PLoS Biology published a paper recently about nongenetic drug resistance of bacteria “ Salmonella “. Arnoldini M, Vizcarra IA, Peña-Miller R, Stocker N, Diard M, et al. (2014) Bistable Expression of Virulence Genes in Salmonella Leads to the Formation of an Antibiotic-Tolerant Subpopulation. doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.1001928 http://www.plosbiology.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pbio.1001929 It is fascinating that this confluence of fitness features, nicely described here, has exact parallels in cancer cells: (i) non-genetic resistance to drugs (persistor state), (ii) slower proliferation of the persistors; (iii) inherent association of resistance with increased pathogeneicity (cancer stem cell -like properties), (iv) cooperation between non-genetically heterogeneous subpopulations (albeit more directly, via growth factors secreted by subpopuations) . see: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24045430 The key point, not emphasized here is that the non-genetic nature (absence of mutation) and population level fitness will shall make us rethink details of Darwinian evolution dynamics. Yet cancer biologists still resort to the simple mutation/selection (of individual cell) scheme to explain resistance. One difference in cancer cells is that the slower proliferation of the tolerant state in mammalian cell is not simply the consequence of the burden of expressing the resistance conferring protein but may have deeper roots in populations and is a adaptive trait itself. But Why?.
To display this email in a browser, please click here WEBSITE DIGITAL EDITION REGISTRATION EVENTS CONTACTS RSS Drug Discovery Today ENews - February 2014 Editor's Choice The View from Here. February 2014 Welcome to our February newsletter from the wild, wet and windswept British Isles. Things are getting back to normal over here now and I'd just like to inform you that Drug Discovery Today completely escaped all ill effects of the recent Winter storms.In this issue, we will be discussing cell-specific delivery of biologicals, challenges in their pre-clinical safety testing and the use of mass spectrometry in biopharmaceutical drug discovery.The free downloads available in this newsletter highlight some of the most recent developments in biotherapeutic drug discovery and development. I will elaborate on them below. More Free Research Articles to Download Cell-specific delivery of biologicals 25 February 2014 We have entered the era of biologicals. Although new chemical entities are still produced and successfully reach the market, many new biological products like antibodies and their derivatives, siRNA, cytokines, enzymes and other therapeutic peptides are now being developed. Already a third of all new therapeutic products in 2011 were biologicals rather than chemical derivatives. In this review the authors aim to summarize the possibilities to deliver anti-fibrotic agents to the fibrotic liver. They specifically focus on the use of biological products More Current challenges and opportunities in nonclinical safety testing of biologics 25 February 2014 Industry experts gathered on 3-4 December 2012 in Basel for the 2nd Annual BioSafe European General Membership Meeting, where they shared experiences and insights into the nonclinical safety assessment of new biotherapeutic entities. More Structural mass spectrometry in biologics discovery: advances and future trends 25 February 2014 Biologics produced by recombinant DNA technologies are generally complex, heterogeneous, and subject to a variety of modifications. The biological efficacy, clearance, safety and immunogenicity of biologics are highly dependent on their structures. Therefore, there is a growing need for protein structural characterization, particularly during the drug discovery phase when a large number of candidates are being investigated. More For a full list of downloads/ white papers, please visit http://www.drugdiscoverytoday.com/downloads/ Industry News Could pizza herb prevent winter vomiting disease? Scientists have found that carvacrol - the substance in oregano oil that gives the pizza herb its distinctive warm, aromatic smell and flavour - is effective against norovirus, causing the breakdown of the virus' tough outer coat. The research is published today (12 February) in the Society for Applied Microbiology's Journal of Applied Microbiology. More Drug Discovery Today: February 2014 Issue. Special Issue on Systems Biology The latest issue of Drug Discovery Today is packed full of industry focused research articles, new developments in drug discovery, and expert comment and opinion. More UCB launches online challenge to find next generation of breakthrough medicines UCB has announced the global launch of its 'Innovation Challenge', reinforcing its role as a pioneering science-skills leader. This new online challenge seeks to find rare phenotypes - for example, people who are somehow protected from disease or possess exceptional tissue regeneration. By better understanding the molecular basis of a rare phenotype, UCB scientists hope to be able to develop new medicines for the treatment of severe diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis or multiple sclerosis. More Events Biosimilars and Biobetters USA Dates: 07 April 2014 until 08 April 2014 Location: Renaissance Woodbridge Hotel, Iselin, New Jersey, USA Website: http://www.smi-online.co.uk/pharmaceuticals/northamerica/con... More 7th Annual World Protein and Peptide Conference. PepCon-2014 Dates: 25 April 2014 until 28 April 2014 Location: International Conference Center, Dalian, China Website: http://www.bitlifesciences.com/PepCon2014/default.asp More 2nd Annual Congress of the European Society for Translational Medicine Global Network Conference on Translational Medicine (EUSTM-2014) Dates: 22 September 2014 until 25 September 2014 Location: Schönbrunn Palace Conference Centre, Vienna, Austria Website: http://www.eutranslationalmedicine.org/eustm-2014 More For a full list of events and conferences, please visit http://www.drugdiscoverytoday.com/events/
NATURE REVIEWS DRUG DISCOVERY November 2010 Volume 9 Number 11 Visit Nature Reviews Drug Discovery online to browse the journal. Now available at http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=19m=35933506r=NDU1MzI2NDExMwS2b=2j=ODUzNDU0OTQS1mt=1rt=0 Please note that you need to be a subscriber to enjoy full text access to Nature Reviews Drug Discovery online. To purchase a subscription, please visit: http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=82m=35933506r=NDU1MzI2NDExMwS2b=2j=ODUzNDU0OTQS1mt=1rt=0 Alternatively, to recommend a subscription to your library, please visit http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=44m=35933506r=NDU1MzI2NDExMwS2b=2j=ODUzNDU0OTQS1mt=1rt=0 ********************************************************************* Nature Reviews Drug Discovery Impact Factor: 29.059* (*Journal Citation Reports, Thomson, 2009) ********************************************************************* =========================== ADVERTISEMENT =========================== ACQUITY UPLC H-Class Bio System: Ready for your biomolecular analysis Engineered with a bio-inert flow path made of non-stainless-steel materials, the ACQUITY UPLC H-Class Bio System keeps large molecules intact and on the move, for better sample recovery and no carryover, whether the chromatographic mode you're using is reversed phase (RP), ion exchange (IEX), size exclusion (SEC), or hydrophilic interaction (HILIC). 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Stay up to date with Naturejobs advertising deadlines and upcoming features: http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=122m=35933506r=NDU1MzI2NDExMwS2b=2j=ODUzNDU0OTQS1mt=1rt=0 or telephone: US: + 1 800 989 7718 EUR: +44 (0) 20 7843 4961 =========================== ADVERTISEMENT =========================== BioPharma Dealmakers Science, strategy innovation Recent content exclusively made freely available to you from Nature Biotechnology, Nature Reviews Drug Discovery and Nature Medicine Produced with support from TVG Sign up to receive this new bi-weekly newsletter today: http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=84m=35933506r=NDU1MzI2NDExMwS2b=2j=ODUzNDU0OTQS1mt=1rt=0 =========================== ADVERTISEMENT =========================== BIOPARTNERING Visit our Biopartnering site to view Company Profiles and Partnership Opportunities: http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=120m=35933506r=NDU1MzI2NDExMwS2b=2j=ODUzNDU0OTQS1mt=1rt=0 =========================== ADVERTISEMENT =========================== Personalized Medicine: Principles to Practice March 1, 2011 Dallas, TX, USA This symposium brings together leaders in the field to address key aspects of the science of therapeutic individualization, the enabling technologies underpinning this biomedical revolution, and the evolution in policies that will advance personalized medicine principles into healthcare management tools for individuals and populations. http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=60m=35933506r=NDU1MzI2NDExMwS2b=2j=ODUzNDU0OTQS1mt=1rt=0 ===================================================================== This month's FEATURED article: The importance of new companies for drug discovery: origins of a decade of new drugs Robert Kneller p867 | doi:10.1038/nrd3251 http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=91m=35933506r=NDU1MzI2NDExMwS2b=2j=ODUzNDU0OTQS1mt=1rt=0 ===================================================================== In this issue p821 | doi:10.1038/nrd3314 http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=10m=35933506r=NDU1MzI2NDExMwS2b=2j=ODUzNDU0OTQS1mt=1rt=0 Comment: Accelerating the pulse of cardiovascular RD Andrew Plump p823 | doi:10.1038/nrd3315 Abstract: http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=46m=35933506r=NDU1MzI2NDExMwS2b=2j=ODUzNDU0OTQS1mt=1rt=0 Article: http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=13m=35933506r=NDU1MzI2NDExMwS2b=2j=ODUzNDU0OTQS1mt=1rt=0 ---------------------- NEWS AND ANALYSIS ---------------------- Modifying protein misfolding Dan Jones p825 | doi:10.1038/nrd3316 Two recent deals highlight growing interest in therapeutically targeting protein misfolding to treat both rare and common diseases. http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=22m=35933506r=NDU1MzI2NDExMwS2b=2j=ODUzNDU0OTQS1mt=1rt=0 NEWS IN BRIEF Regulators restrict Avandia in the US and suspend it in the EU | First oral drug approved for multiple sclerosis in the US | Antibody-drug conjugates hit the headlines | Lasker awards go to obesity and VEGF researchers | Johnson Johnson bids to acquire vaccine firm Crucell | Embryonic stem cell trial begins p828 | doi:10.1038/nrd3317 http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=47m=35933506r=NDU1MzI2NDExMwS2b=2j=ODUzNDU0OTQS1mt=1rt=0 BIOBUSINESS BRIEFS Deal watch: Acceleron and Shire to target the activin receptor pathway for muscular disorders p830 | doi:10.1038/nrd3308 http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=113m=35933506r=NDU1MzI2NDExMwS2b=2j=ODUzNDU0OTQS1mt=1rt=0 Trial watch: Somatostatin analogue shows promise in Cushing's disease p830 | doi:10.1038/nrd3309 http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=116m=35933506r=NDU1MzI2NDExMwS2b=2j=ODUzNDU0OTQS1mt=1rt=0 Deal watch: Co-promotion deals: panacea or poison pill? Nigel Borshell and Tibor Papp p831 | doi:10.1038/nrd3310 http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=118m=35933506r=NDU1MzI2NDExMwS2b=2j=ODUzNDU0OTQS1mt=1rt=0 PATENT WATCH Triggering generics market exclusivity | Lead compounds not based on structure alone | Sphingosine 1-phosphate Charlotte Harrison p832 | doi:10.1038/nrd3312 http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=50m=35933506r=NDU1MzI2NDExMwS2b=2j=ODUzNDU0OTQS1mt=1rt=0 AN AUDIENCE WITH Patrick Vallance p834 | doi:10.1038/nrd3307 The Senior Vice President of Medicines Discovery and Development at GlaxoSmithKline discusses the rationale for the recent evolution of the company's research and development strategy. http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=111m=35933506r=NDU1MzI2NDExMwS2b=2j=ODUzNDU0OTQS1mt=1rt=0 FROM THE ANALYST'S COUCH Location of pharmaceutical innovation: 2000-2009 Yali Friedman p835 | doi:10.1038/nrd3298 http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=102m=35933506r=NDU1MzI2NDExMwS2b=2j=ODUzNDU0OTQS1mt=1rt=0 FRESH FROM THE PIPELINE Velaglucerase alfa Johannes M. F. G. Aerts, Uma Yasothan and Peter Kirkpatrick p837 | doi:10.1038/nrd3311 http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=100m=35933506r=NDU1MzI2NDExMwS2b=2j=ODUzNDU0OTQS1mt=1rt=0 ---------------------- RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTS ---------------------- Analgesics: Pain control at the periphery p839 | doi:10.1038/nrd3300 http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=93m=35933506r=NDU1MzI2NDExMwS2b=2j=ODUzNDU0OTQS1mt=1rt=0 Inflammatory disorders: Constraining the complement cascade p840 | doi:10.1038/nrd3302 http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=97m=35933506r=NDU1MzI2NDExMwS2b=2j=ODUzNDU0OTQS1mt=1rt=0 Fibrotic disease: Targeting the microenvironment p840 | doi:10.1038/nrd3303 http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=95m=35933506r=NDU1MzI2NDExMwS2b=2j=ODUzNDU0OTQS1mt=1rt=0 Cancer: Targeting mutant BRAF in metastatic melanoma p841 | doi:10.1038/nrd3304 http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=39m=35933506r=NDU1MzI2NDExMwS2b=2j=ODUzNDU0OTQS1mt=1rt=0 Antimalarial drugs: Speeding to a new lead p842 | doi:10.1038/nrd3301 http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=41m=35933506r=NDU1MzI2NDExMwS2b=2j=ODUzNDU0OTQS1mt=1rt=0 IN BRIEF Pulmonary disorders | Anticancer drugs | Biotechnology | Neuordegenerative disease p842 | doi:10.1038/nrd3305 http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=51m=35933506r=NDU1MzI2NDExMwS2b=2j=ODUzNDU0OTQS1mt=1rt=0 ---------------------- PERSPECTIVES ---------------------- OPINION Utilizing targeted cancer therapeutic agents in combination: novel approaches and urgent requirements Shivanni Kummar, Helen X. Chen, John Wright, Susan Holbeck, Myrtle Davis Millin, Joseph Tomaszewski, James Zweibel, Jerry Collins and James H. Doroshow p843 | doi:10.1038/nrd3216 Developing optimal combination strategies for molecularly targeted anticancer drugs is substantially more complex than for traditional chemotherapies. Here, Doroshow and colleagues discuss the lessons learned from the evaluation of combinations of molecularly targeted anticancer agents by the US National Cancer Institute (NCI), and highlight several new approaches that the NCI has initiated to improve the effectiveness of such combinations. Abstract: http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=52m=35933506r=NDU1MzI2NDExMwS2b=2j=ODUzNDU0OTQS1mt=1rt=0 Article: http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=32m=35933506r=NDU1MzI2NDExMwS2b=2j=ODUzNDU0OTQS1mt=1rt=0 OPINION Developing drug prototypes: pharmacology replaces safety and tolerability? Adam F. Cohen p856 | doi:10.1038/nrd3227 Currently, drug development is based on a consecutive phase model and Phase I clinical trials often have tolerability as their primary objective. Here, Cohen advocates new concepts for drug development that are based on pharmacological knowledge about the effects of the drug and an adaptive, cyclical development process. Abstract: http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=53m=35933506r=NDU1MzI2NDExMwS2b=2j=ODUzNDU0OTQS1mt=1rt=0 Article: http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=23m=35933506r=NDU1MzI2NDExMwS2b=2j=ODUzNDU0OTQS1mt=1rt=0 ---------------------- ANALYSIS ---------------------- The importance of new companies for drug discovery: origins of a decade of new drugs Robert Kneller p867 | doi:10.1038/nrd3251 Understanding the factors that promote drug innovation is important both for improvements in health care and the future of organizations engaged in the field. To investigate these factors, Kneller identifies the inventors of 252 new drugs approved by the US Food and Drug Administration from 1998 to 2007 and their places of work, and classifies these drugs according to innovativeness. This article presents a comprehensive analysis of these data, which highlight the strong contribution of biotechnology companies, particularly in the United States, to innovative drug discovery, and discusses potential contributing factors to the trends observed. Abstract: http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=91m=35933506r=NDU1MzI2NDExMwS2b=2j=ODUzNDU0OTQS1mt=1rt=0 Article: http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=5m=35933506r=NDU1MzI2NDExMwS2b=2j=ODUzNDU0OTQS1mt=1rt=0 ---------------------- REVIEW ---------------------- Fingolimod (FTY720): discovery and development of an oral drug to treat multiple sclerosis Volker Brinkmann, Andreas Billich, Thomas Baumruker, Peter Heining, Robert Schmouder, Gordon Francis, Shreeram Aradhye and Pascale Burtin p883 | doi:10.1038/nrd3248 In September 2010, fingolimod (FTY720/Gilenya; Novartis) became the first oral disease-modifying therapy to be approved by the US Food and Drug Administration for relapsing-emitting multiple sclerosis. Brinkmann and colleagues describe its discovery and development, and how elucidation of its effects on sphingosine 1-phosphate receptors has improved the understanding of the biology of these receptors. Abstract: http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=54m=35933506r=NDU1MzI2NDExMwS2b=2j=ODUzNDU0OTQS1mt=1rt=0 Article: http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=1m=35933506r=NDU1MzI2NDExMwS2b=2j=ODUzNDU0OTQS1mt=1rt=0 ---------------------- CORRESPONDENCE ---------------------- Correspondence: Understanding transport through pharmacological barriers - are we there yet? Balazs Sarkadi and Gergely Szakacs p897 | doi:10.1038/nrd3187-c1 http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=63m=35933506r=NDU1MzI2NDExMwS2b=2j=ODUzNDU0OTQS1mt=1rt=0 Corrigendum: Microtubule-binding agents: a dynamic field of cancer therapeutics Charles Dumontet and Mary Ann Jordan p897 | doi:10.1038/nrd3313 http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=57m=35933506r=NDU1MzI2NDExMwS2b=2j=ODUzNDU0OTQS1mt=1rt=0 =========================== ADVERTISEMENT =========================== The Natureevents Directory 2011 http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=81m=35933506r=NDU1MzI2NDExMwS2b=2j=ODUzNDU0OTQS1mt=1rt=0 Inform a potential 1 million scientists about your scientific events. Contact us now to be included in the 12th edition of the Natureevents directory: mailto:c.paulsen@us.nature.com T: +1 202 626 2522 ===================================================================== You have been sent this Table of Contents Alert because you have opted in to receive it. 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NATURE REVIEWS DRUG DISCOVERY June 2010 Volume 9 Number 6 Visit Nature Reviews Drug Discovery online to browse the journal. Now available at http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=19m=34936816r=NDU1MzI2NDExMwS2b=2j=NzQ4NjI1MzkS1mt=1rt=0 Please note that you need to be a subscriber to enjoy full text access to Nature Reviews Drug Discovery online. To purchase a subscription, please visit: http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=76m=34936816r=NDU1MzI2NDExMwS2b=2j=NzQ4NjI1MzkS1mt=1rt=0 Alternatively, to recommend a subscription to your library, please visit http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=46m=34936816r=NDU1MzI2NDExMwS2b=2j=NzQ4NjI1MzkS1mt=1rt=0
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http://www.gopubmed.org/web/gopubmed/2?WEB01ow1fcrlhuyabI3I1I00h01000j100300.y 12,586 documents semantically analyzed 1 2 Top Years Publications 2009 1,626 2008 1,564 2007 1,430 2006 1,256 2005 1,096 2004 993 2003 843 2002 674 2010 574 2001 525 2000 430 1999 264 1998 218 1997 176 1996 153 1995 132 1994 120 1993 74 1992 73 1990 55 1 2 1 2 3 ... 7 Top Countries Publications USA 5,267 United Kingdom 1,118 Germany 717 France 554 Canada 531 Italy 501 Japan 376 Australia 317 China 304 Spain 283 Switzerland 214 India 187 Netherlands 182 Belgium 163 Sweden 150 Brazil 119 South Korea 112 Israel 107 Austria 80 Singapore 79 1 2 3 ... 7 1 2 3 ... 60 Top Cities Publications London 312 New York 270 Boston 269 Bethesda 208 Houston 166 Baltimore 156 Philadelphia 151 San Francisco 146 San Diego 131 Paris 131 Chicago 123 Los Angeles 118 Toronto 116 Montreal 101 Madrid 88 Melbourne 82 Tokyo 81 Seattle 81 Rome 81 Cambridge 80 1 2 3 ... 60 1 2 3 ... 122 Top Journals Publications J Biol Chem 194 Cancer Res 170 Expert Opin Ther Targets 151 Curr Med Chem 121 Curr Pharm Design 113 Curr Drug Targets 107 Clin Cancer Res 102 Curr Pharm Des 93 Mol Cancer Ther 85 P Natl Acad Sci Usa 81 Biochem Pharmacol 80 Blood 72 Biochim Biophys Acta 71 Curr Top Med Chem 70 J Immunol 68 J Med Chem 62 Oncogene 61 Pharmacol Therapeut 61 Curr Opin Investig Drugs 58 Drug Discov Today 57 1 2 3 ... 122 1 2 3 ... 1123 Top Terms Publications Humans 9,394 Animals 6,466 Pharmaceutical Preparations 6,249 Therapeutics 4,611 Proteins 4,153 Patients 2,957 Genes 2,767 Drug Delivery Systems 2,484 Neoplasms 2,343 signal transduction 1,977 Mice 1,813 Evaluation Studies as Topic 1,646 Phosphotransferases 1,598 Enzymes 1,582 Apoptosis 1,427 Signal Transduction 1,385 Antineoplastic Agents 1,333 Tissues 1,328 Metabolism 1,322 Drug Design 1,306 1 2 3 ... 1123 1 2 3 ... 2454 Top Authors Publications Leiter L 13 Jiang H 12 Aggarwal B 11 Besra G 11 Fruchart J 11 Surh Y 10 Rosenthal P 10 Youdim M 10 Kastelein J 9 Mikhailidis D 9 Manji H 9 Staels B 9 Luo X 9 Grundy S 9 Slotkin T 9 Workman P 9 Gachet C 8 Gray N 8 Anderson K 8 Von Hoff D 8 1 2 3 ... 2454 药物靶点是指药物在体内的作用结合位点,包括基因位点、受体、酶、离子通道、核酸等生物大分子。 现代新药研究与开发的关键首先是寻找、确定和制备药物筛选靶分子药靶。药物靶点是指药物在体内的作用结合位点,包括基因位点、受体、酶、离子通道、核酸等生物大分子。选择确定新颖的有效药靶是新药开发的首要任务。迄今已发现作为治疗药物靶点的总数约500个,其中受体尤其是G-蛋白偶联的受体(GPCR)靶点占绝大多数,另还有酶、抗菌、抗病毒、抗寄生虫药的作用靶点。合理化药物设计(rational drug design)可以依据生命科学研究中所揭示的包括酶、受体、离子通道、核酸等潜在的药物作用靶位,或其内源性配体以及天然底物的化学结构特征来设计药物分子,以发现选择性作用于靶点的新药。
Scientists say crack HIV/AIDS puzzle for drugs 科学家称:艾滋病 (HIV/ AIDS) 研究取得突破性进展 LONDON (Reuters) - Scientists say they have solved a crucial puzzle about the AIDS virus after 20 years of research and that their findings could lead to better treatments for HIV. 科学家称:他们通过 20 年的研究终于攻克了一个关于 爱滋病毒的 关键难题, 此发现可能引导人们更好的治疗艾滋病。 British and U.S. researchers said they had grown a crystal that enabled them to see the structure of an enzyme called integrase, which is found in retroviruses like HIV and is a target for some of the newest HIV medicines. 英国和美国的研究者称:他们已经成功培植一种晶体,这种晶体能够让他们看清一种叫做整合酶( integrase )的结构,此种酶在类似于艾滋病的逆转录酶病毒中发现,它可以用研究一些最新的艾滋病毒药物。 Despite initially painstakingly slow progress and very many failed attempts, we did not give up and our effort was finally rewarded, said Peter Cherepanov of Imperial College London, who conducted the research with scientists from Harvard University. 伦敦皇家学院的 Peter Cherepanov 说:尽管最初的研究是辛苦的、漫长的,并经历了无数次的失败,但是我们没有放弃,最后,我们的努力终于得到了回报。他和来自哈佛大学的科学家们共同完成了此项研究。 The Imperial and Harvard scientists said that having the integrase structure means researchers can begin fully to understand how integrase inhibitor drugs work, how they might be improved, and how to stop HIV developing resistance to them. 皇家学院和哈佛的科学家们称:拥有了 integrase 酶的结构意味着研究者可以开始真正明白整合酶抑制剂类药物怎样产生药效,它们可以怎样被改进以及怎样阻止艾滋病毒抗体的发展。 When the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infects someone, it uses the integrase enzyme to paste a copy of its genetic information into their DNA, Cherepanov explained in the study published in the Nature journal on Sunday. read more.... 该项研究发表在周日出版的《自然》杂志, Cherepanov 解释说:当一些人感染了艾滋病毒,它会通过整合酶复制它自己的基因信息并传给受害者 DNA 中。 from:http://sl.iciba.com/viewthread-104-651035-1.shtml HIV/AIDS drug puzzle cracked Kate Kelland LONDON Mon Feb 1, 2010 10:36am EST addImpression("10036173_Related News"); removeImpression(); addImpression("10036174_Related News (Auto)"); LONDON (Reuters) - Scientists say they have solved a crucial puzzle about the AIDS virus after 20 years of research and that their findings could lead to better treatments for HIV. Health British and U.S. researchers said they had grown a crystal that enabled them to see the structure of an enzyme called integrase, which is found in retroviruses like HIV and is a target for some of the newest HIV medicines. Despite initially painstakingly slow progress and very many failed attempts, we did not give up and our effort was finally rewarded, said Peter Cherepanov of Imperial College London, who conducted the research with scientists from Harvard University. The Imperial and Harvard scientists said that having the integrase structure means researchers can begin fully to understand how integrase inhibitor drugs work, how they might be improved, and how to stop HIV developing resistance to them. When the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infects someone, it uses the integrase enzyme to paste a copy of its genetic information into their DNA, Cherepanov explained in the study published in the Nature journal on Sunday. Some new drugs for HIV -- like Isentress from Merck Co and elvitegravir, an experimental drug from Gilead Sciences -- work by blocking integrase, but scientists are not clear exactly how they work or how to improve them. The only way to find out was to obtain high-quality crystals -- a project that had defeated scientists for many years. When we started out, we knew that the project was very difficult, and that many tricks had already been tried and given up by others long ago, said Cherepanov. Therefore, we went back to square one and started by looking for a better model of HIV integrase which could be more amenable for crystallization. The researchers grew a crystal using a version of integrase borrowed from another retrovirus very similar to its HIV counterpart. It took more than 40,000 trials for them to come up with one a crystal of sufficiently high quality to allow them to see the three-dimensional structure, they said. They tested the Merck and Gilead drugs on the crystals, and were able to see for the first time how the medicines bind to, and block, integrase. Almost 60 million people have been infected with HIV and 25 million people have died of HIV-related causes since the beginning of the AIDS epidemic. There is no cure and no vaccine, although drug cocktails can keep patients healthy. United Nations data for 2008 show that 33.4 million people had HIV and 2 million people died of AIDS. The worst-affected region is sub-Saharan Africa, accounting for 67 percent of all people living with HIV. (Editing by Michael Roddy) from: http://www.reuters.com/article/idUSTRE6101AQ20100201
详细信息见: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/presentations/DIA2007_drug_information/index.htm Drug Information at the National Library of Medicine Table of Contents Drug Information at the National Library of Medicine Notice to Presenters Fish Out of Water This Talk is Not About What Do I Want to Talk About? What is RxNorm? Example of NDC codes DailyMed Presentation Issues (1) Presentation Issues (2) DailyMed Status DailyMed Futures Dose Form Images Challenges MyMedicationList Take Home Messages Further Information Questions? Author: Stuart J. Nelson, MD Email: nelson@nlm.nih.gov Home Page: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/