Association Between Midlife Vascular Risk Factors and Estimated Brain Amyloid Deposition. JAMA. 2017 Apr 11;317(14):1443-1450. Abstract Importance: Midlife vascular risk factors have been associated with late-life dementia . Whether these risk factors directly contribute to brain amyloid deposition is less well understood. Objective: To determine if midlife vascular risk factors are associated with late-life brain amyloid deposition, measured using florbetapir positron emission tomography (PET). Design, Setting, and Participants: The Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC)-PET Amyloid Imaging Study, a prospective cohort study among 346 participants without dementia in 3 US communities (Washington County, Maryland; Forsyth County, North Carolina; and Jackson, Mississippi) who have been evaluated for vascular risk factors and markers since 1987-1989 with florbetapir PET scans in 2011-2013. Positron emission tomography image analysis was completed in 2015. Exposures: Vascular risk factors at ARIC baseline (age 45-64 years; risk factors included body mass index ≥30, current smoking, hypertension, diabetes, and total cholesterol ≥200 mg/dL ) were evaluated in multivariable models including age, sex, race, APOE genotype, and educational level. Main Outcomes and Measures: Standardized uptake value ratios (SUVRs) were calculated from PET scans and a mean global cortical SUVR was calculated. Elevated florbetapir (defined as a SUVR 1.2 ) was the dependent variable. Results: Among 322 participants without dementia and with nonmissing midlife vascular risk factors at baseline (mean age, 52 years; 58% female; 43% black), the SUVR (elevated in 164 participants) was measured more than 20 years later (median follow-up, 23.5 years; interquartile range, 23.0-24.3 years) when participants were between 67 and 88 (mean, 76) years old. Elevated body mass index in midlife was associated with elevated SUVR (odds ratio , 2.06 ; 95% CI, 1.16-3.65). At baseline, 65 participants had no vascular risk factors, 123 had 1, and 134 had 2 or more; a higher number of midlife risk factors was associated with elevated amyloid SUVR at follow-up (30.8% , 50.4% , and 61.2% , respectively). In adjusted models, compared with 0 midlife vascular risk factors, the OR for elevated SUVR associated with 1 vascular risk factor was 1.88 (95% CI, 0.95-3.72) and for 2 or more vascular risk factors was 2.88 (95% CI, 1.46-5.69). No significant race × risk factor interactions were found. Late-life vascular risk factors were not associated with late-life brain amyloid deposition (for ≥2 late-life vascular risk factors vs 0: OR, 1.66; 95% CI, 0.75-3.69). Conclusions and Relevance: An increasing number of midlife vascular risk factors was significantly associated with elevated amyloid SUVR ; this association was not significant for late-life risk factors. These findings are consistent with a role of vascular disease in the development of Alzheimer disease . 经典文章回顾 帕金森病患者的康复治疗 帕金森病患者的疾病预防和保健常识 10条老年性痴呆患者的护理常识 四条建议教老年人预防老年性痴呆 老年性痴呆患者的饮食禁忌和饮食调理 2016年阿尔茨海默病10大研究进展 2016年帕金森病10大研究进展 你对老年性痴呆症到底懂多少？ 地中海饮食最健康的神经科学分析 八种食物提高记忆力，增强脑活力！ 预防老年性痴呆症，先从这些小事做起！ 睡眠不足增加肥胖风险的神经科学解释 运动是大脑的最佳保健品 预防痴呆和脑中风，减少PM2.5是我们可以做的 益生菌也能够治疗痴呆、抑郁症和精神分离症？ 喜欢我，关注我 拉到最上方标题下，点击上方蓝字关注 搜索公众号名称：神经科学临床和基础 也请你推荐给你身边的医学朋友，感谢你~
Shocked! It's so shocking to read this article - you can't rely on only witness anymore as it can be very wrong with what a witness can see or cannot see. Any standard to judge a criminal? Evidence-based? What's evidence? A witness? A situation? A crime scene? DNA evidence? A photo? A video? Anything can be faked. Justice? How? You or jury can be misled with such witness! In fact, two witnesses, but both were wrong with what they witnessed. It sounds - The phrase *** 'innocent until proven guilty' - How? by what proven? * ** *** Reference: I'd credit the original source of my inspiration to write this post by citing the entire article below, for academic/teaching purpose, not for commercial purpose - making products. I use both URL ( URL is an acronym for Uniform Resource Locator and is a reference (an address) to a resource on the Internet. A URL has two main components: Protocol identifier: For the URL http://example.com , the protocol identifier is http . Resource name: For the URL http://example.com , the resource name is example.com . ) and the entire article for my electronic library as URL is drifted with time, so it's hard to find the original citation. Let me know if you're objected to my citation of your article - I'd act accordingly. The first citation that I can find that refers to the phrase as a legal princple comes from the Law Reports of the Supreme Court of Ohio , 1835: The law presumes all innocent of crime until proven guilty Now, when going gets tough, tough gets going - no end in proof - *** Reference: Witness Accounts in Midtown Hammer Attack Show the Power of False Memory MAY 14, 2015 Inside Supported By Photo A police officer shot David Baril on Wednesday at Eighth Avenue and 37th Street as Mr. Baril began swinging a hammer at another officer. Witnesses recalled seeing things that did not happen. Credit Rich Docherty About New York By JIM DWYER Continue reading the main story Share This Page Email Share Tweet Save more Continue reading the main story Continue reading the main story Advertisement Continue reading the main story Advertisement Continue reading the main story The real world of our memory is made of bits of true facts, surrounded by holes that we Spackle over with guesses and beliefs and crowd-sourced rumors. On the dot of 10 on Wednesday morning, Anthony O’Grady, 26, stood in front of a Dunkin’ Donuts on Eighth Avenue in Manhattan. He heard a ruckus, some shouts, then saw a police officer chase a man into the street and shoot him down in the middle of the avenue. Moments later, Mr. O’Grady spoke to a reporter for The New York Times and said the wounded man was in flight when he was shot. “He looked like he was trying to get away from the officers,” Mr. O’Grady said. Another person on Eighth Avenue then, Sunny Khalsa, 41, had been riding her bicycle when she saw police officers and the man. Shaken by the encounter, she contacted the Times newsroom with a shocking detail. “I saw a man who was handcuffed being shot,” Ms. Khalsa said. “And I am sorry, maybe I am crazy, but that is what I saw.” Continue reading the main story Related Coverage David Baril Is Charged With Assault in Manhattan Hammer Attacks MAY 14, 2015 When News Comes Knocking: Securing Exclusive Photos of a Police Shooting MAY 14, 2015 Police Shoot Hammer-Wielding Man Sought in 4 Manhattan Attacks MAY 13, 2015 At 3 p.m. on Wednesday, the Police Department released a surveillance videotape that showed that both Mr. O’Grady and Ms. Khalsa were wrong. New York By New York Police Department Play Video 00:25 Footage of Shooting in Manhattan skip ad Continue reading the main story Video Footage of Shooting in Manhattan An assailant pulled out a hammer and chased an officer on Eighth Avenue at 37th Street. He was shot by another officer. By New York Police Department on Publish Date May 13, 2015. Photo by New York Police Department. Contrary to what Mr. O’Grady said, the man who was shot had not been trying to get away from the officers; he was actually chasing an officer from the sidewalk onto Eighth Avenue, swinging a hammer at her head. Behind both was the officer’s partner, who shot the man, David Baril. And Ms. Khalsa did not see Mr. Baril being shot while in handcuffs; he is, as the video and still photographs show, freely swinging the hammer, then lying on the ground with his arms at his side. He was handcuffed a few moments later, well after he had been shot. About New York Twice a week, a chronicle of New York and New Yorkers. A Few Items Speak Volumes About the Life of a Father MAY 12 A National Discussion About Policing, and a Reminder in New York of Its Dangers MAY 5 Finding Scandal in New York and New Jersey, but No Shame MAY 4 Under Threat Because of His Words, a Charlie Hebdo Writer Continues to Speak Out APR 30 Call It Coincidence, or Corruption APR 28 See More There is no evidence that the mistaken accounts of either person were malicious or intentionally false. Studies of memories of traumatic events consistently show how common it is for errors to creep into confidently recalled accounts, according to cognitive psychologists. “It’s pretty normal,” said Deryn Strange , an associate psychology professor at John Jay College of Criminal Justice. “That’s the hard thing to get our heads around. It’s frightening how easy it is to build in a false memory.” In one study, Dr. Strange showed people a film of a car accident in which five people, including a baby, were killed. The film was edited to remove segments of the accident. Then she tested the subjects 24 hours later on what they recalled. People were able to accurately describe what they had, in fact, seen, Dr. Strange said, but a significant number — 36 percent — also professed to have strong memories of parts of the crash that had actually not been shown to them. “They are more likely to do that when they are upset about the event — if they are getting intrusive thoughts about it, or talking to other people about it,” she said. A leading researcher in the field of witness memory, Elizabeth Loftus of the University of California, Irvine, said there was ample evidence that people found ways to plug holes in their recollections. Advertisement Continue reading the main story Advertisement Continue reading the main story Advertisement Continue reading the main story “If someone has gaps in their narrative, they can fill it in with lots of things,” she said. “Often they fill it with their own expectations, and certainly what they may hear from others.” These are not the knowingly untrue or devious statements of people who are deliberately lying. False memories can be as persuasive as genuine ones, Dr. Loftus said: “When someone expresses it with detail and confidence and emotion, people are going to believe it.” Said Dr. Strange, “It is surprising to the average person how quickly memories can be distorted.” That was certainly Ms. Khalsa’s response. “I feel totally embarrassed,” she said on Thursday, after having seen the video. She now believes that she saw the initial encounter and then looked away, as she was on her bicycle. In that moment, the man began the attack, which lasted about three seconds until he was shot. “I didn’t see the civilian run or swing a hammer,” she said. “In my mind I assumed he was just standing there passively, and now is on the ground in handcuffs.” “With all of the accounts in the news of police officers in shootings, I assumed that police were taking advantage of someone who was easily discriminated against,” she added. “Based on what I saw, I assumed the worst. Even though I had looked away.” Her own certainty was gone, Ms. Khalsa said. “It makes me think about everything in life,” she said. Email: dwyer@nytimes.com Twitter: @jimdwyernyt A version of this article appears in print on May 15, 2015, on page A21 of the New York edition with the headline: Witness Accounts in Hammer Attack Show the Power of False Memory . Order Reprints | Today's Paper | Subscribe
A False Feeling of Security -by John C. Davis ......If you pursue the following topics, you will become involved with mathematical methods that have a certain aura of exactitude, that express relationships with apparent precision, and that are implemented on devices that have a popular reputation for infallibility. Computers can be used very effectively as devices of intimidation. The presentation of masses of numbers, all expressed to eight decimal places, overwhelms the minds of many people and numbs their natural skepticism. A geologic report couched in mathematical jargon and filled with computer output usually will bluff all but a few critics, and those who understand and comment often do so in equally obtuse terms. Hence, both the report and criticism pass over the heads of most of the intended audience. The greatest danger, however, is to researchers themselves. If they fall sway to their own computers, they may cease to critically examine their data and the interpretative methods. Hypnotized by numbers, he or she may be led to the most ludicrous conclusions, totally blind to any reality beyond the computer screen. Keep in mind the little phrase posted on the wall of every computation center: “GIGO-Garbage In, Garbage Out.” ......An anonymous critic left the following rhyme on my desk almost 30 years ago. It remains posted on my wall to this day. What could be cuter Than to feed a computer With wrong information But naive expectation To obtain with precision A Napoleonic decision? - Major Alexander P. de Seversky
https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/GitHub 维基百科，自由的百科全书 跳转至： 导航 、 搜索 GitHub 网址 GitHub.com 口号 Social Coding 商业性质？ 是 网站类型 协作式版本控制 注册 需要 语言 英文 持有者 GitHub, Inc. 推出时间 2008年2月 Alexa 排名 1,073 现状 在线 GitHub 是一个用于使用 Git 版本控制 系统项目的 共享虚拟主机服务 （ 英语 ： Shared web hosting service ） 。它由GitHub公司（曾称Logical Awesome）的开发者Chris Wanstrath、PJ Hyett和Tom Preston-Werner使用 Ruby on Rails 编写而成。 GitHub同时提供付费账户和为开源项目提供的免费账户。根据在2009年的Git用户调查，GitHub是最流行的Git存取站点。 它提供了像feeds、followers和显示开发者们怎样在他们版本库上的版本工作的网络图表。 GitHub也提供一个 粘贴箱 （ 英语 ： Pastebin ） 风格的站点，个人信息库和网页使用 Wiki ，通过一个git版本库即可对这些页面进行编辑。 截至2010年1月 ( 2010-01 ) ，GitHub仍然由GitHub公司所经营。 统计 GitHub于2008年2月运行。 在2009年2月24日通过 雅虎 进行的一次采访中，GitHub队伍成员们宣布在GitHub运行的第一年，有共计46,000个公共版本库，它们中有17,000个是于最近一个月内创建的。当时，大概有6,200个版本库被派生（fork）至少一次，有4,600被合并。在另一个在2009年6月27日通过雅虎的采访中，Tom Preston-Werner宣布版本库数量已经提升到了90,000唯一性公共版本库，有12,000个版本库被派生（fork）至少一次，总共有135,000个版本库。 在2010年6月，GitHub宣布它现在已经提供可1百万项目，它们中的60%是完整的版本库，但仍然有40%是“gist”或代码片段。 http://baike.baidu.com/view/3366456.htm github 求助编辑 百科名片 Git是一个分布式的版本控制系统，最初由Linus Torvalds编写，用作 Linux内核 代码的管理。在推出后，Git在其它项目中也取得了很大成功，尤其是在Ruby社区中。目前，包括 Rubinius 和Merb在内的很多知名项目都使用了Git。Git同样可以被诸如 Capistrano 和Vlad the Deployer这样的部署工具所使用。 目录 Git库托管 版本 内幕信息 Windows 其他 GitHub Octocat图标 配置管理 融资 事件报道 展开 Git库托管 版本 内幕信息 Windows 其他 GitHub Octocat图标 配置管理 融资 事件报道 展开 编辑本段 Git库托管 github 如前所述，作为一个分布式的版本控制系统，在Git中并不存在主库这样的概念，每一份 复制 出的库都可以独立使用，任何两个库之间的不一致之处都可以进行合并。 GitHub可以托管各种 git 库，并提供一个web界面，但与其它像 SourceForge或 Google Code 这样的服务不同，GitHub的独特卖点在于从另外一个项目进行分支的简易性。为一个项目贡献代码非常简单：首先点击项目站点的“fork”的按钮，然后将代码检出并将修改加入到刚才分出的代码库中，最后通过内建的“pull request”机制向项目负责人申请代码合并。已经有人将GitHub称为代码玩家的MySpace。 在GitHub进行分支就像在 Myspace （或 Facebook …）进行交友一样，在社会关系图的节点中不断的连线。 GitHub项目本身自然而然的也在GitHub上进行托管，只不过在一个私有的，公共视图不可见的库中。 开源项目 可以免费托管，但私有库则并不如此。Chris Wanstrath，GitHub的开发者之一，肯定了通过付费的私有库来在财务上支持免费库的托管这一计划。 是的，我们正是这么计划的。通过与客户的接洽，开发FamSpam，甚至是开发GitHub本身，GitHub的私有库已经被证明了物有所值。任何希望节省时间并希望和团队其它成员一样远离页面频繁转换之苦的人士都会从GitHub中获得他们真正想要的价值。 编辑本段 版本 2012年12月24日，GitLab 4.0 RC2 发布， 开源 的 Github 克隆 。 编辑本段 内幕信息 Chris Wanstrath还向记者分享了关于GitHub的一些内幕信息︰ GitHub主要用Rails实现。我们在进行的post-commit集成小应用完全使用Merb编写。我们使用了Python的Pygments来做格式高亮显示，另外，还用了Ara T. Howard's Bj加上一些Ruby 脚本 来做我们的 排队系统 。当然，我们用了Ruby Grit库来和Git进行交互。 GitHub已经有了一组引人注目的特性，除了命令式的库 浏览器 和一个项目Wik，GitHub甚至还包括了一个GitHub gem，以使通过shell方式使用GitHub更为方便。更多的未来特性已经在计划中︰ 许多人都希望能有一个条目系统，因此一个简单的条目系统已经在开发中。此外，正如我前面所言，我们尚在进行 RubyGems 服务器和一些之前留出的post-commit钩子方面的 工作 。如果你不能或就是不想托管一个你自己的 守护进程 ，你可以使用我们所提供的。 我们还在开发一些特性来帮助公司在使用Github时可以停留在sync之上。 最後，我们也在进行 API 发布方面的 工作 。我们很快就会发布一些只读性的API，随後是一些很强大的“写”集成。你可以使用API将新的事件发布到新闻feed中，发消息和做其他许多很酷的事情。 GitHub尚未设定官方版本的发布日期，不过估计在三月底（GitHub已经上线，但只能通过邀请注册）。更多关于GitHub的信息可以参见GitHub官方网站或GitHub博客。通过GitHub进行代码管理的开源项目列表也已经可以查阅。 编辑本段 Windows GitHub 使用 git 分布式版本控制系统，而 git 最初是 Linus Torvalds 为帮助 Linux 开发而创造的，它针对的是 Linux 平台，因此 git 和 Windows 从来不是最好的朋友，因为它一点也不像 Windows。GitHub 发布了GitHub for Windows，为 Windows 平台开发者提供了一个易于使用的 Git 图形客户端。 GitHub For Windows GitHub for Windows 是一个 Metro 风格 应用程序 ， 集成 了自包含版本的 Git，bash 命令行 shell，PowerShell 的 posh-git 扩展。GitHub 为 Windows 用户提供了一个基本的图形前端去处理大部分常用版本控制任务，可以创建版本库，向本地版本库递交补丁，在 本地 和 远程 版本库之间同步。 微软 也通过 CodePlex 向开发者提供 git 版本控制系统，而 GitHub 创造了一个更具有吸引力的 Windows 版本。 编辑本段 其他 GitHub is a web-based hosting service for projects that use the Git revision control system. It is written using Ruby on Rails by Logical Awesome developers Chris Wanstrath, PJ Hyett, and Tom Preston-Werner. GitHub offers both commercial plans and free accounts for open source projects. According to the Git User's Survey in 2009, GitHub is the most popular Git hosting site. The site provides social networking functionality like feeds, followers and the network graph to display how developers work on their versions of a repository. GitHub also operates a pastebin-style site, wikis for the individual repositories and web pages that can be edited through a git repository. As of January 2010, GitHub is operated under the name GitHub, Inc. Octocat图标 下面是Github的共同创建人PJ Hyett关于Octocat的回答： Github吉祥物Octocat The truth is there isn't a good story behind it. Tom Preston-Werner was looking for a fun image for our 404 page, found the Octocat on iStockPhoto, and purchased a limited-use license for something like $50 (we own exclusive rights to it now). That said, if you happen to catch me out drinking, there's a good possibility you'll hear a much more creative story to explain its relevance: Git has an octopus merge, Tom likes cats and so on, but you'd have to ask him how much of that stuff actually played a role in its purchase. I think the most interesting part of the Octocat story is how it transcends the GitHub community. Everybody seems to love the little guy. I'd be lying if I told you the thought of hiring someone to just do Octocat merchandising had never crossed my mind. 配置管理 GitHub上已自动配置的Mac笔记本电脑，一个工具 ，可以转换设置Linux或Windows机器。 BOXEN是GitHub的自动化工具，设置和配置的Mac笔记本电脑 软件开发 或其他类型的工作，正在使用他们的开发人员，律师，设计师，付货人，等。我们的想法是准备系统以自动方式和作为无差错尽可能用最少的干预工作。根据GitHub上，与一个新的开发机器上，他的Mac系统成立，并准备在30分钟内提交代码。 BOXEN的基础上收集了大量的几十个木偶模块，使设置的各种软件，如卡桑德拉，MongoDB中，Java软件 中，Python和Ruby开发中，节点，JS，nginx的，Skype公司，甚至MINECRAFT。虽然机器上配备了一个预配置，每个用户都可以调整它的配置应有的作用。 编辑本段 融资 全球最大的社交编程及代码托管网站GitHub以其开创性的新型软件开发方式并且能高效利用有限的资源通过自立更生实现公司盈利和300%的年收入增长成功的吸引知名风投机构Andreessen Horowitz一亿美金的投资。新的资金注入将帮助GitHub平台得到进一步的改进和扩展。 事实上，这不仅对首次接受外部投资的GitHub意义重大，同样对于投资方Andreessen Horowitz而言，这也是其迄今为止进行过的最大一次单笔投资案。作为投资案的一部分，Andreessen Horowitz的 合伙人 Peter Levine将入主GitHub 董事会 。 根据GitHub官方解释，这笔资金除了用于扩充员工队伍，改进现有服务并移植到移动平台之外，还将服务对象从原来的编程爱好者和专业软件开发人员拓展至企业、 设计师 、文字 工作 者等更广泛的客户群体。 GitHub有170万名软件开发人员的忠实用户，他们平均每天更新8万个并新建7千个 软件库 。对GitHub网站上托管的总计超过300万个软件库，其联合创始人Chris Wanstrath曾经形象地称其为“ 程序员 的 维基百科 全书”。
WHERE HAVE ALL THE FLOWER GONE Where have all the flowers gone? Long time passing Where have all the flowers gone? Long time ago Where have all the flowers gone? Young girls have picked them every one Oh! when will they ever learn Oh! when will the ever learn Where have all the young girls gone? Long time passing Where have all the young girls gone? Long time ago Where have all the young girls gone Gone to husbands every one Oh when will they ever learn Oh! when will they ever learn Where have all the husbands gone? Long time passing Where have all the husbands gone? Long time ago Where have all the husbands gone? Gone to soldiers every one Oh! when will they ever learn Oh! when will they ever learn Where have all the soldiers gone? Long time passing Where have all the soldiers gone? Long time ago Where have all the soldiers gone? Gone to grave yards every one Oh, when will they ever learn Oh, when will they ever learn Where have all the graveyards gone? Long time passing Where have all the graveyards gone? Long time ago Where have all the graveyards gone? Gone to flowers yards every one Oh, when will they ever learn Oh, when will they ever learn
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boolean_expression Boolean expression In computer science , a Boolean expression is an expression in a programming language that produces a Boolean value when evaluated, i.e. one of true or false . A Boolean expression may be composed of a combination of the Boolean constants true or false , Boolean-typed variables, Boolean-valued operators, and Boolean-valued functions . Boolean operators Most programming languages have the Boolean operators OR , AND and NOT ; in C and some newer languages, these are represented by "||" ( double pipe character ), "" ( double ampersand ) and "!" ( exclamation point ) respectively, while the corresponding bitwise operations are represented by "|", "" and "~" ( tilde ). In theoretical literature the symbols used are often "+" ( plus ), " · " ( dot ) and overbar , or "∨" ( cup ), "∧" ( cap ) and "" or "′" (prime). Examples The expression "5 3" is evaluated as true . "5=3" and "3=5" are equivalent Boolean expressions, both of which are evaluated as true . Of course, most Boolean expressions will contain at least one variable (X 3), and often more (X Y). http://www.cis.upenn.edu/~matuszek/General/JavaSyntax/boolean-expressions.html Boolean Expressions index BASIC A boolean expression is an expression that results in a boolean value, that is, in a value of either true or false. More complex boolean expressions can be built out of simpler expressions, using the following boolean operators: Operator Name of operator What it means Example and True if and only if both sides are true wet cold || or True if either side is true (or if both are true) rich || famous ! not Changes true to false, and false to true !happy ^ exclusive or True if either side is true (but not both) walking ^ ridingBus Parentheses can be used for grouping the parts of complex boolean expressions. For example: if ((wet cold) || (poor hungry)) { System.out.println("I'm miserable!"); } The println statement will be executed if wet and cold are both true, or if poor and hungry are both true. There are six arithmetic tests that can be used to create boolean values: Operator Name of operator less than = less than or equal to == equal to != not equal to = greater than or equal to greater than These have the obvious meanings, and can be combined with the boolean operators. For example: if (score 0 || score 100) { System.out.println("Score has an illegal value."); } Boolean expressions are most often used as conditions (as in the examples above). However, they may be used other places as well, for example: comfortable = warm dry; System.out.println(x = 0 x = 100); printResults(data, verbose); When an expression contains two or more operators, the order in which operations are done is defined by parentheses and by the precedence of the operators. Thus, for example, the following two expressions are equivalent. x 1 x 100 || x == 300 ((x 1) (x 100)) || (x == 300) STYLE It is poor style to compare a condition to true or false: Poor style Better style if (danger == true) { System.out.println("Run away!"); } if (danger) { System.out.println("Run away!"); } if (danger == false) { System.out.println("Relax."); } if (!danger) { System.out.println("Relax."); } The comparison is redundant and just looks silly. Double negations (or worse) should be avoided: Poor style Better style if (!danger) { System.out.println("Stay here"); } else { System.out.println("Run away!"); } if (danger) { System.out.println("Run away!"); } else { System.out.println("Stay here"); } if (!illegalMove(i, j)) { move(i, j); } if (legalMove(i, j)) { move(i, j); } To help avoid double negations, boolean methods should be given positive names such as legalMove or gameOver, not negative ones such as illegalMove or gameNotOver.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latent_heat Latent heat Latent heat is the heat released or absorbed by a body or a thermodynamic system during a process that occurs without a change in temperature. A typical example is a change of state of matter , meaning a phase transition such as the melting of ice or the boiling of water. The term was introduced around 1762 by Joseph Black . It is derived from the Latin latere ( to lie hidden ). Black used the term in the context of calorimetry when referring to the heat transferred that caused a change of volume while the thermodynamic system was held at constant temperature. In contrast to latent heat, an energy is called a sensible energy or heat , when it causes processes that do result in a change of the temperature of the system.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ray_tracing_(graphics ) Ray tracing (graphics) From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation , search "Ray tracing" redirects here. For the method of calculation in physics, see Ray tracing (physics) . Not to be confused with Ray casting . In computer graphics , ray tracing is a technique for generating an image by tracing the path of light through pixels in an image plane and simulating the effects of its encounters with virtual objects. The technique is capable of producing a very high degree of visual realism, usually higher than that of typical scanline rendering methods, but at a greater computational cost . This makes ray tracing best suited for applications where the image can be rendered slowly ahead of time, such as in still images and film and television visual effects , and more poorly suited for real-time applications like video games where speed is critical. Ray tracing is capable of simulating a wide variety of optical effects, such as reflection and refraction , scattering , and dispersion phenomena (such as chromatic aberration ). This recursive ray tracing of a sphere demonstrates the effects of shallow depth of field , area light sources and diffuse interreflection . http://lammps.sandia.gov/doc/dump_image.html dump image command Description: Dump a high-quality ray-traced image of the atom configuration every N timesteps as either a JPG or PPM file. A series of such images can easily be converted into an animated movie of your simulation; see further details below. Other dump styles store snapshots of numerical data asociated with atoms in various formats, as discussed on the dump doc page.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19739146 Small. 2009 Oct;5(20):2236-42. doi: 10.1002/smll.200900382. Nanostructured silicon anodes for lithium ion rechargeable batteries. Teki R , Datta MK , Krishnan R , Parker TC , Lu TM , Kumta PN , Koratkar N . Source Department of Chemical Biological Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180, USA. Abstract Rechargeable lithium ion batteries are integral to today's information-rich, mobile society. Currently they are one of the most popular types of battery used in portable electronics because of their high energy density and flexible design. Despite their increasing use at the present time, there is great continued commercial interest in developing new and improved electrode materials for lithium ion batteries that would lead to dramatically higher energy capacity and longer cycle life. Silicon is one of the most promising anode materials because it has the highest known theoretical charge capacity and is the second most abundant element on earth. However, silicon anodes have limited applications because of the huge volume change associated with the insertion and extraction of lithium. This causes cracking and pulverization of the anode, which leads to a loss of electrical contact and eventual fading of capacity. Nanostructured silicon anodes, as compared to the previously tested silicon film anodes, can help overcome the above issues. As arrays of silicon nanowires or nanorods, which help accommodate the volume changes, or as nanoscale compliant layers, which increase the stress resilience of silicon films, nanoengineered silicon anodes show potential to enable a new generation of lithium ion batteries with significantly higher reversible charge capacity and longer cycle life.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erwin_Madelung Erwin Madelung From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . (May 2010) Erwin Madelung (May 18, 1881, Bonn – August 1, 1972, Frankfurt/Main ) was a German physicist . He was born in 1881 in Bonn . His father was the surgeon Otto Wilhelm Madelung . He earned a doctorate in 1905 from the University of Gttingen , specializing in crystal structure , and eventually became a professor. It was during this time he developed the Madelung constant , which characterizes the net electrostatic effects of all ions in a crystal lattice, and is used to determine the energy of one ion. In 1921 he succeeded Max Born as the Chair of Theoretical Physics at the University of Frankfurt/Main , which he held until his retirement in 1949. He specialized in atomic physics and quantum mechanics , and it was during this time he developed the Madelung equations , an alternative form of the Schrdinger equation . He is also known for the Madelung rule , which states that atomic orbitals are filled in order of increasing n + l quantum numbers. Publications Magnetisierung durch schnell verlaufende Stromvorgnge mit Rücksicht auf Marconis Wellendetektor . Gttingen, Univ., Phil. Fak., Diss., 1905. Die mathematischen Hilfsmittel des Physikers , Springer Verlag, Berlin 1922. subsequent editions: 1925, 1936, 1950, 1953, 1957, 1964. References ^ "Erwin Madelung 1881-1972" . Goethe-Universitt Frankfurt am Main . 12 December 2008 . http://www.uni-frankfurt.de/fb/fb13/Dateien/paf/paf73.html . Retrieved May 8, 2012 . ^ Koopman, B. O. (1924). "Review: Die mathematischen Hilfsmittel des Physikers , by E. Madelung" . Bull. Amer. Math. Soc. 30 (5): 272 . http://www.ams.org/journals/bull/1924-30-05/S0002-9904-1924-03905-6/ . ^ Uhler, H. S. (1926). "Review: Die mathematischen Hilfsmittel des Physikers , 2nd edn., by E. Madelung" . Bull. Amer. Math. Soc. 32 (6): 718-719 . http://www.ams.org/journals/bull/1926-32-06/S0002-9904-1926-04316-0/ . ^ Margenau, Henry (1936). "Review: Die mathematischen Hilfsmittel des Physikers , 3rd edn., by E. Madelung" . Bull. Amer. Math. Soc. 42 (7, Part 1): 476 . http://www.ams.org/journals/bull/1936-42-07/S0002-9904-1936-06329-9/ . External links Literature by and about Erwin Madelung in the German National Library catalogue Persondata Name Madelung, Erwin Alternative names Short description Date of birth May 18, 1881 Place of birth Date of death August 1, 1972 Place of death Retrieved from " http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Erwin_Madelungoldid=527676294 "
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madelung_constant Madelung constant From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation , search The Madelung constant being calculated for the NaCl ion labeled 0 in the expanding spheres method. Each number designates the order in which it is summed. Note that in this case, the sum is divergent, but there are methods to summing it which give a converging series. The Madelung constant is used in determining the electrostatic potential of a single ion in a crystal by approximating the ions by point charges . It is named after Erwin Madelung , a German physicist. Because the anions and cations in an ionic solid are attracting each other by virtue of their opposing charges, separating the ions requires a certain amount of energy. This energy must be given to the system in order to break the anion-cation bonds. The energy required to break these bonds for one mole of an ionic solid under standard conditions is the lattice energy . The Madelung constant shall allow for the calculation of the electric potential V i of all ions of the lattice felt by the ion at position r i where r ij =| r i - r j | is the distance between the i th and the j th ion. In addition, z j = number of charges of the j th ion e = 1.6022 × 10 −19 C 4 π ε 0 = 1.112 × 10 −10 C²/(J m). If the distances r ij are normalized to the nearest neighbor distance r 0 the potential may be written with being the (dimensionless) Madelung constant of the i th ion The electrostatic energy of the ion at site then is the product of its charge with the potential acting at its site There occur as many Madelung constants in a crystal structure as ions occupy different lattice sites. For example, for the ionic crystal NaCl , there arise two Madelung constants – one for Na and another for Cl. Since both ions, however, occupy lattice sites of the same symmetry they both are of the same magnitude and differ only by sign. The electrical charge of the Na + and Cl − ion are assumed to be onefold positive and negative, respectively, and . The nearest neighbour distance amounts to half the lattice parameter of the cubic unit cell and the Madelung constants become This graph demonstrates the non-convergence of the expanding spheres method for calculating the Madelung Constant for NaCl as compared to the expanding cubes method, which is convergent. The prime indicates that the term is to be left out. Since this sum is conditionally convergent it is not suitable as definition of Madelung's constant unless the order of summation is also specified. There are two "obvious" methods of summing this series, by expanding cubes or expanding spheres. The latter, though devoid of a meaningful physical interpretation (there are no spherical crystals) is rather popular because of its simplicity. Thus, the following expansion is often found in the literature: However, this is wrong as this series diverges as was shown by Emersleben in 1951. The summation over expanding cubes converges to the correct value. An unambiguous mathematical definition is given by Borwein , Borwein and Taylor by means of analytic continuation of an absolutely convergent series. There are many practical methods for calculating Madelung's constant using either direct summation (for example, the Evjen method ) or integral transforms , which are used in the Ewald method . Examples of Madelung Constants Ion in crystalline compound (based on ) (based on ) Cl - and Na + in rocksalt NaCl ±1.748 ±3.495 S 2- and Zn 2+ in sphalerite ZnS ±1.638 ±3.783 S - in pyrite FeS 2 … 1.957 Fe 2+ in pyrite FeS 2 … -7.458 Contents 1 Generalization 2 Application to Organic Salts 3 References 4 External links Generalization It is assumed for the calculation of Madelung constants that an ion’s charge density may be approximated by a point charge . This is allowed, if the electron distribution of the ion is spherically symmetric. In particular cases, however, when the ions reside on lattice site of certain crystallographic point groups , the inclusion of higher order moments, i.e. multipole moments of the charge density might be required. It is shown by electrostatics that the interaction between two point charges only accounts for the first term of a general Taylor series describing the interaction between two charge distributions of arbitrary shape. Accordingly, the Madelung constant only represents the monopole - monopole term. The electrostatic interaction model of ions in solids has thus been extended to a point multipole concept that also includes higher multipole moments like dipoles , quadrupoles etc. These concepts require the determination of higher order Madelung constants or so-called electrostatic lattice constants. In their case, instead of the nearest neighbor distance another standard length like the cube root of the unit cell volume is appropriately used for purposes of normalization. For instance, the Madelung constant then reads The proper calculation of electrostatic lattice constants has to consider the crystallographic point groups of ionic lattice sites; for instance, dipole moments may only arise on polar lattice sites, i. e. exhibiting a C 1 , C 1 h , C n or C nv site symmetry ( n = 2, 3, 4 or 6). These second order Madelung constants turned out of having significant effects on the lattice energy and other physical properties of heteropolar crystals. Application to Organic Salts The Madelung Constant is also a useful quantity in describing the lattice energy of organic salts. Izgorodina and coworkers have described a generalised method (called the EUGEN method) of calculating the Madelung constant for any crystal structure. References ^ Madelung E (1918). "Das elektrische Feld in Systemen von regelmig angeordneten Punktladungen". Phys. Zs. XIX : 524–533. ^ Charles Kittel: Introduction to Solid State Physics. , Wiley 1995, ISBN 0-471-11181-3 ^ O. Emersleben: Math. Nachr 4 (1951), 468 ^ D. Borwein, J. M. Borwein, K. F. Taylor: "Convergence of Lattice Sums and Madelung's Constant", J. Math. Phys. 26 (1985), 2999–3009, doi : 10.1063/1.526675 ^ H. M. Evjen: "On the Stability of Certain Heteropolar Crystals", Phys. Rev. 39 (1932), 675–687, http://link.aps.org/abstract/PR/v39/p675 ^ P. P. Ewald: "Die Berechnung optischer und elektrostatischer Gitterpotentiale", Ann. Phys. 64 (1921), 253–287, doi : 10.1002/andp.19213690304 ^ J. Kanamori, T. Moriya, K. Motizuki, and T. Nagamiya (1955). "Methods of Calculating the Crystalline Electric Field". J. Phys. Soc. Jap. 10 : 93–102. doi : 10.1143/JPSJ.10.93 . ^ B. R. A. Nijboer and F. W. de Wette (1957). "On the calculation of lattice sums". Physica 23 : 309–321. Bibcode 1957Phy....23..309N . doi : 10.1016/S0031-8914(57)92124-9 . ^ E. F. Bertaut (1978). "The equivalent charge concept and its application to the electrostatic energy of charges and multipoles". J. Phys. (Paris) 39 : 1331–48. Bibcode 1978JPCS...39...97B . doi : 10.1016/0022-3697(78)90206-8 . ^ M. Birkholz (1995). "Crystal-field induced dipoles in heteropolar crystals – I. concept" . Z. Phys. B 96 : 325–332. Bibcode 1995ZPhyB..96..325B . doi : 10.1007/BF01313054 . http://www.mariobirkholz.de/ZPB1995a.pdf . ^ M. Birkholz (1995). "Crystal-field induced dipoles in heteropolar crystals – II. physical significance" . Z. Phys. B 96 : 333–340. Bibcode 1995ZPhyB..96..333B . doi : 10.1007/BF01313055 . http://www.mariobirkholz.de/ZPB1995b.pdf . ^ E. Izgorodina et al (2009). "The Madelung Constant of Organic Salts". Crystal Growth Design 9 : 4834–4839. doi : 10.1021/cg900656z . External links Weisstein, Eric W. , " Madelung Constants " from MathWorld . " Sloane's A085469 : Decimal expansion of Madelung constant (negated) for face-centered cubic lattice ", The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences . OEIS Foundation. Retrieved from " http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Madelung_constantoldid=485380446 " Categories ( + + ) : Crystallography (−) (±) (×) Mathematical constants (−) (±) (×) Physical chemistry (−) (±) (×) Solid-state chemistry (−) (±) (×) Theoretical chemistry (−) (±) (×) (+)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_cells Solar cell From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Redirected from Solar cells ) Jump to: navigation , search For convection cells on the sun's surface, see Granule (solar physics) . A solar cell made from a monocrystalline silicon wafer Solar cells can be used to build small solar collection devices such as this portable monocrystalline solar charger. A monocrystalline solar cell A solar cell (also called a photovoltaic cell ) is an electrical device that converts the energy of light directly into electricity by the photovoltaic effect . It is a form of photoelectric cell (in that its electrical characteristics-- e.g. current, voltage, or resistance-- vary when light is incident upon it) which, when exposed to light, can generate and support an electric current without being attached to any external voltage source.
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Samsung 禁制令 Apple 敗訴 澳洲可賣 三星平板電腦Galaxy Tab 10.1 2011.12.22 Apple v. Samsung 禁制令 (初判) Apple 敗訴 德國可賣 三星平板電腦Galaxy Tab 10.1N 2012.01.05 Samsung v. Apple 禁制令 三星敗訴 義大利可賣 蘋果iPhone 4S 2012.01.24 Apple v. Samsung 禁制令 Apple 敗訴 荷蘭可賣 三星平板電腦Galaxy Tab 10.1 2012.01.28 Samsung v. Apple 禁制令 三星敗訴 德國可賣 蘋果iPhone、iPad 2012.01.31 Apple v. Samsung 禁制令 Apple 勝訴 德國禁售 三星平板電腦 Galaxy Tab 10.1 及 Galaxy 8.9 2012.03.14 Samsung v. Apple 禁制令 三星敗訴 荷國可賣 蘋果iPhone 4S 2012.06.26 Apple v. Samsung 禁制令 Apple 勝訴 美國禁售 三星平板電腦 Galaxy Tab 10.1 2012.06.29 Apple v. Samsung 禁制令 Apple 勝訴 美國禁售 三星手機 Galaxy Nexus 2012.07.06 Apple v. Samsung 禁制令 三星上訴成功 美國暫時解禁 三星 Galaxy Nexus 智慧手機在美銷售禁令，暫時解除 2012.07.24 Apple v. Samsung 禁制令 Apple上訴失敗 德國可賣 三星平板電腦Galaxy Tab 10.1N 2012.07.24 Apple v. Samsung 禁制令 Apple上訴成功 德國禁售 歐盟27國禁售三星平板電腦Galaxy Tab 7.7 2012.08.24 Apple vs. Samsung 禁制令 Apple 勝訴 南韓禁售 三星智慧手機 Galaxy SII、Galaxy Nexus，以及平板電腦 Galaxy Tab、Galaxy 10.1 三星勝訴 南韓禁售 蘋果 iPhone 4 和 iPad 2 2012.08.24 Apple vs. Samsung 禁制令 Apple 勝訴 美國禁售 三星8款智慧手機(Galaxy S 4G、S2 ATT、S2 Skyrocket、S2T-Mobile、S2 Epic 4G、S Showcase、Droid Charge和Prevail) 2012.09.21 Apple vs. Samsung 禁制令 Apple 敗訴 德國可賣 三星手機 2012.10.01 Apple v. Samsung 禁制令 三星上訴成功 美國可售 三星平板電腦 Galaxy Tab 10.1 2012.10.11 Apple v. Samsung 禁制令 Apple上訴失敗 美國可售 三星 Galaxy Nexus 智慧手機 2012.10.14 Samsung v. Apple 禁制令 三星敗訴 日本可賣 蘋果iPhone 4S 2012.10.17 Samsung v. Apple 禁制令 三星敗訴 澳洲可賣 蘋果iPhone 4S 2012.10.18 Apple v. Samsung 禁制令 Apple上訴失敗 英國可售 Samsung Galaxy tablet三款平板機 10.1、8.9 及7.7 Source: 科技政策研究與資訊中心—科技產業資訊室整理，2012/10 圖一、蘋果訴狀中指出三星Galaxy S抄襲iPhone的證據 亦敵亦友 關係曖昧 據市場調查，三星的Galaxy Tab堪稱是市面上最快大量上市的Android平板電腦，而三星的智慧型手機Galaxy S的銷售量在短時間內達到1000萬隻，由於目前Android手機廠仍是採用機海策略，若一隻手機能夠銷售到千萬隻，勢必會對iPhone造成莫大的威脅，推測也是訴訟的主因之一。外界指出，蘋果的用意除了警告三星的智慧型手機或平板機可能會影響到蘋果的市占率，另外以後對於蘋果向三星採購的談判籌碼，會有增加的效果。 由於蘋果的許多產品其關鍵的零件組都係由三星負責代工，換個角度，也只有三星有這個規模與解決方案，可以整體的幫蘋果的產品製造其關鍵零件組。根據三星的資料指出，蘋果在2010年向三星的採購總額，達到了57億美金，蘋果公司約佔三星公司2010年半導體業務營收的17%，成為三星最大的客戶，並且在三星數項產品上成為了最大的購買者，但也因如此，蘋果似乎過度依賴三星了。 蘋果規避"雞蛋放一個籃子"風險 或許蘋果早就意識到這個問題，在iPhone 5進入量產時，有耳語傳出蘋果會慢慢的脫離對三星的依賴，例如iPhone以及iPad的心臟，A5處理器，原本係由三星代工製造，後來傳出將委託台灣積體電路公司(TSMC)代為生產；而iPad/iPhone另一項重要零件—-螢幕，原由三星代為生產製造，採用了三星的先進視網膜顯示技術(Retina Display)，但在iPhone 5後，也可能轉單委託日本東芝(Toshiba)公司代為生產製造，以便脫離對三星的過度依賴；甚至是，佔有三星記憶體出貨有極大比重的蘋果行動裝置，也傳出首次將iPhone/iPad的記憶體釋放給非三星的企業，其中控制IC將由台灣的力晶半導體代工，而華邦電也受惠於瑞薩(Renesas)以及爾必達(Elpida)的牽線與合作關係，將代工iPhone/iPad上的快閃記憶體(Flash Memory)。據日刊工業新聞(Business Line)報導，蘋果已選中夏普(Sharp)來開發新一代低溫多晶矽液晶顯示螢幕，供iPhone 6使用。 三星應戰採取多國訴訟並行的策略 三星旗下生產智慧型手機與平板電腦等，採用了作業系統為Google Android，而Android手機則是蘋果電腦最大的敵人，這讓蘋果電腦非常的矛盾，因為三星既是供應商但也是競爭對手。三星自己本身也許知道這個問題，遲早要和蘋果公司攤牌，所以在受到蘋果公司的第一波提告後，六天內迅速的開始反擊，這意味著三星不會在意失去蘋果這個大客戶，反而選擇攤牌與蘋果正面對抗，代表了三星的最終目的，仍舊是以發展自我品牌為主，三星並不在意失去蘋果的訂單。訴訟耗費有形及無形成本是很高的，一案跑三個國家的法院，成本至少乘三倍，看來三星真是拼了。 甚至，三星相信流失的訂單可以從自有品牌的產品來彌補，從這個角度想，其實應該擔心的該是蘋果公司。因為蘋果公司已經開始出現過度依賴三星的現象出現。例如其A5處理器，其中有許多核心關鍵技術即是由三星協助開發出來的，而這其中就包含了數項三星的專利，蘋果幾乎是被綁死的狀態，外界推測這也可能是蘋果一直延遲A5交由台積電代工的原因。 小結 目前，蘋果仍舊在慢慢的脫離對三星的過度依賴，所以蘋果興訟意在警告三星，仍未達到撕破臉的階段，但是，是否打草驚蛇了，反而給三星反擊的機會。從三星在短短6天內備妥反擊的戰書，戰場轉向美國以外的法院提告，由此可見，三星的態度很明顯，不會妥協，必要的話可以馬上斷絕和蘋果的供應鏈關係。真正重要的階段，應該是往後蘋果的動作。如果蘋果再度大規模的反擊回去的話，可能代表著三星和蘋果不再有合作的機會了。從台灣廠商的角度來看，這也許是個轉單的機會，因為三星不做的事情，台灣廠商都有能力做。(1322字；表2) 表一、專利訴訟案件基本資料：蘋果與三星電子互告 訴訟名稱 Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd. et al v. Apple, Inc. Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd. et al v. Apple, Inc. Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd. et al v. Apple, Inc. Apple Inc. v. Samsung Electronics Co. Ltd. et al Apple Inc. v. Samsung Electronics Co. Ltd. et al 提告日期 2011年6月28日 2011年6月29日 2011年6月29日 2011年7月05日 2012年2月08日 原告 Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd. Samsung Telecommunications America,LLC Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd. Samsung Telecommunications America,LLC Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd. Samsung Telecommunications America,LLC Apple Inc. Apple Inc. 被告 Apple, Inc. Apple, Inc. Apple, Inc. Samsung Electronics Co. Ltd. Samsung Electronics America, Inc. Samsung Telecommunications America, LLC Samsung Electronics Co. Ltd. Samsung Electronics America, Inc. Samsung Telecommunications America, LLC 案號 337-TA-794 1:11-cv-00573 337-TA-796 5:12-cv-00630 訴訟法院 US ITC Delaware District Court 英國與義大利 US ITC California Northern District Court 系爭專利 US7,706,348；US7,486,644；US6,771,980；US6,879,843 ；US 7,450,114 US7,706,348；US7,486,644；US6,771,980；US6,879,843 ；US 7,450,114 US7,706,348；US7,486,644；US6,771,980；US6,879,843 ；US 7,450,114 US 7,479,949 ； US RE 41,922 ； US 7,863,533 ； US 7,789,697 ； US 7,912,501 ； US D558,757 ； US D618,678 US5,946,647 US6,847,959 US8,046,721 US8,074,172 US8,014,760 US5,666,502 US7,761,414 US8,086,604 三星反訴： (2012.4.18) US7756087；US7551596；US7672470；US7577757；US7232058；US6292179；US6226449；US5579239 系爭產品 無線通訊裝置用於iPod Touch、iPad、iPhone 無線通訊裝置用於iPod Touch、iPad、iPhone 無線通訊裝置用於iPod Touch、iPad、iPhone Galaxy系列手機與平板機產品 Galaxy Nexus 訴狀下載 preliminary injunction 訴訟名稱 Apple Inc. v. Samsung Electronics Co. Ltd. et al Samsung Electronics Co. Ltd. v. Apple Inc. Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd. et al v. Apple, Inc. Apple Inc. v. Samsung Electronics Co. Ltd. et al 提告日期 2011年4月15日 2011年4月21日 2011年4月27日 2011年6月22日 原告 Apple Inc. Samsung Electronics Co.Ltd. Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd. Samsung Telecommunications America,LLC Apple Inc. 被告 Samsung Electronics Co. Ltd. Samsung Electronics America, Inc. Samsung Telecommunications America, LLC Apple Inc. Apple, Inc. Samsung Electronics Co. Ltd. Samsung Electronics America, Inc. Samsung Telecommunications America, LLC 案號 4:2011cv01846 3:2011cv02079 訴訟法院 California Northern District Court 南韓首爾、日本、德國等法院 California Northern District Court 南韓首爾 系爭專利 US6493002；US7469381；US7663607；US7669134(x)；US7812828(x)；US7844915；US7853891；US7863533(x)；US7864163；US7920129；USD504889(v)；USD593087(v)；USD602016(x)；USD604305；USD617334；USD618677；USD622270(x)；USD627790 南韓首爾(5項專利侵權)、日本(2項專利侵權)、德國(3項專利侵權) US7200792(x)；US7386001(x)；US7079871(x)；US7050410(x)；US7069055(x)；US6928604(x)；US7675941；US7362867；US7447516；US7546893；US7577460；US7698711 系爭產品 三星的Galaxy S 4G、Epic 4G、Nexus S智慧型手機，和Galaxy Tab平板電腦 iPad and iPhone Apple iPhone 3G, iPhone 3GS, iPhone 4, iPad 2 3G, iPad 3G 三星Galaxy S手機 訴狀下載 (訴狀) 蘋果取得禁售令(2012.06.26) 與 併案審理 Source: 科技政策研究與資訊中心—科技產業資訊室整理，2011/06 與 併案審理 2012.5.21審庭前雙方精簡(streamline)後，Apple's Claims and Defenses： Apple 同意解除 (dimiss) 專利： 系爭專利 調整 權利項 (2012.7.23) 調整 權利項 (2012.7.29) 功能 US7,812,828 All claims ellipse-fitting algorithms to interpret touches US 6,493,002 Claims 4, 6, 7, 9, and 10 status bar US 7,469,381 Claims 2, 3, 5, and 10 Claim 19 rubber-banding effect when over-scrolling US 7,663,607 Claims 2, 3, 6, 7, and 10 touchscreen hardware US 7,920,129 Claims 1, 5, 9, 10, 12, 14, and 16 touchscreen hardware US 7,844,915 Claims 7 and 14-21 Claim 8 gestures US 7,853,891 Claims 14-15, 17-21, 23, 39-40, 42-46, 48, 51-52, 55-56, 64-71, and 73-74 timed window US 7,864,163 Claims 5, 8-9, 29, 33-34, 36, 38, and 52 Claim 50 tap to zoom and navigate 設計專利 USD622,270 Apple 繼續維持訴訟 Design Patents 專利 設計專利 調整 (2012.07.23) 調整 (2012.07.29) D504,889 V v iPad 2 body style D593,087 V v iPhone body style D618,677 V v iPhone body style D604,305 V v iPhone GUI D617,334 V iPhone GUI D627,790 V iPhone GUI Apple 繼續維持訴訟 trade dress 專利 商品外觀與包裝 繼續維持訴訟 trade dress Registration Nos. 3,470,983 V iPhone trade dress Registration Nos. 3,457,218 V iPhone (unregistered) trade dress V iPhone 3G (unregistered) trade dress V iPhone/iPhone 3G/iPhone 4 (unregistered) trade dress. V iPad and iPad 2 Apple 同意解除 (dimiss) trade dress 專利 商品外觀與包裝 解除 trade dress Registration No. 3,475,327 x iPhone unregistered trade dress x the original iPhone and the iPhone 4 Apple 同意解除 (dimiss) Trademark 專利 Registered Trademark 解除 說明 3,889,685 x settings icon 3,889,642 x messaging icon Apple 繼續維持訴訟專利 (Trademark) Trademark 維持 說明 3,886,200 v yellow and green sunflower for photos 3,886,169 v yellow notepad for ─notes 3,886,197 v male silhouette on spiral notebook for ─contacts 3,886,196 v green and white phone handset for making phone calls 2,935,038 v eighth note and CD for iTunes music service US Application 85/041,463 v white circle with 2/8 musical note for iTunes music service Samsung's Claims and Defenses Samsung 同意解除 (dimiss) 專利： US7,200,792 US7,386,001 US7,079,871 US7,050,410 US7,069,055 Samsung 繼續維持專利 Docket 927 (5/7) 調整 Docket 1277 (7/23) 調整 (7/29) 調整 US6,928,604 Claims 17 and 18 all remaining claims dismiss US7,675,941 Claims 10, 11 and 15 Claims 10 and 15 Claims 10 and 15 US7,362,867 Claims 25 and 26 Claims 25 and 26 US7,447,516 Claims 15, 16 and 17 Claims 15 and 16 Claims 15 and 16 US7,546,893 Claims 10 and 12 Claim 10 Claim 10 US7,577,460 Claim 1 Claim 1 Claim 1 US7,698,711 Claims 9 and 10 Claim 9 Claim 9 關鍵字：專利訴訟；專利侵權；半導體；蘋果(Apple)；三星(Samsung)；智慧型手機；平板電腦；iPhone；iPad (科技產業資訊室－May Philip C.F. Wen撰稿，2011/04/27)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linus_Torvalds Linus_Torvalds Internet Hall of Fame On April 23, 2012 at Internet Society 's Global INET conference in Geneva, Switzerland, Torvalds was one of the inaugural inductees into the Internet Hall of Fame , one of ten in the Innovators category and thirty-three overall inductees. Millennium Technology Prize On April 20, 2012, Torvalds was declared one of two winners of that year's Millennium Technology Prize , together with Shinya Yamanaka for what is widely described as the equivalent of the Nobel Prize in the technology field http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shinya_Yamanaka Shinya Yamanaka
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux_distribution Linux distribution From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . (September 2009) A Linux distribution is a member of the family of Unix-like operating systems built on top of the Linux kernel . Such distributions (often called distros for short) are operating systems including a large collection of software applications such as word processors, spreadsheets, media players, and database applications. These operating systems consist of the Linux kernel and, usually, a set of libraries and utilities from the GNU Project , with graphics support from the X Window System . Distributions optimized for size may not contain X and tend to use more compact alternatives to the GNU utilities, such as BusyBox , uClibc , or dietlibc . There are currently over six hundred Linux distributions . Over three hundred of those are in active development, constantly being revised and improved. Because most of the kernel and supporting packages are free and open source software , Linux distributions have taken a wide variety of forms—from fully featured desktop, server, laptop, netbook, mobile phone, and tablet operating systems as well as minimal environments (typically for use in embedded systems or for booting from a floppy disk). Aside from certain custom software (such as installers and configuration tools), a distribution is most simply described as a particular assortment of applications installed on top of a set of libraries married with a version of the kernel, such that its "out-of-the-box" capabilities meet most of the needs of its particular end-user base. One can distinguish between commercially backed distributions, such as Fedora ( Red Hat ), openSUSE ( Novell ), Ubuntu ( Canonical Ltd. ), and Mandriva Linux ( Mandriva ), and entirely community-driven distributions, such as Debian , Mageia and Gentoo . Popular distributions Well-known Linux distributions include: Arch Linux , a minimalist rolling release distribution targeted at experienced Linux users, maintained by a volunteer community and primarily based on binary packages in the tar.gz and tar.xz format. Debian , a non-commercial distribution maintained by a volunteer developer community with a strong commitment to free software principles Knoppix , the first Live CD distribution to run completely from removable media without installation to a hard disk, derived from Debian Linux Mint Debian Edition (LMDE) is based directly on Debian's testing distribution . Ubuntu , a popular desktop and server distribution derived from Debian, maintained by British company Canonical Ltd. BackTrack , based on the Ubuntu operating system. Used for digital forensics and penetration testing. Kubuntu , the KDE version of Ubuntu. Linux Mint , a distribution based on and compatible with Ubuntu. Currently using Gnome 3 shell, "Cinnamon", or optionally Gnome 2 fork, MATE. Xubuntu is the Xfce version of Ubuntu. Lubuntu , the LXDE version of Ubuntu, is advertised as a lightweight distribution. Fedora , a community distribution sponsored by American company Red Hat Red Hat Enterprise Linux , which is a derivative of Fedora, maintained and commercially supported by Red Hat. CentOS , a distribution derived from the same sources used by Red Hat , maintained by a dedicated volunteer community of developers with both 100% Red Hat-compatible versions and an upgraded version that is not always 100% upstream compatible Oracle Enterprise Linux , which is a derivative of Red Hat Enterprise Linux, maintained and commercially supported by Oracle. Mandriva , a Red Hat derivative popular in several European countries and Brazil, today maintained by the French company of the same name. PCLinuxOS , a derivative of Mandriva, grew from a group of packages into a community-spawned desktop distribution. Gentoo , a distribution targeted at power users , known for its FreeBSD Ports -like automated system for compiling applications from source code openSUSE a community distribution mainly sponsored by American company Novell . SUSE Linux Enterprise , derived from openSUSE, maintained and commercially supported by Novell. Slackware , one of the first Linux distributions, founded in 1993, and since then actively maintained by Patrick J. Volkerding . DistroWatch attempts to include every known distribution of Linux, whether currently active or not; it also maintains a ranking of distributions based on page views, as a measure of relative popularity. Niche distributions Other distributions are targeted at other specific niches, such as the tiny embedded router distribution OpenWrt , distributions for bioinformatics , the Ubuntu project to create Edubuntu for educational users, and KnoppMyth , which wraps MythTV around Knoppix to ease building Linux-powered DVRs . Similarly, there is the XBMC Live distro which wraps Ubuntu around XBMC Media Center ease building Linux-powered HTPC (Home Theater PC) . Others target the Apple Macintosh platform, including mkLinux , Yellow Dog Linux , and Black Lab Linux . Karoshi is a server system based on PCLinuxOS and aimed at educational users. SuperGamer is one of the few distributions focused solely on gaming . Trisquel is a Debian-based distribution that is composed entirely of Free Software and is endorsed by the Free Software Foundation . Scientific Linux is commonly used for scientific computer servers and workstations.
The Theory of Relativity: A Typical False Theory (4) Having proved that relativity theories is a false theory in (1), (2) and (3) of this series, we need to ask ourselves, why do we still believe them and its author? Is anything wrong with us? The series could not continue, but thanks everyone, whatsoever. Sorry for that I wish I were much younger so that I could solve all of the problems for all. I know it's impossible. So, good luck everyone.
Lorentz transformation and Relativity Theory The typical Lorentz transformation and Lorentz factor are listed as follow: t' = g (t – v x / c 2 ) (1) x' = g (x – v t) (2) where g = 1 / (1 – v 2 / c 2 ) ^ (1/2) (3) is the Lorentz factor, v is the relative speed of the two reference frames (F’ and F), and c is the speed of light. It must be noted that in relativity theory, same forms of above (1), (2), and (3) are used although they have different meanings. However, in introducing or proving formulae (1), (2), and (3), all of them committed the similar or differen error or errors and therefore (1), (2), and (3) based on these reasoning are not valid due to the Lorents factor error. Why? The problem is in the light speed c and the correct Lorents factor should be: g = 1. and (1), (2) become t' = t (1) x' = (x – v t) (2) This is the main reason and ultimate proof of: Relativity Theory is a typically wrong theory.
The Theory of Relativity: A Typical False Theory (2) Abstract In this blog, additional 5 very short direct disproof or disproof descriptions, labeled from to , are given from author’s general relativity theory itself : the extension of special relativity theory, Introduction I think that the introduction and wide adoption of general relativity(GR)in many practices is really a big mistake in physics and overall in science. This also reflects that we always like fancy ideas such as space warp or twisted space, etc. as in the GR theory even if we do not fully know the basic theories in for example physics like its basic laws and theorems. This blog continues the first one in this series and focus on the general relativity theory of Einstein’s relativity theory. Because GR theory is continuation of the SR theory to use for the whole universe where the space may warp or twist according to the inventor while in very short distances, space is not likely to warp or twist, hence, GR theory reduced to SR theory. In doing so, the inventor added many more concepts that many of us are never known before. As such, all of the previous 10 pieces of disproof are still valid. This blog will focus on the GR theory part. In addition, in this blog, I will take some analytical approach to reveal some of the indispensible concepts and realities in our universe while at the same time 5 additional very short direct disproof or disproof descriptions of GR theory are also given. Now let's start to have a look at some of these fundamental concepts in our universe like time and space and see why GR theory is a false theory for this extension part of the relativity theory .
焦 点开“资讯快播”，首先映入眼帘的主题新闻是： “ 刘翔跟腱手术成功 主刀医生： 他能战 2016 奥运 ”…… 旁边还有一条也挺醒目： 待解的刘翔之谜 : 谁在说谎 ? 二者对照，我更愿意加入反刘但不拥曹（操）的一派。在下这回实在是不想再陪着刘翔还有他那一帮“太子”党、教练团智囊团游戏啦—— 比他精彩得多的奥运冠军、后起之秀、黑马们已经实在太多了！ 骆驼祥（翔）子早就该终结早就已经名存实亡的“刘翔时代”了。 退赛一而再地上演，难道我们还有那份闲心继续期待四年之后他的跨栏夺冠？ 竞走小将陈定 不是已经摘就宝贵的田径第二块金牌，结束了祥子独霸的局面么？而陈定取得不亚于祥子的中国田径佳绩时， 他的年龄（20岁）已经创造了最小的记录！【 陈定是继刘翔之后，中国第二个在田径项目中夺金的男运动员，对此他说：“在我心里面， 刘翔大哥永远是我的榜样。 我觉得从现在开始，接下来我会有很长的路要走，更多的艰辛要去磨炼，要去刻苦努力，我相信我还是依然能做好我自己的事情。刘翔大哥加油，我相信你，我顶你。” http://2012.qq.com/a/20120805/001533.htm 】 刘翔早就已经输不起地倒在了起跑线。 第一，祥子实在已经输不起了。 首先，腾飞的中国体坛决定了祥子不能输！ 据中国日报昨日的新闻， Just play and enjoy 介绍，刘翔是一位中国体坛的骄子。 Just play and enjoy it Updated: 2012-08-09 08:09 ( China Daily) Aug 8 is National Fitness Day in China. This is the day when the Beijing Olympics was declared open in 2008. Since 2009, this day has been marked to encourage people to play sports, exercise and honor the Olympic spirit. Chinese hurdler Liu Xiang's perseverance and optimism make him a perfect role model for this year's National Fitness Day. Liu crashed to the ground at the first hurdle in the 110-meter hurdle heats at the London Olympics on Aug 7. His Achilles tendon became his Achilles heel again at the Olympics. He had taken only a few steps and withdrawn from the Beijing Olympic Games because of injury. His exit disappointed millions of fans again. Yet most people sympathized with him because he has been a true inspiration for one and all. Liu broke the 13-year-old world record in 2006 and maintained a high competitive level despite his serious tendon injuries. His coach said that his injuries have been so serious that he has to seek treatment for several months after running just one race. Despite the difficulties Liu has won 36 races, come second in 6 and third in 3 others in 48 international competitions since 2000. He is the first Chinese hurdler to break a world record, and win gold both at the Olympic Games and the World Championships. Liu's glorious, and at times painful, career gives him enough reason to hang up his boots. But he has not, for he is racing against himself. Each second he spends on the track is the result of years of rigorous, and often dull, training. In doing so, Liu has taught us how to enjoy playing sports. Liu has taught us how to be optimistic, too, by overcoming pressure, enjoying the competition and making friends. That's why even people outside China are worried about his health and fitness. But Liu comforts them with his infectious smile and his words: "Take it easy. It's only a game. Enjoy it." Liu updated his micro blog before the 110-meter hurdle heats, saying: "I will enjoy my Olympics." Let us also enjoy the sports we play and keep fit, for that is what National Fitness Day is all about, and hope that Liu is back to blaze another trail on the tracks soon. (China Daily 08/09/2012 page8 · 这篇文章的摘要说：“ Chinese hurdler Liu Xiang's perseverance and optimism make him a perfect role model for this year's National Fitness Day . ” 这么高的评价如果搁在那个挺着肩伤获得举重银牌的中国男选手(陆浩杰)身上是在恰当不过的了。 而刘翔的伤不起，主动果敢地退赛，我们只能说这个“完美偶像”实在是太聪明了，反正媒体和记者早就已经定好了宣传、赞扬的基调了。【事后听说，关于刘翔退赛的宣传精神，可能在开赛前就下发了，这点确实很让我不能理解， 受伤、退赛不再是突发事件，反而成了规定动作，这就很像是羽毛球消极比赛的事件了，当然，从这一点也可以看出，刘翔的伤势真的很严重。 或许刘翔明知道自己有伤，还要拼一把，这样的精神值得赞赏。早些年，我也是这么认为的。但我觉得对自己的身体负责，才是运动员应有的态度，应该把那种轻伤不下火线的价值观留在上世纪吧。你想啊，原本将担任西班牙代表团开幕式旗手的纳达尔就因为受伤宣布退出奥运会，这就是对自己的身体负责任，当然，网球和田径有区别，但从对运动员的负责任的态度来看，应该是一样的，保不齐就因为这次受伤，刘翔的身体留下什么后遗症呢。 说实话，这像是一场闹剧，不少人在批评刘翔，他们的愤怒，我也可以理解。不过，我的观点是运动员都不容易，很多时候身不由己，多一些理解，多一些宽容吧。在现在这个环境下， 刘翔是“被绑架”的运动员 ，绑架他的，不仅有体育局、赞助商，也有我们这些对他寄予希望的国人。 http://tieba.baidu.com/p/1781982855 】 其次，刘翔本人已经绝对输不起了。 他必须出现在比赛场的起跑线之上，哪怕是预赛！ 祥子的身价惊人，从几百万跃升到 1.6 个亿，即使是退赛了，广告商也还是给出了几千万的高价。你说刘翔一开始就敢声明自己不能参赛么？ 他自己可以答应不赛，但是那些讨了大把银子的赞助商会饶过祥子吗？ 第二，（内容未完，请待续……） 刘翔的玩心（ Just play and enjoy it 的 游戏心态）极大，和故意摔倒的英国自行车选手，他的表演欲望更加强烈。但非常可惜的是，却不能像人家那样拿到物有所值的奖牌。 从网上的反映看，科人和其他各界人士一样认为：刘翔能够感动世界、却感动不了国人！有关投票调查中，认为他“秀”的(疑惑)占到了半数以上。“真正”能够理解他的知音只有百分之一二十。 http://survey.ifeng.com/news/1172.html#p=result 最令人搞笑的是退赛次日，祥子智囊高参们居然将罪责转嫁到负责他的康复的团队头上，说他们没有预料到刘翔比赛时会出现这种尴尬的表现！ 可是我们犹然记得在新闻发布会上祥子的教头从容解释时那种“胜似闲庭信步”的微笑、淡定自若。 观众众目睽睽之下的祥子到底又是怎么一副被迫退赛的场面呢？相信 13 亿中国人全部都眼睁睁地看见了！ 如果祥子当时用尽全力一跨，突然被拉伤的肌肉绊倒，那么绝对不会再有深情缱绻的告别仪式了。 这种仪式是多么的优雅，多么完整！相信没有工夫在赛前到训练场露面的祥子，背后不知将这套规定动作重温了多少遍！ 你看他单腿跳跃，完成整套用双腿才能跨越的过程是多么地轻松，一切都是那么地轻而易举！ 刘翔伤不起、输不起了（理由如上），剩下的只有我们都看见的他的“表演”，还有安排好的媒体发布，基本步调一致的宣传口径。 已经在读博士的刘翔早就为自己找到了一条圆满的晋身之路！可是上一次的表演他还意犹未尽，临场再来了一回！ 这实在是比故意倒地的英国自行车赛手更加让国人 零容忍 的行为。 媒体（官方）的贴金行为，我们或许能够理解个中的“苦衷”和动机。但我们不能容忍地是他对其他选手的妨害： 他的触碰（倒栏），意外终止了两旁三位外国选手的参赛。不知道私下里人家能不能原谅祥子的这种行为？ 当祥子跳到终点，对第一个遇到的的选手伸手致意后，妄想把手攀到人家肩上之际，被人家耸肩躲闪了过去…… 为什么？ 我们觉得那个选手和那些被逼迫退出比赛的外国选手一样，表达了另外一种态度： 一个参赛者用心比赛，其实比什么（如获得金牌）都更有意义。 祥子游戏般的“玩”（ Just play and enjoy it ），岂可一而再地多次上演，甚至再而三地“ 战 2016 奥运 ”？ Liu updated his micro blog before the 110-meter hurdle heats, saying: " I will enjoy my Olympics ." 祥子确实享受了一把退赛的时刻(London 2012)，至于赛场、电视前的观众则未必能“enjoy” it! 如果他真正伤重退场（被抬下去）而非“圆满告别”，也许原谅他的人会更多。 够了！下一届奥运会，我决定不陪祥子再玩了。观众的忍耐，其实是有限度的……。
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2012 Jul 16. Donor-dependent variations in hepatic differentiation from human-induced pluripotent stem cells. Kajiwara M , Aoi T , Okita K , Takahashi R , Inoue H , Takayama N , Endo H , Eto K , Toguchida J , Uemoto S , Yamanaka S . Source Center for Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell Research and Application, Department of Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, and Department of Tissue Regeneration, Institute for Frontier Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan. Abstract Hepatocytes generated from human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) are unprecedented resources for pharmaceuticals and cell therapy. However, the in vitro directed differentiation of human pluripotent stem cells into mature hepatocytes remains challenging. Little attention has so far been paid to variations among hiPSC lines in terms of their hepatic differentiation. In the current study, we developed an improved hepatic differentiation protocol and compared 28 hiPSC lines originated from various somatic cells and derived using retroviruses, Sendai viruses, or episomal plasmids. This comparison indicated that the origins, but not the derivation methods, may be a major determinant of variation in hepatic differentiation. The hiPSC clones derived from peripheral blood cells consistently showed good differentiation efficiency, whereas many hiPSC clones from adult dermal fibroblasts showed poor differentiation. However, when we compared hiPSCs from peripheral blood and dermal fibroblasts from the same individuals, we found that variations in hepatic differentiation were largely attributable to donor differences, rather than to the types of the original cells. These data underscore the importance of donor differences when comparing the differentiation propensities of hiPSC clones.
春天的承诺 ---- 柳树柔柔的日子 鲍海飞 2012-4-5 春天没有向我们承诺！但她却一直在承诺，她带给我们美丽、繁荣、收获和遐想。读了这首歌谣，我分明是看到了春天的承诺和人们的期待。 余昕 老师非常喜欢 Gordon Lightfoot 的歌， Gordon Lightfoot 是加拿大风靡一时的民歌手，而且余老师发觉 Pussywillows 这首歌很有些诗经的味道，于是留言与我。翻译的有些罗嗦了，等有时间，再简练一下。 Pussywillows Pussywillows, cat-tails, soft winds and roses Rainbows in the woodland, water to my knees Shivering, quivering, the warm breath of spring Pussywillows, cat-tails, soft winds and roses 柳树柔柔，香蒲葱葱；轻风绵绵，玫瑰红红； 七色彩虹，高挂天空；溪水叮咚，漫过膝踵； 一丝颤抖，一丝惶恐；暖暖气息，春之脉动； 柳树柔柔，香蒲葱葱；轻风绵绵，玫瑰红红； 春天来了就是这样的光景。万物复苏，溪水却还有丝丝凉意。 Catbirds and cornfields, daydreams together Riding on the roadside the dust gets in your eyes Reveling, disheveling, the summer nights can bring Pussywillows, cat-tails, soft winds and roses 鸟儿鸣鸣，玉米地荣；白日之梦，碧蓝天空； 奔驰向前，一路追风；风沙漫过，迷失眼中； 一丝惊喜，一身轻松；绿野丛丛，夏之茸茸； 柳树柔柔，香蒲葱葱；轻风绵绵，玫瑰红红。 很显然，夏天到了，到处是绿色的海洋。 Slanted rays and colored days, stark blue horizons Naked limbs and wheatbins, hazy afternoons Voicing, rejoicing, the wine cups do bring Pussywillows, cat-tails, soft winds and roses 斜阳缕缕，霞日映空；亦阴亦晴，天马行空； 裸露手臂，粮仓高耸；人约黄昏，草浅云浓； 一声高呼，一阵喜悦；举杯在手，秋日融融； 柳树柔柔，香蒲葱葱；轻风绵绵，玫瑰红红。 这段里没有直接写秋到了，但是却可以看出这是丰收的季节，人们又在举杯庆祝丰收了。 Harsh nights and candlelights, woodfires a-blazin' Soft lips and fingertips resting in my soul Treasuring, remembering, the promise of spring Pussywillows, cat-tails, soft winds and roses 长夜沉沉，烛光懒懒；壁火通明，火光融融； 巧巧朱唇，纤纤玉指；荡吾心弦，荡吾心胸； 世之珍宝，勿忘吾荣，春之有约，春之芳动； 柳树柔柔，香蒲葱葱；轻风绵绵，玫瑰红红。 寒冷的冬天到来，人们围坐在火炉旁，火温暖着身，人温暖着心，心在遥想着春天的美丽。 这就是春天的承诺！ 一些单词附注。 Catbird, a north Ame. Song bird. Revel, to take great pleasure or delight. Dishevel, to loosen and let fall(hair or clothing) To throw into disorder. Stark, bare or blunt, grim, harsh. Hazy, marked by the presence of haze, misty.
银色的月亮 鲍海飞 译 2012-1-6 我们总是喜欢把月亮比做钩，比作船，英国人却喜欢把月亮比作鞋子。 Walter de la Mare 是英国诗人和小说家，最著名的是给孩子们写的作品。 月亮出来散步了，看看它们。 Silver(Walter de la Mare, 1873-1956.) Slowly,silently,now the moon Walks the night in her silver shoon; This way, and that, she peers, and sees, Silver fruit upon silver trees; 轻移慢动月儿羞，俏丽银鞋静夜游， 袅袅娜娜四下望，晶莹硕果挂枝头。 该诗中除了较为美好的意境之外，也包含了重要的‘声响‘效果。 第一行中， slowly,silently ， 包含两个 ‘s’ ，仿佛让我们感觉到那脚步‘嘶,嘶’的声音。 第二行中同样包含了两个连续的‘ s’,silver,shoon ， 进一步让我们感觉到那‘脚步声’ 在一步一步地靠近。 最后两行也是每行均包含两个 ‘s’ 开头的单词，分别是 she,see 和 silver,silver 。 因此，我们仿佛感觉到月亮‘公主’在一步一步轻轻走来，俯看大地，越来越近， 不过，脚步是越来越慢。最后，在那高高的果树上停留下来， 欣赏着她自己那美丽的倩影和那成熟的果实。 这种‘声响’效果是英语语言中较为显著的一个特征。
衰老研究，为什么不报道完整的香山会议信息？ 《科学时报》 在 2011-12-28 A1 版大篇幅刊登了见习记者甘晓的文章“ 返老还童有无可能”， http://news.sciencenet.cn/htmlnews/2011/12/257614.shtm 有意无意又稀里糊涂地把“端粒”作为生物体衰老的“时钟”推上了决定生命万物命运的宝座。 作为在两天后将升级为《中国科学报》的国内科学权威喉舌的《科学时报》的这条消息无意之间似乎在向广大民众传输一个理念——“端粒决定衰老”已成为中国第 417 次衰老香山科学会议的共识。而事实上会议的共识应该是“端粒缩短与多种应激损伤正相关（如氧应激、糖应激），而不是与细胞分裂次数正相关”！换言之：端粒缩短是应激损伤的后果之一，可以作为衰老的一个指标，但不是生物衰老的本质原因！ 甘晓记者难道没有听到会议上关于这个问题激烈辩论的“火花”？难道没有听到会场上已明确报告的消息：“国际上已经多场合，多频次的公开宣布‘衰老已不再是生物学的不解之谜’”的介绍？为什么刻意无视国际上专业科学领域的发展动向？为什么不报道完整的会议信息？ 笔者在此再次明确报告：衰老已不再是千古之谜——“熵增决定衰老”已成为该领域的科学共识。为了给中国的衰老研究及相关领域的科学工作者理清思路，少走弯路，以下列出近年来与以上论题相关的文献供大家参考： Biological Aging Is No Longer an Unsolved Problem.pdf Entropy explains aging.pdf No more complexity adding to an already simplified aging problem.pdf Aging and the decline in health.pdf 衰老_千古之谜的终结.pdf 又：为给大家增加一些相关的专业知识，以下链接刘实大侠的相关博文： 科霸天下无春色，教条横行真难显 http://blog.sina.com.cn/s/blog_502041670102e1yb.html
说明： 绝大多数 SCI 期刊都不收版面费，但有些期刊有页码限制，超过规定页码要收费。这种收费方式又有两种，强制收费和非强制收费，具体说起来比较麻烦，大家可以查看期刊主页上的 Information for Authors 。下面是我知道的与控制（包括滤波）有关的 SCI 国际期刊，其中 ASJC 有页码限制， IJICIC 收版面费，印象中 IJCAS 也收版面费，现在在它的主页上找不到相关信息了，不知道现在是否收费。大家点击期刊名称就可以链接到期刊主页。 Applied Mathematics and Computation Asian Journal of Control （ ASJC ） Automatica Circuits Systems and Signal Processing European Journal of Control Fuzzy Sets and Systems IEEE Proceedings IEEE Signal Processing Letters IEEE Transactions on Automatic Control IEEE Transactions on Control System Technology IEEE Transactions on Fuzzy Systems IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks IET Proc. Control Theory and Applications IMA Journal of Mathematical Control and Information Information Sciences International Journal of Adaptive Control and Signal Processing International Journal of Control International Journal of Control, Automation, and Systems （ IJCAS ） International Journal of Innovative Computing, Information and Control (IJICIC) International Journal of Robust and Nonlinear Control International Journal of Systems Science Journal of the Franklin Institute Journal of Optimization Theory and Applications Multidimensional Systems and Signal Processing Optimal Control Applications and Methods SIAM Journal on Control and Optimization Signal Processing Systems and Control Letters
那么既然如此，为什么我们还常常听到技术人才短缺的说法呢？我们可以归结出几个原因。 首先，科技工作的机会越来越不具吸引力。这表现在工资（扣除通胀后）在过去十五年中基本没有增加【注 7 】，由于全球化和外包而造成工作稳定和晋升机会的巨大不确定性，博士生和博士后越来越沦为便宜劳动力而未来的机会渺茫【注 8 】等。因此，虽然年轻人中有志学习理科的还是很多，但在每个学习，工作阶段都有大量人才转向其他领域。研究发现，虽然理科职业的人才供应在过去三十年中基本不变，但其中的优秀人才离开科学工程行业的比例在过去十年 显著增加。有关数据分析表明，学生们不是因为缺乏训练或能力而离开科学工程行业，而更可能是其他行业更具吸引力【注 9 】。 说到工资对人才供给的影响，这里有个有趣的例子【注 12 】。美国的石油工业在过去二十年中成长很慢，所以大学相关专业的学生减少了 85% ，而研究生大多数是外国学生。现在因为种种因素对人才的需求变强了，石油工业就把新手的工资在过去四五年中提高了 30% 到 60% 。这个提高虽然比其他领域快，却也不是天文数字。但是这样的结果是：过去五年中石油专业的毕业生增加了一倍。而新生数量增加了五倍多。可见，市场对于人才的吸引或排斥对于学生选择专业是很强大的信号。 其次，雇主们越来越注重理科以外的“软能力”，如沟通技巧，跨部门和跨国界的协调能力等。而目前学校在这些方面的培养可能有所不足【注 9 】。而且由于全球化，雇佣关系远不如以前稳定，雇主也越来越不愿意投资于训练员工。他们希望找到技能正好适应其要求的新员工。而这一点无疑是很困难的。 另一个原因，是全球化和外包造成了美国企业研发系统的解体【注 10 】。高科技企业的通常做法是把“低端”的编程，实施，测试等工作放到国外去，把高端的研究和发明工作留在国内。但是问题是，刚毕业的技术人才只能胜任“低端”的工作。他们找不到工作，也就不会变成“高端”人才，因此企业也招不到他们需要的人。（而且，这样的做法也无助于美国保住高科技工作机会。从低端到高端并没有不可逾越的门槛。其他国家继续鲸吞“高端”工作，只是时间问题。） 所以，如果把科技人才的培养看成一个流水线的话，学校教育只是其中一环。上面的讨论表明，如果这个流水线有问题的话，问题也不在中小学或大学。加大对学校的投资以期生产更多的理科毕业生，只会进一步扭曲市场，反而把最优秀的学生排挤出去。 当然，靠市场来引导学生就业存在着“周期效应”，如空间竞赛引起的“全民学科学”造成了七十年代的科技人才过剩。人为地提高科技人才的供应会造成工作条件的进一步恶化而更降低青少年学习科技的动力，反而在长远范围造成人才不足。由于市场的滞后效应，政府的引导和政策倾斜也是必要的。但是这个行为应该建立在对人才供求关系的精确了解上。而目前这方面的资讯看来还不足（由于全球化，各国的政策会相互影响，所以精确地预计未来是很困难的）。也许政府最应该做的，是及时把市场需求反映给学校和学生。现在学生选课时，其实对劳力市场的了解相当少，而且资讯来源主要是零碎的，如来自父母，老师，朋友等。这就更加剧了滞后效应。 我认为理科工作市场条件不好更深层的原因，在于科技本身的价值已经时过境迁，不再是“王冠上的明珠了”。这一点我在以前评论“世界是平的”这本书时已经讨论过。（ http://www.sciencenet.cn/m/user_content.aspx?id=257919 ）我在那里列举了两个原因：一是而目前情况下科技行业最根本的问题不是做不出产品，而是做出的产品对客户有多少价值。所以决定科研方向的“舵手”级人才，才是有价值的。而这样的人不是靠常规教育培养出来的。第二，信息时代科技知识扩散的速度非常快，目前知识产权保护的机制也有欠缺。所以首创者的额外利润相当有限。 三年前，有人提出了“后科学社会”的概念，很发人深思【注 11 】。作者的观点是：美国在科学研究上的优势正在失去。这不是因为美国退步了，而是因为其他很多国家的社会经济发展到了一定水平，有条件开展第一流的科学研究了。而他们在人口和成本上的优势是美国无法匹敌的。所以，就像我们从农业，工业社会进入科技社会一样，我们也将进入后科技社会。这不等于我们不需要产生和使用科技知识，就像我们仍然需要钢铁和粮食一样。但是在价值链中最好的地位不是产生科技知识，而是利用和整合科技知识来设计，创造和想象出最能造福于人类的产品。 其实在美国，这样的转变早已开始。上个世纪末，美国最成功的公司是英特尔，杜邦， GE 等。它们的强点是对科学和技术的深入了解，拥有一些别人不可及的“核心技术“。而今天，美国最成功的公司是古狗， Dell ， eBay ， FedEx ， Wal-Mart 等。它们并没有多少核心技术，也没有很大的研发投资（除了古狗以外）。而他们的强点是整合已有的技术，开发出独创性的产品或运作方法。美国最赚钱的产品是信息系统，多媒体，电子商务，搜寻引擎等。这些都需要高性能的物理器件和复杂的算法和程序。但是真正的附加价值在顶端：设计和实现受市场欢迎的应用。而要占据这个地位，企业将把科技知识当成原材料一样对待，自己产生或从外部取得都可以。而企业的主要任务是了解现有的科学知识和文化，人性，而在创造力方面居于前列。 为了支持这个转型，国家的科研体制也需要改变。在科学社会时代，国家的科研经费主要是给大学和国家实验室，它们承担着产生科研成果和培养人才的双重责任。在后科学时代，科研仍然是需要的。但科研的方式更加是“网络”型的，由各种类型的机构合作完成。政府的资助也应该促进这种合作，鼓励新思想的碰撞和综合。美国也会更加依赖于其他国家的科研成果（就像我们今天依赖于进口的原料和工业品一样）。所以，如何影响和引导其他国家的科研活动来适合美国的需要，也是一个新课题。在教育方面，要着重培养学生的创造力和开放型思维能力，以及他们对其他文化的了解和交流技能。政府对于这种传统科研以外的创造活动也应该象以前对科研一样给予政策，税务，协调，保护等方面的支持。 “后科学社会”目前还是个很初步的概念，而且也没有受到很大重视。但是我认为这是个不错的思路。过去半个世纪中，美国面临国际竞争有好几次了。一开始，美国总是试图在受威胁领域加大投资，夺回优势。但最终，都是把那些领域拱手让人，而在别处开出一条生路。这些“柳暗花明又一村”的经历，也许才是美国的真正优势所在。当然，现在美国面临的竞争不是一个具体的工业或技术领域，而是整个以科研创造价值的模式。那么现在应该是“夺回失土”还是“另辟蹊径”？这个讨论应该是很有意义的。当然，这已经超出了本文的范围了。 有关文章： 美国理科教育（ 2 ）教育与国力（上） http://blog.sciencenet.cn/home.php?mod=spaceuid=309766do=blogid=405402 谈美国中小学理科教育（ 1 ）关于国际测验成绩 （上） http://www.sciencenet.cn/m/user_content.aspx?id=400801 谈美国中小学理科教育（ 1 ）关于国际测验成绩 （下） http://www.sciencenet.cn/m/user_content.aspx?id=403223 《世界是平坦的》书评 htttp://www.sciencenet.cn/m/user_content.aspx?id=257919 完整大脑与后信息时代 《 A Whole New Mind 》读后 http://www.sciencenet.cn/m/user_content.aspx?id=300210 古狗随想录 （上）：“掌控中的混乱” http://www.sciencenet.cn/m/user_content.aspx?id=358516 古狗随想录（下）：一统天下，“不作恶”与公信力 http://www.sciencenet.cn/m/user_content.aspx?id=361463 【1】 Science and Techology Salaries: Trends and Details Report No. 5 (2006), https://www.cpst.org/STEM/STEM5_Report.pdf 【2】 B. L. Benderly, “The Real Science Gap”, Miller-McCune (2010), http://www.miller-mccune.com/science/the-real-science-gap-16191/ 【3】 B. L. Lowell, H. Salzman, H. Bernstein, E. Henderson, “Steady as She Goes? Three Generations of Students through the Science and Engineering Pipeline”, paper presented at the Annual Meetings of the Association for Public Policy Analysis and Management Washington, D.C., 2009, http://policy.rutgers.edu/faculty/salzman/steadyasshegoes.pdf 【4】 P. J. Kostek, Prepared Statement at the United States House of Representatives Hearing on The Implications of the Globalization of RD and Innovation for America’s Science and Engineering Workforce, November 6, 2007, http://democrats.science.house.gov/Media/File/Commdocs/hearings/2007/tech/06nov/kostek_testimony.pdf 【5】 CHRISTOPHER T. HILL, “The Post-Scientific Society”, Issues in Science and Technology, Fall 2007 ， http://www.issues.org/24.1/c_hill.html# 【6】 H. Salzman and L. Lowell, “Making the Grade”, Nature vol. 453 (2008), 28-30, doi:10.1038/453028a, http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v453/n7191/full/453028a.html
creep多指哺乳动物四肢着地“爬行”或蹑手蹑脚不发出响声地前行，强调动作无声。 crawl多指虫类在地面爬行时身体蠕动的缓慢动作或身体贴近地面手脚并用地爬行的人或物，强调动作之缓慢。 The baby crawled towards his mother. That apple is crawling with worms.
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