英年早逝的英国植物学家 David Thomas Gwynne-Vaughan (1871--1915) 英年早逝的英国植物学家 David Thomas Gwynne-Vaughan (1871--1915) 曾在剑桥大学学习。 1894 年他 到邱园 Jodrell 实验室 (The Jodrell Laboratory , Royal Kew Gardens, London ）跟随 Dukinfield Henry Scott (FRS, 1854--1943) 从事现代植物和化石植物的形态解剖学研究。 Dukinfield Henry Scott 是一位有钱公子哥，他掌管 Jodrell 实验室长达 14 年但不领薪水。 1897—1907 年， David Thomas Gwynne-Vaughan 在格拉斯哥大学跟随 Frederick Orpen Bower (FRS,1855--1948) 工作，主要研究蕨类植物的形态解剖学。 自 1907 年起， David Thomas Gwynne-Vaughan 与苏格兰著名古植物学家 Robert Kidston (FRS,1852--1924) 开始了卓越 合作。 他们共同研究了蕨类植物 -- 紫萁科（ Osmundaceae ）化石材料，发表了系列经典研究成果。参见： KIDSTON, R. GWYNNE-VAUGHAN, D.T. 1907. On the Fossil Osmundaceae. Part I.Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, 45, 759–780. KIDSTON, R. GWYNNE-VAUGHAN, D.T. 1908. On the Fossil Osmundaceae. Part II.Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, 46(9), 213–232. KIDSTON, R. GWYNNE-VAUGHAN, D.T. 1909. On theFossil Osmundaceae. Part III. Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh,46(23), 651–667. KIDSTON, R. GWYNNE-VAUGHAN, D.T. 1910. On theFossil Osmundaceae. Part IV. Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, 47(17), 455–477. KIDSTON, R. GWYNNE-VAUGHAN, D.T. 1911. On a newspecies of Tempskya from Russia. Verhandlungender Russisch-Kaiserlichen Mineralogischen Gesellschaft zu St. Petersburgh Bd.,48, 1–20. KIDSTON, R. GWYNNE-VAUGHAN, D.T. 1912. On the Carboniferous flora ofBerwickshire. Part I. Stenomyelon tuedianum, KIDSTON. Transactions of the RoyalSociety of Edinburgh, 48 (13), 263–271. KIDSTON, R. GWYNNE-VAUGHAN, D.T. 1914. On the Fossil Osmundaceae. Part V.Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, 1 (16), 469–480. 1915 年， David Thomas Gwynne-Vaughan 不幸因病早逝 ， 年 仅 44 岁。 ================ http://blog.sciencenet.cn/home.php?mod=spacecpac=blogblogid=971564 This site can’t be reached blog.sciencenet.cn took too long to respond. ERR_CONNECTION_TIMED_OUT ============ 附：英国植物学家 David ThomasGwynne-Vaughan (1871--1915) 简要生平 --1871 年：出生于英国威尔士（ Llandovery,Wales ）； -- 曾就读于威尔士西南部的 Monmouth Grammar School ； Monmouth School is an HMC boys' boarding and day school in Monmouth , Monmouthshire in south east Wales . https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monmouth_School --1893 年：从剑桥基督学院毕业（ Christ’s College, Cambridge ）获学士学位（ B.A. ），然后从事了 1 年的科学课教学； --1894--1897 年：受邀到邱园 Jodrell 实验室 (TheJodrell Laboratory, Royal Kew Gardens, London ）跟随 DukinfieldHenry Scott (FRS, 1854--1943) 从事现代植物和化石植物的形态解剖学研究； --1897—1907 年：在格拉斯哥大学跟随 Frederick Orpen Bower (FRS, 1855--1948) 工作（职位是“ Demonstrator and Lecturer in Botany ”）， 主要研究蕨类植物的形态解剖学；
英国古植物学家 Barry Archie Thomas（1940--）1965年毕业于雷丁大学 植 物系，导师为 Thomas MaxwellHarris (FRS, 1903--1983)。 （ 1）Barry Archie Thomas在其1965年的博士论文中研究了石炭纪的石松类植物： Personal author: Thomas,Barry A. (Barry Archie), 1940- Title: Some studies on carboniferous lycopods. Publishing information: Reading, 1965. General note/s: Thesis (PhD.) - University of Reading,Department of Botany. Available to download from EThOS(registration required) Local note/s: EThOS persistent id: uk.bl.ethos.493526 Added corporate author: University of Reading. Department of Botany. （ 2） Barry Archie Thomas1996年获雷丁大学科学博士学位。 Personal author: Thomas,Barry A. (Barry Archie), 1940- Title: / Barry A. Thomas. Publishing information: Reading, 1996. General note/s: Thesis (D.Sc.) - University of Reading,Faculty of Science. Contents: Publications include : The evolution and palaeobiology of land plants, another copy of which is shelved at 561-THO --The evolution of plants and flowers, two copies of which are shelved atFolio--581.38-THO -- Palaeozoic palaeobotany of Great Britain -- The coalmeasures forests -- Plant fossils of the British coal measures -- Snowdon's plants since the glaciers -- In search of fossil plants: the life and work of David Davies -- Bibliography of European palaeobotany palynology,1990-1991, 1992-1993 -- A world of ferns. Subject term: Paleobotany-- Collected works. Added corporate author: University of Reading. Faculty of Science. （ 3）工作经历 --Lord Adams Research Fellow (University of Newcastleupon Tyne) ； --Head of Life Sciences Dean of Science and Mathematics, Goldsmiths’ College, London; --Keeper of Botany, National Museum ofWales, Cardiff; --Professor, Geography department, University College Lampeter ； --Lecturer, Cape Coast University Ghana ； --Research Fellow of the National Museum of Wales ； --Winstone Churchill Felllow 1995 ； --Trustee of: the Wildlife Trust of South and WestWales, British Institute for Geological Conservation, Pensions Committee of the National Museum of Wales ； --Member of the Advisory Group to the National Library ； --Past President of the British Pteridological Society ； --Lead member for long term conservation andinterpretation of a Carboniferous plant fossil site at Brymbo, Wrexham. (4) 科学出版物 Publications (Books) .Jermy, A. C., Crabbe, J. A. Thomas, B. A. (eds) 1973. The phylogeny and classification of the ferns. The Linnean Society of London. Thomas, B. A. 1981. The evolution of plants and flowers. Eurobook Ltd, 116pp. Thomas, B. A. 1986. In search of fossil plants: the life and work of DavidDavies (Gilfach Goch). National Museum of Wales, Cardiff (Geology Series No.8),54 pp. Spicer, R. A. Thomas, B. A. (eds) 1986. Systematic and taxonomicapproaches in palaeobotany. Systematics Association, London (Special Volume31). Thomas, B. A. Spicer, R. A. 1987. The evolution and palaeobiology ofland plants. Croom Helm, London, 309 pp. Camus, J., Jermy, A. C. Thomas, B. A.1991. A world of ferns. TheNatural History Museum, London, 121pp. Pardoe, H. S. Thomas, B. A. 1992. Snowdon's plants since the glaciers:a vegetational history. National Museum of Wales, Cardiff, 32 pp. (alsopublished in Welsh - Planhigion yr Wyddfa ers y Rhewlifau: HanesLlysieuol). Thomas, B. A. Cleal, C. J. 1993. The Coal Measures forests. NationalMuseum of Wales, Cardiff , 32 pp. Groves, M., Read, M. Thomas, B. A. (eds) 1993. Species endangered bytrade - A role for horticulture? Fauna and Flora Preservation Society, London,62 pp. Cleal, C. J. Thomas, B. A. 1994. Plant fossils of the British CoalMeasures. Palaeontological Association, London (Field Guide to Fossils), 222pp. Cleal, C. J. Thomas, B. A. 1995. Palaeozoic palaeobotany of GreatBritain. Chapman Hall, London, 295 pp. (Geological Conservation ReviewSeries, No. 9). Cleal, C. J. Thomas, B. A. 1995. British Upper Carboniferousstratigraphy. Chapman Hall, London, 295 pp. (Geological Conservation ReviewSeries, No. 11). Thomas, B. A. Hutchinson, G. 1996. Welsh Ferns (7th edition). NationalMuseum of Wales, Cardiff, 265 pp. Cleal, C. J. Thomas, B. A. 1998. Dinosaur food. National Museum ofWales, Cardiff, 32 pp. Cleal, C. J., Thomas, B. A., Batten, D. J. Collinson, M. E. 2001.Mesozoic and Tertiary palaeobotany of Great Britain. Joint Nature ConservationCommittee, Peterborough, 335 pp. (Geological Conservation Review Series, No.22) Cleal, C. J. Thomas, B. A. 2009. Introduction to plant fossils.Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 237 pp. Selected recent papers Cleal, C. J. Thomas, B. A. 2001. The conservation of ancient tropicalrain forests. 9-26. In Rushton, B. S., Hackney, P. Tyrie, C. R (eds).Biological collections biodiversity. Westbury Academic ScientificPublishing, Otley, West Yorkshire. Cleal, C. J., Thomas, B. A., Bevins, R. E. Wimbledon, W. A. P. 2001.Deciding on a new world order. Earth Heritage, 16, 10-13. Thomas, B. A. Cleal, C. J. 2001. A new early Westphalian D flora fromAberdulais Falls, South Wales. Proceedings of the Geologists' Association, 112,373-377. Cleal, C. J., Thomas, B. A., Bevins, R. Wimbledon, W. A. 2003. TheGlobal Geosites project in Great Britain. Geoscientist, 13, 16-17. Evans, B. G., Cleal, C. J., Thomas, B. A. Wimbledon, W. A. P. 2003.The Westphalian succession of the Glyn-neath area, South Wales: aninternationally important geological resource. Proceedings of the Geologists'Association, 114, 291-305. Cleal, C. J. Thomas, B. A. 2004. Late Carboniferous palaeobotany ofthe upper Bideford Formation, north Devon: a coastal setting for a CoalMeasures flora. Proceedings of the Geologists' Association, 115, 267-281. Thomas, B. A., Cleal, C. J. Barthel, M. 2004. Palaeobotanicalapplications of incident-light darkfield microscopy. Palaeontology, 47,1641-1645. Thomas, B. A. Tenchov, Y. 2004. The Upper Westphalian lycophyte florasof the Dobrudzha Coalfield (Bulgaria) and a comparison with those of southernBritain and Cape Breton (Canada). Geologica Balcanica, 34, 105-110. Cleal, C. J. Thomas, B. A. 2005. Palaeozoic tropical rainforests andtheir effect on global climates: is the past the key to the present?Geobiology, 3, 13-31. Thomas, B. A. Cleal, C. J. 2005. Geological conservation in the UnitedKingdom. Law, Science and Policy, 2, 269-284. Dimitrova, T. Kh., Cleal, C. J. Thomas, B. A. 2005. Palynology of lateWestphalian early Stephanian coal-bearing deposits in the eastern South WalesCoalfield. Geological Magazine, 142, 809-821. Cleal, C. J., Tenchov, Y. G., Dimitrova, T. Kh., Thomas, B. A. Zodrow,E. L. 2007. Late Westphalian-Early Stephanian vegetational changes across theVariscan Foreland. 367-377. In Wong, Th. E (ed.). Proceedings of the XVthInternational Congress on Carboniferous and Permian Stratigraphy. Utrecht, theNetherlands, 10-16 August 2003. Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences,Amsterdam, x + 584 pp. Thomas, B. A. 2007. Phytogeography of Asturian (Westphalian D) lycophytesthroughout the Euramerican belt of coalfields. Geological Magazine, 144,457-463. Thomas, B. A. 2008. An introduction to the history of geologicalconservation in the United Kingdom. Open University Geological Society Journal,29, 81-87. Thomas, B. A. Warren, L. M. 2008. Geological conservation in thenineteenth and early twentieth centuries. In: Burek, C. V. Prosser, C. D(eds) (ed.). The history of geoconservation. Special Publication of theGeological Society, London, 300, 17-30. Thomas, B. A. 2009. Darwin and plant fossils. The Linnean, 25, 24-42. Cleal, C. J. Thomas, B. A. 2010. Botanical nomenclature and plantfossils. Taxon, 59, 261-268. Cleal, C. J. Thomas, B. A. 2010. Proposals to modify the provisions inthe Code for naming plant fossils. Taxon, 59, 312-313. Cleal, C. J., Opluštil, S., Thomas, B. A. Tenchov, Y. 2010. LateMoscovian terrestrial biotas and palaeoenvironments of Variscan Euramerica.Netherlands Journal of Geosciences, 88, 181-278. Thomas, B. A., Zodrow, E. L. Cleal, C. J. 2010. Leafy branches ofBothrodendron punctatum from the Westphalian D (Asturian) of Nova Scotia,canada. Atlantic Geology, 46, 1-6. Dimitrova, T. Kh., Zodrow, E. L., Cleal, C. J. Thomas, B. A. 2010.Palynological evidence for Pennsylvanian (Late Carboniferous) vegetation changein the Sydney Coalfield, eastern Canada. Geological Journal, 45, 388-396. 资料来源： http://www.aber.ac.uk/en/ibers/staff/bat/ http://igcp575.org/cv_thomas.htm http://www.researchgate.net/profile/Barry_Thomas3/publications ============= 相关阅读： Seward umbrella of world palaeobotany http://blog.sciencenet.cn/blog-225931-845010.html 2014-11-21 00:13 《古植物学的故事》（英国专辑） Story of Palaeobotany Series (special issue for British palaeobotany) http://bbs.sciencenet.cn/home.php?mod=spaceuid=225931do=blogquickforward=1id=411212 2011-2-8 22:00
英国古植物学家 Hugh Hamshaw Thomas (1885--1962) 与开通果（ Caytonia ）之“重大发现” 英国皇家学会会员（或院士） Hugh Hamshaw Thomas (1885--1962) 是 20 世纪非常著名的古植物学家。 1885 年， Hugh Hamshaw Thomas 出生于威尔士。 1904 年进入剑桥大学学习。 1909 年成为 Downing 学院植物研究所的标本管理和研究人员。 Hugh Hamshaw Thomas 在剑桥大学的学习和工作深受著名英国古植物学家 Sir Albert Charles Seward (1863--1941) 的影响。 1906—1936 年， Sir Albert Charles Seward 担任剑桥大学植物学教授。 Sir Albert Charles Seward 堪称为英国古植物学的一代宗师，曾为世界古植物学的学术领袖之一。参见： Sir Albert Charles Seward (1863--1941) http://blog.sciencenet. cn/blog-225931-398913.html 1912 年， Hugh Hamshaw Thomas 成为 Trinity 学院植物学助教。 1914 年，获得 Trinity 学院固定教职。 1925 年，他发表研究论文，报道了他的重大科学发现，即在英国约克郡侏罗纪地层（ “Jurassic rocks of Yorkshire” ）发现了被子植物 ---- 开通果（ Caytonia ）。 Thomas , H. H. 1925 . The Caytoniales, a new group of angiospermous plants from the Jurassic rocks of Yorkshire. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, B, Biological Sciences 213 : 299 – 363 . 这一发现当时非常轰动， Hugh Hamshaw Thomas 也因此发现而名噪一时。可是，深入而细致的研究表明： 开通果（ Caytonia ）广泛分布于英国、格陵兰、俄罗斯、中国、美国、加拿大等地区的晚三叠纪到白垩纪地层，属于已经绝灭的中生代种子蕨植物 (Mesozoic seed fern) ，但不是被子植物。参阅： Thomas N.Taylor Edith L. Taylor, 1993. The biology and Evolution of Fossil Plants.Prentice Hall Inc.: New Jersey, USA, p.575—579. 孙启高 2014 年 10 月 19 日整理 相关阅读： http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_Hamshaw_Thomas http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caytoniales Harris, T.M., 1963. Hugh Hamshaw Thomas (1885--1962). In Royal Society (ed.): Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society (9), London, p.287--299 Biogr. Mems Fell. R. Soc.-1963-Harris-rsbm.1963.0015.pdf Tom Harris FRS by W. G. Chaloner.pdf ----------------------------- 古植物学的故事 23 1 期 Storyof Palaeobotany Series (No.23 1 ) 《英国专辑》 (补充之二) (The 2 nd Addendum to the Special Issue for British Palaeobotany) 英国古植物学家 Hugh Hamshaw Thomas (1885--1962)与开通果（ Caytonia ）之“重大发现” http://blog.sciencenet.cn/blog-225931-837299.html 2014-10-2105:08 《古植物学的故事》 (第197期) 《英国专辑》 (补充之一) 我所认识的第一位英国古植物学家 -- Dianne Edwards（FRS, 1942--） Storyof Palaeobotany Series (197) Dianne Edwards (FRS, 1942--), the first British palaeobotanist I have known (The 1 st Addendum to the Special Issue for British Palaeobotany) http://blog.sciencenet.cn/home.php?mod=spaceuid=225931do=blogquickforward=1id=691304 2013-5-19 03:53 http://blog.sciencenet.cn/blog-225931-691304.html 《古植物学的故事》（英国专辑） http://blog.sciencenet.cn/blog-225931-411212.html 2011-2-8 22:00
今年的诺贝尔生理医学奖刚颁布，各大网站立刻跟进报道。当我看到新浪的报道时，我和我的小伙伴们都惊呆了： 霍华德-席德尔？！！！这是哪儿对哪儿啊！！！你图片放了Thomas C. Südhof(做神经突触的)，名字却成了Howard Cedar（做DNA甲基化的），这乌龙搞的！！！这编辑能稍微专业点不，你就算不了解人家的工作你好歹把名字弄对啊。
英国著名生物学家与教育家赫胥黎曾在一篇名为“A game of chess”的文字指出： The chess-board is the world: the pieces are the phenomena of the universe; the rules of the game are what we call the laws of nature. The player on the other side is hidden from us. We know that his play is always fair, just and patient. But also we know, to our cost, that he never overlooks a mistake, or makes the smallest allowance for ignorance. 棋盘宛如世界： 一个个棋子仿佛世间的种种现象：游戏规则就是我们所称的自然法则。 竞争对手藏于暗处，不为我们所见。 我们知晓，这位对手向来处事公平，正义凛然，极富耐心。 然而，我们也明白，这位对手从不忽视任何错误，或者因为我们的无知而做出一丝让步，所以我们也必须为此付出代价。 (备注：也有学者将赫胥黎的话浓缩成如下： “世界如棋盘，万象乃棋子。游戏有法则，遵守事功倍。”）
Thomas Maxwell Harris, FRS(1903--1983) Chaloner, W. G., 1985. Thomas Maxwell Harris (1903--1983). Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society 31, 228-260 Tom Harris FRS by W. G. Chaloner.pdf
Thomas Nast 和美国 驴（ 民主党） 、象（ 共和党）符号 黄安年文 黄安年的博客 / 2011 年 12 月 14 日 ( 美东时间 ) 发布 把美国民主党比作 驴 子、共和党比作大象 , 是美国著名政治漫画家托马斯·纳斯特 ( Thomas Nast)1870 年和 1874 年的绝妙创作，尽管今天的民主党与共和党已经不是 140 年前的两党 , 但是迄今两党并没有改变把美国民主党比作 驴 子、共和党比作大象符号的意思，人们在铨释 驴 子和大象时 , 有着广阔的空间 , 见仁见智。 下面这篇发布在《美国参考》上的《 为什么美国人爱用驴子和大象表示民主与共和两党》 博文 , 对于我们了解事情的来龙去脉很有帮助。 ***************** 为什么美国人爱用驴子和大象表示民主与共和两党 — 作者 Jianan , 2011-12-13 还有 20 天艾奥瓦州就要举行初选， 2012 年总统大选正式开打。几位共和党人士为了争取党内提名，正在马不停蹄地各处演讲拉票，就连现任总统、没有悬念的民主党候选人欧巴马也不敢掉以轻心，明显地增加了为赢得连任的造势活动，红蓝两色的两党色彩和驴象两党吉祥物在电视节目和报刊杂志上频频出现。为什么美国人爱用驴子和大象代表民主与共和两党呢？ 要回答这个问题，就得提到一位名叫托马斯 • 纳斯特（ Thomas Nast ）的人。纳斯特 1840 年出生在德国，儿时随家庭移居纽约，经历了南北战争和战后重建这一段美国建国以来最为动荡不安的时期。他从小就具有绘画天分，是美国历史上最著名的政治漫画家，就是他的漫画把这两种动物的形象加给了美国最主要的两大政党。 那个时候美国的民主与共和两党与现在有很多不同。当时民主党的支持者很多是南方的保守派，而以北方为主的释奴主义者则支持信奉社会自由主义的共和党。纳斯特是热心的自由主义者，主张废除农奴制，抨击主张与南方妥协的民主党人。他在报刊上发表的漫画对战争动员起了很大的作用，林肯总统因此说纳斯特是最好的招兵官。南北战争之后，纳斯特继续以漫画揭露南方的种族隔离和三 K 党的暴行，反对战后重建时期的绥靖政策，还对长期把持纽约政坛的塔曼尼集团的腐败行为加以鞭挞，不但有助于将塔曼尼的 “ 老板 ” 威廉 • 特威德送进监狱，而且在特威德服刑期间利用返家探视的机会逃亡之后，被虽然不懂英语、但是看过纳斯特漫画的人在西班牙认出来，顺利抓获归案。 尽管在纳斯特之前已经有人将民主党比作驴子，但他于 1870 年在《哈珀周刊》发表的一幅漫画则给民主党带来了挥之不去的阴影：一头暴怒的驴子，尥起橛蹶子猛踢躺倒在地死去的雄狮。狮子身上写着战时担任林肯内阁战争部长斯坦顿的名字，斯坦顿头年年底刚刚去世，驴子则标明为 “ 铜头蝮蛇媒体 ” 。当时人们把在战前反对与南方开战、战争爆发后主张立即媾和的北方民主党人称为铜头蝮蛇。 把驴子和大象放在一起的是纳斯特 1874 年 11 月 7 日在《哈珀周刊》刊登的另一幅漫画。画面是一群慌不择路的动物，其中的主角就是一头驴和一头大象。那时共和党的格兰特总统有意谋求三连任（美国限制总统任期不得超过两届的宪法第 22 修正案要到 1951 年才正式生效），而当天举行的纽约州和地方选举对共和党不利。画面上的大象身上写着 “ 投票给共和党 ” ，正在走向写着 “ 乱局 ” 的深渊，四周横竖摆着民主党攻击共和党的口号，诸如 “ 三连任 ” 、 “ 信贷膨胀 ” 和 “ 拒付 ” 等，而一头披着狮子皮、身上写着 “ 凯撒主义 ” 字样的驴子，驱赶着其他动物冲向丛林，投票给民主党纽约州长和市长候选人。这幅漫画后来被称为 “ 三连任恐慌 ” 。 “ 三连任恐慌 ” 之后，纳斯特还发表过不少用大象代表共和党的政治漫画。 1877 年共和党的海耶斯以微弱优势险胜当选总统，但是普选票却低于对手。纳斯特为此画了一幅漫画，一头遍体鳞伤、标明共和党的大象跪在写着民主党字样的墓碑前。这是纳斯特首次将共和党直接写在漫画大象的身上。 因为纳斯特在美国家喻户晓，共和、民主两党被他赋予的动物形象深植人心。时至今日，特别是在民主党的罗斯福总统推行 “ 新政 ” 之后，纳斯特对之忠心耿耿的共和党在施政纲领上走向保守，因此大批北方共和党人转而支持民主党，而原来民主党天下的南方却倒向了共和党。当年纳斯特使用驴子和大象代表共和与民主两党，明显地是有褒有贬，但是他的用意现在已经大为褪色，人们只不过把这两种动物做为两大政党的符号标记而已。 由于大象表现出一种稳重、坚实的形象，共和党人对它慨然接受，成为共和党的正式吉祥物。 过去驴子在美国是贬义的象征， “ 蠢驴 ” 和驴子懒惰、不随时鞭策踢打不好好走路的说法十分普遍。但是现在驴子的优点已经得到人们的承认，它们忠诚，比马更有耐力，而且因为驴子的视力很差，只能看到 4 英尺远的地方，所以不但应该原谅它需要催促才向前迈步的毛病，而且这是它办事脚踏实地的优点，应该予以鼓励才对。所以尽管民主党全国委员会迄今还没有正式以驴子为它的吉祥物，但是好像也没有听到它对人们用驴子来代表自己有什么强烈的反对，一些地方党部甚至已经将驴子作为吉祥物放到了自己的网站上。 有兴趣欣赏纳斯特其他政治漫画的读者，可以登录以下网站，其中加州州立大学 Bakersfield 分校网站选登的是纳斯特反对歧视及迫害土著和华裔居民的政治漫画： http://www.csub.edu/~gsantos/cat15.html http://cartoons.osu.edu/nast/keller_web.htm http://blogs.america.gov/mgck/files/2011/12/image0014.jpg http://blogs.america.gov/mgck/files/2011/12/image0014.jpg 纳斯特 1870 年在《哈珀周刊》发表的漫画带给民主党挥之不去的阴影 http://blogs.america.gov/mgck/files/2011/12/image0026.jpg http://blogs.america.gov/mgck/files/2011/12/image0026.jpg 纳斯特 1874 年 11 月 7 日在《哈珀周刊》刊登的漫画 “ 三连任恐慌 ” http://blogs.america.gov/mgck/files/2011/12/image0042.jpg http://blogs.america.gov/mgck/files/2011/12/image0042.jpg 共和党明年党代会的专用网站首页。左上显示吉祥物大象。 http://blogs.america.gov/mgck/files/2011/12/image0062.jpg http://blogs.america.gov/mgck/files/2011/12/image0062.jpg 民主党全国委员会网站首页。下方左起第三栏是犹他州民主党的推特链接，显示吉祥物驴子。 Thomas Nast From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation , search Thomas Nast Self-portrait of Thomas Nast Born September 27, 1840 ( 1840-09-27 ) Landau , Germany Died December 7, 1902 ( 1902-12-07 ) (aged 62) Guayaquil , Ecuador Signature Thomas Nast (September 27, 1840 – December 7, 1902) was a German-born American caricaturist and editorial cartoonist who is considered to be the "Father of the American Cartoon". He was the scourge of Boss Tweed and the Tammany Hall machine. Among his notable works were the creation of the modern version of Santa Claus , and Uncle Sam (the male personification of the American people), as well as the political symbols of both major United States political parties: the Republican elephant and the Democratic donkey. Contents · 1 Youth and education · 2 Career o 2.1 Campaign against the Tweed Ring o 2.2 Party politics o 2.3 After Harper's Weekly · 3 Notable works · 4 Myth of the word "nasty" · 5 Notes · 6 References · 7 External links Youth and education He was born in the barracks of Landau , Germany (now in Rhine Palatinate ), the son of a trombonist in the 9th regiment Bavarian band and had a half sister named Andie. The elder Nast's socialist political convictions put him at odds with the Bavarian government, and in 1846 he left Landau, enlisting first on a French man-of-war and subsequently on an American ship. He sent his wife and children to New York City , and at the end of his enlistment in 1849 he joined them there. Thomas Nast's passion for drawing was apparent from an early age, and he was enrolled for about a year of study with Alfred Fredericks and Theodore Kaufmann and at the school of the National Academy of Design . Nast attended school in New York City from the age of six to fifteen, when he was forced to drop out due to financial problems. Thomas had problems adjusting to life in America and never took well to school. He spent his entire school career on the verge of flunking out and consequently was not an especially good speller. After school he started working in 1855 as a draftsman for Frank Leslie's Illustrated Newspaper ; three years afterward, for Harper's Weekly . Career Photograph of Nast by Napoleon Sarony , taken in Union Square , New York City . Photograph of Nast taken between 1860 and 1875 by Mathew Brady or Levin Handy Nast drew for Harper's Weekly from 1859 to 1860 and from 1862 until 1886. In February 1860, he went to England for the New York Illustrated News to depict one of the major sporting events of the era, the prize fight between the American John C. Heenan and the English Thomas Sayers sponsored by George Wilkes , publisher of Wilkes' Spirit of the Times . A few months later, as artist for The Illustrated London News , he joined Garibaldi in Italy. Nast's cartoons and articles about the Garibaldi military campaign to unify Italy captured the popular imagination in the U.S. In 1861, he married Sarah Edwards, whom he had met two years earlier. One of his first serious works in caricature was the cartoon "Peace" (1862), directed against those in the North who opposed the prosecution of the American Civil War . This and his other cartoons during the Civil War and Reconstruction days were published in Harper's Weekly . He was known for drawing battlefields in border and southern states . These attracted great attention, and Nast was called by President Abraham Lincoln "our best recruiting sergeant". Later, Nast strongly opposed President Andrew Johnson and his Reconstruction policy. Campaign against the Tweed Ring The "Brains" Boss Tweed depicted by Thomas Nast in a wood engraving published in Harper's Weekly , October 21, 1871 A Group of Vultures Waiting for the Storm to "Blow Over" – "Let Us Prey." The Tweed Ring depicted by Nast in a wood engraving published in Harper's Weekly , September 23, 1871 Nast's drawings were instrumental in the downfall of Boss Tweed, the powerful Tammany Hall leader. As commissioner of public works for New York City, Tweed led a ring that by 1870 had gained total control of the city's government, and controlled "a working majority in the State Legislature". Tweed and his associates— Peter Barr Sweeny (park commissioner), Richard B. Connolly (controller of public expenditures), and Mayor A. Oakey Hall —defrauded the city of many millions of dollars by grossly inflating expenses paid to contractors connected to the Ring. Nast, whose cartoons attacking Tammany corruption had appeared occasionally since 1867, intensified his focus on the four principal players in 1870 and especially in 1871. Tweed so feared Nast's campaign that an emissary was sent to offer Thomas Nast a large bribe, which was represented as a gift from a group of wealthy benefactors to enable Nast to study art in Europe. Feigning interest, Nast bid the initial offer of $100,000 up to $500,000 before declaring, "I don't think I'll do it." Nast pressed his attack, and an indignant public rose against the Ring, which was removed from power in the election of November 7, 1871. Tweed was arrested in 1873 and convicted of fraud. When Tweed attempted to escape justice in December 1875 by fleeing to Cuba and from there to Spain, officials in Vigo , Spain , were able to identify the fugitive by using one of Nast's cartoons. Nast, a German Protestant, considered the Roman Catholic Church a threat to American values, and often portrayed the Irish Catholics and Catholic Church leaders in hostile terms. In 1871, one of his works, titled "The American River Ganges ," portrayed Catholic bishops as crocodiles waiting to attack American school children; they wanted to have Catholic schools for Catholic children. Nast expressed his feelings about ethnic Irish in his depictions of the Irish as violent drunks. The American River Ganges , a cartoon by Thomas Nast showing bishops attacking public schools, with connivance of Boss Tweed. Harper's Weekly , September 30, 1871. The Usual Irish Way of Doing Things , a cartoon by Thomas Nast depicting a drunken Irishman lighting a powder keg. Published in Harper's Weekly , September 2, 1871. In general, his political cartoons supported American Indians and Chinese Americans . He advocated abolition of slavery , opposed segregation , and deplored the violence of the Ku Klux Klan . One of his more famous cartoons, entitled "Worse than Slavery", showed a despondent black family holding their dead child as a schoolhouse is destroyed by arson , as two members of the Ku Klux Klan and White League , paramilitary insurgent groups in the Reconstruction-era South, shake hands in their mutually destructive work against black Americans. His cartoons frequently had numerous sidebars and panels with intricate subplots to the main cartoon. A Sunday feature could provide hours of entertainment and highlight social causes. His signature "Tammany Tiger" has been emulated by many cartoonists over the years. He introduced into American cartoons the practice of modernizing scenes from Shakespeare for a political purpose. The Tammany Tiger Loose—"What are you going to do about it?" , published in Harper's Weekly in November 1871, just before election day Party politics Harper's Weekly , and Nast, played an important role in the election of Ulysses Grant in 1868 and 1872; in the latter campaign, Nast's ridicule of Horace Greeley 's candidacy was especially merciless. Nast became a close friend of President Grant and the two families shared regular dinners until Grant's death. Nast encouraged the former president's efforts in writing his autobiography while battling cancer. He moved to Morristown, New Jersey in 1872 and lived there for many years. In 1873, Nast toured the United States as a lecturer and a sketch-artist, as he would do again in 1885 and 1887. He shared political views with his friend Mark Twain and was for many years a staunch Republican. Nast opposed inflation of the currency , notably with his famous rag-baby cartoons, and he played an important part in securing Rutherford B. Hayes ’ presidential election in 1876. Hayes later remarked that Nast was "the most powerful, single-handed aid had", but Nast quickly became disillusioned with President Hayes, whose policy of Southern pacification he opposed. He was not given free rein to attack Hayes in Harper's , however; with the death of Fletcher Harper in 1877, Nast lost an important champion at the journal, and his contributions became less frequent. He focused on oil paintings and book illustrations, but these are comparatively unimportant. Interior Secretary Schurz cleaning house, Harper's Weekly , January 26, 1878 portrait of Thomas Nast from Harpers Weekly , 1867 In 1884, his advocacy of civil service reform and his distrust of James G. Blaine , the Republican presidential candidate, forced him to become a Mugwump , whose support of Grover Cleveland helped him to win election as the first Democratic president since 1856. In the words of the artist's grandson, Thomas Nast St Hill, "it was generally conceded that Nast's support won Cleveland the small margin by which he was elected. In this his last national political campaign, Nast had, in fact, 'made a president.'" Nevertheless, Nast's tenure at Harper's Weekly ended with his Christmas illustration of December 1886. In the words of journalist Henry Watterson , "in quitting Harper's Weekly , Nast lost his forum: in losing him, Harper's Weekly lost its political importance." After Harper's Weekly In 1890, Nast published Thomas Nast's Christmas Drawings for the Human Race . He contributed cartoons in various publications, notably the Illustrated American , but was unable to regain his earlier popularity. In 1892, he took control of a failing magazine, the New York Gazette , and renamed it Nast's Weekly . Now returned to the Republican fold, Nast used the Weekly as a vehicle for his cartoons supporting Benjamin Harrison for president, but the magazine had little impact and ceased publication shortly after Harrison's defeat. In 1902 Theodore Roosevelt appointed him as the United States' Consul General to Guayaquil , Ecuador in South America . During a deadly yellow fever outbreak, Nast stayed to the end helping numerous diplomatic missions and businesses escape the contagion. He contracted the disease and died on December 7 of that year. His body was returned to the United States, where he was interred in the Woodlawn Cemetery in The Bronx , New York . Notable works Nast's Santa Claus on the cover of the January 3, 1863, issue of Harper's Weekly . Nast's depiction of iconic characters, such as Santa Claus and Uncle Sam, are widely credited with giving us the recognized versions we see today. · A classic version of Santa Claus, drawn in 1863 for Harper's Weekly . Before then, most depictions of Santa Claus showed a tall, thin man. Nast drew him as the bearded, plump man known today. · Republican Party elephant · Democratic Party donkey · Tammany Hall tiger, a symbol of Boss Tweed 's political machine · Columbia , a graceful image of the Americas as a woman, usually in flowing gown and tiara, carrying a sword to defend the downtrodden. · Uncle Sam, a lanky image of the United States (first drawn in the 1830s; Nast and John Tenniel added the goatee ). · John Confucius, a variation of John Chinaman , a traditional caricature of a Chinese Immigrant. · The Fight at Dame Europa's School , 1871 Myth of the word "nasty" A popular myth says that the word " nasty " was based on Thomas Nast's name, due to the tone of his cartoons. But, the word "nasty" has origins in Old French and Dutch hundreds of years before Nast was born. Notes 1. ^ "The Historic Elephant and Donkey; It Was Thomas Nast "Father of the American Cartoon," Who Brought Them Into Politics." (PDF). New York Times. 08/02/1908. p. SM9 . http://query.nytimes.com/mem/archive-free/pdf?_r=1res=9D07EFDB113EE033A25751C0A96E9C946997D6CForef=slogin . Retrieved 2008-07-12 . 2. ^ Paine 1974, p. 7. 3. ^ Paine 1974, p. 36. 4. ^ Paine 1974, p.69. 5. ^ Paine 1974, p. 140. 6. ^ Paine 1974, p. 181. 7. ^ Paine 1974, pp. 181–182. 8. ^ Paine 1974, pp. 336–337. 9. ^ Paine 1974, p. 349. 10. ^ Nast St. Hill 1974, p. 33. 11. ^ Paine 1974, p. 528. 12. ^ Paine 1974, p. 540. 13. ^ Jennifer J. Rodibaugh "Cartoonery," American Heritage , Spring/Summer 2008. 14. ^ About.com 15. ^ Harper, Douglas (November 2001). " nasty etymology" . Online Etymology Dictionary . http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=nasty . Retrieved 2009-02-01 . References Thomas Nast asks pardon for his sketches. · Nast, T., St. Hill, T. N. (1974). Thomas Nast: Cartoons and Illustrations . New York: Dover Publications. ISBN 0-486-23067-8 · Paine Albert Bigelow (1904). Th. Nast: His Period And His Pictures . New York: The MacMillan Company . http://books.google.com/books?id=2BwxAAAAMAAJ . Retrieved 2009-07-10 . ISBN 0-87861-079-0 · Chisholm, Hugh, ed (1911). " Nast, Thomas ". Encyclopdia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Thomas Nast · Elections 1860-1912 as covered by Harper's Weekly ; news, editorials, cartoons (many by Nast) o Nast cartoons · still more Nast · ThomasNast.com · Thomas Nast Civil War Pictures · Thomas Nast Caricatures of the Civil War, Reconstruction, Santa Claus, Napoleon, Catholicism, Boss Tweed, Tammany Hall and more. · Cartoons of Thomas Nast: Reconstruction, Chinese Immigration, Native Americans, Gilded Era · " Nast, Thomas ". Appletons' Cyclopdia of American Biography . 1900. · " Nast, Thomas ". The New Student's Reference Work . Chicago: F. E. Compton and Co. 1914. · Thomas Nast at Find a Grave · The Thomas Nast Collection--Morristown Morris Township Public Library, NJ · Persondata Name Nast, Thomas Alternative names Short description Date of birth September 27, 1840 Place of birth Landau, Germany Date of death December 7, 1902 Place of death Guayaquil, Ecuador Retrieved from " http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Nastoldid=465227274 " View page ratings Rate this page Rate this page Page ratings What's this? Current average ratings. Trustworthy Good reputable sources Objective Complete Well-written Adequate clarity I am highly knowledgeable about this topic (optional) I have a relevant college/university degree It is part of my profession It is a deep personal passion The source of my knowledge is not listed here I would like to help improve Wikipedia, send me an e-mail (optional) We will send you a confirmation e-mail. We will not share your e-mail address with outside parties as per our feedback privacy statement . Submit ratings Saved successfully Your ratings have not been submitted yet Your ratings have expired Please reevaluate this page and submit new ratings. An error has occured. Please try again later. Thanks! Your ratings have been saved. Please take a moment to complete a short survey. Start survey Maybe later Thanks! Your ratings have been saved. Do you want to create an account? An account will help you track your edits, get involved in discussions, and be a part of the community. Create an account or Log in Maybe later Thanks! Your ratings have been saved. Did you know that you can edit this page? Edit this page Maybe later Categories : · American caricaturists · American editorial cartoonists · American political writers · American satirists · People of the American Civil War · People of New York in the American Civil War · Anti-Catholicism in the United States · German emigrants to the United States · American people of German descent · American artists of German descent · Naturalized citizens of the United States · People from Morristown, New Jersey · Deaths from yellow fever · Infectious disease deaths in Ecuador · 1840 births · 1902 deaths Hidden categories: · Biography with signature · Articles with hCards · All articles with unsourced statements · Articles with unsourced statements from June 2008 · Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference · Wikipedia articles incorporating text from Appleton's Cyclopedia · Persondata templates without short description parameter http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Nast
古植物学的故事（ 124 ）期 美国当代古植物学家（之三） 美国科学院院士、古植物学家 Thomas Norwood Taylor 孙启高 2011 年 7 月 19 日 当今国际古植物学界流行着一本教科书 ---- Paleobotany: The biology and evolution of fossil plants ( 第二版 ) ，其第一作者为美国科学院院士、著名古植物学家 Thomas Norwood Taylor 教授。 Thomas N. Taylor 出生于俄亥俄州 Lakewood ，本科就读于迈阿密大学(俄亥俄州-牛津) 。本科毕业后， Thomas N. Taylor 到伊利诺斯大学 ( University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign--UIUC) 植物学系攻读古植物学方向的博士学位。在 Thomas N. Taylor 攻读博士学位期间， 古植物学家 Theodore Delevoryas 于 1962 年出版了一本很重要的教科书： Delevoryas , T. 1962 . Morphology and Evolution of Fossil Plants . Holt, Rinehart and Winston , New York, NY . 189 p. 1964 年 Thomas N. Taylor 从 伊利诺斯大学获得博士学位，其博士论文信息如下： Author: Thomas Norwood Taylor Title: Paleozoic seed studies: a monograph of the American species of Pachytesta . Thesis/Dissertation: Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1964. Published: 1964. Physical Description: v, 176 leaves : ill. ; 28 cm. Institution: University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Library 博士毕业后， Thomas N. Taylor 到耶鲁大学生物系及 Peabody 自然历史博物馆跟随 Theodore Delevoryas 从事 博士后研究。 他先后供职于 伊利诺斯大学 (University of Illinois) 、俄亥俄大学（ Ohio University ）、俄亥俄大学州立大学（ Ohio State University ）及堪萨斯大学（ University of Kansas ）。 Thomas N. Taylor 教授专攻化石植物及真菌的演化生物学。 40 多年来， Thomas N. Taylor 教授发表了 300 多篇研究论文，编辑 5 本学术著作，编写了两本古植物学教科书。 1981 年， Thomas N. Taylor 出版了他的第一本古植物学教科书，基本信息如下： Author: Taylor, Thomas N. Title: Paleobotany: an introduction to fossil plant biology Published: New York : McGraw-Hill, c1981. Physical Description: xiii, 589 p. : ill. ; 24 cm. Includes: Bibliography: p. 500-555 ISBN: 0070629544 这本教科书的学术主导思想在于：用生物学的思想与方法研究化石植物，植物生物学是化石植物研究的灵魂和内涵。这种学术思想对世界古植物学的未来发展具有很重要的引领作用。 该书出版不久即引起中国同行的极大关注。徐仁院士（ 1910--1992 ）生前对 Thomas N. Taylor 的教科书给予高度评价。自 1983 年开始，梅美棠和李中明（ 1945--1995 ）等先生着手翻译 Thomas N. Taylor 的教科书。 1992 年， Thomas N. Taylor 的教科书之 中文版《古植物学 -- 化石植物生物学导论》在中国正式出版。 1993 年 Thomas N. Taylor 和 Edith. L. Taylor 合作推出了他们的一本新教科书 --- The Biology and Evolution of Fossil Plants (the first edition) 。 2009 年， Thomas N. Taylor 和他的两位同事合作推出第二版： 书名：“ Paleobotany: the biology and evolution of fossil plants ” 作者： Taylor, T. N., Taylor, E. L. and Krings, M. 出版时间 : 2009 年 页数： 1,230 页 语言：英文 插图： 2,200 幅（多数为彩色） 文献： 5,000 多条 出版商 : Academic Press 书号： ISBN 0123739721 1994 年， Thomas N. Taylor 当选为美国科学院院士， 2006 年被任命为 National Science Board (2006-2012) 。他还担任过国际古植物学协会主席等学术任职。 相关资料： 古植物学的故事（ 121 ）期 美国当代古植物学家（之一） 2009 年度中国政府 “ 友谊奖 ” 获得者 ---- 当过“报童”的美国科学院院士 David L. Dilcher 教授 http://blog.sciencenet.cn/home.php?mod=spaceuid=225931do=blogquickforward=1id=460601 2011-6-29 21:55 古植物学的故事（ 123 ）期 美国当代古植物学家（之二） 古植物学名师 Theodore Delevoryas （ 1929-- ） http://blog.sciencenet.cn/home.php?mod=spaceuid=225931do=blogid=465670 2011-7-17 17:50 http://www.nsf.gov/nsb/members/bio.jsp?pers=23505 http://www2.ku.edu/~eeb/faculty/taylort.shtml
最 近突然得知曾经给予过我们无私帮助的英国邓迪大学Thomas Friedberg 教授去世的消息（2009-4-22），非常震惊，但事实确是如此，毒理学杂志Arch Toxicol (2009) 83:959960 刊发了讣告（同时刊发在Drug Metabolism Reviews，Vol. 41, No. 4, Pages 663-664），他的实验室网页链接也不存在了。而BBC NEWS 最近关于其研究组的报道 Cancer fighting gene identified称：they may be a step closer to finding out why some people contract cancer。 我又仔细的读了讣告中对他的介绍，他对毒理学与药理学以及癌症相关治疗研究领域做出了杰出的贡献；其中，值得要人敬佩的是： the development of a collaborative research program with the pharmaceutical industry on the heterologous expression of human cytochrome P450s in E. coli, where he developed reagents that are now widely used in the pharmaceutical industry. Thomas was subsequently involved in other important collaborations with the pharmaceutical industry and completed compelling work on the relationship between cytochrome P450 expression and drug transporter activity in defining drug metabolism and chemical toxicity。 与Thomas Friedberg 教授第一次联系时通过E-mail向他获取一个质粒，他是用这个质粒专门进行系统比较研究的科学家。我以学生身份第一次给他写信，介绍了我们的研究思路和对该质粒的要求，起初并没有抱太大希望，没想到过了2天就收到了他的来信，答应正在帮我查找质粒库。更让我意外的是，2天后收到邮件，说他已经将质粒用FedEx寄出，让我收到后给他回信，并且给出我很多建议与方法。原来，他根据我的邮件签名便将质粒邮寄过来。大概一周后，收到了质粒，其中还有他写的操作方法（如何转化等），转化之后我回信表示感谢。2天后，收到他的来信，问我转化是否成功？我当时非常感激他的关心，作为一个非常成功的科学家能够认真的对待一个学生的请求，给予无私的帮助。我也曾想在圣诞节时候邮寄明信片表示感谢，但由于自己的惰性而没有实现，现在成了永久的遗憾。现在，心里对其肃然起敬，希望能在他能在另外一个世界继续快乐的科研、生活。 人在面对死亡的时候，才更能体会到生命的真谛与意义。感谢帮助过我们的人。珍惜你所拥有的，拥有你所珍爱的。
Lonely No More-Rob Thomas 此乐归属于1111。 观其名即可大概揣测其意。一首摇滚音乐，其主唱Rob Thomas正是凭借这首单曲入围2005年度第48届格莱美奖最佳男歌手奖。 《不再寂寞》节奏感很强，心随舞动，作为1111的宣言，就不多介绍主唱资料了。感兴趣的可以百度一下。 Lonely No More-Rob Thomas Now it seems to me That you know just what to say But words are only words Can you show me something else Can you swear to me that you'll always be this way? Show me how you feel More than ever baby Well I don't want to be lonely no more I don't want to have to pay for this I don't want another lover at my door It's just another heartache on my list I don't wanna be angry no more You're the one who could never stand for this So when you tell me that you love me, know for sure I don't wanna be lonely anymore Ooooh Oooooh Oooooh Ooooh Now it's hard for me When my heart's still on the mend Open up to me Like you do your girlfriends And you sing to me And it's harmony Girl what you do to me is everything Let me say anything just to get you back again Why can't we just try? I don't want to be lonely no more I don't want to have to pay for this I don't want another lover at my door It's just another heartache on my list I don't wanna be angry no more You're the one who could never stand for this So when you tell me that you love me, know for sure I don't wanna be lonely anymore Ooooh Oooooh Oooooh Ooooh What if I was good to you? What if you were good to me? What if I could hold you till I feel you move inside of me? What if it was paradise? What if we were symphonies? What if I gave all my life to find some way to stand beside you? I don't want to be lonely no more I don't want to have to pay for this I don't want another lover at my door It's just another heartache on my list I don't wanna be angry no more You're the one who could never stand for this So when you tell me that you love me, know for sure I don't wanna be lonely any more Ooooh Oooooh Oooooh Ooooh I don't wanna be lonely any more I don't wanna be lonely no more I don't wanna be lonely no more I don't wanna be lonely any more 下载链接： http://www.rhiannondaugherty.com/mp3/LonelyNoMore.mp3 附：专辑《Something To Be》曲目 1.This Is How A Heart Breaks 2.Lonely No More 3.Ever the Same 4.I Am An Illusion 5.When the Heartache Ends 6.Something to Be 7.All That I Am 8.Problem Girl 9.Fallin' To Pieces 10.My My My 11.Streetcorner Symphony 12.Now Comes the Night
标签: Thomas
