研究方向 ：研究行驶过程中的无人驾驶车辆对来自车内与车外声音的自动检测、实时识别和理解技术，主要包括行驶车流中周围车辆的各种鸣笛的识别、理解和定位，噪声信号分离以及交通信息提示语音的自动检测、识别和理解技术。该技术需具有较高的识别、理解和定位的准确率以及较高的鲁棒性，并须在无人驾驶车辆验证平台中得到验证。 ：国家自然科学基金 - 重大研究计划 项目号 :91120303 National Natural Science Foundation of China under grant No. 91120303 起止时间：2012.1～2015.12 ( 附：鲁棒的非特定环境声学事件检测关键技术研究 项目号 :61071181 起止时间 2011 ～ 2013 ）
如果信息流顺畅，则容易被接收。但是经常会出现句子阻塞的情况，这是因为动词没有紧跟在主语之后。出现在主语与动词间的内容，无论其长度如何，都仿佛是一种干扰，所以要尽量避免。 例 1 ： Dengue virus , a Flavivirus belonging to the family Flaviviridae , which includes over 60 known human pathogens such those causing yellow fever, Japanese encephalitis, tick-borne encephalitis, Saint Louis encephalitis, and West Nile encephalitis, is classified into four different serotypes: Types1, 2, 3, and 4. 这句话给读者的理解设置了很大障碍，因为主语 (“Dengue virus”) 与其动词 (“is classified”) 间相隔了 31 个词。看不到动词，读者就不知道主语在做什么，也不知道这句话要表达什么。结果，读者的注意力都集中在寻找动词，而顾不上接收这些插入的信息，尽管它们是最重要的。插入的内容越长，可能表明其携带的信息越重要；但是鉴于其在句子结构上所处的位置，只能被视为插入。 通常，根据其与旧信息或新信息的关系，可以将插入的内容移至句首或句尾。有时，也可以考虑将这部分内容独立成句，甚至全部省略。在例 1 中，插入部分的重要性很难予以评估。如果它是重要的，就应将其安排在能够显示其重要性的位置上。 修改后的例 1 ： Dengue virus is a Flavivirus belonging to the family Flaviviridae , which includes over 60 known human pathogens such as those causing yellow fever, Japanese encephalitis, tick-borne encephalitis, Saint Louis encephalitis, and West Nile encephalitis. It is classified into four different serotypes: Types 1, 2, 3, and 4. 另一方面，也许这些插入的内容无关紧要，只会分散读者的注意力。那么就该删除，让读者一目了然地看到重要信息。 修改后的例 1 ： Dengue virus is classified into for different serotypes: Types 1, 2, 3, and 4. 修改后的这两句话哪句更能准确表达作者意图，答案只有作者本人知道。 看到了动词，读者还希望尽快看到句子的宾语。因此，作者应该避免在动词和宾语间插入内容，以免动词与宾语间出现阻断。 例 2 ： We quantitatively compared, using a model-based approximate Bayesian computation (ABC) method relying on computer simulations, the different introduction scenarios for the Western European WCR populations. 修改后的例 2 ： Using a model-based approximate Bayesian computation (ABC) method relying on computer simulations, we quantitatively compared the different introduction scenarios for the Western European WCR populations. 例 3 ： We conclude, based on very simplified models of solar variability, that solar variability is insignificant. 修改后的例 3 ： We conclude that solar variability is insignificant based on very simplified models of solar variability . 或： Based on very simplified models of solar variability , we conclude that solar variability is insignificant . 练习： 改写下列句子，使动词紧随主语之后，避免两者间出现阻断。 1. Onchocerciasis, with approximately 18 million infected cases worldwide and 80 million more people at risk of infection, is now recognized as one of the major public health and socioeconomic Problems in many tropical countries (Murdoch et al., 1996; OEPA, 1998). 2. Early experiments revealed, as demonstrated by a strong suppression of the transition temperature with impurities (4), the extreme fragility of the superconductivity in the ruthenate superconductor Sr 2 RuO 4 (SRO). 3. Aside from these RNA structures found in bacteria, plants, and fungi, a viral RNA, with a sequence very similar to an ATP binding RNA aptamer, has been found to be able to bind ATP. 4. We recorded, for each detected atom released from the trap, the inplane coordinates x and y and the time of detection t . 5. After a warm spring, female passerines, as a result of phenotypic plasticity, an individual-level response to temperature, often breed earlier than they do after a cold spring. 6. Allosteric ribozymes, which take small molecules as input and whose output makes cascading difficult, as it is a different form than the input, have been shown to perform logical functions (3). 7. The first two members, COF-1 and COF-5(C 9 H 4 BO 2 ), which have rigid structures, exceptional thermal stabilities (to temperatures up to 600 ℃ ), low densities, and exhibit permanent porosity with specific surface areas surpassing those of well-known zeolites and porous silicates, can be synthesized using a simple “one-pot” procedure under mild reaction conditions that are efficient and high-yielding. 8. A superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID) is used to measure, hence mapping the phase anisotropy of the superconducting order parameter, the phase difference between different real-space tunneling directions. 9. We modified, to investigate asymmetric thermal propagation in a suitable 1D inhomogeneous medium, carbon nanotubes and boron nitride nanotubes so that they assumed a non-uniform axial mass distribution (Fig.1.). 10. We reported previously that, in addition to ploy (A) binding protein, a 50 kDa protein, also strongly associated with polysomal mRNA from Saccharomyces cerevisiae , is involved in the mechanism . 参考答案 1. Onchocerciasis is now recognized as one of the major public health and socioeconomic problems in many tropical countries (Murdoch et al., 1996; OEPA, 1998). There are approximately 18 million cases of onchocerciasis worldwide, and 80 million more people are at risk of infection. 2. Early experiments revealed the extreme fragility of the superconductivity in the ruthenate superconductor Sr 2 RuO 4 (SRO) as demonstrated by a strong suppression of the transition temperature with impurities (4) . 3. Aside from these RNA structures found in bacteria, plants, and fungi, a viral RNA has been found to be able to bind ATP. This viral RNA has a sequence very similar to an ATP binding RNA aptamer . 4. We recorded the in-plane coordinates x and y and the time-of detection t for each detected atom released from the trap . 5. After a warm spring, female passerines often breed earlier than they do after a cold spring (13, 14). This behavior is a result of phenotypic plasticity (14, 15), an individual-level response to temperature . 6. Allosteric ribozymes have been shown to perform logical functions (3). These ribozymes take small molecules as input; their output makes cascading difficult, as it is a different form than the input . 7. COF-1 and COF-5 (CgH4BO2) have rigid structures, exceptional thermal stabilities (to temperatures up to 600 ° C), and low densities. They also exhibit permanent porosity with specific surface areas surpassing those of well-known zeolites and porous silicates . COF-1 and COF-5 can be synthesized using a simple “one-pot” procedure under mild reaction conditions that are efficient and high-yielding. 8. A superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID) is used to measure the phase difference between different real-space tunneling directions. This device allows us to map the phase anisotropy of the superconducting order parameter . 9. To investigate asymmetric thermal propagation in a suitable 1D inhomogeneous medium , we modified carbon nanotubes and boron nitride nanotubes so that they assumed a non-uniform axial mass distribution (Fig. 1). 10. We reported previously that a 50 kDa protein is involved in the mechanism in addition to poly(A) binding protein . This 50 kDa protein is also strongly associated with polysomal mRNA from Saccharomyces cerevisiae . 摘编自《科技写作与交流》 ( 任胜利 等 译 . 科学出版社 , 2012 年出版 )
一般而言，读者希望尽快读到主句中的主语或主题。如果主语显而易见，句子理解起来会更容易。而当一个句子展开后迟迟不见主语或主题，读者就很难明白这句话到底要说什么。因此，要避免使用长的介绍性词语和长主语。 例 1 ： Due to the nonlinear and hence complex nature of ocean currents, modeling these currents in the tropical Pacific is difficult. 修改后的例 1 ： Modeling ocean currents in the tropical Pacific is difficult due to their nonlinear and hence complex nature. 例 1 中， 11 个词之后才现主语。而在修改后的句子中，主语位于句首，从而使句子更容易理解。 例 2 ： The reason for rejection on the part of the biochemists was that the focus of the paper was too broad. 修改后的例 2 ： The biochemists rejected the paper because it was too broad. 多数读者会认为修改后的句子比原句更清楚，因为在修改后的句子中动词的主语是中心人物（生物化学家），该主语短而明确，更加简洁。如果主语不是人物，且毫无理由，读者就会感到困惑。多数读者倾向于中心人物是生动的物而非抽象的词，不过，当与之相应的动词描述一个动作时，概念性词语也可被视为中心人物。 例 3 ： The cells were incubated at room temperature for two days. 该句中 “ 细胞 (cells)” 是主语。这里没有出现任何人物，无论是生物化学家还是实验室技术员，因为他们都不是要讨论的主题，取而代之的是 “ 细胞 ” 。这种选择更多地用在研究论文（或基金申请书）的特定段落中，如 “ 材料和方法 ” 部分。 然而，需要明确的主语一定要清楚地表示出来，否则会给读者在阅读理解上设置障碍。 例 4 ： A decision was made in favor of the use of dyes, nitrofurans, and amidines as disinfectants. 作者可能知道谁做了什么，但是读者不知道，而且他们所需要的帮助远远超出作者的想象。对例 4 可以有不同的解读： 修改后的例 4 ： We decided to use dyes, nitrofurans, and amidines as disinfectants. 或： They/Researchers decided to use dyes, nitrofurans, and amidines as disinfectants. 摘编自《科技写作与交流》 ( 任胜利 等 译 . 科学出版社 , 2012 年出版 )
如果信息位置的安排符合读者预期，则读者理解起来更容易、更准确。读者希望在句首（或段首）看到熟悉的信息，这些信息可以起到承上的作用，希望在句尾（或段尾）看到新的信息，在此处新信息得以强化。因此，如果通过合理安置词语来连接信息，文章就会更加流畅。如果作者不理解结构的重要性，读者就会迷惑或错误解读。作者应牢记的总体原则：在下文的新信息出现之前，应给读者提供相应的背景资料。 例 1 ： Macular degeneration is affected by diet . One of the diet components that influences the progression of macular degeneration is vitamin B6 . Although vitamin B6 seems to reduce the risk of macular degeneration, it may have some side effects . 例 1 中位于前一句句尾的信息很好地出现在下一句句首或主题的位置，每个句子的组织呈现为：位于强调位置的新信息在接下来的句子中变身为旧的、熟悉的信息，然后被置于话题的位置。因此，随着文章的继续，读者期望在后续的句子或段落中发现信息 “ 副产品 ” ，因为这些前句话的 “ 副产品 ” 处于被强调的位置，已被引见给了读者。如此，文章就会非常流畅与连贯。 另一个实现流畅与连贯的方法是：整个段落的撰写都围绕同一个旧信息。 例 2 ： Depression in the elderly is thought to affect more than 6.5 million of the 35 million Americans who are 65 years of age and older. It is considered to be a disorder that is commonly underdiagnosed, undertreated, and mismanaged by pharmacotherapy both in community dwelling seniors and in those residing in nursing facilities. Depression in the elderly has also been closely associated with dependency and disability that presents in both emotional and physical symptoms, thus amplifying the difficulty in diagnosis. Major depression , dysthymic disorder, and subsyndromal depression tend to be higher in persons over 65 who live in a long-term care facility. 例 2 中主题词 “depression” 连续出现在每句话的主题位置，为读者提供了上下文的连接。而新信息总是于句尾出现，因此，虽然作者没有对此进行拓展，但每句话都提供了新信息。所以，如果按照这种方式写作，也可以达到流畅的目的。 如果我们运用新旧信息的原则去撰写或修改文章，很快会发现，有些句子的撰写和修改变得容易了，但有些并非如此。如何恰当地给句子开头就很难，尤其是那些长且复杂的句子。因此，很多时候需要适当地变通，清晰、简洁是王道 例 3A ： Outbreaks of limb deformities in natural populations of amphibians across the United States and Canada, especially in wetland associated with agricultural fields , were evaluated in this study . 例 3B ： We evaluated outbreaks of limb deformities that occurred in natural populations of amphibians across the United States and Canada , especially in wetland associated with agricultural fields . 多数读者不喜欢例 3A ，因为它的主语太长太复杂。而例 3B 却是由简及繁。读者更喜欢开头简单结尾复杂的句子。因此，在构建句子时作者需要考虑词语的长度。 摘编自《科技写作与交流》 ( 任胜利 等 译 . 科学出版社 , 2012 年出版 )
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