集太阳能捕获和存储于一体的新设备 诸平 The hybrid device consists of a molecular storage material (MSM) and a localized phase-change material (L-PCM), separated by a silica aerogel to maintain the necessary 据当地时间 2019 年 11 月 20 日来自美国 休斯顿大学 ( University of Houston ,简称 UH )的消息,该大学的研究人员已经开发出就可以有效地捕获太阳能,又可以存储太阳能的一种新设备。这种混合装置由分子存储材料( molecular storage material 简称 MSM )和局部相变材料( localized phase-change material 简称 L-PCM )组成,并通过硅胶气凝胶分隔以保持必要的温差。这种新设备为太阳能的广泛应用提供了希望。 与依靠光伏技术直接发电的 太阳能电池板 和 太阳能电池 不同,混合动力设备从太阳中吸收热量并将其存储为 热能 。它解决了阻碍太阳能的更大规模使用过程中的一些问题,尽管阳光时间有限,阴天和其他限制因素仍为人们提供了全天候使用 太阳能 的途径。 这项工作在 11 月 19 日发表在《焦耳》( Joule )杂志的一篇论文中进行了描述,结合了分子能量 存储 和潜热存储,以生产出集成的捕获和 储藏设备, 可以实现 24 小时全天候运行。研究人员报告说,小规模运行的捕获效率为 73 %,大规模运行的捕获效率高达 90 %。 研究人员说,晚上储能回收率高达 80 %,白天的回收率甚至更高。 UH 机械工程副教授 Hadi Ghasemi ,也是该论文的通讯作者,他说该论文的高效捕获部分归因于该设备能够捕获阳光的全部光线(不受波长限制),并将其收集用于立即使用并将多余的部分转化为分子能量存储。 该器件作为分子存储材料,是用降冰片二烯 - 四环烷( norbornadiene-quadricyclane )合成的,该化合物是一种有机化合物,研究人员说该有机化合物显示出高的比能和出色的热量释放,同时在延长的存储时间内保持稳定。 Hadi Ghasemi 表示,可以应用相同的概念而使用不同的材料,从而使性能(包括工作温度和效率)得到优化。 卡伦杰出大学( Cullen Distinguished University )化学讲座教授 T. Randall Lee (上述论文的一位通讯作者,也是 UH 德克萨斯州超导中心的首席研究员)说,该设备通过多种方式提高了效率:太阳能以分子形式而不是以热量的形式存储,不会随着时间的流逝而造成热量散逸,集成系统也因为不需要通过管道输送存储的能量,所以减少了热损失。 T. Randall Lee 说: “ 白天,太阳能热能可以在高达 120 ℃的温度下收集。到了晚上,当太阳辐射很少或没有时,分子存储材料将收集到的能量收集起来,将其从能量较低的分子转换为能量较高的分子。 ” 他说,这使储存的能量在夜间比白天在更高的温度下产生热能,即使在太阳不发光的情况下,也提高了可利用的能量。更多信息请注意浏览原文或者相关报道。 Varun Kashyap , Siwakorn Sakunkaewkasem , Parham Jafari, Masoumeh Nazari , Bahareh Eslami , Sina Nazifi , Peyman Irajizad , Maria D. Marquez , T. Randall Lee , Hadi Ghasemi. Full Spectrum Solar Thermal Energy Harvesting and Storage by a Molecular and Phase-Change Hybrid Material,Joule(2019). DOI: 10.1016/j.joule.2019.11.001 New hybrid device can both capture and store solar energy Summary Efficient solar thermal energy harvesting and storage are critical steps toward utilizing the abundant solar irradiation that reaches the surface of the earth. Current solar thermal approaches rely on costly high optical concentration systems, leading to high heat losses by hot bulk materials and surfaces. At the same time, the energy stored in the form of thermal energy has inherently large temporal losses. Here, we combine the physics of molecular energy and latent heat storage to introduce an integrated, simultaneous harvesting and storage hybrid paradigm for potential 24/7 energy delivery. The hybrid paradigm utilizes heat localization during the day to provide a harvesting efficiency of 73% at small scale and ~90% at large scale. Remarkably, at night, the stored energy by the hybrid system is recovered with an efficiency of 80% and at a higher temperature than that of the day, in contrast to all of the state-of-the-art systems.
利用阳光获取清洁燃料(附原文) 诸平 利用太阳能来获取清洁燃料,大家可能想到的就是太阳能的光电转化。据美国亚利桑那州立大学( Arizona State University ) 2019 年 9 月 3 日提供的消息, 该大学的研究人员可以利用光电合成电池( photoelectrosynthetic cell )从太阳能中提取清洁燃料。 亚利桑那州立大学生物设计院 (Biodesign Institute at Arizona State University , Biodesign Institute at ASU) 的研究人员,在新研究中描述的实验光电合成电池技术,将聚光半导体和能够产生清洁燃料的化学反应的催化材料结合在一起。随着天然能源的枯竭和人类对于能源需求的不断增长,能源供需矛盾越来越突出。 为了确保有足够的能源满足人类需求,新能源开发是社会面临的最大挑战之一。以前可靠的资源——石油、天然气和煤炭——通过释放二氧化碳和其他温室气体,正在降低空气质量,破坏土地和海洋,改变全球气候的脆弱平衡。与此同时,地球上迅速工业化,人口数量预计到 2050 年将达到 100 亿。清洁替代能源是一项迫切需要解决的问题。 亚利桑那州立大学应用结构发现生物设计中心( ASU's Biodesign Center for Applied Structural Discovery )的研究人员正在探索新技术,为清洁、可持续能源铺平道路,以帮助满足令人生畏的全球能源需求。他们的最新研究成果已经于 2019 年 8 月 28 日在《美国化学会志》( Journal of the American Chemical Society )发表—— Brian L. Wadsworth, Anna Mary Beiler, Diana Khusnutdinova, Edgar A. Reyes Cruz, Gary F. Moore. The Interplay Between Light Flux, Quantum Efficiency, and Turnover Frequency in Molecular-modified Photoelectrosynthetic Assemblies . Journal of the American Chemical Society , 2019. DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b07295 , Publication Date:August 28, 2019. 10.1021@jacs.9b07295.pdf 第一作者布莱恩·沃兹沃斯 (Brian L. Wadsworth) 及其合作者安娜·贝勒( Anna Mary Beiler )、戴安娜·库斯纳特迪诺瓦( Diana Khusnutdinova )、埃德加·雷耶斯克鲁斯( Edgar A. Reyes Cruz )和通讯作者加里·摩尔( Gary F. Moore )在文章中对于此项技术所涉及的聚光半导体和能生产清洁燃料化学反应的催化材料进行了描述。 这项新研究探索了其主要组成部分之间微妙的相互作用,并为理解潜在的燃料形成反应勾勒了一个理论框架。研究结果提出了提高这些混合技术效率和性能的策略,使它们更接近商业可行性。 通过这些技术生产氢和还原性碳,有一天可能会取代化石燃料资源,生产范围广泛的还原性碳商品,包括燃料、塑料以及建筑材料等。 亚利桑那州立大学分子科学学院的助理教授加里·摩尔说 : “在这项特别的工作中,我们一直在开发将光捕获和转换技术与基于化学的储能策略相结合的系统。”这种新技术不是直接利用阳光来发电,而是利用太阳能来驱动能够产生燃料的化学反应,从而将太阳能储存在化学键中。“这就是催化作用变得极其重要的地方。这是一种控制反应选择性和驱动这些转变的总能量需求的化学过程。” 日光之下有新事 太阳能的利用自古有之,不仅应用历史悠久,而且用之不竭。以阳光作为可持续的能源,生产碳中性的能源最具吸引力。事实上,近年来太阳能技术的应用取得了显著的进展。 光伏 (PV) 设备也就是太阳能电池,收集阳光并将能量直接转化为电能。改进材料和降低成本使光伏成为一个有吸引力的能源选择,特别是在阳光充足的地方,如美国的亚利桑那州等地,大型太阳能电池板覆盖数英亩,能够为成千上万的家庭供电。 摩尔指出 : “但是仅仅利用太阳能光伏发电是不够的。许多可再生能源,如太阳能和风能并不总是可用的,所以间歇性能源的储存是未来满足全球大规模的人类能源需求任何技术的关键部分。” 正如摩尔所解释的,借用自然手册( Nature's handbook )中的一页可以帮助研究人员利用太阳的辐射能来生产可持续的燃料。摩尔说:“有一件事是清楚的,在可预见的未来,我们可能会继续使用燃料作为我们能源基础设施的一部分,特别是在涉及地面和空中运输的应用方面。这就是我们研究中受生物启发的部分变得特别重要的地方——从自然( Nature )中寻找线索,了解我们如何开发新技术来生产无碳或中性的燃料。” 太阳能天赋 大自然一个更令人印象深刻的技巧就是利用阳光来产生富含能量的化学物质,这一过程在数十亿年前就被植物和其他光合生物所掌握。摩尔说 : “在这个过程中,光被吸收,能量被用来驱动一系列复杂的生化转化,最终产生出我们所吃的食物,并在很长一段地质时期内,产生我们现代社会所需的燃料。” 在目前的研究中, ASU 研究小组分析了控制通过各种人工设备生产燃料的化学反应效率的关键变量。布莱恩·沃兹沃斯说 : “在这篇论文中,我们建立了一个动力学模型来描述半导体表面的光吸收、半导体内部电荷迁移、电荷转移到催化剂层以及化学催化步骤之间的相互作用。” 该小组开发的模型基于一个类似的控制酶行为的框架,称为 Michaelis-Menten 动力学( Michaelis-Menten kinetics ),它描述了酶的反应速率和反应发生的介质 ( 或底物 ) 之间的关系。研究者将该模型应用于集光半导体与催化材料于一体的燃料生成技术装置。 第一作者沃兹沃斯说 : “我们将这些混合材料的燃料形成活性描述为光强度的函数。” ( 类似的 Michaelis-Menten 动力学模型 , 已被证明在分析抗原抗体结合、 DNA-DNA 杂化和蛋白质 - 蛋白质相互作用等现象方面很有用。 ) 在对该系统动力学进行建模时,研究小组有了一个惊人的发现。摩尔说 : “在这个特殊的系统中,我们不受催化剂驱动化学反应速度的限制。我们受限于将电子传递到催化剂并激活它的能力,这与照射表面的光强有关。布莱恩( Brian )、安娜( Anna )、戴安娜( Diana )和埃德加( Edgar )在他们的实验中表明,增加光的强度会增加燃料的形成速度。” 这一发现对未来此类设备的设计具有重要意义,目的是使其效率最大化。“简单地在混合材料表面添加更多的催化剂并不会提高燃料的产量。我们需要考虑支撑半导体的吸光性能,这反过来又迫使我们更多地考虑催化剂的选择以及催化剂与吸光元件之间的界面问题。” 希望之光 在这种太阳能转化燃料的解决方案准备就绪,即将进入黄金时段之前,还有很多工作要做。要使这些技术切实满足人类使用需求的效率、可负担性和稳定性。摩尔说:“生物组件有自我修复和再生能力 ; 技术装配在这方面受到了限制。这是一个我们可以从生物学中学到更多东西的领域。” 当务之急是如何解决能源供需矛盾。预计到本世纪中叶,全球对能源的需求将从目前的 17 太瓦( 17 terawatts )增长到惊人的 30 太瓦( 30 terawatts )。除了重大的科学和技术障碍,摩尔强调,深刻的政策变革也将是必不可少的。“我们如何满足未来的能源需求是一个真正的问题。如果我们要以一种注重环境和平等主义的方式来做这件事,就需要严肃的政治承诺。” 这项新研究是迈向可持续未来的漫长道路上的一步。该小组指出,他们的发现很重要,因为它们可能与涉及吸光材料和催化剂的广泛化学转化有关。摩尔说 : “关键原理,尤其是光照强度、光吸收和催化之间的相互作用,也应该适用于其他材料。” 更多信息请注意浏览原文或者相关报道。 ASU research graces cover of ACS journal 10.1021@jacs.9b07295.pdf Abstract We report on the interplay between light absorption, charge transfer, and catalytic activity at molecular-catalyst-modified semiconductor liquid junctions. Factors limiting the overall photoelectrosynthetic transformations are presented in terms of distinct regions of experimental polarization curves, where each region is related to the fraction of surface-immobilized catalysts present in their activated form under varying intensities of simulated solar illumination. The kinetics associated with these regions are described using steady-state or pre-equilibrium approximations yielding rate laws similar in form to those applied in studies involving classic enzymatic reactions and Michaelis-Menten-type kinetic analysis. However, in the case of photoelectrosynthetic constructs, both photons and electrons serve as reagents for producing activated catalysts. This work forges a link between kinetic models describing biological assemblies and emerging molecular-based technologies for solar energy conversion, providing a conceptual framework for extracting kinetic benchmarking parameters currently not possible to establish.
PNAS:美中研究人员合作从海水中制造氢燃料 诸平 A prototype device used solar energy to create hydrogen fuel from seawater. Credit: H. Dai, Yun Kuang, Michael Kenney 据美国斯坦福大学( Stanford University )2019年3月18日提供的消息,该大学的研究人员与来自中国大陆和台湾的研究人员合作,设计出一种利用来自旧金山湾的太阳能、特种电极以及盐水(来自海水)来产生氢燃料,同时产生氧气的方法。上图就是一种利用太阳能从海水中制造氢燃料的原型装置。这项研究结果于2019年3月18日在《美国国家科学院院刊》( Proceedings of The National Academy of Sciences , PNAS )上发表—— Yun Kuang, Michael J. Kenney, Yongtao Meng, Wei-Hsuan Hung, Yijin Liu, Jianan Erick Huang, Rohit Prasanna, Pengsong Li, Yaping Li, Lei Wang, Meng-Chang Lin, Michael D. McGehee, Xiaoming Sun, Hongjie Dai. Solar-driven, highly sustained splitting of seawater into hydrogen and oxygen fuels. PNAS, published ahead of print March 18, 2019 . www.pnas.org/cgi/doi/10.1073/pnas.1900556116 . 此论文 展示了一种通过电力从海水中分离氢气和氧气的新方法。现有的水分解方法依赖于高纯度的水,这是一种宝贵的资源和昂贵的生产。 从理论上讲,为了给城市和汽车提供动力,需要如此多的氢,使用纯净水是不可想象的,而且就是在美国加州几乎没有足够的水来满足目前的需求。氢是一种很有吸引力的燃料,因为它不排放二氧化碳。燃烧氢只产生水,应该可以缓解日益恶化的气候变化问题。研究人员在实验室通过演示展示了概念验证,但研究人员将把设计的规模化和量产留给制造商。 解决腐蚀问题 作为一个概念,利用电将水分解成氢和氧——即所谓的电解——是一个简单而古老的想法:一个电源连接到放置在水中的两个电极。当电源打开时,氢气从负极(称为阴极)中冒泡出来,可呼吸的氧气从正极(阳极)中溢出来。但海水中含有盐(NaCl),其中的负电荷氯(Cl - )会腐蚀正极(阳极),限制系统的寿命。 Hongjie Dai 和他的团队想要找到一种方法来阻止这些海水成分破坏水下阳极。他们发现,如果在阳极上涂上富含负电荷的材料层,就会排斥氯离子,减缓底层金属的衰变。 他们将氢氧化镍层置于硫化镍之上,硫化镍覆盖着泡沫镍芯。泡沫镍起着导电的作用——从电源输送电能——氢氧化镍和铁会产生火花,将水分解成氧和氢。在电解过程中,硫化镍演变成一层负电荷保护阳极。就像两块磁铁的负极互相推挤一样,带负电荷的层会排斥氯离子,阻止氯离子到达铁芯。 该论文的联合第一作者、Dai实验室的研究生迈克尔·肯尼(Michael Kenney)说,如果没有带负电荷的涂层,阳极在海水中只能工作大约12小时。“整个电极都碎了,但有了这一层,它可以运行1000多个小时。”之前的研究试图将海水分解成氢燃料,但由于腐蚀发生在较高的电流下,所以电流很小。但是,戴、肯尼和他们的同事能够通过他们的多层设备传导多达10倍的电力,这有助于它以更快的速度从海水中产生氢气。Dai说:“我认为我们创造了一项关于海水分解制氢的记录。”研究小组成员在受控的实验室条件下进行了大部分测试,他们可以控制进入系统的电量。但他们也设计了一台太阳能演示机,从旧金山湾收集的海水中产生氢气和氧气。实验证实没有盐腐蚀的风险,该设备与目前使用纯净水的技术相匹配。肯尼说:“这项研究令人印象深刻的一点是,我们能够在与当今工业使用的电流相同的条件下工作。” 令人惊讶的是简单 回首过去,Dai和肯尼可以看到他们的设计的简单。 Dai 说:“如果我们三年前有晶球,一个月就能完成。”但是,现在已经找到了用海水电解的基本配方,这种新方法将为提高太阳能或风能驱动的氢燃料的可用性打开大门。在未来,这项技术可以用于发电以外的目的。由于这一过程也产生可呼吸的氧气,潜水员或潜水艇可以把设备带入海洋,再不需要浮出水面呼吸空气的情况下,在水下即可产生氧气。在技术方面,戴说:“人们可以在现有的电解槽系统中使用这种方法,这可能非常快。这不是从零开始,更像是从80%或90%开始。” 参与此项研究的出来斯坦福大学(Stanford University)的研究人员还有北京化工大学(Beijing University of Chemical Technology)、山东科技大学(Shandong University of Science and Technology)台中逢甲大学(Feng Chia University)、天津工业大学(Tianjin University of Technology)以及美国科罗拉多大学波德分校(University of Colorado Boulder)的研究人员,更多信息请浏览原文或者相关报道。 Significance Electrolysis of water to generate hydrogen fuel could be vital to the future renewable energy landscape. Electrodes that can sustain seawater splitting without chloride corrosion could address the issue of freshwater scarcity on Earth. Herein, a hierarchical anode consisting of a nickel–iron hydroxide electrocatalyst layer uniformly coated on a sulfide layer formed on Ni substrate was developed, affording superior catalytic activity and corrosion resistance in seawater electrolysis. In situ-generated polyanion-rich passivating layers formed in the anode are responsible for chloride repelling and high corrosion resistance, leading to new directions for designing and fabricating highly sustained seawater-splitting electrodes and providing an opportunity to use the vast seawater on Earth as an energy carrier. Abstract Electrolysis of water to generate hydrogen fuel is an attractive renewable energy storage technology. However, grid-scale freshwater electrolysis would put a heavy strain on vital water resources. Developing cheap electrocatalysts and electrodes that can sustain seawater splitting without chloride corrosion could address the water scarcity issue. Here we present a multilayer anode consisting of a nickel–iron hydroxide (NiFe) electrocatalyst layer uniformly coated on a nickel sulfide (NiSx) layer formed on porous Ni foam (NiFe/NiSx-Ni), affording superior catalytic activity and corrosion resistance in solar-driven alkaline seawater electrolysis operating at industrially required current densities (0.4 to 1 A/cm 2 ) over 1,000 h. A continuous, highly oxygen evolution reaction-active NiFe electrocatalyst layer drawing anodic currents toward water oxidation and an in situ-generated polyatomic sulfate and carbonate-rich passivating layers formed in the anode are responsible for chloride repelling and superior corrosion resistance of the salty-water-splitting anode.
温室发电种植两不误 诸平 温室在农业生产中的应用大家并不陌生,但是如果说温室不仅可以种植农作物,同时还可以发电,也许不一定相信会有这样一箭双雕的好事。但是,美国加州大学-圣克鲁 兹 斯分校( University of California - Santa Cruz )的研究人员已经将其变成现实,并与2012年已经将技术推向市场。更多信息请注意浏览来自 加州大学-圣克鲁 兹 斯分校的相关报道: Solar greenhouses generate electricity and grow crops at the same time November 4, 2017 by Jennifer Mcnulty Plants grown in this 'smart' greenhouse fared as well or better than plants grown in conventional greenhouses. Credit: Nick Gonzales The first crops of tomatoes and cucumbers grown inside electricity-generating solar greenhouses were as healthy as those raised in conventional greenhouses, signaling that smart greenhouses hold great promise for dual-use farming and renewable electricity production. We have demonstrated that 'smart greenhouses' can capture solar energy for electricity without reducing plant growth, which is pretty exciting, said Michael Loik, professor of environmental studies at the University of California, Santa Cruz, and lead author on a paper that appears in the current issue of the American Geophysical Union's journal Earth's Future . Electricity-generating solar greenhouses utilize Wavelength-Selective Photovoltaic Systems (WSPVs), a novel technology that generates electricity more efficiently and at less cost than traditional photovoltaic systems. These greenhouses are outfitted with transparent roof panels embedded with a bright magenta luminescent dye that absorbs light and transfers energy to narrow photovoltaic strips, where electricity is produced. WSPVs absorb some of the blue and green wavelengths of light but let the rest through, allowing the plants to grow. WSPV technology was developed by coauthors Sue Carter and Glenn Alers, both professors of physics at UC Santa Cruz, who founded Soliculture in 2012 to bring the technology to market. Loik's team monitored photosynthesis and fruit production across 20 varieties of tomatoes, cucumbers, lemons, limes, peppers, strawberries, and basil grown in magenta glasshouses at two locations on campus and one in Watsonville, California. Eighty percent of the plants weren't affected, while 20 percent actually grew better under the magenta windows, said Loik. Tomatoes and cucumbers are among the top greenhouse-produced crops worldwide, he said. In additional experiments, small water savings were associated with tomato photosynthesis inside the magenta glasshouses. Plants required 5 percent less water to grow the same amount as in more conventional glasshouses, he said. I thought the plants would grow more slowly, because it's darker under these pink panels. The color of the light makes it like being on the Red Planet, said Loik. Plants are sensitive not just to the intensity of light but also to color. But it turns out the plants grow just as well. Reducing the energy consumed by greenhouses has become a priority as the global use of greenhouses for food production has increased six-fold over the past 20 years to more than 9 million acres today—roughly twice the size of New Jersey, according to Loik. It's big and getting bigger, he said. Canada relies heavily on greenhouses for vegetable production, and their use is growing in China, too. Plastic greenhouses are becoming popular for small-scale commercial farming, as well as for household food production, he added. Greenhouses use electricity to control temperature and power fans, lights, and other monitoring systems. This technology has the potential to take greenhouses offline, said Loik, who specializes in climate change, plant physiology, water resources, and sustainable technologies. Cost per panel of WSPV technology is 65 cents per watt—about 40 percent less than the per-watt cost of traditional silicon-based photovoltaic cells. If greenhouses generate electricity on site, that reduces the need for an outside source, which helps lower greenhouse gas emissions even more, said Loik. We're moving toward self-sustaining greenhouses. Explore further: Plants communicate what type of light they want More information: Loik, Michael (2017), Supporting data for Loik et al. 2017 Wavelength-Selective Solar Photovoltaic Systems: Powering greenhouses for plant growth at the food-energy-water nexus. Earth's Future, UC Santa Cruz Dash, Dataset, https://doi.org/10.7291/D10T0W Loik_2017_Supporting_data_for_Loik_et.pdf Abstract Global renewable electricity generation capacity has rapidly increased in the past decade. Increasing the sustainability of electricity generation and the market share of solar photovoltaics (PV) will require continued cost reductions or higher efficiencies. Wavelength-Selective Photovoltaics (WSPVs) combine luminescent solar cell technology with conventional Silicon-based PV, thereby increasing efficiency and lowering the cost of electricity generation. WSPVs absorb some of the blue and green wavelengths of the solar spectrum but transmit the remaining wavelengths that are utilized by photosynthesis. WSPVs are ideal for integrating electricity generation with glasshouse production, but it is not clear how they may affect plant development and physiological processes. The effects of tomato photosynthesis under WSPVs showed a small decrease in water use, whereas there were minimal effects on the number and fresh weight of fruit for a number of commercial species. Although more research is required on the impacts of WSPVs, they are a promising technology for greater integration of distributed electricity generation with food production operations, as building-integrated solar facilities, or as alternative to high-impact PV for energy generation over agricultural or natural ecosystems.
中美科学家 制得使 水分解成氢 和 氧的强劲催化剂 诸平 据《纳米能源》(Nano Energy)杂志网站2017年7月20日报道( 后附原文下载地址 ), 中美科学家合作研制出利用太阳能可以使水分解成氢 (H 2 ) 和氧(O 2 )的强劲催化剂。催化剂的制备采用金属有机化学气相淀积法( metal-organic chemical vapor deposition简称MOCVD ),如下图所示。 参加此项研究的科学家有来自成都的电子科技大学和美国 赖斯大学 ( Rice University ) 和休斯敦大学 ( University of Houston ) 的 研究人员。 由 赖斯大学 和休斯敦大学 的 研究人员 合作研制的使 水分解为氢和氧的 催化剂 ,并 不需要昂贵的铂等贵金属。通过催化反应使 为了 水分解成氢气和氧气,是 产生 清洁能源的途径之一 ,此过程 可以 由赖斯大学和休斯顿大学的科学家 开发的 单个催化剂 来进行 简化 。 赖斯大学 生产 的 电解膜 , 在休斯顿 大学进行了 测试 ,它 是一 种由 Ni 、 石墨烯 以及含有 Fe 、 Mn 和 P 元素的一种化合物组成的 三层结构 体 。泡沫 Ni 为 电解膜 提供 更大的 表面 积, 导电石墨烯保护 Ni 退化 , 金属磷化物进行反应。 有关催化剂的研究结果详见下图: 图1是形态学特征图 Fig. 1. Morphology characterization. SEM image of FeMnP on (A) NF and (B) GNF. (C) HRTEM of FeMnP. The inserted image is the Fast Fourier transform (FFT) image of the selected area in the dotted area. (D) SAED pattern of FeMnP. (E) Crystalline structure of hexagonal FeMnP. Grey spheres are P atoms; purple and yellow polyhedral are statistically mixed Fe and Mn atoms. 图2是FeMnP的组成与化学态 图3是电催化活性特征 Fig. 3. Electrocatalytic activity characterization. (A) The OER polarization curves in 0.1 M KOH at scan rate of 5 mV s −1 . (B) The OER Tafel plots. (C) The HER polarization curves in 0.5 M H 2 SO 4 and 0.1 M KOH at scan rate of 5 mV s −1 . (D) The corresponding HER Tafel plots. 图4是稳定性特征及水分解 Fig. 4. Stability characterization and overall water splitting. (A) OER polarization curves of the FeMnP/NF and FeMnP/GNF electrodes in 0.1 M KOH at scan rate of 100 mV s −1 , showing the 1st cycle and the 1000th cycle. (B) HER polarization curves of the FeMnP/NF and FeMnP/GNF electrodes in 0.5 M H 2 SO 4 at scan rate of 100 mV s −1 , showing the 1st cycle and the 1000th cycle. (C) I-V curves of the two electrode water splitting using FeMnP as bifunctional catalyst in 0.1 M KOH at scan rate of 5 mV s −1. (D) Long-term stability at a constant cell voltage of 1.6 V for 75 h using two FeMnP/NF electrodes or two FeMnP/GNF electrodes. Fig. 5. Coverage-dependent hydrogen binding on (100) and (001)-Mn facets of FeMnP. Panels (A) and (B) show hydrogen adsorbed on FeMnP (100) at 1 ML and 7/6 ML, respectively. Panels (C) and (D) depict hydrogen adsorbed on FeMnP (001)-Mn surface at 1 ML and 9/8 ML, respectively. Panel (E) shows the calculated differential free binding energy of hydrogen ΔG H as a function of coverage. ML: monolayer. 补充材料中的图示如下,其中包括了 金属有机化学气相淀积法的相关设备图示以及相关研究的谱图等。 更多信息请注意浏览原文或相关报道: Zhenhuan Zhao, Desmond E. Schipper, Andrew P. Leitner, Hari Thirumalai, Jing-Han Chen, Lixin Xie, Fan Qin, Md Kamrul Alam, Lars C. Grabow, Shuo Chen, Dezhi Wang, Zhifeng Ren, Zhiming Wang, Kenton H. Whitmire, Jiming Bao . Bifunctional metal phosphide FeMnP films from single source metal organic chemical vapor deposition for efficient overall water splitting . Nano Energy , 2017, 39: 444–453 . DOI: 10.1016/j.nanoen.2017.07.027 Highlights • FeMnP was grown on Ni foam or graphene-wrapped Ni foam by MOCVD. • Films were grown using the single-source molecular precursor FeMn(CO) 8 (μ-PH(μ-PH 2 ). • The films are an efficient bifunctional electrocatalyst for water splitting. • FeMnP/graphene/Ni foam achieved a current density of 10 mA cm −2 at 1.55 V for overall water splitting. • DFT investigation supports the outstanding electrocatalytic activity of FeMnP. Abstract Developing stable and efficient bifunctional catalysts for overall water splitting into hydrogen and oxygen is a critical step in the realization of several clean-energy technologies. Here we report a robust and highly active electrocatalyst that is constructed by deposition of the ternary metal phosphide FeMnP onto graphene-protected nickel foam by metal-organic chemical vapor deposition from a single source precursor. FeMnP exhibits high electrocatalytic activity toward both the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) and the oxygen evolution reaction (OER). Utilizing FeMnP/GNF as both the anode and the cathode for overall water splitting, a current density of 10 mA cm −2 is achieved at a cell voltage of as low as 1.55 V with excellent stability. Complementary density functional theory (DFT) calculations suggest that facets exposing both Fe and Mn sites are necessary to achieve high HER activity. The present work provides a facile strategy for fabricating highly efficient electrocatalysts from earth-abundant materials for overall water splitting. Appendix A. Supplementary material Supplementary material Scientists produce robust catalyst to split water into hydrogen, oxygen Splitting water for the cost of a nickel
Science : 仅靠太阳能从干燥空气中提水 诸平 据《科学》( Science )杂志上报道,美国 麻省理工学院利用美国 加州大学伯克利分校 的科学家开发的 一种特殊的材料——金属有机框架( metal-organic framework, or MOF)创建了一种仅靠 太阳能,即使在20%湿度空气中,也可以获得水的装置,在湿度为20%~30%的空气中,用1kg MOF在12 h内可以获得2.8 L的水。更多信息请浏览 Device pulls water from dry air, powered only by the sun April 13, 2017 Water harvester built at MIT with MOFs from UC Berkeley. Using only sunlight, the harvester can pull liters of water from low-humidity air over a 12-hour period. Credit: MIT / laboratory of Evelyn Wang. Imagine a future in which every home has an appliance that pulls all the water the household needs out of the air, even in dry or desert climates, using only the power of the sun. That future may be around the corner, with the demonstration this week of a water harvester that uses only ambient sunlight to pull liters of water out of the air each day in conditions as low as 20 percent humidity, a level common in arid areas. The solar-powered harvester, reported in the journal Science , was constructed at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology using a special material - a metal-organic framework, or MOF - produced at the University of California, Berkeley. This is a major breakthrough in the long-standing challenge of harvesting water from the air at low humidity, said Omar Yaghi, one of two senior authors of the paper, who holds the James and Neeltje Tretter chair in chemistry at UC Berkeley and is a faculty scientist at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory. There is no other way to do that right now, except by using extra energy. Your electric dehumidifier at home 'produces' very expensive water. The prototype, under conditions of 20-30 percent humidity, was able to pull 2.8 liters (3 quarts) of water from the air over a 12-hour period, using one kilogram (2.2 pounds) of MOF. Rooftop tests at MIT confirmed that the device works in real-world conditions. One vision for the future is to have water off-grid, where you have a device at home running on ambient solar for delivering water that satisfies the needs of a household, said Yaghi, who is the founding director of the Berkeley Global Science Institute, a co-director of the Kavli Energy NanoSciences Institute and the California Research Alliance by BASF. To me, that will be made possible because of this experiment. I call it personalized water. Yaghi invented metal-organic frameworks more than 20 years ago, combining metals like magnesium or aluminum with organic molecules in a tinker-toy arrangement to create rigid, porous structures ideal for storing gases and liquids. Since then, more than 20,000 different MOFs have been created by researchers worldwide. Some hold chemicals such as hydrogen or methane: the chemical company BASF is testing one of Yaghi's MOFs in natural gas-fueled trucks, since MOF-filled tanks hold three times the methane that can be pumped under pressure into an empty tank. Other MOFs are able to capture carbon dioxide from flue gases, catalyze the reaction of adsorbed chemicals or separate petrochemicals in processing plants. A schematic of a metal-organic framework. The lines in the models are organic linkers, and the intersections are multi-metallic units. These are building blocks that Omar Yaghi stitches together into crystalline sponges using new reticular chemistry. The yellow balls represent the porous spaces that can fill up with water. The background image shows the many cyrstals of MOF that are combined in the water harvester. Credit: UC Berkeley and Berkeley Lab In 2014, Yaghi and his UC Berkeley team synthesized a MOF - a combination of zirconium metal and adipic acid - that binds water vapor, and he suggested to Evelyn Wang, a mechanical engineer at MIT, that they join forces to turn the MOF into a water-collecting system. The system Wang and her students designed consisted of more than two pounds of dust-sized MOF crystals compressed between a solar absorber and a condenser plate, placed inside a chamber open to the air. As ambient air diffuses through the porous MOF, water molecules preferentially attach to the interior surfaces. X-ray diffraction studies have shown that the water vapor molecules often gather in groups of eight to form cubes. Sunlight entering through a window heats up the MOF and drives the bound water toward the condenser, which is at the temperature of the outside air. The vapor condenses as liquid water and drips into a collector. This work offers a new way to harvest water from air that does not require high relative humidity conditions and is much more energy efficient than other existing technologies, Wang said. This proof of concept harvester leaves much room for improvement, Yaghi said. The current MOF can absorb only 20 percent of its weight in water, but other MOF materials could possibly absorb 40 percent or more. The material can also be tweaked to be more effective at higher or lower humidity levels. It's not just that we made a passive device that sits there collecting water; we have now laid both the experimental and theoretical foundations so that we can screen other MOFs, thousands of which could be made, to find even better materials, he said. There is a lot of potential for scaling up the amount of water that is being harvested. It is just a matter of further engineering now. Yaghi and his team are at work improving their MOFs, while Wang continues to improve the harvesting system to produce more water. To have water running all the time, you could design a system that absorbs the humidity during the night and evolves it during the day, he said. Or design the solar collector to allow for this at a much faster rate, where more air is pushed in. We wanted to demonstrate that if you are cut off somewhere in the desert, you could survive because of this device. A person needs about a Coke can of water per day. That is something one could collect in less than an hour with this system. Explore further: Researcher discusses capturing carbon in the presence of water with MOFs and COFs More information: Water harvesting from air with metal-organic frameworks powered by natural sunlight, Science , science.sciencemag.org/lookup/doi/10.1126/science.aam8743
欧盟 FP7 框架下的 ProME 3 ThE 2 US 2 项目开发的“黑钻石( black diamond )”,是一个创新的概念,有望改变未来太阳能技术,在太阳能集中系统中提高超过 50% 的效率。 钻石满足了捕获太阳能辐射的三个必要条件中的两个:能够承受极高的温度,能有效的发射电子。但是由于它们的透明度,它们不能充分与太阳光相互作用。该团队开发的“黑钻石”可以满足第三个条件。根据研究人员描述,可以在 1000 ℃ 温度以下正常吸收太阳辐射。 此外,工业成本低的“黑钻石”对于其他太阳能技术以外的电子应用也是可以利用的。 ProME 3 ThE 2 US 2 项目团队正邀请其他行业一起发现这个令人兴奋的新材料的好处。 该项目协调员 Dr. Trucchi 认为,可持续发展对于可行的新技术是必要的,并定义了经济范围以及环境参数:“太阳能辐射是地球上最大的能源来源。更有效的分散开采意味着更高的能源供应,更少的 CO 2 排放。尽管如此,光有高效率是不够的,组成转换器的材料必须是无毒的,必须是简单的,在使用生命周期中是可经济回收的。” 最近几年因为较低油价的关系,为太阳能的研究开发争取投资相对困难。 ProME 3 ThE 2 US 2 团队认为,不可再生能源价格必然上涨,化石燃料的经济情况将有所消退,他们的工作到时将在可再生能源领域获得认可。
当今世界气候变化和环境问题日益加剧,特别是温室气体的排放导致的全球变暖,引起了海平面上升、冰川退缩等一系列破坏自然生态系统平衡问题的出现。为了防止剧烈的气候变化对人类造成伤害,各国政府纷纷加入《联合国气候变化框架公约》,并鼓励研究与应用新型可再生能源来替代化石燃料。对于太阳能和风能等可再生能源,由于资源丰富,近几年其装机容量迅速增加。但是,这些可再生能源受环境因素的影响,不能保证实时供应。同时,各地资源分布的不均衡也致使其使用范围受限制。而电能,这种灵活、高效、成熟的能量形态赋予了可再生能源应用腾飞的翅膀,将成为可再生能源主要的存贮方式。而近几年来,随着物联网时代的到来,手机等智能终端越来越普及,信息传感设备的更加智能化和小型化要求在更小的体积内实现更多的技术应用,这对其电能存贮系统的能量密度和输入输出功率提出了更高的要求。因此,关于电能存贮的研究受到广泛关注。目前常用的电能存贮系统主要分为锂离子电池和电容器。锂离子电池是索尼公司于1990 年最先提出的,经过多年发展,虽然成本高,但由于具有较高的能量密度(180Wh·kg -1 ),目前仍是应用最广的电能量存贮系统。但是,锂离子电池的充放电过程属于化学氧化还原反应,受电解质扩散控制,其功率密度较低,充放电稳定性不高,可重复使用次数也有限。而传统的电容器充放电只是物理过程,电解质离子吸附在电极表面,能在数秒内完成充放电过程,其功率密度能达到10kW·kg -1 。由于不存在化学过程,电容器的重复使用次数能够达到数十万次。但是,正因为电容器的电荷只能贮存在电极有限的表面上,其能量密度远低于锂离子电池。超级电容器作为一种新型电容器,则被期望能够综合锂离子电池和传统电容器两者的优点。超级电容器根据电荷存贮机理可以分为电化学双电层电容器和赝电容器。电化学双电层电容是离子在电极表面附近发生物理吸附所引起的,电极的面积越大,离子在电极表面吸附的就越多,电容也越大,因此,提高电化学双电层电容的关键在于使用具有高比表面积和良好电导性的电极材料。目前关于石墨烯、碳纳米管等碳材料的研究较多;同时,也有研究表明,多孔材料的结构如孔径尺寸和分布对电容也会产生影响,通过对材料的结构进行设计优化,可以获得较高的电容。虽然电化学双电层电容具有优越的功率密度和充放电稳定性,然而,它具有能量密度较低的缺点。电化学赝电容,和锂离子电池类似,是通过电池材料上的活性物质表面的可逆氧化还原反应产生的化学能来将电能存贮和释放的,因此具有较高的能量密度。这类活性材料主要包括过渡金属氧化物和导电高分子材料。但是由于存在氧化还原反应,赝电容和锂离子电池一样,其功率密度和充放电稳定性不高。综上所述,获得具有电化学双电层电容和电化学赝电容两者优点的超级电容器——既具有较高功率密度,又有较高能量密度——已成为研究人员的共识。目前电极材料的研究热点主要是石墨烯等导电碳材料和导电高分子材料与具有较高电化学赝电容的过渡金属氧化物等材料的复合 。有研究人员提出建立所谓“纳米复合超级电容器”的概念,这种复合超级电容器的正负电极材料是将钛酸锂等锂离子电池材料嵌入到活性炭或其他碳材料模板中 。这样既克服了超级电容器能量密度低的缺陷,又保证了电化学双电层电容较高的功率密度的优点。超级电容器的研究除了获得具有优异的电化学性能之外,在实际生产应用中成本的降低也是重要的目标之一。柔性电子技术,作为一种新兴电子技术,极大地降低了电子器件的制造成本,并将带来一场电子革命。手机、可穿戴电子设备和电子屏等器件的柔性化将成为未来发展的趋势,而柔性超级电容器作为一种柔性的电能贮存器件,也将拥有广阔的市场需求。柔性超级电容器不仅仅要求电极材料本身具有优越的电化学性能,也要能够与柔性材料结合成具有高柔性的电极。目前研究较多的柔性材料包括金属(包括铝、铜、钛等)、碳材料(包括石墨烯、碳纳米管、碳纤维等)、织物(包括纤维、棉花和涤纶)、导电高分子等材料 。而如何在柔性基底上获得较高的电容特性,仍须继续深入研究。目前,超级电容器所具备的性能,不管是电化学性能还是成本控制,暂时都还不能达到人们的期望。因此,关于超级电容器的研究仍将继续,而对超级电容器能量存贮机理的深入探析与理解,以及各种新型材料的研发与问世,将大大促进高性能超级电容器的发展,最终使之成为实用化、低成本、高性能的新能源产品。 参考文献 Salunkhe R R, Lee Y H, Chang K H, et al. Nanoarchitectured Graphene-Based Supercapacitors for Next- Generation Energy- Storage Applications . Chemistry-A European Journal,2014, 20: 13838-13852. . Naoi K, Naoi W, Aoyagi S, et al. New Generation “Nanohybrid Supercapacitor” . Accounts of Chemical Research, 2013, 46(5): 1075-1083. . Dubal D P, Kim J G, Kim Y, et al. Supercapacitors Based on Flexible Substrates: An Overview . Energy Technology, 2014, 2: 325-341. . 文/邹飞,周海涛 (编辑 王丽娜)
太阳能房屋:能源分析显示节能71% 诸平 据 密苏里科技大学 ( MissouriUniversity of Science and Technology )提供的消息,该大学本科工科学生研究设计的太阳能房屋能源效率,可能导致显著的能源节省 , 节能幅度在 71% 左右。萨曼莎·沃 马杰 ( Samantha Wermager )是一名土木工程专业的毕业班学生,也是“学生设计的太阳能房屋能源分析 —— Energy Analysis of a Student-Designed SolarHouse ”论文的合作者,另一位作者是她的指导老师 Stuart Baur 博士。 Stuart Baur 博士是密苏里科技大学土木、建筑与环境工程系的一名副教授,他们的研究论文已经于 2013 年 12 月 4 日 ,在 《能源》( Energies ) 网站发表 ——Samantha Wermager, Stuart Baur. Energy Analysisof a Student-Designed Solar House . Energies , 2013, 6(12): 6373-6390. doi: 10.3390/en6126373 . 作者的这篇论文是受她本人参加了密苏里科技大学本科生研究经历项目之机的启发,沃 马杰 比较了一座大小和布局相当的传统房屋的能源效率、能源消耗以及一座太阳能房屋可以产生的总能量,建造采用传统的建筑方法。沃 马杰 使用的太阳能房屋是模仿密苏里科技大学入选 2013 年美国能源部太阳能十项全能竞赛建筑。 沃马杰用能源 -10 ( Energy-10 )软件分析了太阳能房屋的设计效率,该软件提供了能源性能的反馈,有助于识别能源效率的最佳方法。对于这种比较而言,沃马杰创设了一对虚构的美国夫妇,估计了他们的能源使用习惯,成为该计划讨论的一部分。能源 -10 软件通过增加节能策略,如使用节能电器、灯具以及暖通空调系统;低辐射窗户、隔离保温、适当暖通控制、管道渗漏、太阳能家用热水加热器等措施,预计节省能源 71% 。沃马杰发现当安装了光伏阵列 ( 连接太阳能电池板 ) 时 , 产生的能量可能会超过能量的消费。 沃马杰认为,通常的 “ 走向绿色( going green ) ” 被视为是一种昂贵而繁琐的过程,然而 , 这项研究清楚地表明 , 拥抱绿色技术如太阳能光伏系统不仅对环境有益 , 而且在经济上有利于房主节约开支。她还谈到能源 -10 的结果以及连同太阳能估计量计算器一起,可以帮助确定安装可再生能源系统在经济上是可行性 , 而且有助于业主和设计师透过建造初始成本高的表象,看到可以长期获利的远景。更多信息请浏览: Samantha Wermager, Stuart Baur. Energy Analysis of aStudent-Designed Solar House . Energies , 2013, 6(12):6373-6390. doi: 10.3390/en6126373 . 相关报道 Tourists gather in front of the White House in Washington, DC, on June 15, 2009. The White House is going green with solar installed on parts of the residence, a US official said Thursday—making good on a pledge that dates back to 2010.
没想到偶然间发的一个帖子居然成了google“标准太阳能谱图”的第一搜索结果。 http://www.google.com.hk/webhp?hl=zh-CNsourceid=cnhp#bav=on.2,or.fp=780fc0355d4276c5hl=zh-CNnewwindow=1q=%E6%A0%87%E5%87%86%E5%A4%AA%E9%98%B3%E8%83%BD%E8%B0%B1%E5%9B%BEsafe=strict http://dssc.brchina.net/read.php?tid=7438 The solar spectrum changes throughout the day and with location. Standard reference spectra are defined to allow the performance comparison of photovoltaic devices from different manufacturers and research laboratories. The standard spectra were refined in the early 2000's to increase the resolution and to co-ordinate the standards internationally. The previous solar spectrum, ASTMG159, was withdrawn from use in 2005. In most cases, the difference between the spectrum has little effect on device performance and the newer spectra are easier to use. Further details on solar spectra are available at: http://www.nrel.gov/solar_radiation/ ASTM E-490 The standard spectrum for space applications is referred to as AM0. It has an integrated power of 1366.1 W/m2 ASTM G-173-03 (International standard ISO 9845-1, 1992) Two standards are defined for terrestrial use. The AM1.5 Global spectrum is designed for flat plate modules and has an integrated power of 1000 W/m2 (100 mW/cm2). The AM1.5 Direct (+circumsolar) spectrum is defined for solar concentrator work. It includes the the direct beam from the sun plus the circumsolar component in a disk 2.5 degrees around the sun. The direct plus circumsolar spectrum has an integrated power density of 900 W/m2. The SMARTS (Simple Model of the Atmospheric Radiative Transfer of Sunshine) program is used to generate the standard spectra and can also be used to generate other spectra as required. 引用自: http://www.pveducation.org/pvcdrom/appendicies/standard-solar-spectra
最新消息,当代爱迪生, 镍氢电池 发明人, 太阳能光伏之父, 欧弗辛斯基 Stanford Ovshinsky 去世, 享寿89岁。 美国著名发明家,斯坦福· 欧弗辛斯基 (Stanford Ovshinsky) 生于1922年11月24日, 2012年10月17日去世。 美国物理学会原打算11月发贡献奖给他,未料他因癌症,早一步离开人世。 沃弗辛斯基拥有包括薄膜光电、 太阳能 电池板、光电制造器、镍氢电池等近400项专利,被誉为“ 太阳能光伏 之父”。 其 美国专利US4519339,发明名称为《连续生产非晶体的太阳能电池系统》申请于1982年1月19日,1985年5月28日被批准 。发明人是斯坦福· 欧弗辛斯基 (Stanford Ovshinsky)。 该专利被有关出版物列为:20世纪重要的发明 。 欧弗辛斯基 自学成才 ,高中毕业以后没有享受过任何正规教育和学位,但是他却获几百项专利,拥有无数荣誉学位,被誉为当代的爱迪生。 他的儿子说他是, 坚定不移地致力于改变世界 。 早在60年代, 欧弗辛斯基 就开始对一些材料进行研究,这些材料能从一种无序(不规则)的原子状态转变成非常有序的原子结构晶体状态。利用这些材料的状态变化,可以产生出数字产品所需的“1”和“0”(信号) 1968年, 欧弗辛斯基提出了‘玻璃三极管’,这发展成为后来的纯平液晶显示器 (跟老式鼓起来的不同)。 他和他的妻子艾瑞丝开办了一家公司,叫做能源转换设备,生产他设计的镍金属电池,现在我们都在广泛使用,并生产大面积的太阳能电池板。 非晶硅 ( Amorphous silicon , a-Si ),又名 无定形硅 , Ovshinsky拥有许多关于无定形硅的专利,包括 半导体 、 太阳能电池 等。它们的成本较相应的 晶体硅 制成品要低很多。 Stanford Ovshinsky, hybrid car battery inventor, dies Stanford Ovshinsky, a self-taught American physicist who designed the battery now used in hybrid cars, has died aged 89 from prostate cancer. The electronics field of ovonics was named after Mr Ovshinsky, who owned over 200 patents and has been described as a " Edison of our age". He introduced the idea of "glass transistors" in 1968, which paved the way for modern flat-screen monitors. He and his first wife Iris set up a firm called Energy Conversion Devices. The firm specialises in manufacturing the nickel-metal hydride batteries he designed, which are still used in hybrid vehicles, and also produces large thin, flexible sheets of solar panelling also invented by Mr Ovshinsky. He received various honorary degrees and awards but had no formal education after high school. He claimed to have taught himself science by using the public libraries of Ohio where he grew up. His son Harvey said he was "determined to change the world". "My father worked tirelessly 24-7, even up until he got sick, to change the world and its attitude toward sustainable energy and alternate platforms for information," he added. Mr Ovshinsky is survived by his second wife Rosa, brother Herb, seven children and six grandchildren. http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/technology-20004190 http://solar.ofweek.com/2012-10/ART-260006-8130-28647021.html http://eunited.com.my/?q=node/1545 http://newenergy.in-en.com/html/newenergy-14391439141592032.html 電池發展史 http://www.ni-mh.cn/Html/?290.html http://www.siduo.com.tw/index.php?option=com_contenttask=viewid=52Itemid=64 更多八卦稍候挖掘。
黄铁矿(Pyrite),即被人熟知的“愚人金”(Fool's gold), 具有浅 黄铜 的颜色和明亮的金属光泽,化学成分是FeS 2 。 古罗马人可谓对其相当熟悉,它曾蒙骗了一些探矿者数个世纪之久。 最近,俄勒冈州立大学的研究者发现,“愚人金”可以帮助人们发现一些相关化合物,提供新的、廉价的、具有前途的太阳能利用选项。 这些新发现的化合物,不象一些从稀有的、昂贵的、有毒的元素制造出来的太阳能电池材料,他们是环境友好的,而且可以从地球上含量比较丰富的元素中加工出来。有关研究发表在 Advanced Energy Materials 专业期刊上。 在太阳能世纪之初,黄铁矿就是一种十分有吸引力的材料,因为它具有很大的吸收太阳能的能力,而且很丰富,尤其在层状使用时可以做到比它的竞争者,比如硅材料,薄2000倍。缺点是,它不能将太阳能有效转变为电能。 现在科学家已经发现了为什么。在制造太阳能电池过程中,因为吸收了大量的热,黄铁矿就开始分解,并形成阻碍电流产生的物质。 了解了这些道理,科学家终于找到了一些与黄铁矿具有相同吸收能力而且不分解的新化合物,其中之一就是铁硅硫化物(Fe 2 SiS 4 )。 Reference: Liping Yu, Stephan Lany, Robert Kykyneshi, Vorranutch Jieratum, Ram Ravichandran, Brian Pelatt, Emmeline Altschul, Heather A. S. Platt, John F. Wager, Douglas A. Keszler, Alex Zunger. Iron Chalcogenide Photovoltaic Absorbers . Advanced Energy Materials , 2011; 1 (5): 748 DOI: 10.1002/aenm.201100351
The sheet of paper looks like any other document that might have just come spitting out of an office printer, with an array of colored rectangles printed over much of its surface. But then a researcher picks it up, clips a couple of wires to one end, and shines a light on the paper. Instantly an LCD clock display at the other end of the wires starts to display the time. Almost as cheaply and easily as printing a photo on your inkjet, an inexpensive, simple solar cell has been created on that flimsy sheet, formed from special “inks” deposited on the paper. You can even fold it up to slip into a pocket, then unfold it and watch it generating electricity again in the sunlight. Graduate student Miles Barr hold a flexible and foldable array of solar cells that have been printed on a sheet of paper. Photo: Patrick Gillooly The new technology, developed by a team of researchers at MIT, is reported in a paper in the journal Advanced Materials , published online July 8. The paper is co-authored by Karen Gleason, the Alexander and I. Michael Kasser Professor of Chemical Engineering; Professor of Electrical Engineering Vladimir Bulović; graduate student Miles Barr; and six other students and postdocs. The work was supported by the Eni-MIT Alliance Solar Frontiers Program and the National Science Foundation. The technique represents a major departure from the systems used until now to create most solar cells, which require exposing the substrates to potentially damaging conditions, either in the form of liquids or high temperatures. The new printing process uses vapors, not liquids, and temperatures less than 120 degrees Celsius. These “gentle” conditions make it possible to use ordinary untreated paper, cloth or plastic as the substrate on which the solar cells can be printed. It is, to be sure, a bit more complex than just printing out a term paper. In order to create an array of photovoltaic cells on the paper, five layers of material need to be deposited onto the same sheet of paper in successive passes, using a mask (also made of paper) to form the patterns of cells on the surface. And the process has to take place in a vacuum chamber. The basic process is essentially the same as the one used to make the silvery lining in your bag of potato chips: a vapor-deposition process that can be carried out inexpensively on a vast commercial scale. The resilient solar cells still function even when folded up into a paper airplane. In their paper, the MIT researchers also describe printing a solar cell on a sheet of PET plastic (a thinner version of the material used for soda bottles) and then folding and unfolding it 1,000 times, with no significant loss of performance. By contrast, a commercially produced solar cell on the same material failed after a single folding. “We have demonstrated quite thoroughly the robustness of this technology,” Bulović says. In addition, because of the low weight of the paper or plastic substrate compared to conventional glass or other materials, “we think we can fabricate scalable solar cells that can reach record-high watts-per-kilogram performance. For solar cells with such properties, a number of technological applications open up,” he says. For example, in remote developing-world locations, weight makes a big difference in how many cells could be delivered in a given load. http://web.mit.edu/newsoffice/2011/printable-solar-cells-0711.html
By Sara Goudarzi on June 17, 2011 4:12 PM | Source License: Attribution 2.0 Generic Author: hinkelstone Officials in China have announced that the country is expected to double its solar capacity from five to 10 gigawatts by 2015. China is a leading producer of solar panels most of which are exported to other countries. Currently, most of the country's power comes from coal, followed by crude oil and hydro power but the drop in the price of the solar energy, which is about 10 to 20 percent every year, could change this equation significantly. "This is to say in 2015 the cost of supplying solar electricity is basically about the same as our electricity fees right now," says Hao Guoqiang, vice president of the Shanghai Solar Energy Research Center. "That will be an era whereby solar energy is used on a large scale." Such shift in energy source could have a significant environmental impact by a country that is currently the largest consumer of coal and the largest carbon dioxide emitter in the world. And if the drop in the price of solar energy continues, clean energy sources will hopefully tip the scale in other large CO 2 emitters, such as the United States, European Union and Russia. Categories : Conservation , Policy Tags : carbon dioxide , china , CO2 , coal , crude oil , electricity , hydro , Shanghai Solar Energy Research Center , solar , solar energy , solar panels
一般认为,会导致以下连锁反应: 日本福岛核危机-全球核电建设低迷-中国谨慎建设核电-电动汽车电能来源依赖火电-失去电动汽车节能环保的意义! ① 日本福岛核危机:引发全球在建、拟建核电项目的搁置。我国近年地震等地质灾害频发,因此,我国核电的发展将可能受到影响。 ② 中国的电能来源:主要以煤电为主(80%),其他(约20%):核电、风电、水电、太阳能发电等。 ③ 而火电的煤炭利用效率(用于火力发电的煤炭占全年煤炭使用量的1/5左右)很低,首先煤炭转化为电能,再输送(电能损耗),再给电动汽车充电,电能再经机械转化为汽车的推动力,这个过程的能量损耗比直接采用内燃机(汽油或柴油,甚至是天然气、代用燃料,如酒精等)的效率要低。这意味着对环境的污染并没有实质改善,因此,也就失去了通过电机拖动方式代替内燃机推动方式的意义。 ④ 另外,电动汽车本身的技术也存在瓶颈,例如:电池技术、充电技术等。 因此,综合以上分析,可以预见,在短期内: a)内燃机仍然将作为主要的汽车动力来源方式,尤其是中重型商用车、客车,解决石油危机的可能方式有可能转向可再生的代用燃料内燃机; b)对于电动汽车的发展,可以考虑采用风能、太阳能的利用,但这受地理条件和气候的影响和限制; c)对于氢电池,存在储存和使用的安全问题,造价也高,而且氢的收集也是一个问题(不能依靠电能分解)。
图(一)Scheme 1. the principle of cooling sea 个人认为我的这个想法是一个很有希望解决龙卷风,台风,飓风灾害的好方法。所以用中英文都写了。 方法很简单,就是利用龙卷风形成的原理来制造一个小型的龙卷风。其实这个技术也不是什么鲜见玩意儿,这种技术已经被用于陆地上的发电,它的名字叫做龙卷风发电,可以把太阳能转换成电能。我们这里也利用同样的技术,不过是把海水的热能转换成空气的动能,然后把热的空气送到高空,还能利用这个动能来发电,因此一举多得。 图(一)就是这个技术的原理图,如果有兴趣,在google里面输入龙卷风发电会得到很多这方面的信息,这里就不多说了,图的结构很简单,可谓一目了然。不过有几点还是要说明一下就更清楚了,首先要能看出一个烟囱状的主体;第二要能看到箭头,它代表空气的流动方向;第三要看到下面的齿轮箱,这个齿轮箱里面可以是发电机也可以只有齿轮,空气运动产生的动力可以推动自身的运动,这样就可以冷却更大一片的海域。当这片海域被冷却之后,即使有飓风或台风产生了,由于缺乏足够的动力,飓风或台风的强度也会被大大减弱。 简单的计算一下,如果塔下面的直径是1000米,它靠自身的动力,或者风力的移动速度是10 km/h,那么一天的时间就可以冷却 225 平方公里的海面,如果有几百个这样的装置同时在海面上工作,那么每天可以冷却几万甚至几十万平方公里的海面,最终要的是它可以24小时不停的运行。如果假设每到一处就可以让海水冷却5摄氏度,那么它产生的空气动力大约是2500000000 瓦!!!!!!是不是很惊人,如果有20%的转换效率,那么它的发电量顶得上一个大中型火力发电站的发电量,只要有50到100个这样的发电站就能有三峡工程的发电量。 所以说,这个技术不但可以解决飓风的问题,而且能用来发电,是一个决好的绿色能源。如果这项技术被大规模的利用了,那么飓风的动力很可能成为了我们的人类发展的发动机。 This letter shows you an idea of reducing or eliminating the hurricane or cyclone. The principle of this idea is cuttingone big and ruinous hurricane to many small and non-ruinous (maybe useful) hurricanes. You can get the main information from the scheme above. The heat and water vapor can be lift to high altitude before the hurricane comes or forms. This technology is not originally invented by me, and it is already used to generate electrical power. This tower can move by itself because it can generate a very great power when it is working. So 225 km^2 area of sea can be cooled down by this equipment if we suppose the moving rate is 10 km/h. If tens or hundreds of towers work together, thousands and thousands square km area of sea can be cooled down in few days. At least, this technology has three advantages: 1.it is cheaper and easy to handle than other methods 2. it is environmental friendly, because it copy the behavior of hurricane 3. it can generate electrical power if we want to use it. That means not only we can eliminate the hurricane but also we can benefit from hurricane.
据yahoo网站报道,美国美10月24日批准在南加州建立世界上最大的太阳能发电站。 http://news.yahoo.com/s/afp/20101025/ts_alt_afp/usenvironmentenergysolar_20101025215243 WASHINGTON (AFP) The United States approved on Monday a permit for the largest solar energy project in the world -- four massive plants at the cost of one billion dollars each in southern California. The Blythe solar power plant will consist of four, 250-Megawatt plants, built on public lands in the sun-drenched Mojave desert, Interior Secretary Ken Salazar said. When completed the project is expected to generate up to 1,000 Megawatts of energy... That's enough electricity to power up to 750,000 average American homes and to make Blythe the largest solar power plant facility in the world. The total capacity will be roughly equal to the turbine output of a nuclear power plant or a large modern coal-fired power plant, according to Solar Millennium, the company developing the facility. Solar Millennium plans to begin construction on Blythe this year, the company says on its website. At the height of construction, the project is expected to create more than 1,000 jobs. The Blythe facility is one of a raft of renewable energy projects that have been approved in recent weeks by the Interior Department. Earlier this month, Salazar approved the first five renewable energy projects on public lands, four in California and one in Nevada, both states that have been hard hit by the economic downturn. Two weeks ago, Salazar inaugurated the world's largest wind tower manufacturing plant in the working class town of Pueblo, Colorado, which will be run by Danish company Vestas Wind Systems. One week earlier he signed a lease for the first major offshore wind farm, off the coast of New Jersey
The timelineTimeline A timeline is a graphical representation of a chronological sequence of events, also referred to as a chronology. It can also mean a schedule of activities, such as a timetable.... of solar cellSolar cell A solar cell or photovoltaic cell is a device that converts sunlight directly into electricity by the photovoltaic effect. Sometimes the term solar cell is reserved for devices intended specifically to capture energy from sunlight, while the term photovoltaic cell is used when the source is unspecified.... s begins in the 1800s when it is observed that the presence of sunlight is capable of generating usable electrical energy. Solar cells have gone on to be used in many applications. They have historically been used in situations where electrical power from the grid is unavailable. The last world record achieved in solar cell efficiency appears in bold. arex Corp.(Enron/Amoco)v.Arco Solar, Inc.Ddel, 805 Fsupp 252 Fed Digest. Discussion Ask a question about 'Timeline of solar cells'Start a new discussion about 'Timeline of solar cells'Answer questions from other usersFull Discussion Forum Encyclopedia The timelineTimeline A timeline is a graphical representation of a chronological sequence of events, also referred to as a chronology. It can also mean a schedule of activities, such as a timetable.... of solar cellSolar cell A solar cell or photovoltaic cell is a device that converts sunlight directly into electricity by the photovoltaic effect. Sometimes the term solar cell is reserved for devices intended specifically to capture energy from sunlight, while the term photovoltaic cell is used when the source is unspecified.... s begins in the 1800s when it is observed that the presence of sunlight is capable of generating usable electrical energy. Solar cells have gone on to be used in many applications. They have historically been used in situations where electrical power from the grid is unavailable. The last world record achieved in solar cell efficiency appears in bold. Timeline 1800s 1839 - Alexandre Edmond BecquerelA. E. Becquerel Alexandre-Edmond Becquerel was a France physicist who studied the solar spectrum, magnetism, electricity, and optics. He is known for his work in luminescence and phosphorescence.... observes the photoelectric effectPhotoelectric effect The photoelectric effect is a phenomenon in which electrons are emitted from matter after the absorption of energy from electromagnetic wave such as x-rays or visible light.... via an electrode in a conductive solution exposed to light. 1873 - Willoughby SmithWilloughby Smith Willoughby Smith was an English electrical engineer who discovered the photoconductivity of the element selenium. This discovery led to the invention of photoelectric cells, including those used in the earliest television systems.... finds that seleniumSelenium Selenium is a chemical element with the atomic number 34, represented by the chemical symbol Se, an atomic mass of 78.96. It is a nonmetal, chemically related to sulfur and tellurium, and rarely occurs in its elemental state in nature.... is photoconductive. 1877 - W.G. Adams and R.E. Day observed the photovoltaic effect in solid seleniumSelenium Selenium is a chemical element with the atomic number 34, represented by the chemical symbol Se, an atomic mass of 78.96. It is a nonmetal, chemically related to sulfur and tellurium, and rarely occurs in its elemental state in nature.... , and published a paper on the selenium cell. 'The action of light on selenium,' in Proceedings of the Royal Society, A25, 113. 1883 - Charles FrittsCharles Fritts Charles Fritts was an American inventor credited with creating the first working solar cell in 1884.Fritts coated the semiconductor material selenium with an extremely thin layer of gold.... develops a solar cell using selenium on a thin layer of gold to form a device giving less than 1% efficiency. 1887 - Heinrich Hertz investigates ultraviolet light photoconductivity. 1887 - James Moser reports dye sensitised photoelectrochemical cell. 1888 - Edward WestonEdward Weston (chemist) Edward Weston was an English chemist noted for his achievements in electroplating and his development of the electrochemical cell, named the Weston cell, for the voltage standard.... receives patent US389124, Solar cell, and US389125, Solar cell. 1894 - Melvin Severy receives patent US527377, Solar cell, and US527379, Solar cell. 1897 - Harry Reagan receives patent US588177, Solar cell.. 1900-1929 1901 - Nikola TeslaNikola Tesla Nikola Tesla was an inventor and a mechanical engineer and electrical engineer. Tesla was born in the village of Smiljan near the town of Gospic, in Croatia .... receives the patent US685957, Apparatus for the Utilization of Radiant Energy, and US685958, Method of Utilizing of Radiant Energy. 1902 - Philipp von Lenard observes the variation in electron energy with light frequency. 1904 - Albert EinsteinAlbert Einstein Albert Einstein was a Germany-born theoretical physics. He is best known for his theory of relativity and specifically mass?energy equivalence, expressed by the equation E = mc2.... publishes a paper on the photoelectric effect. Wilhelm Hallwachs makes a semiconductor-junction solar cell (copperCopper Copper is a chemical element with the symbol Cu and atomic number 29.It is a ductile metal with very high thermal and electrical conductivity.... and copper oxideCopper oxide Copper oxide can refer to*Copper oxide , a red powder;*Copper oxide , a black powder.... ). 1913 - William CoblentzWilliam Coblentz William Weber Coblentz was an United States physicist notable for his contributions to infrared radiometry and spectroscopy.... receives US1077219, Solar cell. 1914 - Sven Ason Berglund patents methods of increasing the capacity of photosensitive cells. 1916 - Robert MillikanRobert Millikan Robert Andrews Millikan was an United States experimental physics, and Nobel Prize for Physics in physics for his measurement of the charge on the electron and for his work on the photoelectric effect.... conducts experiments and proves the photoelectric effect. 1918 - Jan CzochralskiJan Czochralski Jan Czochralski was a Poland chemistry who invented the Czochralski process, which is used to grow single crystals and is used in the production of semiconductor wafers.... , a Polish scientist, produces a method to grow single crystals of metal. Decades later, the method is adapted to produce single-crystal silicon. 1920s - Solar water-heating systems, utilizing flat collectors (or flat-plate collectors), relied upon in homes and apartment buildings in FloridaFlorida Florida is a U.S. state located in the Southeastern United States of the United States, bordering Alabama to the northwest and Georgia to the northeast.... and southern CaliforniaCalifornia California is a U.S. state on the West Coast of the United States of the United States, along the Pacific Ocean. It is bordered by Oregon to the north, Nevada to the east, Arizona to the southeast, and to the south the Mexico state of Baja California.... . 1930-1959 1932 - Audobert and Stora discover the photovoltaic effect in Cadmium selenideCadmium selenide Cadmium selenide is a solid, binary compound of cadmium and selenium. Common names for this compound are cadmium selenide, cadmium selenide, and cadmoselite .... (CdSe), a photovoltaic material still used today. 1946 - Russell OhlRussell Ohl Russell Ohl was an American engineer who is generally recognized for patenting the modern solar cell . Ohl was a notable semiconductor researcher prior to the invention of the transistor.... receives patent US2402662, Light sensitive device. 1948 - Gordon TealGordon K. Teal Gordon Kidd Teal invented a method of applying the Czochralski method to produce extremely pure germanium single crystals used in making greatly improved transistors.... and John Little adapt the Czochralski method of crystal growth to produce single-crystalline germanium and, later, silicon. 1950s - Bell LabsBell Labs Bell Laboratories is the research organization of Alcatel-Lucent and previously of the American Telephone Telegraph Company .Bell Laboratories has had its headquarters at Berkeley Heights, New Jersey, and it has research and development facilities throughout the world.... produce solar cells for space activities. 1953 - Gerald Pearson begins research into lithiumLithium Lithium is a chemical element with the symbol Li and atomic number 3. It is a soft alkali metal with a silver-white color. Under standard conditions for temperature and pressure, it is the lightest metal and the least dense solid element.... -siliconSilicon Silicon is the most common metalloid. It is a chemical element, which has the symbol Si and atomic number 14. The atomic mass is 28.0855.... photovoltaic cells. 1954 - Bell LabsBell Labs Bell Laboratories is the research organization of Alcatel-Lucent and previously of the American Telephone Telegraph Company .Bell Laboratories has had its headquarters at Berkeley Heights, New Jersey, and it has research and development facilities throughout the world.... announces the invention of the first modern silicon solar cell. Shortly afterwards, they are shown at the National Academy of Science Meeting. These cells have about 6% efficiency. The New York Times forecasts that solar cells will eventually lead to a source of limitless energy of the sun. 1955 - Western ElectricWestern Electric Western Electric Company was an United States electrical engineering company, the manufacturing arm of American Telephone Telegraph from 1881 to 1995.... licences commercial solar cell technologies. Hoffman Electronics-Semiconductor Division creates a 2% efficient commercial solar cell for $25/cell or $1,785/Watt. 1957 - ATT assignors (Gerald L. Pearson, Daryl M. Chapin, and Calvin S. Fuller) receive patent US2780765, Solar Energy Converting Apparatus. They refer to it as the solar batteryBattery (electricity) In electronics, a battery or voltaic cell is a combination of one or more electrochemical cell Galvanic cells which store chemical energy that can be converted into electric potential energy, creating electricity.... . Hoffman Electronics creates an 8% efficient solar cell. 1958 - T. Mandelkorn, U.S. Signal Corps Laboratories, creates n-on-p silicon solar cells, which are more resistant to radiation damage and are better suited for space. Hoffman Electronics creates 9% efficient solar cells. Vanguard I, the first solar powered satellite, was launched with a 0.1W, 100 cm² solar panel. 1959 - Hoffman Electronics creates a 10% efficient commercial solar cell, and introduces the use of a grid contact, reducing the cell's resistance. 1960-1979 1960 - Hoffman Electronics creates a 14% efficient solar cell. 1961 - Solar Energy in the Developing World conference is held by the United NationsUnited Nations The United Nations is an international organization whose stated aims are to facilitate cooperation in international law, international security, economic development, Social change, human rights and achieving world peace.... . 1962 - The TelstarTelstar Telstar was the first active communications satellite, and the first satellite designed to transmit telephone and high-speed data communications.... communications satellite is powered by solar cells. 1963 - Sharp CorporationSharp Corporation is a Japanese electronics manufacturer, founded in 1912.It takes its name from one of its founder's first inventions, the Ever-Sharp mechanical pencil, which was invented by Tokuji Hayakawa in 1915.... produces a viable photovoltaic module of silicon solar cells. 1964 - Farrington DanielsFarrington Daniels Farrington Daniels , an American physical chemist, is considered one of the pioneers of the modern direct use of solar energy.... ' landmark book, Direct Use of the Sun's Energy, published by Yale University PressYale University Press Yale University Press is a book publisher 1908 in literature by George Parmly Day. It became an official Academic department of Yale University 1961 in literature, but remains financially and operationally autonomous.... . 1967 - Soyuz 1Soyuz 1 Soyuz 1 was part of the Soviet Union's space program and was launched into orbit on April 23, 1967, carrying a single astronaut, Colonel Vladimir Mikhaylovich Komarov, who was killed when the spacecraft crashed during its return to Earth.... is the first manned spacecraft to be powered by solar cells 1967 - Akira FujishimaAkira Fujishima is a Japanese chemist, professor emeritus, University of Tokyo.He is known for his significant contributions in discovery and research of photocatalytic and superhydrophilic properties of titanium dioxide.... discovers the Honda-Fujishima effect which is used for hydrolysisHydrolysis Hydrolysis is a chemical reaction during which one or more water are split into hydrogen and hydroxide ions which may go on to participate in further reactions.... in the photoelectrochemical cellPhotoelectrochemical cell Photoelectrochemical cells or PECs are solar cells which generate electrical energy from light, including visible light. Each cell consists of a semiconducting photoanode and a metal cathode immersed in an electrolyte.... . 1970 - First highly effective GaAsGaas Gaas is a Communes of France in the Landes Departments of France in Aquitaine in southwestern France.... heterostructure solar cells are created by Zhores Alferov and his team in the USSR. 1971 - Salyut 1Salyut 1 Salyut 1 was the first space station of any kind, and the first Soviet space station. It was launched on April 19, 1971. Its first crew launched in Soyuz 10 but was unable to board it due to a failure in the docking mechanism; its second crew launched in Soyuz 11 and remained on board for 23 productive days.... is powered by solar cells. 1973 - SkylabSkylab Skylab was the first space station the United States launched into orbit, and the second space station ever visited by a human crew. The 100 ton space station was in Earth's orbit from 1973 to 1979, and it was visited by crews three times in 1973 and 1974.... is powered by solar cells. 1974 - Florida Solar Energy CenterFlorida Solar Energy Center The Florida Solar Energy Center is the largest and most active state-supported renewable energy and energy efficiency research, training, testing and certification institute in the United States.... begins . 1974 - J. BaldwinJ. Baldwin James Tennant Baldwin is an American industrial designer and writer. Baldwin was a student of Buckminster Fuller; Baldwin's work has been inspired by Fuller's principles and has popularized and interpreted Fuller's ideas and achievements.... , at Integrated Living Systems, co-develops the world's first building (in New Mexico) heated and otherwise powered by solar and wind powerWind power Wind power is the conversion of wind energy into a useful form, such as electricity, using wind turbines. At the end of 2008, worldwide nameplate capacity of wind-powered generators was 120.8 gigawatts.... exclusively. 1976 - David Carlson and Christopher Wronski of RCA Laboratories create first amorphous silicon PV cells, which have an efficiency of 1.1%. 1977 - The Solar Energy Research InstituteNational Renewable Energy Laboratory The National Renewable Energy Laboratory , located in Golden, Colorado, as part of the U.S. Department of Energy, is the United States' primary laboratory for renewable energy and energy efficiency research and development.... is established at Golden, ColoradoGolden, Colorado The historic City of Golden is a Colorado municipalities#Home_Rule_Municipality that is the county seat of Jefferson County, Colorado, Colorado, United States.... . 1977 - President Jimmy CarterJimmy Carter James Earl Jimmy Carter, Jr. served as the List of Presidents of the United States President of the United States from 1977 to 1981 and was the recipient of the 2002 Nobel Peace Prize.... installs solar panelPhotovoltaic module In the field of photovoltaics, a photovoltaic module or photovoltaic panel is a packaged interconnected assembly of photovoltaic cells, also known as solar cells.... s on the White HouseWhite House The White House is the official residence and principal workplace of the President of the United States. Located at 1600 Pennsylvania Avenue in Washington, D.C., it was built between 1792 and 1800 of white-painted Aquia sandstone in the late Georgian architecture and has been the executive residence of every U.S.... and promotes incentives for solar energy systems. 1977 - The world production of photovoltaic cells exceeded 500 kW Late 1970s: the Energy Crisis1979 energy crisis The 1979 oil crisis in the United States occurred in the wake of the Iranian Revolution. Amid massive protests, the Shah of Iran, Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, fled his country in early 1979, allowing Ayatollah Khomeini to gain control.... ; groundswell of public interest in solar energy use: photovoltaic and active and passive solar, including in architecture and off-grid buildings and home sites. 1980-1999 1980 - The Institute of Energy Conversion at University of Delaware develops the first thin-film solar cell exceeding 10% efficiency using Cu2S/CdS technology. 1982 - Spherical solar cell was developed. 1983 - Worldwide photovoltaic production exceeds 21.3 megawatts, and sales exceed $250 million. 1984 - 30,000 SF Building-Integrated Photovoltaic Roof completed for the Intercultural Center of Georgetown University. At the time of the 20th Anniversary Journey by Horseback for Peace and Photovoltais in 2004 it was still generating an average of one MWh daily as it has for twenty years in the dense urban environment of Washington, DC. 1984 - Amoco Oil pulled factory loan to takeover of Solarex Corporation factory in Frederick, Maryland. 1985 - 20% efficient silicon cells are created by the Centre for Photovoltaic Engineering at the University of New South WalesUniversity of New South Wales The University of New South Wales, also known as UNSW or colloquially as New South, is a university situated in Kensington, New South Wales, a suburb in Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.... . 1986 - 'Solar-Voltaic DomeTM' patented by Lt. Colonel Richard T. Headrick of Irvine, CA as an efficient architectural configuration for building-integrated photovoltaics ; Hesperia, CA field array. 1988-1991 AMOCO/Enron used Solarex patents to sue ARCO Solar out of the business of a-Si, see Solarex Corp.(Enron/Amoco)v.Arco Solar, Inc.Ddel, 805 Fsupp 252 Fed Digest. ) 1989 - Reflective solar concentrators are first used with solar cells. 1990 - The Cathedral of MagdeburgCathedral of Magdeburg The Evangelical Church in Germany Cathedral of Magdeburg , officially called the Cathedral of Saints Catherine and Maurice , is one of the oldest Gothic architecture cathedrals in Germany.... installs solar cells on the roof, marking the first installation on a church in East Germany. 1991 - Efficient Photoelectrochemical cells are developed; the Dye-sensitized solar cell is invented. 1991 - PresidentPresident President is a title held by many leaders of organizations, company, trade unions, university, and country. Etymology, a president is one who Wiktionary:Preside, who sits in leadership .... George H. W. BushGeorge H. W. Bush George Herbert Walker Bush served as the List of Presidents of the United States President of the United States from 1989 to 1993. Bush held a variety of political positions prior to his presidency, including Vice President of the United States in the administration of Ronald Reagan and Director of Central Intelligence under Gerald R.... directs the U.S. Department of Energy to establish the National Renewable Energy LaboratoryNational Renewable Energy Laboratory The National Renewable Energy Laboratory , located in Golden, Colorado, as part of the U.S. Department of Energy, is the United States' primary laboratory for renewable energy and energy efficiency research and development.... (transferring the existing Solar Energy Research Institute). 1992 - University of South Florida fabricates a 15.89-percent efficient thin-film cell 1993 - The National Renewable Energy LaboratoryNational Renewable Energy Laboratory The National Renewable Energy Laboratory , located in Golden, Colorado, as part of the U.S. Department of Energy, is the United States' primary laboratory for renewable energy and energy efficiency research and development.... 's Solar Energy Research Facility is established. 1994 - NREL develops a GaInP/GaAs two-terminal concentrator cell (180 suns) which becomes the first solar cell to exceed 30% conversion efficiency. 1996 - The National Center for Photovoltaics is established. Graetzel, cole Polytechnique Fdrale de Lausannecole polytechnique fdrale de Lausanne The ?cole Polytechnique F?d?rale de Lausanne is one of the two Swiss Federal Institutes of Technology and is located in Lausanne, Switzerland.... , LausanneLausanne Lausanne is a city in Romandy, the French language-speaking part of Switzerland, situated on the shores of Lake Geneva , and facing ?vian-les-Bains and with the Jura mountains to its north-west.... , Switzerland achieves 11% efficient energy conversion with dye-sensitized cells that use a photoelectrochemical effect. 1998 - August and September University of New South Wales made premiere offering of on-line 'Advanced Photovoltaics Short Course' 1998 - Historic Joint Agency Rulemaking into the Role of the Utility Distribution Company in Distributed Generation before the California Public Utilities Commission 98-12-015 and 99-10-025; California Energy Commission 99-DIST-GEN(1) and 99-DIST-GEN(2); California Oversight Board 99-1-A-DG 1999 - Total worldwide installed photovoltaic power reached 1000 megawatts. 2000 2002 President George W. Bush installed a 9 kW 'building-integrated photovoltaics' panel on the roof of a grounds maintenance building at the White House for the National Parks Service. Also installed were two solar water heating systems. 2004 March California Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger proposed Solar Roofs Initiative for one million solar roofs in California by 2017. June 1 Kansas Governor Kathleen Sebelius issued a mandate for 1,000 MWp renewable electricity in Kansas by 2015 per Executive Order 04-05 2006 Polysilicon use in photovoltaicsPhotovoltaics Photovoltaics is the field of technology and research related to the application of solar cells for energy by converting sunlight directly into electricity.... exceeds all other polysilicon use for the first time. January 12 California Public Utilities Commission approved the California Solar Initiative (CSI), a comprehensive $2.8 billion program that provides incentives toward solar development over 11 years. December 5 New World Record Achieved in Solar Cell Technology - New Solar Cell Breaks the 40 Percent Efficient Sunlight-to-Electricity Barrier. 2007 Investors begin offering free installation in return for a long term Power Purchase AgreementPower Purchase Agreement A Power Purchase Agreement is a legal contract between an electricity generator and a host site owner or lessor. The host site owner or lessor purchases energy or capacity from the PPA Provider .... (PPA). April 23 Start of construction of Nellis Solar Power PlantNellis Solar Power Plant The Nellis Solar Power Plant is the largest solar photovoltaic system in North America, and is located within Nellis Air Force Base in Clark County, Nevada, Nevada, on the northeast side of Las Vegas, Nevada.... , a 15 MW PPA installation. 5 MW began operation on October 12, and the final third was completed in December. May The Vatican announced that in order to conserve Earth's resources they would be installing solar panels on some buildings, in a comprehensive energy project that will pay for itself in a few years. June 18 GoogleGoogle Google Inc. is an United States public company, earning revenue from AdWords related to its Google search, Gmail, Google Maps, Google Apps, Orkut, and YouTube services as well as selling advertising-free versions of the Google Search Appliance.... solar panel project begins operation . July 30 University of Delaware claims to achieve new world record in Solar Cell Technology without independent confirmation - 42.8% efficiency. December 18 NanosolarNanosolar Nanosolar is a developer of solar power technology. Based in San Jose, California, CA, Nanosolar has developed and commercialized a low-cost printed electronics solar cell manufacturing process.... ships the first commercial printed CIGSCopper indium gallium selenide Copper indium selenide redirects here.Copper indium gallium selenide is a I-III-VI compound semiconductor material composed of copper, indium, gallium, and selenium.... , claiming that they will eventually ship for less than $1/WattWATT WATT is a radio station broadcasting a News radio-Talk radio-Sports radio format. Licensed to Cadillac, Michigan, it first began broadcasting in 1945.... . However, the company does not publicly disclose the technical specifications or current selling price of the modules. 2008 August 13. New World Record Achieved in Solar Cell Efficiency: Scientists at the U.S. Department of Energy's National Renewable Energy LaboratoryNational Renewable Energy Laboratory The National Renewable Energy Laboratory , located in Golden, Colorado, as part of the U.S. Department of Energy, is the United States' primary laboratory for renewable energy and energy efficiency research and development.... (NREL) have set a world record in solar cell efficiency with a photovoltaic device that converts 40.8 percent of the light that hits it into electricity. The inverted metamorphic triple-junction solar cellMultijunction photovoltaic cell Multijunction photovoltaic cells are a sub-class of solar cell or photovoltaic cell developed for higher efficiency. These multijunction cells consist of multiple thin films produced using molecular beam epitaxy and / or Metalorganic vapour phase epitaxy.... was designed, fabricated and independently measured at NREL. http://www.absoluteastronomy.com/topics/Timeline_of_solar_cells http://www1.eere.energy.gov/solar/solar_time_1900.html http://knol.google.com/k/william-pentland/solar-energy/1g0rrsoesmjko/2?version=113 #
太空太阳能发电系统 来源:日本科技信息门户(Science Links Japan) 刊载日:2008年9月29日 几十年以来 ,全世界的科学家们一直都在努力探寻有无可能在太空中建造发电站,将太阳能转化为能量并将其输送回地球。这个想法由于耗资过大而且不且现实,长期以来未受到大家的重视,但是随着人们越来越关注能源的前景及地球环境,这种太空太阳能发电系统又开始引起人们的注意。 日本宇宙航空研究开发机构(JAXA)的科学家们正在计划在2030年之前将一套太空太阳能发电系统(SSPS)发送至太空轨道。根据科学家们的构思,该系统将由巨大的太阳能帆板组成,这些帆板位于静止轨道中,能够将太阳光线转化为微波或激光能量,然后将其输送至地面上的发电站并生产出总计10亿瓦的商业用电。这大约等同于一座大型核电站的发电能力。 就目前而言,宇宙航空研究开发机构的科学家们尚未考虑复杂的物流程序以及在太空中建造发电设施的预计成本。他们现在的注意力都集中在基本硬件的开发工作上。去年大阪的研究者们成功地利用太阳光生产出约180瓦激光能,随后今年2月北海道的研究者们也开始对一套用来将微波能量从太空中传送回地球的电力传输系统进行测试。 上述基础技术一旦开发成功,紧接着下一步就是如何解决繁重物流工作的难题并降低建造成本。太空发电站的最终目标是以每千瓦时约6日元(约合6.5美分)的目标成本价格提供稳定的电力供给,这一价格接近于当今发电设备的发电成本。 Links: Farming Solar Energy in Space 画家所描绘的太空太阳能发电系统(SSPS)构想图。(日本宇宙航空研究开发机构供图)