity in Diamond ．Nature Publishing Group，2004， 428：542-545． John H.T. Luong, Keith B. Male, Jeremy D. Glennon. Boron-doped diamond electrode: synthesis, characterization, functionalization and analytical applications .The Royal Society of Chemistry, 2009, 134: 1965-1979 GHERARDINI I ，MICHAUD P A，PANIZZA M ，et a1．Electrochemical oxidation of 4-chlorophenol for wastewater treatment ．Journal of the Electrochemical Society，2001，148(6)：D78-D82． RODRIGO M A，MICHAUD P A，DUO I，et a1．oxidation of 4-chlorophenol at boron-doped diamond electrode for wastewater treatment ．Journal of the Electrochemical Society，2001，148(5)：D60-D64 Polcaro A M，Mascia M，Palmas S，et a1．Electrochemical degradation of diuron and dichloroaniline at BDD electrode ．Electrochimi Acta，2004，49(4)：649-656． Polcaro A M，Vacca A，Mascia M，et a1．Oxidation at boron doped diamond electrodes：an effective method tomineralise triazines ．Electrochimi Acta，2005，50(9)：l841-1847． Tribidasari A. Ivandini, Rika Sato, Yoshihiro Makide,et.al. Electroanalytical application of modified diamond electrodes .Diamond and Related Materials,2004, 13 (11-12):2003-2008. P.Y. Lim, F.Y. Lin, H.C. Shih,et.al. Improved stability of titanium based boron-doped chemical vapor deposited diamond thin-film electrode by modifying titanium substrate surface .Thin Solid Films,2008, 516(18):6125-6132. M. Panizza, G. Cerisola, Application of diamond electrodes to electrochemical processes .Electrochimica Acta, 2005, 51:191-199. 满卫东，谢鹏，吴宇琼等，微波等离子休同质外延修复金刚石的研究 ，人工晶体学报，2008，37（5）：1157-1161 刘峰斌，汪家道，刘兵等，掺硼金刚石薄膜的电化学性能 ，功能材料与器件学报，2005，11（3）：295-298 Panizza M，Duo I，Michaud P A，et al． ．Electrochem．Solid State Lett．2000，3：550-551． 赵国华 ， 李明利 ， 吴薇薇 等， 金刚石膜电极对有机污染物的电催化特性 ，环境科学，2004，25（5）：163-167 陈兴峰 ， 戴军之 ， 黄铭敏 等， 掺硼金刚石厚膜电极污水处理实验研究 ，机械制造与自动化，2008（4）：12-14 John H. T. Luong,Keith B. Male and Jeremy D. Glennon，Boron-doped diamond electrode: synthesis, characterization, functionalization and analytical applications , The Royal Society of Chemistry, 2009, 134: 1965-1979. 由于中间实验部分无法显示。。就先删除了。。原件可以下载附件阅读
早上查邮件，发现又收到了老板转的审稿的要求，想想读博士的这 3 年多，虽然发的 paper 不多，审的稿却不少，差不多快 30 篇了。大部分都是 electrochemistry 方面的期刊， electrochemical communication 的最多，也有 electrochemical acta ， Journal of The Electrochemical Society 等的 ；另外就是 nanomaterials 中关于是 anodic TiO2 nanotube 部分的， nano letter ， chemistry of materials 等杂志也审过。稿子审的多了，有些心得体会，写出来和大家分享下。想来大家最期盼着自己的稿件被顺利 accepted ，或者 minor revision 了。我提些建议，供大家参考： 1. 无论杂志的 IF 的高低，都请投稿者予以重视。即便是 IF 低的期刊，也不代表投了就一定能中。在正式投稿之时，都请文章的 corresponding author （一般都是各位老板啊），最后审查一下稿件，杜绝各种明显的小错误。很多错误，比如，图片不是最终版本，编号，题注与文中提及的不吻合；单词的拼写错误，或者句子有明显语病；参考文献编号与文中引用的不吻合，等等，虽然这不一定影响稿件质量，但的确很影响审稿人的心情。每本杂志都有存在的价值，即便 IF 低，也并不见得对这些粗心大意容忍度就高。而且，相同专业的审稿人，很可能是同一个批人。 大家每天都有繁重的实验和工作任务，还要用一些私人时间来审稿。而审稿时则发现，手中的稿子竟有这些低级错误，心情自然会非常不爽，对稿件的态度，标准也会严厉了。记得有一次我审 electrochemical acta 的稿子，发现作者是投过其他杂志后，才改投 EA 的。因为后面的图片序列中第 2, 第 4 张图片被删掉了，但文中对照片的描述还是沿用原来的图片标号 , 这样图片顺序就全乱了，我要前后翻几遍才把文中的描述和后面的图片联系起来。整篇文章看下来很吃力，再加上文章的质量也存在些问题，综合一下，就拒掉了。 2. 投稿时，一定要掌握文章档次。千万不要抱着侥幸心理，不论文章质量，从 Angew. Chem. ， Adv. mater 这种大杂志开始按按 IF 从高往低投，希望能中篇大文章。目前，来自国内的稿件中，这种投机做法已经相当泛滥了，我审过的每本杂志都见到过。并从广度上已影响到大陆稿件的声誉。一次聊天中，我的老板就曾经提及，说他碰到的很多杂志的主编都和他抱怨过，大陆的投稿让他们睡不好觉，他们都对来自中国的投稿心生烦闷。现在，无论电化学，还是纳米，各本杂志投稿的数量都大幅增加，尤其是中国大陆的稿件像潮水一般涌来。但这些稿件中鱼目混珠，瑕瑜互见的厉害，有很多稿件质量不过关或者水分很大，为了保证质量（对于学术杂志，质量就是生命啊！），编辑和审稿人需要花很大力气来一篇一篇的甄别所有稿件，这样不但耗费了编辑和审稿人大量的时间和精力，投稿者在耗费时间等待后也只会得到被拒的结果，结果是双输阿！ 其实，对于科研人员，尤其是 nano ， energy ， material 这些新兴和热门领域的科研人员，口碑和可信度是最重要东西。虽然，我们也会看到一个好杂志上有些水文章，但那是大牛灌的，作者有之前辛苦建立起来的信誉来保证，不见得普通的组也可以灌。对于非牛人，一开始就投机，最后只能是一切成空。而当这种个体的投机行为，日益泛滥到被贴上中国标签时，受害的就是我们所有人了，而要修复就需要很长很长的时间。记得 science 的主编就说过，“ 瑞士学者的论文用稿率最高，而中国学者的论文退稿率最高”。希望大家对手中的稿件没有 6 ， 7 成中的把握，还是投低级别的杂志吧。口碑的建立，还是要靠我们每一个人的。 3. 文章被审后，一般审稿人在给出意见的同时，也会给些建议或者提出些疑问。而这些建议其实大都是建设性的，是对进一步提高稿件质量很有益处的，希望作者能以积极的态度对待。同事在审稿时，曾经接二连三的出现过这种情况，虽然不一定是中国的稿件，不过对此还是要引以为戒。当时，一篇稿件投到一本专业内不错的杂志 A 上，由我的一个同事来审稿，作者宣称做出了一个不错的结果，解决了长期困扰这个领域的问题 Q ；而我同事在审稿的时候，发现作者提供的实验证据不足，缺乏最重要的实验证据来证明这个问题 Q 被解决了。基于此，我同事要求作者提供这个实验的结果，而审稿意见定为 major revision 。之后，他也没有收到作者提高的修改稿。本以为事情结束，可在一个多月后，他又收到另一本口碑不错的杂志 B 的审稿邀请，竟然是同一篇手稿。但作者未改动文中的结果讨论与结论部分，而仅仅修改了文章的题目与摘要。显然，这次审稿的结果还是 major revision 了，也还是要求补数据。而在几个月之后，我同事发现这篇稿件竟然又出现一本相对 IF 低的杂志 C 的审稿邀请上（ IF 相对低，并不意味对文章的质量要求低！），作者也还是没有修改结果讨论与结论部分。这次，我的同事不但 reject 了这篇文章，还向编辑部报告了整个事件，之后他就再没有看到这篇文章。其实，某个领域的圈子并不大，审稿人也就那么几个，即便是不同的杂志，也都是找同一批人来审；而且， IF 的高低，只是说杂志的影响力不同，并不意味对文章质量的要求不同。 以上一些个人的体会，希望各位同行能共同努力，既发好文章，也进一步规范整个环境，提高中国科研的影响力！
1.经常用到的电化学期刊杂志 Journal Impact Note Electrochemistry Communications 4.243 International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 3.945 Journal of Power Sources 3.792 Electrochimica Acta 3.325 Fuel Cells 2.557 Energy Fuels 2.319 Journal of the Electrochemical Society 2.241 Solid State Ionics 2.162 Electrochemical and Solid State Letters 1.837 Journal of Applied Electrochemistry 1.821 2.其他和电化学相关的期刊 Journal Impact Note Progress in Energy and Ccombustion Science 11.024 Journal of High Energy Physics 6.019 Biosensors Bioelectronics 5.429 Renewable Sustainable Energy Reviews 4.842 Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells 3.858 Biomass Bioenergy 3.326 Talanta 3.290 Sensors and Actuators B-Chenical 3.083 Electrophoresis 3.077 Energy 2.952 Bioelectrochemistry 2.652 Ieee Transactions on Energy Conversion 2.635 Electroanalysis 2.630 Energy Policy 2.436 Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry 2.338 Renewable Energy 2.226 International Journal of Electrochemical Science 2.175 Solar Energy 2.011 Energy Conversion and Management 1.944 Energy Journal 1.857 Journal of Solid State Electrochemistry 1.697 Energy andBuildings 1.593 International Journal of Photoenergy 1.494 Journal of Biobased Materials and Bioenergy 1.402 Energy Sources Part B-Economics Planning and Policy 1.395 Wind Energy 1.342 Energy Sources Part A-Recovery Utilization and Environmental Effects 1.094 Journal of Fuel Cell Science and Technology 1.000 Ionics 0.899 Electrochemistry 0.865 Journal of Solar Energy Engineering-Transactions of the Asme 0.826 Journal ofFusion Energy 0.784 Journalofthe Energy Institute 0.659 Journal ofEnergy Engineering-Asce 0.674 International Journal of Green Energy 0.564 Journal ofEnergy Resources Technology-Transactions of the Asme 0.512 High Energy Chemistry 0.498 Energy Exploration Exploitation 0.491 Russian Journal ofElectrochemistry 0.347 High Energy Physics and Nuclear Physics-Chinese Edition 0.233 Atomic Energy 0.062
激光电化学四维动漫显微智造文化科学人问题 华中科技大学 方少红 陈志凌 等人 chenzhiling@mail.hust.edu.cn chihlchen@163.com 摘要/激光电化学四维动漫显微智造，是一种将激光电化学工艺、半导体制造工艺与四维动漫显微科学融合在一起的显微智造，注重发挥科学家和工程师创造灵感在智慧制造过程中的作用。由一维时间和三维空间构建四维时间空间坐标系，获得四维坐标系中像动画、动漫般的显微音像视频。结合科学活动中的某些科学道德缺失行为，讨论光电化学显微智造过程中的文化科学人问题。 1. 光电显微智造概述 光电显微智造，是指样品特征尺寸从微米尺度小到纳米，甚至亚纳米尺度，分子/原子尺度范围的半导体制造：在达到国家标准《洁净厂房设计规范》的洁净厂房内，完成裸芯片结构制造、特性参数测量和模块封装等集成工艺流程；同时确保洁净厂房外部周边环境达到国家环境保护标准。建设、发展中的武汉光电国家实验室，西邻武昌关山二路、虹景花园；北边与万人教学的东九楼隔路相望；南邻一片建设工地；东靠一块城中绿色景观，由南向北，从荒草陆地、湿地浅滩，到“东九湖”，是学子们读书、赏景、实验的乐园。从喻家山顶小道，由骑在鬼子碉堡上的凤天台，向着朝阳升起的方向走去，慢慢地由东山坡下山，在十字道口继续向东，沿着光谷一中（华中科技大学附属中学）北道长坡，与喻家湖擦肩而过，即可进入武汉东湖国家湿地公园。由粱章村，梅山，猴山，渔村，我们就可到达东湖边的湿地公园大石头标牌。在小亲水平台上，望北岸，是武钢；望西边，可见东湖中的白色多孔桥；望东边，那是芦苇丛，莲花塘，太渔山。这片风水宝地，也是师生们游乐的场所。光电显微智造的实质，是光电化学显微智造。这种已经渗透到人类社会，乃至浩瀚太空各个角落的先进制造技术，是基于量子力学、固体物理、半导体物理和晶格动力学等基础理论发展起来的。黄昆，世界著名物理学家、教育家，20世纪40年代就是国际固体物理学界的学术带头人；1951年回国以后，黄昆牵头，与谢希德共同组织，联合复旦大学、吉林大学、南京大学和厦门大学，在北京大学，创办了中国半导体专业，开创了中国固体物理、半导体物理教育事业，培养了以多位中国科学院院士为代表的业界精英，为中国现代微电子/光电子学科及其产业的发展，奠定了坚实的基础。黄昆的卓越贡献，使他和王选一样，同时获得2001年度国家最高科学技术奖。黄昆对固体物理/半导体物理的杰出贡献，在国内外半导体学术界、产业界，是众所周知的。黄昆在英国撰写博士学位论文期间，1947年就从理论上预言，点缺陷会导致X射线漫散射，即黄昆散射；20年后，被德国物理学家的实验证实。完成导师莫特（获得1977年诺贝尔物理学奖）指定的学位论文后，黄昆跟随玻恩（量子力学非主流学派和晶格动力学的创始人，1954年获得诺贝尔物理学奖）做半年访问，并在玻恩手稿的基础上，提出晶格动力学普适理论。黄昆1950年提出一对唯象方程（黄昆方程），揭示离子晶体长光学波光学位移、宏观电场强度与电极化强度之间的关系。50多年以来，黄昆方程对微电子/光电子器件和光通信的发展，一直具有指导意义。在英国做博士后研究人员期间，黄昆与玻恩合著，基于量子力学的《晶格动力学理论》，牛津出版社1954年出版，北京大学出版社1989年出版中文版。半个多世纪以来，这本专著一再重印，被译成俄语、汉语等多种文字，是所有固体物理教科书、晶格动力学专著的标准参考文献。2003年牛津大学出版社把玻恩、黄昆的这本专著列入牛津经典物理著作丛书，一直是固体物理/半导体物理学科的经典著作。朱邦芬用1975－2001年美国科学引文索引，获得的检索结果表明，《晶格动力学理论》英文版被引用5,254次、俄文版被引376次。黄昆是声子物理的开拓人，与李爱抚合作建立多声子跃迁理论。华中工学院1960年成立无线电工程系，设置电真空、半导体等专业。70年代，学校通过四机部，从武汉710厂划拨一条半导体制造工艺生产线，在南一楼，组建继北京大学、复旦大学之后的，第三条高校集成电路生产线。1979年，电真空专业取消，师生大部分转进光学系、激光研究所，2005年光电子学院组建。 经过40多年的学科沉淀和发展，学校陆续设立微电子学与固体电子学博士点，机械制造博士点精微制造方向、机械电子学方向，物理电子学国家重点学科、博士点，机械制造博士后流动站，电子科学与技术博士后流动站。微电子学与固体电子学、机械电子学被评为湖北省重点学科。1998年在长春召开全国微电子机械系统（MEMS）发展战略研讨会上，机械学院代表发言，重点介绍华中理工大学微系统研究中心发展计划。2004年湖北省在机械学院设立微系统工程中心。近10多年以来，学校通过实施211工程、985工程等计划项目，投入数亿元，为光电显微智造打下了基础。 目前，我们正在建设武汉光电国家实验室光电子微/纳制造工艺平台。机械学院和材料学院联合建设的先进制造大楼也即将竣工。来访客人将在洁净小区外的参观走廊，通过多个观察窗口，观察洁净小区内的工作景况。以后的洁净实验室体积将会变小，更加节能，光电制造的理论基础，是基于量子力学/固体物理/半导体物理/晶格动力学的光电化学。由此，我们提出一种光电化学显微制造方法：将激光导入（1）反应离子刻蚀（RIE）、（2）电感耦合等离子体（ICP）刻蚀、（3）高密度等离子体刻蚀（HDP）、（4）等离子体增强化学汽相沉积(PECVD)、（5）低压化学汽相沉积（LPCVD）和（6）金属有机化合物汽相沉积（MOCVD）等电化学工艺设备；前三种工艺是干法刻蚀（光刻），深度/宽度比值依次由小到大；后三种工艺是在样品表面生长薄膜。上述6种设备，都是利用电化学制造原理设计和制造的。如果由多种激光器构成多波长激光器系统，发出多波长单色光子，并使之引入上述设备的电化学反应腔体，利用多光子与正/负离子、电子/空穴对等微观粒子的相互作用，产生能量密度更大的激光等离子体，刻蚀的速率就会更高，加工出来的微观结构，深度/宽度之比就会更大；薄膜生长的速率也会更高，薄膜致密度也会增大，与基片的粘附力也会更强。为了提高薄膜的粘附力，可试用激光清洗方法，去掉基片表面的污物。激光光子在这里是倍增器，好似催化剂，又像点火器，一旦光子与离子、电子等微观粒子发生相互作用，就会生成处于谐振状态的激光等离子体，使原有的电化学反应更加激烈，更加高效。 2. 光电化学智造文化科学人问题 我们提出光电化学制造文化科学人问题，讨论科学道德缺失行为典型特征及其约束策略，探索现行科学管理模式的完善问题，探索中华文化科学与西方科学文化在光电化学制造中的相互交融。纵观人类科学发展史，科学问题往往和人文理念交织在一起，高智商的科学家篡改实验数据的故事，时有发生。譬如，美国物理学家密立根1910年进行油滴实验，测出氢原子质量是电子质量的1836倍，电子电荷总是e的整数倍。与此同时，比他更有名望的奥地利科学家埃氏也在做相同的实验，但发现电子电荷，除了是e的整数倍之外，有时还是e的分数倍。为此，埃氏对密立根的实验结果提出异议。然而，当时密立根不但在论战中获胜，还得到1923年诺贝尔物理学奖。这种结果可能与爱因斯坦等人的态度有关。60年后，一位科学史学家发现密立根笔记和手稿，看到密立根发表的58次观测结果，是从140次观测中筛选的，那些与密立根电子电荷理论模型不相吻合的实验数据，他就做上记号，不予发表。另外，美国斯坦福大学的科学家1981年也在类埃氏实验中发现，密立根电子理论模型有局限性，并证实埃氏亚电子理论模型与实验结果基本相符合。遗憾的是，诺贝尔奖的游戏规则，没有纠错之说。加之两位当事人都已作古，这只能使科学史学家写的故事，更能吸引读者。写到这里，我们又翻阅了一下办公室书柜里的几本教科书，其中列出的有关物理常数，仍然都来自密立根的结果。当然，这类故事更能激励后人，继续完善科学界同行评议、重复实验体制。 3. 四维动漫光电化学显微文化科学人问题 黄昆在“我的研究生涯”中指出，研究活动有三个步骤：1选题，提出问题，选择值得关注的课题；2寻找解决问题的有效办法；3正确理解自己初始结果的意义。失败是成功之母，只有不断总结经验教训，才能从迷惑中解惑、脱颖而出。例如，北京工业大学左铁钏等人，攻克了高强度铝合金的激光焊接工艺，在国内首先开始承担准分子激光微制造工艺方面的国家自然科学基金项目，目前正在研究微米尺度范围内的激光连接技术。厦门大学田昭武等人发明了电化学微制造工艺。由此，华中科技大学机械学院将左、田的两种方法结合在一起，在准分子激光电化学微制造生产线关键技术方面得到国家863计划机器人主题项目和国家自然科学基金项目的资助，已经取得一些初步结果。激光对被照射物体表面的机械冲击效应，多数人不大关注。龙芋宏博士毕业后，在桂林电子科技大学继续原来的研究，组建了一个好的研究团队，代表作品被科学引文索引收录。尽管这些初始结果还比较原始，获得的微结构图片还不如人意，理论模型基本还是基于宏观热力学，波动光学，方程式中没有普朗克常数。在早期的光电化学实验中，曾经将硅片放在电化学反应池中的电化学溶液里面，硅片表面与液面表面之间的距离一般难以控制；激光作用到样品时，往往导致溶液的飞溅，致使原有设备的反射镜表面薄膜层受损。总之，步子毕竟已经迈开了，上述初始结果是很有意义的。只要不断总结经验教训，从宏观世界跨进微观空间，利用现存的上述6种电化学反应设备，研究导入的激光多光子，与气相电化学反应器中的离子、电子等微观粒子发生相互作用，考虑对整个加工过程进行实时检测、监控，就可望探寻到光电化学制造的真谛。 来自科学网站的消息：奥利弗·萨克斯（Oliver Sacks，临床神经学家，畅销书《错把妻子当帽子》的作者，现为美国哥伦比亚大学医学中心神经学和精神病学教授）： 我们正在学习利用大脑惊人的可塑性。作为一名医生，我特别关注那些遭受神经损伤或疾病的人，或是那些正在努力改善其神经功能的人。最近令我感到痴迷的一个问题是，为什么一个人在失明后，没有了心灵的窗户，他的大脑依然能创建视觉图像，这种能力非但能保持，还可得以提高和利用。很多失去视力的人仍然是有视觉的。当他们用自己的指尖读盲文时，他们仍会有视觉体验。这不只是一种比喻或说法：他们视觉皮层的功能性影像表明，在他们读盲文时，视觉皮层就被激活。这是一种交叉模式转移，以至于触感转化成了大脑中的视觉体验。 用术语来说，这叫感觉替代，这个概念最初是由神经学家保罗·巴赫-丽塔提出的。他想知道，通过使用一台摄像机，并将之连接到皮肤上的一个区域，一个人是否就可基于皮肤感受到的触觉脉冲形成一幅心理图片。他用舌头进行了尝试，因为舌头是人体内最具感觉辨别力的器官。有了这样一个设备，盲人就能形成一幅具有足够细节的环境图片，例如，可抓住一个正在向他滚过来的球。但是，这还不是极限。这些盲人还可拥有更高的辨别力，其所拥有的感知力甚至可媲美于一个正常人。最不同寻常的是，尽管是舌头受到了刺激，但使用这些设备的人们拥有的却是这个世界的视觉图像。 感觉替代也可以采取其他形式，人们一定想知道，就未来技术而言，使用其他感觉是否能够提升这种能力。人工耳蜗植入物现在已是相当精良，视网膜植入物也开始进入人们的生活。我认为，感觉皮层的直接刺激迟早会得到应用，但我特别喜欢非侵入性装置的想法，比如在舌头上的传感器。这种事情在40年前几乎是不可想象的，那时我们都不会想到大脑还会有可塑性。我们曾经认为，大脑的每一个部分在遗传上都是业已决定的，遗传什么就是什么。现在我们知道，大脑功能发生巨大变化是可能的。神经系统的可塑性和可重新部署的奇迹，简直让我兴奋极了。 主要参考文献 1.中华人民共和国信息产业部主编，中华人民共和国国家标准 洁净厂房设计规范 GB 50073-2001,中国计划出版社（北京，2001）. 2.Kun Huang,“Lattice Vibrations ang Optical Waves in Ionic Crystals”, Nature, vol.167(1951), pp. 779-781. 3.黄昆，“我的研究生涯”，物理，Vol.31,No.3 (2002), pp. 129-133. 4.朱邦芬，“黄昆对物理学的贡献”，发光学报，Vol. 24, No. 1 (2003), pp. 1－7. 5.朱邦芬著，黄昆－声子物理第一人，上海科学技术出版社（上海，2002）. 6. W.Broad and N.Wade, Betrayers of the Truth: Fraud and Deceit in the Halls of Science, Simon and Schuster(1982). 7. 朱进宁方玉珍译，背叛真理的人们――科学界的弄虚作假，科学出版社（北京，1988）. 8. 魏柯、麦捷夫 著，吴国安、邓存熙译，《激光工艺与微电子技术》，国防工业出版社， 1997年7月第1版. 9. 古列维奇、波利斯科夫 著，彭瑞伍译，《半导体光电化学》，科学出版社，1989年1月第一版. 俄文原版1983年. 英文译著： 作者名 Gurevich, IU. IA. (IUrii IAkovlevich) 题名 Photoelectrochemistry / Yu. Ya. Gurevich, Yu. V. Pleskov, and Z. A. Rotenberg ; translated from Russian by Halina Wroblowa ; translation edited by Halina S. Wroblowa and B. E. Conway. 出版发行 New York : Consultants Bureau, c1980. ISBN 0306109530 馆藏地点 索书号 馆藏状态 外文自科图书阅览室(201) O644 W2 馆内阅览
Phtoelectrocatalytic degradation of salfasalicylic acid and its electrochemical inpendance spectroscopy investigation Phtoelectrocatalytic degradation of salfasalicylic ，Journal of Physical Chemistry A, 104, 7016-7020, 2000
标签: 电化学
