一 云计算定义 云计算是一个提供便捷的通过互联网访问一个可定制的IT资源共享池能力的按使用量付费模式(IT资源包括网络,服务器,存储,应用,服务),这些资源能够快速部署,并只需要很少的管理工作或很少的与服务供应商的交互。云计算提高了可用性,由五个主要特点,三个交付模式 ,和四个部署模式组成。 二 主要特点 按需自助服务。消费者可以单方面部署资源,如服务器和网络存储,资源时按需部署而不需要服务供应商进行人工交互。 通过互联网获取。资源可以通过互联网获取, 并可以通过标准方式访问,以通过瘦客户端或富客户端推广使(例如移动电话,笔记本电脑,PDA)等。 独立于地点的资源池。供应商的资源被池化,以便以多用户租用模式被所有客户使用,同时不同的物理和虚拟资源可根据客户需求动态分配和重新分配。客户一般无法控制或知道资源的确切位置。这些资源包括存储、处理器、内存、网络带宽和虚拟机器。 快速伸缩。资源可以迅速和弹性地部署,以便快速扩展和快速释放。对客户来说,可以获取的资源看起来似乎是无限的,并且可在任何时间购买任何数量的资源。 按使用付费。对资源的收费是基于计量的一次一付,或基于广告的收费模式,以促进资源的优化利用。比如计量存储,带宽和计算资源的消耗,按月根据用户实际使用收费。在一个组织内的云可以在部门之间计算费用,但不一定使用时机货币。 注:云计算软件通过着重于无国界、低耦合、模块化和语义互操作性的面向服务来充分利用云计算模式的优势。 三 交付模式 云计算软件即服务。提供给客户的服务是服务商运行在云计算基础设施上的应用程序,可以在各种客户端设备上通过瘦客户端界面访问,比如浏览器。消费者不需要管理或控制的底层的云计算基础设施,包括网络、服务器、操作系统、存储,甚至单个应用程序的功能,可能的例外就是需要设置一些有限的客户可定制的配置设置。 云计算平台即服务。提供给消费者的是将客户用供应商提供的开发语言和工具(例如Java,python,.Net)创建的应用程序部署到云计算基础设施上去。客户不需要管理或控制的底层的云基础设施,包括网络、服务器、操作系统、存储,但消费者能控制部署的应用程序,也可能控制应用的托管环境配置。 云基础设施即服务。提供给消费者的是出租处理能力、存储、网络和其它基本的计算资源,用户能够部署和运行任意软件,包括操作系统和应用程序。消费者不管理或控制的底层的云计算基础设施,但能控制操作系统、储存、部署的应用,也有可能选择网络组件(例如,防火墙,负载均衡器)。 四 部署模式 私有云。云基础设施是被一个单一的组织拥有或租用,该基础设施完全该组织管理。 社区云。基础设施被一些组织共享,并为一个有共同关注点的社区服务(例如,任务,安全要求,政策和遵守的考虑)。 公共云。基础设施是被一个销售云计算服务的组织所拥有,该组织将云计算服务销售给一般大众或广泛的工业群体。 混合云。基础设施是由两种或两种以上的云(私有,社区或公共)组成,每种云仍然保持独立,但用标准的或专有的技术将它们组合起来,具有数据和应用程序的可移植性(例如,可以用来处理突发负载)。 每个部署模型实例有两种类型:内部或外部。内部云存在于组织的网络安全边界之内,外部云存在于网络安全边界之外。 原文: Peter Mell and Tim Grance -- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Information Technology Laboratory Note 1: Cloud computing is still an evolving paradigm. Its definitions, use cases, underlying technologies, issues, risks, and benefits will be refined in a spirited debate by the public and private sectors. These definitions, attributes, and characteristics will evolve and change over time. Note 2: The cloud computing industry represents a large ecosystem of many models, vendors, and market niches. This definition attempts to encompass all of the various cloud approaches. Definition of Cloud Computing: Cloud computing is a pay-per-use model for enabling available, convenient, on-demand network access to a shared pool of configurable computing resources (e.g., networks, servers, storage, applications, services) that can be rapidly provisioned and released with minimal management effort or service provider interaction. This cloud model promotes availability and is comprised of five key characteristics, three delivery models, and four deployment models. Key Characteristics: On-demand self-service. A consumer can unilaterally provision computing capabilities, such as server time and network storage, as needed without requiring human interaction with each services provider. Ubiquitous network access. Capabilities are available over the network and accessed through standard mechanisms that promote use by heterogeneous thin or thick client platforms (e.g., mobile phones, laptops, and PDAs). Location independent resource pooling. The providers computing resources are pooled to serve all consumers using a multi-tenant model, with different physical and virtual resources dynamically assigned and reassigned according to consumer demand. The customer generally has no control or knowledge over the exact location of the provided resources. Examples of resources include storage, processing, memory, network bandwidth, and virtual machines. Rapid elasticity. Capabilities can be rapidly and elastically provisioned to quickly scale up and rapidly released to quickly scale down. To the consumer, the capabilities available for rent often appear to be infinite and can be purchased in any quantity at any time. Pay per use. Capabilities are charged using a metered, fee-for-service, or advertising based billing model to promote optimization of resource use. Examples are measuring the storage, bandwidth, and computing resources consumed and charging for the number of active user accounts per month. Clouds within an organization accrue cost between business units and may or may not use actual currency. Note: Cloud software takes full advantage of the cloud paradigm by being service oriented with a focus on statelessness, low coupling, modularity, and semantic interoperability. Delivery Models: Cloud Software as a Service (SaaS). The capability provided to the consumer is to use the providers applications running on a cloud infrastructure and accessible from various client devices through a thin client interface such as a Web browser (e.g., web-based email). The consumer does not manage or control the underlying cloud infrastructure, network, servers, operating systems, storage, or even individual application capabilities, with the possible exception of limited user-specific application configuration settings. Cloud Platform as a Service (PaaS). The capability provided to the consumer is to deploy onto the cloud infrastructure consumer-created applications using programming languages and tools supported by the provider (e.g., java, python, .Net). The consumer does not manage or control the underlying cloud infrastructure, network, servers, operating systems, or storage, but the consumer has control over the deployed applications and possibly application hosting environment configurations. Cloud Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS). The capability provided to the consumer is to rent processing, storage, networks, and other fundamental computing resources where the consumer is able to deploy and run arbitrary software, which can include operating systems and applications. The consumer does not manage or control the underlying cloud infrastructure but has control over operating systems, storage, deployed applications, and possibly select networking components (e.g., firewalls, load balancers). Deployment Models: Private cloud. The cloud infrastructure is owned or leased by a single organization and is operated solely for that organization. Community cloud. The cloud infrastructure is shared by several organizations and supports a specific community that has shared concerns (e.g., mission, security requirements, policy, and compliance considerations). Public cloud. The cloud infrastructure is owned by an organization selling cloud services to the general public or to a large industry group. Hybrid cloud. The cloud infrastructure is a composition of two or more clouds (internal, community, or public) that remain unique entities but are bound together by standardized or proprietary technology that enables data and application portability (e.g., cloud bursting). Each deployment model instance has one of two types: internal or external. Internal clouds reside within an organizations network security perimeter and external clouds reside outside the same perimeter.
维基百科(Wikipedia.org)对云计算的定义: 云计算是分布式计算技术的一种,其最基本的概念,是通过网络将庞大的计算处理程序自动分拆成无数个较小的子程序,再交由多部服务器所组成的庞大系统进行搜寻和计算分析,最后将处理结果回传给用户.通过这项技术,网络服务提供者可以在数秒内,处理数以千万计甚至亿计的信息,达到和超级计算机同样强大效能的网络服务. 加州大学伯克利分校(University of California at Berkeley)的Michael Armbrust等对云计算的定义: 云计算包括互联网上各种服务形式的应用以及这些服务所依托数据中心的软硬件设施,这些应用服务一直被称作软件即服务(SaaS),而数据中心的软硬件设施就是所谓的云, 云计算就是SaaS和效用计算.云分为公共云(Public Cloud)和私有云(Private Cloud). 云计算(Cloud computing)是一种基于互联网的超级计算模式,其原理非常类似于网格计算.它是把存储在大量分布式计算机产品中的大量数据和处理器资源整合在一起协同工作.作为一种新兴的共享基础架构的方法,它可以将巨大的系统池连接在一起以提供各种IT 服务.这使得企业能够将资源切换到需要的应用上,根据需求访问计算机和存储系统. 云安全联盟(Cloud Security Alliance, CSA)的研究报告提出的SPI模型(SPI Model)把云计算的服务形式分为基础架构即服务(Infrastructure as a Service,IaaS),平台即服务(Platform as a Service,PaaS)和软件即服务(Software as a Service,SaaS)三大类。开放云宣言组织(Open Cloud Manifesto)则根据研究的需要把云计算细分成终端用户―云、企业―云―终端用户、企业―云(综合)、企业―云―企业、企业―云(便携式)、私有(内部)云等6种模式。 作为网络时代的新计算形式,云计算是以数据、用户和服务为三大中心为导向的.在功能方面,真正的云计算平台应该能具备以下三方面的功能特性. ⑴提供资源――包括计算、存储及网络资源,需要服务提供者架设出规模巨大的全球化的数据库及存储中心,能够实现海量的存储、出色的安全性和高度的隐私性和可靠性.此外,它还应是高效的、低价的、节省能源的. ⑵提供动态的数据服务――包括原始数据、半结构化数据和经过处理的结构化数据,一个优秀的云计算架构一定要有提供大规模数据存储、分享、管理、挖掘、搜索、分析和服务的智能. ⑶提供云计算平台――包括软件开发API、环境和工具.云计算需要真正形成一个有生命力、有黏性、可持续发展的生态系统.
信息来源于: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloud_computing Cloud computing is a style of computing in which dynamically scalable and often virtualized resources are provided as a service over the Internet. Users need not have knowledge of, expertise in, or control over the technology infrastructure in the cloud that supports them. The concept incorporates infrastructure as a service (IaaS), platform as a service (PaaS) and software as a service (SaaS) as well as other recent (ca. 20072009) technology trends that have the common theme of reliance on the Internet for satisfying the computing needs of the users. Cloud computing services usually provide common business applications online that are accessed from a web browser , while the software and data are stored on the servers. The term cloud is used as a metaphor for the Internet, based on how the Internet is depicted in computer network diagrams , and is an abstraction for the complex infrastructure it conceals. 1 Brief 1.1 Comparisons 1.2 Characteristics 1.3 Economics 1.4 Companies 1.5 Architecture 2 History 3 Vendor lock-in concerns 4 Political issues 5 Legal issues 6 Risk mitigation 7 Key characteristics 8 Components 8.1 Application 8.2 Client 8.3 Infrastructure 8.4 Platform 8.5 Service 8.6 Storage 9 Architecture 10 Types 10.1 Public cloud 10.2 Hybrid cloud 10.3 Private cloud 11 Roles 11.1 Provider 11.2 User 11.3 Vendor 12 Standards 13 See also 14 References 15 External links