来自心心水滴论坛－－sea 发表 Brodmann's area 1 Sensory cortical area in the crest of the postcentral gyrus; this area is a component of the primary somatosensory cortex. Location: anterior parietal lobe (postcentral gyrus) Function: processes somatic sensory sensations See Also: Central sulcus Parietal lobe Paracentral lobule Primary somatic sensory cortex Brodmann's area 2 Brodmann's area 3 Brodmann's area 2 Sensory cortical area in the crest and posterior bank of the postcentral gyrus; this area is a component of the primary somatosensory cortex. Location: anterior parietal lobe (postcentral gyrus) Function: processes somatic sensory sensations See Also: Central sulcus Parietal lobe Paracentral lobule Primary somatic sensory cortex Brodmann's area 3 Brodmann's area 1 Brodmann's area 3 Sensory cortical area in the posterior bank of the central sulcus (postcentral gyrus); this area is a principal component of the primary somatosensory cortex. Area 3 is further subdivided into area 3a, which receives proprioceptive signals that originate in deep receptors, and area 3b, which receives discriminitive mechanosensory signals that arise from cutaneous receptors. Location: anterior parietal lobe (postcentral gyrus) Function: processes somatic sensory sensations See Also: Central sulcus Parietal lobe Paracentral lobule Primary somatic sensory cortex Brodmann's area 2 Brodmann's area 1 Brodmann's area 4 Motor cortical area in the anterior bank of the central sulcus (precentral gyrus); this area corresponds to the primary motor cortex, which governs the execution of volitional movement. Location: posterior frontal lobe (precentral gyrus) Function: involved in motor execution See Also: Precentral gyrus Primary motor cortex Central sulcus Thalamus, ventral lateral nucleus Premotor cortex Brodmann's area 5 Associational cortical area in the superior parietal lobe, just posterior to the somatosensory cortex in the postcentral gyrus; this area is involved in maintaining a spatial reference system for goal oriented behavior. Location: superior parietal lobe Function: involved in spatial orientation, among other parietal associational functions See Also: Parietal lobe Somatic sensory cortex Postcentral gyrus Brodmann's area 7 Superior parietal lobule Brodmann's area 6 Motor cortical area in the posterior frontal lobe just anterior to the primary motor cortex; this area contains the lateral and medial divisions of the premotor cortex that participate in the planning and execution of volitional movement. Location: posterior frontal lobe Function: involved in motor planning and execution See Also: Frontal lobe Premotor cortex Primary motor cortex Brodmann's area 7 Associational cortical area in the posterior part of the superior parietal lobe; this area is involved in maintaining a spatial reference system for goal oriented behavior. Location: superior parietal lobe Function: involved in spatial orientation, among other parietal associational functions See Also: Parietal lobe Somatic sensory cortex Postcentral gyrus Brodmann's area 5 Superior parietal lobule Brodmann's area 8 Motor cortical area in the dorsal-lateral prefrontal region of the frontal lobe; this area contains the frontal eye fields, which participate (together with the superior colliculus) in the control of saccadic eye movements. Location: frontal lobe Function: involved in governance of eye movements (contains "frontal eye fields") See Also: Frontal lobe Superior colliculus Brodmann's area 9 Associational cortical area in the dorsal-lateral prefrontal region of the frontal lobe; this area participates in prefrontal cortical networks that govern executive functions. Location: frontal lobe Function: participates in prefrontal associational integration See Also: Frontal lobe Prefrontal cortex Brodmann's area 10 Associational cortical area in the anterior-polar prefrontal region of the frontal lobe; this area participates in prefrontal cortical networks that govern executive functions. Location: frontal pole Function: participates in prefrontal associational integration See Also: Frontal lobe Prefrontal cortex Brodmann's area 11 Associational cortical area in the orbital-medial prefrontal region of the frontal lobe; this area participates in prefrontal cortical networks that govern personal and social behavior, emotion, and decision making. Location: ventral frontal lobe (orbitofrontal cortex) Function: participates in prefrontal associational integration See Also: Frontal lobe Prefrontal cortex Orbitofrontal cortex Brodmann's area 12 Associational cortical area in the orbital-medial prefrontal region of the frontal lobe; this area participates in prefrontal cortical networks that govern personal and social behavior, emotion, and decision making. Location: medial frontal lobe (orbitofrontal cortex) Function: participates in prefrontal associational integration See Also: Frontal lobe Prefrontal cortex Orbitofrontal cortex Brodmann's area 13 Associational cortical area in the insula. This area is not visible in medial and lateral views of the hemisphere. Location: insula Function: associational cortex See Also: Insula Brodmann's area 14 Associational cortical area in the insula. This area is not visible in medial and lateral views of the hemisphere. Location: insula Function: associational cortex See Also: Insula Brodmann's area 15 Associational cortical area in the insula. This area is not visible in medial and lateral views of the hemisphere. Location: insula Function: associational cortex See Also: Insula Brodmann's area 16 Associational cortical area in the insula. This area is not visible in medial and lateral views of the hemisphere. Location: insula Function: associational cortex See Also: Insula Brodmann's area 17 Sensory cortical area in the banks of the calcarine sulcus (lingual and cuneus gyral formations of the medial occipital lobe); this area corresponds to the primary visual cortex (also known as "striate cortex"). Location: medial occipital lobe Function: processes visual information See Also: Occipital lobe Calcarine sulcus Primary visual cortex Cuneus Lingual gyrus Brodmann's area 18 Sensory cortical area in the medial and lateral aspect of the occipital lobe; this area is part of the extrastriate visual cortex that surrounds the primary visual cortex (area 17 is also known as "striate cortex"). Location: occipital lobe Function: processes visual information See Also: Occipital lobe Primary visual cortex Brodmann's area 19 Sensory cortical area in the medial and lateral aspect of the occipital lobe; this area is part of the extrastriate visual cortex that surrounds the primary visual cortex (area 17 is also known as "striate cortex"). Location: occipital lobe Function: processes visual information See Also: Occipital lobe Primary visual cortex Brodmann's area 20 Associational cortical area in the inferior temporal gyrus; this area participates in the analysis of visual form and the representation of objects. Location: ventral temporal lobe (inferior temporal gyrus) Function: processes visual information See Also: Temporal lobe Inferior temporal gyrus Brodmann's area 21 Associational cortical area in the middle temporal gyrus; this area participates in the analysis of visual signals related to object form and motion. Location: lateral temporal lobe (middle temporal gyrus) Function: involved in processing visual information, among other temporal associational functions See Also: Temporal lobe Middle temporal gyrus Brodmann's area 22 Associational cortical area in the lateral aspect of the superior temporal gyrus; this area participates in the analysis of auditory signals and the reception of language (this area is a major component of Wernicke's area). Location: lateral temporal lobe (superior temporal gyrus) Function: involved in auditory processing and language reception See Also: Temporal lobe Superior temporal gyrus Wernicke's area Brodmann's area 23 Associational cortical area in the posterior part of the cingulate gyrus; this area is a cortical component of the limbic system. Location: medial parietal lobe (posterior cingulate gyrus) Function: participates in limbic associational integration See Also: Cingulate gyrus Limbic system Brodmann's area 24 Associational cortical area in the anterior part of the cingulate gyrus; this area is a cortical component of the limbic system that is involved in emotional processing, the control of facial expressions and the affective dimensions of pain. Location: medial frontal lobe (anterior cingulate gyrus) Function: involved in emotional and cognitive processing See Also: Cingulate gyrus Limbic system Brodmann's area 25 Associational cortical area in the medial prefrontal region of the frontal lobe; this area participates in prefrontal cortical networks that governs personal and social behavior, emotion, and decision making. Location: medial frontal lobe (orbitofrontal cortex) Function: participates in prefrontal associational integration See Also: Frontal lobe Prefrontal cortex Subcallosal area Brodmann's area 26 Associational cortical area in the transitional region between the posterior cingulate gyrus and the medial temporal lobe; this area is a cortical component of the limbic system. Location: medial parietal lobe (posterior cingulate gyrus) Function: participates in limbic associational integration See Also: Cingulate gyrus Limbic system Temporal lobe Brodmann's area 27 Associational cortical area in the medial temporal lobe; this area corresponds to Ammon's horn division of the hippocampal formation, which is subdivided into (cornu ammonis) fields, CA1-CA4. Together with the other parts of the hippocampal formation in the medial temporal lobe, the hippocampus proper is involved in short-term declarative memory processes. This area is not visible in medial and lateral views of the hemisphere. Location: medial temporal lobe: hippocampal formation Function: hippocampal formation: short-term declarative memory See Also: Temporal lobe Hippocampal formation Hippocampus CA1 CA3 Brodmann's area 28 Associational and sensory cortical area in the anterior-medial temporal lobe. This area is part of the olfactory cortex; it also is a component of the entorhinal division of the hippocampal formation. Location: medial temporal lobe Function: involved in olfaction and hippocampal processing See Also: Temporal lobe Entorhinal cortex Primary olfactory cortex Brodmann's area 29 Associational cortical area in the transitional region between the posterior cingulate gyrus and the medial temporal lobe; this area is a cortical component of the limbic system. Location: medial parietal lobe (posterior cingulate gyrus) Function: participates in limbic associational integration See Also: Cingulate gyrus Limbic system Temporal lobe Parietal lobe Brodmann's area 30 Associational cortical area in the transitional region between the posterior cingulate gyrus and the medial temporal lobe; this area is a cortical component of the limbic system. Location: medial temporal lobe Function: participates in limbic associational integration See Also: Cingulate gyrus Limbic system Temporal lobe Brodmann's area 31 Associational cortical area in the posterior part of the cingulate gyrus and the posterior banks of the cingulate sulcus; the cingulate part of this area is a cortical component of the limbic system. Location: medial parietal lobe Function: participates in limbic and parietal associational integration See Also: Cingulate gyrus Limbic system Brodmann's area 32 Associational cortical area in the medial prefrontal region of the frontal lobe; this area participates in prefrontal cortical networks that governs personal and social behavior, emotion, and decision making. Location: medial frontal lobe (orbitofrontal cortex) Function: involved in emotional and cognitive processing See Also: Frontal lobe Prefrontal cortex Brodmann's area 33 Associational cortical area in the anterior part of the cingulate gyrus just dorsal to the corpus callosum; this area is a cortical component of the limbic system that is involved in emotional processing and the affective dimensions of pain, among other functions. Location: medial frontal lobe (orbitofrontal cortex) Function: involved in emotional and cognitive processing See Also: Cingulate gyrus Limbic system Corpus callosum Brodmann's area 34 Associational and sensory cortical area in the anterior-medial temporal lobe; this area is a principal division of the olfactory cortex; it also is a component of the entorhinal division of the hippocampal formation. Location: medial temporal lobe Function: involved in olfaction and hippocampal processing See Also: Temporal lobe Entorhinal cortex Primary olfactory cortex Brodmann's area 35 Associational cortical area in the medial temporal lobe near the position of the rhinal sulcus; this area (also known as the perirhinal cortex) is a component of the hippocampal formation. Location: medial temporal lobe Function: participates in hippocampal associational functions See Also: Temporal lobe Rhinal sulcus Hippocampal formation Parahippocampal gyrus Brodmann's area 36 Associational cortical area in the medial temporal lobe; this area lies at the interface of visual processing systems in the inferior temporal lobe and semantic memory systems in the medial temporal lobe. Location: medial temporal lobe Function: involved in visual and hippocampal associational functions See Also: Temporal lobe Hippocampal formation Brodmann's area 37 Associational cortical area in the temporal lobe that extends from the medial to lateral sides of this lobe; this area participates in the analysis of visual form, motion, and the representation of objects. Location: posterior temporal lobe Function: involved in visual recognition See Also: Temporal lobe Brodmann's area 38 Associational cortical area in the anterior pole of the temporal lobe; this temporal area is related to networks in the amygdala and orbital prefrontal cortex that govern personal and social behavior, emotion, and decision making. Location: temporal pole Function: participates in limbic associational integration See Also: Temporal lobe Temporal pole Amygdala Orbitofrontal cortex Brodmann's area 39 Associational cortical area in the angular gyrus at the interface between the posterior parietal and occipital lobes. Location: lateral junction of temporal, parietal and occipital lobes Function: involved in processing language, spatial orientation and semantic representation See Also: Angular gyrus Parietal lobe Occipital lobe Inferior parietal lobule Brodmann's area 40 Associational cortical area in the inferior parietal lobe, including the supramarginal gyrus. Location: inferior parietal lobe Function: involved in spatial orientation and semantic representation See Also: Parietal lobe Supramarginal gyrus Inferior parietal lobule Brodmann's area 41 Sensory cortical area in the superior aspect of the temporal lobe (located in a series of transverse gyri, called Heschl's gyri, that form the inferior bank of the lateral fissure); this area corresponds to the primary auditory cortex. Location: superior temporal lobe Function: processes auditory information See Also: Temporal lobe Superior temporal gyrus Primary auditory cortex Lateral fissure Brodmann's area 42 Sensory cortical area in the superior aspect of the temporal lobe and the dorsal-lateral margin of the superior temporal gyrus; this area is part of a "belt" of higher-order auditory areas that surround the primary auditory cortex (area 41). Location: superior temporal lobe Function: processes auditory information See Also: Temporal lobe Superior temporal gyrus Primary auditory cortex Lateral fissure Brodmann's area 43 Sensorimotor cortical area in the inferior margin of the postcentral and precentral gyri where the frontal-parietal operculum merges with the insula just below the inferior termination of the central sulcus; this area may participate in the sensorimotor representation of the mouth and taste reception. Location: junction of insula, frontal and parietal lobes Function: involved in sensorimotor representation and taste processing See Also: Postcentral gyrus Precentral gyrus Insula Central sulcus Brodmann's area 44 Motor cortical area in the posterior part of the inferior frontal gyrus; this division of the lateral premotor cortex is involved in the production of language, especially in the left hemisphere (also known as Broca's area). Location: inferior frontal lobe (inferior frontal gyrus) Function: involved in language production See Also: Inferior frontal gyrus Brodmann's area 45 Broca's area Premotor cortex Inferior frontal gyrus, pars opercularis Inferior frontal gyrus, pars triangularis Brodmann's area 45 Associational cortical area in the anterior part of the inferior frontal gyrus; the posterior part of this area may contribute (with area 44) to the production of language (Broca's area), while other circuits in this area participate in prefrontal cortical networks that govern executive functions. Location: inferior frontal lobe (inferior frontal gyrus) Function: involved in language production and participates in prefrontal associational integration See Also: Frontal lobe Inferior frontal gyrus Brodmann's area 44 Broca's area Premotor cortex Inferior frontal gyrus, pars orbitalis Brodmann's area 46 Associational cortical area in the middle frontal gyrus and anterior part of the inferior frontal gyrus; this area participates in prefrontal cortical networks that govern executive functions. Location: lateral frontal lobe (dorsolateral prefrontal cortex) Function: participates in prefrontal associational integration See Also: Frontal lobe Inferior frontal gyrus Middle frontal gyrus Prefrontal cortex Brodmann's area 47 Associational cortical area in the anterior-ventral part of the inferior frontal gyrus; this area participates in prefrontal cortical networks that govern executive functions. Location: inferior frontal lobe (inferior frontal gyrus) Function: participates in prefrontal associational integration See Also: Frontal lobe Inferior frontal gyrus Prefrontal cortex
Quadratic radical function 胜过Fisher Z Transformation 后的困惑 中国人的新发现！ 超过了Sir Ronald Aylmer Fisher，这可能是近97年来最好的数理统计学逼近结果之一。 1912年的 Sir Ronald Aylmer Fisher， 22岁 我们提出了一个 quadratic radical function，比目前国内外教材普遍使用的 Fisher Z Transformation （Fisher z-transform，Fisher z transformation，Fisher's z' transformation，Fisher's Z Transformation） 逼近标准正态分布累积分布函数的误差小了29%。投稿给我们学校的 《Transactions of Tianjin University》 后，收到的一个英文评审意见 Comments 如下： (1) The proposed quadratic radial function is rather elementary and may provide limited if any useful information in applications . Some pratical application of the proposed function should be provided. 但是我不懂 may provide limited if any useful information in applications 是神马意思。请大家给解释一下吧。很希望该文能够发表。 我们的 quadratic radical function，可是比大名鼎鼎的数理统计学老祖宗 Sir Ronald Aylmer Fisher (17 February 1890 – 29 July 1962) 在1915年提出的 Fisher Z Transformation 还好。 丑土豆 也可能超过 洋帅哥 ， 土老帽 也可能胜过 洋大师 ！ Si r Ronald Aylmer Fisher ， 帅帅的洋大师。 http://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/portraitLarge/mw98424/Sir-Ronald-Aylmer-Fisher 请您指出以上各种错误！谢谢您的指教！ Sir Ronald Aylmer Fisher 在 T he MacTutor History of Mathematics archive http://www-history.mcs.st-and.ac.uk/Biographies/Fisher.html 2012-06-11《温家宝在两院院士大会上的讲话（全文）》 http://news.xinhuanet.com/politics/2012-07/02/c_112335725.htm 基础科学是科学技术应用的先导和源泉。今天的基础科学就是明天科学技术的应用。 http://news.xinhuanet.com/politics/2012-07/02/c_112335725_2.htm 真正的核心技术是买不来的，在关键领域，我们必须依靠自己解决问题。加强科技发展战略规划，对我们这样一个大国来说非常重要。要真正把“虚”的务透，这样才能明确方向，才能抓住重点把“实”的真正做实。 相关链接： 《 本人简介（真傻工作情况简介）》 http://blog.tech110.net/?uid-11851-action-viewspace-itemid-37878 是一个粗线条的部分介绍。 《 毛西德格的瓷器密码：神马乖乖？》 http://blog.sciencenet.cn/blog-107667-518968.html http://blog.tech110.net/?11851/viewspace-62350 《胜过 Fisher z 变换！（1）》 http://bbs.sciencenet.cn/home.php?mod=spaceuid=107667do=blogid=603297 《胜过 Fisher z 变换！（2）》 http://blog.sciencenet.cn/home.php?mod=spaceuid=107667do=blogid=657534
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The Heaviside step function is a mathematical function denoted , or sometimes or (Abramowitz and Stegun 1972, p.1020), and also known as the "unit step function." The term "Heaviside step function" and its symbol can represent either a piecewise constant function or a generalized function . When defined as a piecewise constant function, the Heaviside step function is given by (1) (Abramowitz and Stegun 1972, p.1020; Bracewell 2000, p.61). The plot above shows this function (left figure), and and how it would appear if displayed on an oscilloscope (right figure). When defined as a generalized function , it can be defined as a function such that (2) for the derivative of a sufficiently smooth function that decays sufficiently quickly (Kanwal 1998). Mathematica represents the Heaviside generalized function as HeavisideTheta , while using UnitStep to represent the piecewise function Piecewise (which, it should be noted, adopts the convention instead of the conventional definition ). The shorthand notation (3) is sometimes also used. The Heaviside step function is related to the boxcar function by (4) and can be defined in terms of the sign function by (5) The derivative of the step function is given by (6) where is the delta function (Bracewell 2000, p.97). The Heaviside step function is related to the ramp function by (7) and to the derivative of by (8) The two are also connected through (9) where denotes convolution . Bracewell (2000) gives many identities, some of which include the following. Letting denote the convolution , (10) (11) (12) (13) (14) In addition, (15) (16) The Heaviside step function can be defined by the following limits, (17) (18) (19) (20) (21) (22) (23) (24) (25) (26) (27) where is the erfc function, is the sine integral , is the sinc function , and is the one-argument triangle function . The first four of these are illustrated above for , 0.1, and 0.01. Of course, any monotonic function with constant unequal horizontal asymptotes is a Heaviside step function under appropriate scaling and possible reflection. The Fourier transform of the Heaviside step function is given by (28) (29) where is the delta function .
标签: function
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