众所周知,文艺复兴大师列奥纳多·达·芬奇(Leonardo Di Ser Piero Da Vinci)创作了名画《蒙娜丽莎》,殊不知他钻研科学、工程领域就像他的艺术作品般令人难忘与突出。手稿中约13000页的笔记与绘画全是混合艺术与科学所组成的纪录。这些纪录是达芬奇在欧陆行程中透过观察周遭并不断的创作而来。左撇子的他终其一生均以镜像写字。对左手写作者来说,将羽毛笔由右向左拉过来写比由左向右推过去写容易,而且不会将刚写好的字弄糊。因此,他的日记都是镜像字。 在科学上,达芬奇是一个巨细靡遗的观察家,能以极精细的描述手法表示一个现象。但却不是透过理论与实验来验证。因为缺乏拉丁文与数学的正式教育,同时期的学者大多未注意到在科学领域中的达芬奇。而达芬奇则靠自学懂得拉丁文。也曾有人说达芬奇打算发表一系列包含各种主题的论文,但终未实现。 列奥纳多·达·芬奇在师从韦罗基奥(Andrea del Verrocchio)时开始认识人体解剖学。当时韦罗基奥坚持要所有门徒学习解剖学。当达芬奇成为成功的艺术家时,得到于佛罗伦斯圣玛丽亚纽瓦医院(hospital Santa Maria Nuova)解剖人体的许可。之后他在米兰马焦雷医院(hospital Maggiore)以及罗马圣灵医院(hospital Santo Spirito;第一个意大利本土医院)作业。1510至1511年,则与托尔医生(doctor Marcantonio della Torre;1481年—1511年)共同工作。30年内,达芬奇共解剖了30具不同性别年龄的人体。当与托尔医生共同工作时,达芬奇准备出版解剖学理作品并制绘了超过200篇画作。然而,他的书直到1680年(辞世161年)才以《绘画论》为名出版。除了人体外,达芬奇也解剖了牛、禽、猴、熊、蛙以作为解剖结构比较。 列奥纳多·达·芬奇画了许多人体骨髂的图形,同时他也第一个具体描绘脊骨双S型态的人。他也研究骨盆和骶骨的倾斜度以及强调骶骨不仅非单一形态,而且是5个椎骨组成。达芬奇也能卓越的表现头骨的形态以及脑部不同的交叉截面图(横断面、纵切面、正切面)。他画了许多图包括肺脏、肠系膜、泌尿道、性器官甚至性交。他是第一个画出子官中胎儿(他希望暸解“生育奇迹”)同时也是第一个画出腹腔中兰尾的人。此外达芬奇经常描绘颈部和肩膀的肌肉和肌腱。2005年,达芬奇的画作就激发一位英国心脏外科医师领先发展一个修补受损心脏的新方法。 他可说是局部解剖图宗师,不仅研究人体解剖表现杰出,而且在涉猎其他动物解剖时一样表现出色。达芬奇不只关心身体结构,也关心生理功能,这使得他变成解剖学家和生理学家。他积极寻找外观有明显生理缺陷的人作为模特儿以便画成滑稽的画作突显生理功能的意义。值得一提的是达芬奇可以同时一手作画一手写字。 基于人体解剖研究也使得达芬奇设计出史上第一个机器人。这个被称作达芬奇机器人(Leonardo's robot)的设计可能是在1495年完成但直到1950年代才被发现。目前不知这个设计是否要作成实体。 由于着迷飞行现象,达芬奇作了鸟类飞行的详细研究,同时策划了数部飞行机器,包括了以4个人力运作的直升机(但因机体本身亦会旋转故无法作用)以及轻型滑翔翼。1496年1月3日,他曾测试了一部自制飞行机器但失败。 1502年,列奥纳多·达·芬奇曾为伊斯坦布尔鄂图曼苏丹巴耶塞特二世的土木工程专案制作单一跨距达240米(720英尺)的桥梁草图。这个设计打算让桥梁跨越博斯普鲁斯海峡口的金角湾(Golden Horn)。但因巴耶塞特二世认为无法建设而未实作。2001年,基于达芬奇的设计,威卜琼·山得达芬奇专案(Vebjrn Sand Da Vinci Project)让此桥以小桥的形式在挪威付诸实行。而在2006年5月17日,土耳其政府决定在实地建设达芬奇桥跨越金角湾让该桥终究成形。 1490年,列奥纳多·达·芬奇将无段连续自动变速箱概念绘制成草图。今日,达芬奇的变速概念以现代化形式实际使用在汽车上。此外,无段连续自动变速箱也已经在拖拉机、雪上摩托车、速克达机车等使用许多年。 由于列奥纳多·达·芬奇曾任军事工程师,笔记中也包含了数种军事机械的设计:机关枪、人力或以马拉动的武装坦克车、子母弹、军用降落伞、含呼吸软管以猪皮制成的潜水装等等。不过,后来他却认为战争是人类最糟的活动。其他的发明包括了潜水艇、被诠译为第一个机械计算机的齿轮装置,以及被误解为发条车的第一部可程序化行动机器人。此外,达芬奇在梵谛冈那些年里,曾计划应用太阳能而使用凹面镜来煮水。尽管达芬奇大多数的发明在他的生平并未实现,但在IBM赞助下,实作了许多模型在昂布瓦斯的克洛斯宅达芬奇博物馆展示。 我们是否也应该读一读列奥纳多·达·芬奇的笔记手稿,从中寻找某些创新设计的思路呢。
http://arrowsmith.psych.uic.edu/cgi-bin/arrowsmith_uic/edit_b.cgi Start A-Literature C-Literature B-list Filter Literature A-query: left-handed C-query: attention problems The B-list contains title words and phrases (terms) that appeared in both the A and the C literature. 8 articles appeared in both literatures and were not included in the process of computing the B-list but can be viewed here . The results of this search are saved under id # 11095 and can be accessed from the start page after you leave this session. There are 346 terms on the current B-list ( 39 are predicted to be relevant), which is shown ranked according to predicted relevance. The list can be further trimmed down using the filters listed in the left margin. To assess whether there appears to be a biologically significant relationship between the AB and BC literatures for specific B-terms, please select one or more B-terms and then click the button to view the corresponding AB and BC literatures. Use Ctrl to select multiple B-terms. Rank Prob B-term 10.94ptsd 20.88microsatellite 30.88gp120 40.83human genome 50.83twin 60.83epilepsy 70.78globin gene 80.76meg 90.76nmr 100.75troponin 110.75laterality 120.73intron 130.72anxiety 140.70tactile 150.67hmgb1 160.67histone h1 170.61domain 180.61parkinson disease 190.61hip 200.60ssb 210.59ga 220.57meta 230.56cleft lip 240.56grip 250.55bone mineral density 260.55lobe 270.52inflammatory bowel disease 280.51mri 290.50carpal tunnel syndrome 300.49rey 310.48alzheimer disease 320.46aaa 330.44hydrocephalus 340.42smile 350.42task 360.41cleft 370.38hiv 380.37spatial 390.37operator 400.36pet 410.36poly 420.36oscillator 430.36nogo 440.36lip 450.34trait 460.31masking 470.31abl 480.31promoter 490.30glioma 500.29hand 510.27elbow 520.26p53 530.26sex 540.23cd 550.22genomic 560.21pars 570.20cytochrome p450 580.20pilot 590.19clumsy 600.19pain 610.18tau 620.18histone 630.18diabetes 640.173d 650.16fold 660.16cytokine 670.16mouth 680.15hall 690.15family 700.14spike 710.14maze 720.14aid 730.13dc 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2270.00bp 2280.00cat 2290.00germ 2300.00salt 2310.00h3 2320.00divergent 2330.00asthma 2340.00cas 2350.00vs 2360.00mice 2370.00light 2380.00red 2390.00ta 2400.00decay 2410.00wire 2420.00membrane 2430.00hz 2440.00tri 2450.00c e 2460.00collagen 2470.00hg 2480.00iv 2490.00na 2500.00pass 2510.00stop 2520.00set 2530.00top 2540.00grain 2550.00gi 2560.00lack 2570.00core 2580.00protein 2590.00phase 2600.00modification 2610.00glass 2620.00associated protein 2630.00lag 2640.00apple 2650.00group 2660.00inhibitor 2670.00giant 2680.00mark 2690.00receptor 2700.00minor 2710.00abnormal 2720.00alpha 2730.00cold 2740.00simple 2750.00cord 2760.00start 2770.00pro 2780.00beta 2790.00tube 2800.00di 2810.00section 2820.00large 2830.00un 2840.00n1 2850.00met 2860.00time 2870.00bar 2880.00death 2890.00live 2900.00sale 2910.00non 2920.00man 2930.00far 2940.00genesis 2950.00lt 2960.00fused 2970.00contact 2980.00blue 2990.00pipe 3000.00pad 3010.00little 3020.00key 3030.00phosphatase 3040.00segment 3050.00healthy human 3060.00yes 3070.00cell 3080.00or 3090.00touch 3100.00midline 3110.00ring 3120.00not 3130.00act 3140.00path 3150.00z 3160.00nine 3170.00egg 3180.00going 3190.00activity 3200.00secretion 3210.00gut 3220.00tip 3230.00dehydrogenase 3240.00pan 3250.00ps 3260.00end 3270.00vi 3280.00lacking 3290.00reductase 3300.00fit 3310.00bi 3320.00ix 3330.00spring 3340.00step 3350.00b 3360.00bad 3370.00hot 3380.00mid 3390.00re 3400.00t 3410.00delta 3420.00defense 3430.00spot 3440.00total 3450.00cut 3460.00pre Restrict by semantic categories? job id # 11095 started Mon Jan 25 02:18:53 2010 Max_citations: 50000 Stoplist: /var/www/html/arrowsmith_uic/data/stopwords_pubmed Ngram_max: 3 11095 Search ARROWSMITH A A_query_raw: left-handed Mon Jan 25 02:19:09 2010 A query = left-handed started Mon Jan 25 02:19:09 2010 A query resulted in 3428 titles 11095 Search ARROWSMITH C 11095 Search ARROWSMITH C C_query_raw: attention problems Mon Jan 25 02:21:53 2010 C: attention problems 16036 A: pubmed_query_A 3428 AC: ( left-handed ) AND ( attention problems ) 8 C query = attention problems started Mon Jan 25 02:21:54 2010 C query resulted in 16036 titles A AND C query resulted in 8 titles 4704 B-terms ready on Mon Jan 25 02:23:32 2010 Sem_filter: Genes Molecular Sequences, and Gene Protein Names 346 B-terms left after filter executed Mon Jan 25 02:24:22 2010 346 B-terms left after filter executed Mon Jan 25 02:24:22 2010 B-list on Mon Jan 25 02:28:08 2010 1 ptsd 2 microsatellite 3 gp120 4 human genome 5 twin 6 epilepsy 7 globin gene 8 meg 9 nmr 10 troponin 11 laterality 12 intron 13 anxiety 14 tactile 15 hmgb1 16 histone h1 17 domain 18 parkinson disease 19 hip 20 ssb 21 ga 22 meta 23 cleft lip 24 grip 25 bone mineral density 26 lobe 27 inflammatory bowel disease 28 mri 29 carpal tunnel syndrome 30 rey 31 alzheimer disease 32 aaa 33 hydrocephalus 34 smile 35 task 36 cleft 37 hiv 38 spatial 39 operator Start A-Literature C-Literature B-list Filter Literature AB literature B-term BC literature left-handed twin attention problems 1: Mirror-image solitary bone cyst of the humerus in a pair of mirror-image monozygotic twin s.2008 Add to clipboard 2: Crossed cerebral lateralization for verbal and visuo-spatial function in a pair of handedness discordant monozygotic twin s: MRI and fMRI brain imaging.2008 Add to clipboard 3: Hand preference and performance in 20 pairs of monozygotic twin s with discordant handedness.2006 Add to clipboard 4: Transcription-driven twin supercoiling of a DNA loop: a Brownian dynamics study.2004 Add to clipboard 5: Special twin environments, genetic influences and their effects on the handedness of twin s and their siblings.2003 Add to clipboard 6: Handedness and mortality: a follow-up study of Danish twin s born between 1900 and 1910.2000 Add to clipboard 7: Left-handed ness in twin s: genes or environment?1996 Add to clipboard 8: Auditory lateralization in monozygotic twin s.1994 Add to clipboard 9: Left handedness in an identical twin discordant to his co -twin for handedness and schizophrenia, with neurological and psychometric evidence of left hemisphere damage.1990 Add to clipboard 10: Origins and implications of handedness and relative birth weight for IQ in monozygotic twin pairs.1989 Add to clipboard 11: Association of handedness and birth order in monozygotic twin s.1979 Add to clipboard 12: Left-handed ness in twin s: incidence and patterns of performance in an adolescent sample.1976 Add to clipboard 1: Paternal alcoholism and offspring ADHD problems: a children of twin s design.2009 Add to clipboard 2: Genetic and environmental influences on externalizing behavior and alcohol problems in adolescence: a female twin study.2009 Add to clipboard 3: Neuroimaging of response interference in twin s concordant or discordant for inattention and hyperactivity symptoms.2009 Add to clipboard 4: Attention problems , inhibitory control, and intelligence index overlapping genetic factors: a study in 9-, 12-, and 18-year-old twin s.2009 Add to clipboard 5: An investigation into etiological pathways of DCD and ADHD using a monozygotic twin design.2009 Add to clipboard 6: Evidence for overlapping genetic influences on autistic and ADHD behaviours in a community twin sample.2008 Add to clipboard 7: Association of cognitive distortions with problem and pathological gambling in adult male twin s.2008 Add to clipboard 8: Bivariate models for co-aggregation of dichotomous traits in twin s.2007 Add to clipboard 9: Attention problems and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in discordant and concordant monozygotic twin s: evidence of environmental mediators.2007 Add to clipboard 10: A structural MRI study in monozygotic twin s concordant or discordant for attention/hyperactivity problems: evidence for genetic and environmental heterogeneity in the developing brain.2007 Add to clipboard 11: A general population twin study of the CBCL/6-18 DSM-oriented scales.2007 Add to clipboard 12: Young Netherlands Twin Register (Y-NTR): a longitudinal multiple informant study of problem behavior.2007 Add to clipboard 13: The Cardiff Study of all Wales and North West of England Twin s (CaStANET): a longitudinal research program of child and adolescent development.2007 Add to clipboard 14: Why more boys than girls with ADHD receive treatment: a study of Dutch twin s.2007 Add to clipboard 15: Across the continuum of attention skills: a twin study of the SWAN ADHD rating scale.2007 Add to clipboard 16: Birthweight-discordance and differences in early parenting relate to monozygotic twin differences in behaviour problems and academic achievement at age 7.2006 Add to clipboard 17: Genetic analyses of teacher ratings of problem behavior in 5-year-old twin s.2006 Add to clipboard 18: A population-based twin study of parentally reported tactile and auditory defensiveness in young children.2006 Add to clipboard 19: Maternal alcohol use disorder and offspring ADHD: disentangling genetic and environmental effects using a children-of -twin s design.2006 Add to clipboard 20: Genetic analyses of maternal and teacher ratings on attention problems in 7-year-old Dutch twin s.2006 Add to clipboard 21: The Southern California Twin Register at the University of Southern California: II.2006 Add to clipboard 22: A longitudinal twin study on IQ, executive functioning, and attention problems during childhood and early adolescence.2006 Add to clipboard 23: The etiology of behavior problems in 7-year-old twin s: substantial genetic influence and negligible shared environmental influence for parent ratings and ratings by same and different teachers.2005 Add to clipboard 24: Subjective wellbeing and sleep problems: a bivariate twin study.2005 Add to clipboard 25: A twin study of competence and behavioral/emotional problems among adolescents in taiwan.2004 Add to clipboard 26: The genetic basis of problem behavior in 5-year-old dutch twin pairs.2004 Add to clipboard 27: Twin -to -twin transfusion syndrome complicated by spontaneous mid-trimester uterine rupture.2004 Add to clipboard 28: Heritability of attention problems in children: longitudinal results from a study of twin s, age 3 to 12.2004 Add to clipboard 29: Does maternal warmth moderate the effects of birth weight on twin s' attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptoms and low IQ?2004 Add to clipboard 30: Heritability of attention problems in children: I. cross-sectional results from a study of twin s, age 3-12 years.2003 Add to clipboard 31: Small for gestational age as a predictor of behavioral and learning problems in twin s.2003 Add to clipboard 32: Emotional and behavioral problems among female twin s: an evaluation of the equal environments assumption.2002 Add to clipboard 33: Replication of the latent class structure of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) subtypes in a sample of Australian twin s.2002 Add to clipboard 34: Recruitment and attrition in twin register studies of childhood behavior: the example of the Australian Twin ADHD Project.2002 Add to clipboard 35: Neonatal outcome of spontaneous and assisted twin pregnancies.2001 Add to clipboard 36: Lack of association of dopamine D4 receptor gene polymorphisms with ADHD subtypes in a population sample of twin s.2001 Add to clipboard 37: Examining the comorbidity of ADHD-related behaviours and conduct problems using a twin study design.2001 Add to clipboard 38: A twin study of inattentive, aggressive, and anxious/depressed behaviors.2000 Add to clipboard 39: Latent class and factor analysis of DSM-IV ADHD: a twin study of female adolescents.1998 Add to clipboard 40: Development of computerized storage facilities for twin data: a relational database system for a twin register.1997 Add to clipboard 41: A longitudinal twin study of temperament and behavior problems: common genetic or environmental influences?1997 Add to clipboard 42: Genetics and developmental psychopathology: 2. The main effects of genes and environment on behavioral problems in the Virginia Twin Study of Adolescent Behavioral Development.1997 Add to clipboard 43: Twin sibling differences in parental reports of ADHD, speech, reading and behaviour problems.1996 Add to clipboard 44: Genetic influence on parent-reported attention-related problems in a Norwegian general population twin sample.1996 Add to clipboard 45: Parental ratings of behaviour problems: a twin and general population comparison.1995 Add to clipboard 46: Behavioral problems among twin s.1993 Add to clipboard 47: Brutality to twin s in south-eastern Nigeria: what is the existing situation?1993 Add to clipboard 48: The effects of X monosomy on brain development: monozygotic twin s discordant for Turner's syndrome.1993 Add to clipboard 49: Attention deficit disorder in reading-disabled twin s: evidence for a genetic etiology.1992 Add to clipboard 50: A comparison of neuropsychological and psychosocial functioning after prophylactic treatment for childhood leukemia in monozygotic twin s.1992 Add to clipboard 51: Twin children in volunteer registries: biases in parental participation and reporting.1990 Add to clipboard 52: A twin study of hyperactivity--I. An examination of hyperactivity scores and categories derived from Rutter teacher and parent questionnaires.1989 Add to clipboard 53: Multimethod assessment of temperament in twin s: birth to six months.1985 Add to clipboard 54: Twin s with academic learning problems: antecedent characteristics.1976 Add to clipboard