Howto Grow a Mind: Statistics, Structure and Abstraction Author: Joshua B. Tenenbaum , Departmentof Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, MIT Published: Jan. 12, 2011, recorded: December 2010, views: 8544 http://videolectures.net/nips2010_tenenbaum_hgm/ How do humans come to know so much about the world from solittle data? Even young children can infer the meanings of words , the hiddenproperties of objects, or the existence of causal relations from just one or afew relevant observations -- far outstripping the capabilities of conventionallearning machines. How do they do it -- and how can we bring machines closerto these human-like learning abilities ? I willargue that people's everyday inductive leaps can be understood in terms of(approximations to) probabilistic inference over generative models of theworld. These models can have rich latent structure based on abstractknowledge representations, what cognitive psychologists have sometimes calledintuitive theories, mental models, orschemas. They also typically have ahierarchical structure supporting inference at multiple levels, orlearning to learn , where abstract knowledge may itself belearned from experience at the same time as it guides more specificgeneralizations from sparse data. This talk will focus on models of learning and learning to learnabout categories, word meanings and causal relations . I will show ineach of these settings how human learners can balance the need for stronglyconstraining inductive biases -- necessary for rapid generalization -- with theflexibility to adapt to the structure of new environments, learning newinductive biases for which our minds could not have been pre-programmed. I willalso discuss briefly how this approach extends to richer forms of knowledge,such as intuitive psychology and social inferences, or physical reasoning.Finally, I will raise some challenges for our current state of understandingabout learning in the brain, and neurally inspired computational models. http://www.docin.com/p-320106527.html http://www.doc88.com/p-3042946993216.html Howto Grow a Mind: Statistics, Structure and Abstraction 心智如何生长（心智何来）：统计、结构和抽象 人类来怎么知道那么多关于世界如此之小的数据 ? 连小孩子都可以推断出单词的含义 , 隐藏属性的对象 , 或因果关系的存在 , 从一个或几个相关的观察——远远超过传统的学习机器的功能。他们是怎么做到的 , 我们怎么能让机器更接近这些类似人类的学习能力呢 ? 我认为人们的日常归纳跳跃可以理解的 ( 近似 ) 概率推理生成的世界模式。这些模型可以拥有丰富的潜在结构基于抽象的知识表示形式 , 认知心理学家们有时被称为“直觉理论”、“心智模式”或“模式”。他们通常也有一个层次结构支持推理在多个水平 , 或者“学会学习” , 抽象知识本身可能是吸取经验的同时 , 指导从稀疏数据更具体的概括。这个演讲将专注于模型的学习和对类别 , “学会学习”字含义和因果关系。我将展示在每一个这些设置人类学习者如何平衡需要强烈限制归纳偏见——快速推广所需的灵活性的结构适应新的环境 , 学习新的归纳偏见 , 我们的思想不能预定程序的。我还将简要讨论这种方法延伸到更丰富的形式的知识 , 如直觉心理学和社会的推论 , 或物理推理。最后 , 我将提出一些挑战我们大脑中的当前状态的了解学习 , 启发和神经计算模型。 Visitors who watched this lecture also watched... 1:49:33 Optimization Algorithms in Machine Learning 8389 views - Stephen J. Wright, 2010 44:55 Statistical Inference of Protein Structure and Function 1306 views - Michael I. Jordan, 2010 1:32:15 What is cognitive science? 1484 views - Joshua B. Tenenbaum, 2010 20:41 Factored Conditional Restricted Boltzmann Machines for Modeling Motion Style 723 views - Graham Taylor, 2009 52:21 How Does the Brain Compute and Compare Values at the Time of Decision-Making? 856 views - Antonio Rangel, 2010 2:02:13 High-dimensional Statistics: Prediction, Association and Causal Inference 2216 views - Peter Bühlmann, 2010 26:14 Classification using Discriminative Restricted Boltzmann Machines 1214 views - Hugo Larochelle, 2008 1:09:08 How to Grow a Mind: Statistics, Structure and Abstraction 5370 views - Joshua B. Tenenbaum, 2012 41:35 A Tour of Modern Image Processing 6239 views - Peyman Milanfar, 2010 22:19 Why Does Unsupervised Pre-training Help Deep Discriminant Learning? 610 views - Dumitru Erhan, 2009 Report a problem or upload files http://www.yangzhiping.com/info/resources.html http://www.douban.com/group/391831/
编者按：小编认为 SDN 正式被众多企业追捧的时间应该从 2011 年之后算起，纵观当今业界， SDN 技术依然很年轻，众多优势让它的未来一片光明。 业界第一次提及 SDN （软件定义网络）大约是在 2009 年，并且直到 2011 年 ONF 的推动下，才开始在业界崭露头角。然而就在过去的 2-3 年时间里， SDN 从默默无闻，变成了企业及运营商市场中炙手可热的新宠儿，甚至是未来 10 年的主流趋势！ 2011 年，谷歌率先尝试将 SDN 引入数据中心，借助创新架构，有效降低了广域网（ WAN ）的成本，并提升了 WAN 的效率。受此“成功案例”的影响，越来越多的服务提供商开始拥抱 SDN 。 最近两年，基于 SDN 的成功部署案例开始逐渐增多，例如 NTT( 日本电报电话公司 ) 于 2013 年就借助 SDN 实现了全球 10 个云数据中心的互联；同年 9 月， ATT （美国电话电报公司）宣布其软件定义的网络架构，并倡导变革，将过去以硬件为中心的网络架构向以软件为中心的网络架构演进；随后， ATT 还积极拥抱 NFV （网络功能虚拟化），成为了全球最早部署 SDN 和 NFV 的一级运营商。 进入 2015 年，运营商的成功案例进一步升级，例如香港亚太环通 (Pacnet) 就推出了基于 SDN 的商用光网络；而在上个月， Verizon 又宣布通过与多家设备和技术服务提供商的合作，其完成了基于 SDN 的网络架构的“变革”与升级，将为客户带来更好的服务体验。 通过上述成功案例不难看出， SDN 的概念和技术炒作期已过，越来越多的运营商开始接纳 SDN 或开始进行 POC 测试。这主要是因为越来越多的运营商看到了 SDN 带来的好处，或者说是价值。例如， SDN 将加快运营商新业务上线速度，从而抵挡 OTT 带来的“威胁”。 与此同时， SDN 还能提升光网络传送效率，简化光网络配置和运维，并实现对多厂商设备和多层多域网络的统一控制和管理，以及借助开放的接口，实现智能专线、虚拟传送网等业务创新。 此外， SDN 还能实现 IP+ 光协同工作，即通过统一的控制器，实现 IP 层和光层不同设备的统一调度，以完成所有的流量和策略任务，从而显著提升网络的利用率。 当然，从长期来看， SDN 还将助力运营商重新获得对网络的主导和控制权，并节省运营成本。 转载自：中关村在线
美国哈佛大学化学家 Martin Karplus 生物分子的分子动态模拟先驱 分子动态模拟又称分子动力学模拟(molecular dynamics simulation，MD simulation)，是按时间序列描述分子中每个原子的运动轨迹，模拟分子各种层次上的运动行为，探索各种分子内部变化的计算机模拟方法。当前分子动态模拟研究所涉及的领域已经涵盖了生物技术、材料设计、生物芯片等研究前沿和热点。分子动态模拟已成为生物大分子功能研究的重要手段。 Martin Karplus 诺贝尔化学奖热门人选: Martin Karplus --------------------------------------------------------------- Martin Karplus, Michael Levitt and Arieh Warshel Photo: Wikimedia Commons 2013 Nobel Prize in Chemistry The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2013 was awarded jointly to Martin Karplus, Michael Levitt and Arieh Warshel for the development of multiscale models for complex chemical systems . http://www.nobelprize.org/ 分子模拟，早期溯源可以直追20世纪30年代，Andrews提出分子力学的基本思想；实际发扬广大，其实要到1980s。分子力学成为独立二级学科，其理论奠基的标志事件是：1980年Peter Kollman发表了第一个AMBER力场和1981年Journal of Computational Chemistry杂志创刊。分子模拟的第一次高潮，真正进入应用阶段是1983年：Martin Karplus发布了分子力学与分子动力学模拟程序CHARMM；Michael Connolly发表了蛋白质和核酸分子计算溶剂可及表面的方法；Michael Levitt完成了第一例核酸的分子动力学模拟。稍后的1984年，Peter Kollman发表了分子力学与分子动力学程序AMBER，既是第一次高潮的收束，也正式标志着计算化学中量子化学之外的另一重要分支---分子模拟基本框架成功建立。 黑宝书(评论: 分子模拟的原理和应用)
Iman Marvian1, 2 and Robert W. Spekkens1 1Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada N2L 2Y5 2Institute for Quantum Computing, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada N2L 3G1 (Dated: May 11, 2011) The asymmetry properties of a state relative to some symmetry group specify how and to what extent the given symmetry is broken by the state. Characterizing these is found to be surprisingly useful for addressing a very common problem: to determine what follows from a systems dynamics (possibly open) having that symmetry. We demonstrate and exploit the fact that the asymmetry properties of a state can also be understood in terms of information-theoretic concepts. We show that for a pure state and a symmetry group G, they are completely specified by the characteristic function of the state, defined as (g) ≡ h |U(g)| i where g ∈ G and U is the unitary representation of interest. Based on this observation, we study several important problems about the interconver- sion of pure states under symmetric dynamics such as determining the conditions for reversible transformations, deterministic irreversible transformations and asymptotic transformations. 1105 1816v1
Lord Krebs I start by recording my special thanks to Dr Will Moore, who as Vice Principal stood in for me during Trinity Term 2011 while I was on study leave. In the normal run of things the Vice Principal’s duties are very light, but in his term of office Will took on the role of Principal with enthusiasm and aplomb. Some of you will have seen him at Gaudies,graduation ceremonies and the Jesus College Society Dinner. Much of my study leave was spent writing the first draft of a book on food for the Oxford University Press series ‘Very Short Introductions’.To write about the story of food in 35,000 words - from the diets of our Australopethicine ancestors 3.5 million years ago to the question of how to feed nine billion people in 2050 - is a challenge. It brings to mind the remark attributed to Blaise Pascal, Mark Twain and many others: ‘If I had had more time I would have written a shorter letter’. The study leave enabled me to give a short series of public lectures at Cornell University and a keynote address at the 50th anniversary celebration of the Max Planck Insitut für Verhaltensphysiologie near Munich. I was also able to spend more time in the House of Lords,where the Science and Technology Select Committee, which I chair, published two reports, one on Innovation and Public Procurement, the other on Behaviour Change. Readers of the Record will, I am sure, be familiar by now with the fact that funding of undergraduate teaching in UK universities is about to change. I have written about this in the Newsletter, so a very brief summary will suffice. The UK students applying to come up in the autumn of 2012 will be the first to pay the new 9,000 per annum fee towards their tuition. This covers a little over half the full cost of an Oxford education,the remainder being subsidised through a combination of College endowment income or donations, and cross-subsidy from University research income. Students will not pay the fees up front, but will pay back a loan to the Government after they graduate. The full implications of the new fee regime for the numbers and kinds of applicants to the College, as well as the subjects they choose to read,may not be apparent for several years. This year, however, the number of applicants to the University as a whole was similar to last year, although with a slight shift from UK to overseas students in this total. According to the independent website MoneySavingExpert.com, Oxford has the most generous no-strings financial support package of any UK university,worth over 22,000 for students from the lowest income families. Jesus College, as well as contributing to the University scheme of bursaries and fee waivers, is one of very few colleges at Oxford to run its own additional bursary scheme, which benefits about one quarter of our undergraduates. We are able to do this because of the generous support of our alumni, and for me it is of very great importance in allowing the College to maintain its strong tradition of being accessible to outstanding students irrespective of their background and family income. Donations from alumni have also enabled the College to offer Teach First Bursaries to Jesus graduates who are successful in this highly competitive and successful scheme, which aims to ‘address educational disadvantage by transforming exceptional graduates into effective, inspirational teachers and leaders in all fields’. The College has welcomed four new Tutorial Fellows: Alex Gajda in Early Modern History, Simon Douglas in Law, Arnaud Doucet in Statistics and Yulin Chen in Solid State Physics. They replace, respectively,Felicity Heal, Charles Mitchell, Peter Clifford and Mike Glazer. Two of our Professorial Fellows have retired: Fred Taylor as Halley Professor of Physics and Thomas Charles-Edwards as Jesus Professor of Celtic Studies. Fred’s position will be advertised and filled next year; but unfortunately the University has decided that for the moment it cannot continue to fund the Celtic Chair, even though the College has partly endowed it. The College has a strong commitment to Celtic Studies,and has an important Celtic Library. We will, therefore, do what we can to encourage and support the University in its efforts to raise the endowment as soon as possible to secure the post in perpetuity. The Jesus Chair is important both nationally and internationally and it has been held by very distinguished scholars, including the first incumbent,Sir John Rhys, who was, of course, also Principal of the College. I would be pleased to hear from any alumni with ideas about possible donors. Seven new Research Fellows have joined the College this year. They are Dr Ash Asudeh and Dr Paul Collins (both Hugh Price Fellows, in Linguistics and Ancient Near East Studies respectively), Dr Roi Cohen Kadosh, Dr Regini Rini and Dr Kirsten Christensen (Junior Research Fellows, in Experimental Psychology, Philosophy and Chemistry respectively), and Professor Richard Bosworth, Senior Research Fellow in 20th-century History. Our Visiting Senior Research Fellow is Professor Parthasarathi Majumdar, a nuclear physicist from Calcutta. We also welcome a new Professorial Fellow in Developmental Biology, Paul Riley, who joins us from UCL as the British Heart Foundation Professor of Regenerative Medicine. Paul works on the use of stem cells to repair damaged hearts and is a key scientist in the British Heart Foundation’s ‘Mending Broken Hearts’ appeal. The highly international nature of our academic community is illustrated by the fact that these new Fellows of the College come from nine different countries: Canada, China, Denmark, Israel, USA, Australia,France, India, and the UK. Higher education is a truly global market, and Oxford has to compete with the rest of the world to attract the most outstanding talent. 原文见 http://www.jesus.ox.ac.uk/alumni/publications
The Cancer Genome Atlas completes detailed ovarian cancer analysis An analysis of genomic changes in ovarian cancer has provided the most comprehensive and integrated view of cancer genes for any cancer type to date. Ovarian serous adenocarcinoma tumors from 500 patients were examined by The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) Research Network and analyses are reported in the June 30, 2011, issue of Nature. Serous adenocarcinoma is the most prevalent form of ovarian cancer, accounting for about 85 percent of all ovarian cancer deaths. TCGA researchers completed whole-exome sequencing, which examines the protein-coding regions of the genome, on an unprecedented 316 tumors. They also completed other genomic characterizations on these tumors and another 173 specimens. TCGA is jointly funded and managed by the National Cancer Institute (NCI) and the National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI), both part of the National Institutes of Health. “This landmark study is producing impressive insights into the biology of this type of cancer,” said NIH Director Francis Collins, M.D., Ph.D. “It will significantly empower the cancer research community to make additional discoveries that will help us treat women with this deadly disease. It also illustrates the power of what’s to come from our investment in TCGA.” Among the specific findings is the confirmation that mutations in a single gene, TP53 , are present in more than 96 percent of all such cancers. TP53 encodes a tumor suppressor protein that normally prevents cancer formation. Mutations in the gene disrupt this protein’s function, which contributes to uncontrolled growth of ovarian cells. In addition, TCGA identified a multitude of less-frequent mutations in other genes. TCGA researchers also established how sets of genes are expressed in a fashion that can predict patient survival— identifying patterns for 108 genes associated with poor survival and 85 genes associated with better survival. Patients whose tumors had a gene-expression signature associated with poor survival lived for a period that was 23 percent shorter than patients whose tumors did not have such a signature. The overall five-year survival rate for ovarian cancer is 31 percent, which means that 69 percent of patients diagnosed this year will not be alive in 2016, highlighting the urgent need for a better understanding of the disease. “The new knowledge of the genomic changes in ovarian cancer has revealed that the molecular catalysts of this disease are not limited to small changes affecting individual genes,” said NCI Director Harold E. Varmus, M.D. “Also important are large structural changes that occur in these cancer genomes. Cancer researchers can use this comprehensive body of information to better understand the biology of ovarian cancer and improve the diagnosis and treatment of this dreaded disease.” To identify opportunities for targeted treatment, the investigators searched for existing drugs that might inhibit amplified or over-expressed genes that were suggested to play a role in ovarian cancer. The search identified 68 genes that could be targeted by existing Food and Drug Administration-approved or experimental therapeutic compounds. The investigators noted that one type of drug, a PARP (Poly ADP ribose polymerase) inhibitor, might be able to counteract the DNA repair gene observed in half of the ovarian tumors studied. While researchers have known that these drugs could be effective against the disease, this study revealed that 50 percent of tumors might be responsive to drugs that exploit the genetic instability of the tumors and induce the cancer cells to die. “Like all cancers, ovarian cancer results from genomic derangements,” said Eric D. Green, M.D., Ph.D., NHGRI director. “The efforts of TCGA are confirming that the more we learn about genomic changes in tumor cells, the more we will be able to care for the people affected by cancer.” The results of this study support the existence of four distinct subtypes of the disease, based on the patterns seen in the transcription of RNA from DNA. They also support the existence of four related subtypes based on the patterns of DNA methylation—a chemical reaction in which a small molecule called a methyl group is added to DNA, changing the activity of individual genes. These patterns likely reflect the functional changes associated with ovarian serous adenocarcinoma, but are not strongly associated with survival duration. Mutations in BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes, which are associated with some forms of breast cancer, also confer increased risk for ovarian cancer. In this study, approximately 21 percent of the tumors showed mutations in these genes. Analysis of these tumors confirmed observations that patients with mutated BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes have better survival odds than patients without mutations in these genes. Importantly, investigators identified that the mechanism by which the BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes become defective also relates to survival. If either of the BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes is mutated, there is improved survival duration. However, if BRCA1 activity is instead reduced by methylation, there is no improved survival duration. “The integration of complex genomic data sets enabled us to discover an intricate array of genomic changes and validate one specific change that occurs in the vast majority of all ovarian cancers,” said lead author Paul T. Spellman, Ph.D., Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Berkeley, Calif. “Significantly, we have also found new information regarding the role that the BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes play in determining survival.” In this latest study, the TCGA researchers built upon the approach they used in 2008 to characterize the genome of gliobastoma multiforme, the most common form of brain cancer. TCGA, launched in 2006, is a comprehensive and coordinated effort to accelerate the understanding of the molecular basis of cancer through the application of genome analysis technologies, including large-scale genome sequencing. TCGA data are being made rapidly available to the research community through a database, http://tcga-data.nci.nih.gov/tcga . The database provides direct access to most analytic datasets, with other data, such as patient treatment records and raw DNA sequence data, available to qualified researchers through an NIH review and approval process. Future TCGA analyses of over 20 other tumor types will be primarily funded using American Recovery and Reinvestment Act monies. ### Reference: Spellman, et al. Integrated Genomic Analyses of Ovarian Carcinoma. Nature . June 30, 2011. DOI:10.1038/nature10166. To view a video of Dr. Spellman discussing TCGA and the ovarian cancer findings, please go to http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TK_CIGEUHxU . The TCGA Research Network consists of more than 150 researchers at dozens of institutions across the nation. A full list of participants is available under the heading “Learn more about the components…” at http://cancergenome.nih.gov/abouttcga/overview . More details about The Cancer Genome Atlas, including Quick Facts, QA, graphics, glossary, a brief guide to genomics, and a media library of available images can be found at http://cancergenome.nih.gov . NCI leads the National Cancer Program and the NIH effort to dramatically reduce the burden of cancer and improve the lives of cancer patients and their families, through research into prevention and cancer biology, the development of new interventions, and the training and mentoring of new researchers. For more information about cancer, please visit the NCI Web site at www.cancer.gov or call NCI's Cancer Information Service at 1-800-4-CANCER (1-800-422-6237). NHGRI is one of the 27 institutes and centers at NIH. The NHGRI Division of Extramural Research supports grants for research and training and career development at sites nationwide. Additional information about NHGRI can be found at www.genome.gov .
2011 Dec;15(12):859-72. Epub 2011 Dec 2.SnRK2 protein kinases--key regulators of plant response to abiotic stresses. Kulik A , Wawer I , Krzywińska E , Bucholc M , Dobrowolska G . Source Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland. Abstract The SnRK2 family members are plant-specific serine/threonine kinases involved in plant response to abiotic stresses and abscisic acid (ABA)-dependent plant development. SnRK2s have been classed into three groups; group 1 comprises kinases not activated by ABA, group 2 comprises kinases not activated or activated very weakly by ABA, and group 3 comprises kinases strongly activated by ABA. So far, the ABA-dependent kinases belonging to group 3 have been studied most thoroughly. They are considered major regulators of plant response to ABA. The regulation of the plant response to ABA via SnRK2s pathways occurs by direct phosphorylation of various downstream targets, for example, SLAC1, KAT1, AtRbohF, and transcription factors required for the expression of numerous stress response genes. Members of group 2 share some cellular functions with group 3 kinases; however, their contribution to ABA-related responses is not clear. There are strong indications that they are positive regulators of plant responses to water deficit. Most probably they complement the ABA-dependent kinases in plant defense against environmental stress. So far, data concerning the physiological role of ABA-independent SnRK2s are very limited; it is to be expected they will be studied extensively in the nearest future. email： 1274069191 @qq.com
http://www.ks.uiuc.edu/Research/namd/mailing_list/namd-l.2011-2012/0437.html Re: VMD inorganic builder plugin From: Robert Brunner ( rbrunner_at_illinois.edu ) Date: Thu Mar 17 2011 - 14:17:48 CDT Next message: Branko: "GBIS and ABF" Previous message: Chris Harrison: "Re: New NAMD version 2011-03-03 uses" In reply to: dota alexiou: "VMD inorganic builder plugin" Messages sorted by: The VMD distribution currently contains experimental parameters for amorphous silica, crystalline SiO2, and crystalling Si3N4. These parameters were used for particular projects in the TCB group, and may or may not be suitable for other types of simulations. The plugin does not include parameters for other material types. Robert On Mar 17, 2011, at 5:36 AM, dota alexiou wrote: Hello. I have a question about the inorganic builder plugin in VMD. In the tutorial it says: (Task menu/Build device) : ''Save par file: For some material types,the plugin includes a parameter file in the CHARMM format which may be appropriate for some simulations..." Which are these materials for which i can use NAMD-VMD a parameter file already exsist also the CHARMM FF i use through NAMD can perform the calculations??? .."for some simulations??"...i guess the simulations of an inorganic material combined with proteins,needs to add new parameters in CHARMM FF?thank u! ---------------------------------------------- Robert Brunner rbrunner_at_illinois.edu 217-333-7677
Molecular Diagnosis Therapy: http://adisonline.com/moleculardiagnosistherapy/Abstract/2011/15010/Rapid_and_Efficient_Detection_of_EGFR_Mutations_in.3.aspx 1 February 2011 - Volume 15 - Issue 1 - pp 21-29 doi: 10.2165/11586950-000000000-00000 Original Research Articles Rapid and Efficient Detection of EGFR Mutations in Problematic Cytologic Specimens by High-Resolution Melting Analysis Hlinkova, Katarina1; Babál, Pavel2; Berzinec, Peter3; Majer, Ivan4; Ilencikova, Denisa5 Abstract Background and Objective: Chemotherapy for advanced non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) remains marginally effective, with a 5-year overall survival rate of approximately 5%. Recently, the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) tyrosine kinase inhibitor gefitinib was approved in Slovakia for the treatment of metastatic NSCLC. Gefitinib is a selective EGFR inhibitor that binds to the adenosine triphosphate binding pocket of the kinase domain and blocks downstream signaling pathways. Mutations of the EGFR gene, particularly an in-frame 15 bp deletion (delE746_A750) in exon 19 and the L858R mutation in exon 21, correlate with enhanced clinical responsiveness to EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors. However, the detection of these mutations and thereby prediction of the therapy outcome is sometimes unreliable due to the low sensitivity of direct sequencing if the proportion of tumor cells in the tissue is less than 25%. Therefore we decided to test the applicability of other methods, particularly high-resolution melting analysis (HRMA), for detection of these mutations in clinical samples. Methods: We analyzed 53 archival cytologic specimens for the presence of EGFR mutations, using the HRMA method. Results were verified by direct sequencing. For samples containing less than 25% tumor cells, we used mutant-enriched PCR before sequencing. We also performed a titration assay to establish the lower limit of the proportion of tumor cells for detection of EGFR mutations. Results: EGFR mutations were detected in 13 cases (24%). In-frame deletions in exon 19 were detected in eight cases (15%) and the L858R mutation in exon 21 was detected in five cases (9%). The positive results of the HRMA were confirmed by direct sequencing only in five of 13 cases. In the remaining eight positive samples, HRMA results were confirmed by sequencing analysis after mutant-DNA enrichment. The titration assay established that the lower limit for detection of EGFR mutations by HMRA was 1% tumor cells in the clinical sample. Conclusion: Our results indicated that HRMA in combination with mutant-enriched PCR represents a sensitive method for detection of EGFR mutations from cytologic specimens. When properly executed, this protocol allows identification of EGFR mutations in specimens containing a minimal percentage of tumor cells.
根据《 哥白尼索引》（Index Copernicus ）网站2012年10月22日公布的2011年 收录期刊评价指标（ IC Value，简称 ICV 2011 ）,我国累计有605种期刊入选《哥白尼索引》，其中来自我国大陆地区的期刊565种，来自香港地区的期刊28种，还有12种期刊来自台湾地区。但是目前属于活跃期刊的仅仅有434种，其中大陆地区408种，香港地区20种，台湾地区6种，其余期刊则属于非活跃性期刊，详细统计结果见 http://blog.sciencenet.cn/home.php?mod=spaceuid=212210do=blogid=626055 中国期刊ICV 2011 统计结果见附件（其中包括所有期刊605种）。 Region Active Journals Not Active Journals Total China Mainland 408 157 565 China Hong Kong 20 8 28 China Taiwan 6 6 12 Total 434 171 605 china-605 master list ICV.pdf
Challenging Array Dominance, NanoString Launches Panel for Molecular Karyotyping March 08, 2011 Tweet Type size: -+ Email Printer-friendly version RSS Feed This story was originally posted March 2. By Justin Petrone NanoString Technologies recently introduced its first fixed-panel assay for the detection of human genetic abnormalities. The firm is positioning the nCounter Human Karyotype Panel as a faster, less expensive alternative to microarray-based approaches. Chris Grimley, vice president of marketing at Seattle-based NanoString, told BioArray News this week that the firm's platform supports molecular karyotyping in a "simplified workflow that, with less than 5 minutes of hands-on time, allows researchers to monitor aneuploidy for all 24 human chromosomes in a single reaction at a lower cost than array-based methods." The new karyotype panel detects the "same types of chromosomal abnormalities as array-based methods, but differs in that it has higher reproducibility and lower resolution," Grimley added. He did not discuss pricing for the panel. NanoString's nCounter Analysis System is designed to enable researchers to measure gene expression in a multiplexed fashion using color-coded molecular barcodes, and single-molecule imaging to detect and count hundreds of unique transcripts in a single reaction. The 8-year-old firm has launched applications for gene- and microRNA-expression profiling, and, most recently, copy number analysis (BAN 11/2/2010). The new karyotype assay is the first fixed panel launched by the company for copy number analysis. NanoString claimed in a statement that the panel can be used to accurately quantify chromosome number and detect aneuploidy. The firm claims that its new assay is ideal for monitoring human-derived samples and cell lines for chromosomal abnormalities. The Human Karyotype Panel is intended solely for research use. "The karyotype panel is based on our copy number variation assay which accurately quantitates DNA," said Grimley. He added that NanoString is evaluating a number of panel ideas for copy number variation as well as other applications that rely on quantitation of DNA, such as validation of next-generation sequencing results. Ultimately, the firm's strategy is focused on "identifying areas where the unique features of the nCounter platform can provide a material improvement in performance, cost, and workflow for analyses," said Grimley. He said that NanoString has been "approached by a growing number of researchers in both large and smaller labs" seeking applications for CNV and next-generation sequencing analysis. Related Stories European Study Notes Growing Use of Arrays over Karyotyping in Routine Hematological Cancer Diagnosis June 12, 2012 / BioArray News NanoString Establishes Dx Unit as Breast Cancer Test Moves Closer to FDA Submission May 29, 2012 / BioArray News NanoString Technologies Secures $15M Senior Credit Facility April 4, 2012 / GenomeWeb Daily News NanoString to Launch New Expression Assays; CEO Dishes on Dx Strategy August 16, 2011 / BioArray News NanoString Technologies Hopes to Achieve FDA Clearance for Breast Cancer Test by 2012 December 7, 2010 / BioArray News
网上流传的莫言大部分文集 http://bbs.sciencenet.cn/forum.php?mod=viewthreadtid=1109741fromuid=70526 Writing to 3D OpenGL textures in CUDA 4.1 with 3D surfacewrites December 2, 2011 5 Comments CUDA 4.1 has been released , and with it, and they’ve added support for writing to 3D surfaces. And thanks to some pointers from some very helpful Nvidia engineers (thanks Gernot !), I was able to write to a 3D OpenGL texture with a CUDA kernel, without having to copy any data between the host and the device. The new toolkit has an excellent volumeFiltering sample that shows how to write to 3D surfaces, which was very helpful, but there are still a couple of gotchas to watch out for. OpenGL interop The sample uses cudaMalloc3DArrayto directly allocate data for the 3D surfaces, so it doesn’t show the process for 3D surface writes in which the allocation has occurred by creating an OpenGL texture. Fortunately, that takes just a few extra steps. The Steps Create an OpenGL 3D Texture Register the texture as an “image” with CUDA Map the “image” to a CUDA graphics resource Get a cudaArray pointer from the resource Pass the cudaArray pointer to the device Bind the cudaArray to a globally scoped CUDA surface Call a CUDA kernel Write to the surface using surf3Dwrite Unmap the resource Unregister the texture Step 1: Create an OpenGL 3D texture Hopefully most people know how to do this, just watch out that you are using a texture format that is CUDA compatible, I’m not entirely sure all which textures are supported, but this forum post shows a couple that definitely work. glGenTextures(1, texID); glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_3D, texID); { glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_3D, GL_TEXTURE_MIN_FILTER, GL_NEAREST ); glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_3D, GL_TEXTURE_MAG_FILTER, GL_NEAREST ); glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_3D, GL_TEXTURE_WRAP_S, GL_CLAMP_TO_BORDER); glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_3D, GL_TEXTURE_WRAP_T, GL_CLAMP_TO_BORDER); glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_3D, GL_TEXTURE_WRAP_T, GL_CLAMP_TO_BORDER); glTexImage3D(GL_TEXTURE_3D, 0, GL_RGBA32F, textureDim.x, textureDim.y, textureDim.z, 0, GL_RGBA, GL_FLOAT, NULL); } glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_3D, 0); Step 2:Register the texture as an “image” with CUDA This is done with cudaGraphicsGLRegisterImage , just make sure you specify the cudaGraphicsRegisterFlagsSurfaceLoadStore flag as this tell CUDA that you want to bind this image/texture to a surface reference. If you wrap this in a cutilSafeCall and you used an unsupported texture format, you’ll probably get an error message. cutilSafeCall(cudaGraphicsGLRegisterImage(cuda_image_resource, texID, GL_TEXTURE_3D, cudaGraphicsRegisterFlagsSurfaceLoadStore)); Step 3:Map the “image” to a CUDA graphics resource You must map the resource with cudaGraphicsMapResources before you can get a cudaArray from it. cutilSafeCall(cudaGraphicsMapResources(1, cuda_image_resource, 0)); Step 4:Get a cudaArray pointer from the resource Unlike with buffers, we won’t get a raw pointer from CUDA, instead we get a mapped cudaArray type by calling cudaGraphicsSubResourceGetMappedArray . The cudaArray pointer is only guaranteed valid while “mapped”. cutilSafeCall(cudaGraphicsSubResourceGetMappedArray(cuda_array, cuda_image_resource, 0, 0)); Step 5: Pass the cudaArray pointer to the device Getting the cudaArray pointer is pretty much the last thing we do on the host side. Once we have the pointer we pass it over to the device side code (in the .cu file) launch_kernel(cuda_image_array, textureDim); Step 6:Bind the cudaArray to a globally scoped CUDA surface Once we have the cudaArray pointer on the device side we bind it to the surface reference. For some reason the surface reference must be declared in the global scope. There is no cudaUnbindSurface, so don’t worry about that. cutilSafeCall(cudaBindSurfaceToArray(surfaceWrite, cuda_array)); Step 7:Call a CUDA kernel Now that we have a surface reference to work with we can call our CUDA kernel. Make sure not to use too large of block for your kernel launch, which is pretty easy to do if your specifying the dimension in 3D. I believe the limit is 1024 on current gen hardware. If you exceed the limit the kernel will fail to launch, you can catch this with cutilCheckMsg. dim3 block_dim(8, 8, 8); dim3 grid_dim(texture_dim.x/block_dim.x, texture_dim.y/block_dim.y, texture_dim.z/block_dim.z); kernel grid_dim, block_dim (texture_dim); cutilCheckMsg("kernel failed"); Step 8:Write to the surface using surf3Dwrite Now that we’ve launched our CUDA kernel we can write to the globally scoped surface with surf3Dwrite. I got tripped up at this point because I didn’t realize that surface memory uses byte addressing. This means that the x-coordinate used to access a surface element needs to be multiplied by the byte size of the element. This is easy to miss if you’re going by the SDK sample, since it uses a 1-byte surface of unsigned char‘s. __global__ void kernel(dim3 texture_dim) { int x = blockIdx.x*blockDim.x + threadIdx.x; int y = blockIdx.y*blockDim.y + threadIdx.y; int z = blockIdx.z*blockDim.z + threadIdx.z; if(x = texture_dim.x || y = texture_dim.y || z = texture_dim.z) { return; } float4 element = make_float4(1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f); surf3Dwrite(element, surfaceWrite, x*sizeof(float4), y, z); } Step 9: Unmap the resource Make sure to unmap the resource with cudaGraphicsUnmapResources before you try to do anything else with the texture, like use it in OpenGL. If you surface writes were misaligned you’ll probably get an “unknown error” when trying to unmap the resource, if it was called with cutilSafeCall. cutilSafeCall(cudaGraphicsUnmapResources(1, cuda_image_resource, 0)); Step 10: Unregister the texture This is just more cleanup, be sure to unregister the texture/image resource with cudaGraphicsUnregisterResource , you probably don’t want to do this until you are done with the texture. cutilSafeCall(cudaGraphicsUnregisterResource(cuda_image_resource)); Conclusion Source This is a feature I’ve been looking forward to for quite awhile, and I’m very glad to see it implemented in the newest CUDA release. Hopefully I’ve managed to describe to process clearly enough that other people can avoid the mistakes I made. If you still having trouble make sure you’ve called cudaGLSetGLDevice. I created a very simple source example from an SDK sample, so hopefully it will work/compile if you extract it in your SDK sample directory (C:\ProgramData\NVIDIA Corporation\NVIDIA GPU Computing SDK 4.1\C\src\).
http://scienceblog.com/ Scientists Uncover Diversion of Gulf Stream Path in Late 2011 Curcumin curbs metastases The most, and least unpleasant sounds Scientists ID trigger for explosive volcanic eruptions New weapons detail reveals true depth of Cuban Missile Crisis Illegal hunting, wildlife trade may cause conservation crisis Earth sunblock only needed if planet warms easily Transplantation of Embryonic Neurons Raises Hope for Treating Brain Diseases When galaxies eat galaxies Fly genomes show natural selection and return to Africa Exposure to traffic air pollution in infancy impairs lung function in children Shape matters in DNA nanoparticle therapy
The case for RAMCloud by John Ousterhout, Parag Agrawal, David Erickson, Christos Kozyrakis, Jacob Leverich, David Mazières, Subhasish Mitra, Aravind Narayanan, Diego Ongaro, Guru Parulkar, Mendel Rosenblum, Stephen M. Rumble, Eric Stratmann, and Ryan Stutsman CACM july 2011 | vol. 54 | no. 7 remark: With scalable high-performance storage entirely in DRAM, RAMCloud will enable a new breed of data-intensive applications. 1 RAMCloud Overview 2 Motivation the two styles of applications in Figure 1. 2.1 Scalable storage for existing applications. NoSQL 2.2 Technology trends. 2.3 Research Challenges The case for RAMCloud.pdf
The PASCAL Visual Object Classes Challenge Workshop20117th November 2011, ICCV 2011 , Barcelona, Spain Introduction This workshop will present and discuss the results of the PASCAL Visual Object Classes Challenge (VOC2011) . The challenge has three main competitions, one testing image classification ("does the image contain an instance of this class?"), one testing object detection ("provide a bounding box for each instance of the class, if any"), and one evaluating object segmentation at the pixel level. In addition there are three 'taster' competitions, on person layout ("where are this person's head, hands and feet?"), still-image action classification ("is this person running/playing an instrument, etc.?"), and large scale recognition using ImageNet. Full details of the challenge. Venue The workshop will be held on 7th November 2011, in association with ICCV 2011 . Further details of the venue can be found on the ICCV website . Prizes The following prizes were announced at the workshop: Classification Winner: NUSPSL_CTX_GPM Chen Qiang 1 , Song Zheng 1 , Yan Shuicheng 1 , Hua Yang 2 , Huang Zhongyang 2 , Shen Shengmei 2 1 National University of Singapore; 2 Panasonic Singapore Laboratories Honourable Mentions: NLPR_SS_VW_PLS Yinan Yu, Junge Zhang, Yongzhen Huang, Weiqiang Ren, Chong Wang, Jinchen Wu, Kaiqi Huang, Tieniu Tan National Laboratory of Pattern Recognition, Institute of Automation Chinese Academy of Sciences UVA_MOSTTELLING Jasper Uijlings, Koen van de Sande, Arnold Smeulders, Theo Gevers, Nicu Sebe, Cees Snoek University of Amsterdam; University of Trento Detection Joint Winners: NLPR_DD_DC Junge Zhang, Yinan Yu, Yongzhen Huang, Chong Wang, Weiqiang Ren, Jinchen Wu, Kaiqi Huang, Tieniu Tan National Laboratory of Pattern Recognition, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences NYUUCLA_HIERARCHY Yuanhao Chen, Li Wan, Long Zhu, Rob Fergus, Alan Yuille NYU, UCLA Honourable Mention: CORNELL_ISVM_VIEWPOINT Joshua Schwartz, Noah Snavely, Daniel Huttenlocher Cornell University Segmentation Winner: BONN_SVR_SEGM/BONN_FGT_SEGM Joao Carreira 1 , Adrian Ion 2 , Fuxin Li 3 , Cristian Sminchisescu 1 1 University of Bonn, 2 Vienna University of Technology, 3 Georgia Institute of Technology Honourable Mention: BERKELEY_REGION_CLASSIFY Pablo Arbelaez, Bharath Hariharan, Saurabh Gupta, Chunhui Gu, Lubomir Bourdev, Jitendra Malik University of California, Berkeley Person Layout Winner: OXFORD_RANK_SLACK_BRF Arpit Mittal, Matthew Blaschko, Andrew Zisserman, Manuel J Marin, Phil Torr University of Oxford, Oxford Brookes University Action Classification Winner: STANFORD_RF_DENSEFTR_SVM Bangpeng Yao, Aditya Khosla, Li Fei-Fei Stanford University Runners-up: CAENLEAR_HOBJ_DSAL Gaurav Sharma, Alessandro Prest, Frederic Jurie, Vittorio Ferrari, Cordelia Schmid University of Caen, INRIA LEAR NUDT_CONTEXT/NUDT_LL_SEMANTIC Li Zhou, Dewen Hu, Zongtan Zhou National University of Defense Technology, China Programme 09:00 - 09:20 Overview and results of the classification challenge Mark Everingham University of Leeds 09:20 - 09:40 Classification methods The Most Telling Window for Image Classification Jasper Uijlings 2 , Koen van de Sande 1 , Arnold Smeulders 1 , Theo Gevers 1 , Nicu Sebe 2 , Cees Snoek 1 1 University of Amsterdam, Netherlands; 2 University of Trento, Italy NB: This is unpublished work. Please contact the authors if you plan to make use of any of the ideas presented. 09:40 - 10:00 Overview and results of the detection challenge Mark Everingham University of Leeds 10:00 - 10:20 Detection methods Object Detection based on Data Decomposition, Spatial Mixture Modeling and Context Junge Zhang , Yinan Yu, Yongzhen Huang, Chong Wang, Weiqiang Ren, Jinchen Wu, Kaiqi Huang, Tieniu Tan National Laboratory of Pattern Recognition, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences NB: This is unpublished work. Please contact the authors if you plan to make use of any of the ideas presented. 10:20 - 11:00 Break 11:00 - 11:20 Overview and results of the segmentation challenge Mark Everingham University of Leeds 11:20 - 11:40 Segmentation methods Object Recognition by Sequential CPMC Segment Ranking Joao Carreira , Fuxin Li, Cristian Sminchisescu University of Bonn 11:40 - 11:50 Overview, results and methods of the person layout taster challenge Mark Everingham University of Leeds 11:50 - 12:10 Overview and results of the action classification taster challenge Mark Everingham University of Leeds 12:10 - 12:30 Action classification methods Action Classification: An Integration of Randomization and Discrimination in A Dense Feature Representation Bangpeng Yao , Aditya Khosla, Li Fei-Fei Stanford University 12:30 - 14:30 Lunch ILSVRC2011 challenge workshop More information available at the ILSVRC2011 website 14:30 - 15:45 Introduction of Large Scale Visual Recognition Competition Alex Berg Stony Brook University 15:45 - 16:05 Classification Winner Florent Perronin Xerox Research Center Europe 16:10 - 16:30 Detection Winner Koen van de Sande University of Amsterdam University of Trento 16:35 - Discussion and planning for next year Organizers Mark Everingham (University of Leeds), m.everingham@leeds.ac.uk Luc van Gool (ETHZ, Zurich) Chris Williams (University of Edinburgh) John Winn (Microsoft Research Cambridge) Andrew Zisserman (University of Oxford) SupportThe preparation and running of this challenge is supported by the EU-funded PASCAL2 Network of Excellence on Pattern Analysis, Statistical Modelling and Computational Learning.
VOC2011 RESULTS Key to abbreviations Classification Results: VOC2011 dataCompetition "comp1" (train on VOC2011 data)Average Precision (AP %) aero plane bicycle bird boat bottle bus car cat chair cow dining table dog horse motor bike person potted plant sheep sofa train tv/ monitor BPACAD_COMB_LF_AK_WK_NOBOXES 86.5 58.3 59.7 67.4 33.2 74.2 64.0 65.5 58.5 44.8 53.5 57.0 60.7 70.8 84.6 39.4 55.4 50.5 80.7 63.1 BPACAD_CS_FISH256_1024_SVM_AVGKER_NOBOXES 85.0 57.0 57.7 65.9 30.7 75.0 62.4 64.4 56.9 42.2 50.9 55.3 59.1 69.1 84.2 39.3 52.3 46.7 78.9 61.8 BUPT_ALL 61.5 11.9 12.4 29.7 8.7 30.6 18.4 23.6 21.6 5.8 14.8 18.5 7.1 12.3 47.7 7.2 15.0 9.8 18.8 19.2 BUPT_NOPATCH 65.1 23.8 17.3 36.0 12.6 40.5 31.1 35.4 27.2 10.4 20.8 31.3 13.6 29.5 54.9 10.7 19.1 19.2 42.1 30.8 JDL_K17_AVG_CLS 84.2 52.0 54.5 63.2 25.3 71.2 58.0 61.1 50.2 33.3 44.3 49.7 57.9 65.1 79.9 20.9 47.4 43.0 77.7 56.7 LIRIS_CLS 88.3 56.2 59.3 68.6 33.2 76.6 62.2 64.5 55.3 42.6 55.1 56.2 61.9 70.0 82.5 37.3 56.4 48.3 79.6 64.7 LIRIS_CLSDET 90.0 66.2 63.3 70.9 47.0 80.9 73.9 63.9 61.1 52.7 57.9 56.9 69.6 73.8 88.4 46.3 65.3 54.2 81.3 72.7 MSRAUSTC_HIGH_ORDER_SVM 92.8 74.8 69.6 76.1 47.3 83.5 76.4 76.9 59.8 54.5 63.5 67.0 75.1 78.8 90.4 43.1 63.1 60.4 85.6 71.1 MSRAUSTC_PATCH 92.7 74.5 69.4 75.4 45.7 83.4 76.5 76.6 59.6 54.5 63.4 67.4 74.8 78.6 90.3 43.0 63.1 58.6 85.2 71.3 NANJING_DMC_HIK_SVM_SIFT 55.6 25.5 31.0 36.5 15.8 41.4 40.0 40.6 30.0 17.8 21.1 34.0 27.0 31.0 57.9 11.9 20.7 22.6 48.4 35.7 NLPR_KF_SVM 10.5 9.1 10.7 6.0 6.5 7.2 13.3 12.2 11.5 9.5 5.6 16.7 8.6 6.6 38.9 5.3 15.0 5.0 8.3 5.4 NLPR_SS_VW_PLS 94.5 82.6 79.4 80.7 57.8 87.8 85.5 83.9 66.6 74.2 69.4 75.2 83.0 88.1 93.5 56.2 75.5 64.1 90.0 76.6 NLPR_SVM_BOWDET 82.9 69.4 45.4 60.1 46.0 80.0 75.1 59.9 54.9 50.7 43.3 49.9 63.4 72.2 88.1 36.1 57.1 37.7 75.2 58.5 NLPR_SVM_BOWDET_CONV 83.8 69.8 47.8 60.5 45.4 80.5 74.6 60.4 54.0 51.3 45.3 51.5 64.5 72.6 87.7 35.9 57.7 39.8 75.8 62.7 NUSPSL_CTX_GPM 95.5 81.1 79.4 82.5 58.2 87.7 84.1 83.1 68.5 72.8 68.5 76.4 83.3 87.5 92.8 56.5 77.7 67.0 91.2 77.5 NUSPSL_CTX_GPM_SVM 94.3 78.5 76.4 80.0 57.0 86.3 82.1 81.5 65.6 74.7 66.5 73.4 81.9 85.3 91.9 53.2 73.9 65.1 89.5 76.0 SJT_SIFT_LLC_PCAPOOL_DET_SVM 85.6 66.5 51.9 60.3 45.4 76.8 70.3 65.1 56.4 34.3 49.6 52.4 63.1 71.5 86.8 26.1 56.9 47.9 75.5 65.6 SJT_SIFT_LLC_PCAPOOL_SVM 83.2 52.5 49.3 59.6 26.0 73.5 58.2 64.4 52.1 36.6 44.9 52.1 57.8 63.8 78.1 19.1 52.8 44.1 72.0 57.4 UVA_MOSTTELLING 90.1 74.1 66.5 76.0 57.0 85.6 81.2 74.5 63.5 62.7 64.5 66.6 76.5 81.2 90.8 58.7 69.3 66.3 84.7 77.2 Precision/Recall Curves aeroplane bicycle bird boat bottle bus car cat chair cow diningtable dog horse motorbike person pottedplant sheep sofa train tvmonitor Classification Results: VOC2011 dataCompetition "comp2" (train on own data)Average Precision (AP %) aero plane bicycle bird boat bottle bus car cat chair cow dining table dog horse motor bike person potted plant sheep sofa train tv/ monitor LIRIS_CLSTEXT 88.3 66.1 60.8 68.5 46.7 77.3 69.2 63.7 55.9 52.6 56.6 55.5 69.6 73.7 87.1 46.3 65.2 54.0 81.2 72.7 Precision/Recall Curves aeroplane bicycle bird boat bottle bus car cat chair cow diningtable dog horse motorbike person pottedplant sheep sofa train tvmonitor Detection Results: VOC2011 dataCompetition "comp3" (train on VOC2011 data)Average Precision (AP %) aero plane bicycle bird boat bottle bus car cat chair cow dining table dog horse motor bike person potted plant sheep sofa train tv/ monitor BROOKES_STRUCT_DET_CRF 37.1 42.6 2.0 0.0 16.0 43.8 38.6 17.0 10.3 7.7 2.4 1.5 34.3 41.1 38.4 1.5 14.7 5.3 35.4 27.1 CMIC_GS_DPM - - - 13.3 26.4 - 41.5 - - - 12.2 - - 41.6 - 8.3 31.4 - - - CMIC_SYNTHDPM 40.4 47.8 - 11.4 23.7 48.9 40.9 23.5 11.9 25.5 - 10.9 42.0 38.6 40.7 7.5 30.4 - 38.4 34.8 CORNELL_ISVM_VIEWPOINT 42.5 43.7 5.4 4.8 18.1 28.6 36.6 24.2 12.6 20.5 4.4 17.5 15.2 38.2 7.9 1.7 23.2 7.1 41.0 25.7 MISSOURI_LCC_TREE_CODING 41.1 51.7 13.7 11.9 27.3 52.1 41.7 32.9 17.6 27.3 18.5 23.1 45.2 48.6 41.9 11.6 32.4 27.5 44.2 38.3 MISSOURI_TREE_MAX_POOLING 43.8 51.7 13.7 12.7 27.3 51.5 43.7 32.9 18.3 27.3 18.5 23.1 45.2 48.6 42.9 11.6 32.4 27.5 47.0 39.3 NLPR_DD_DC 55.0 58.1 22.5 18.8 33.9 57.6 54.5 42.6 20.2 40.3 29.3 37.1 54.6 58.3 51.6 14.7 44.8 32.1 51.7 41.0 NUS_CONTEXT_SVM 51.4 52.9 20.1 15.7 26.9 53.0 45.6 37.6 15.2 36.0 25.1 32.6 50.4 55.8 36.8 12.3 37.6 30.5 48.1 41.0 NYUUCLA_HIERARCHY 56.3 55.9 23.4 20.3 27.2 56.6 48.1 53.8 23.2 32.9 33.3 39.2 53.0 56.9 43.6 14.3 37.9 39.4 52.6 43.7 OXFORD_DPM_MK 56.0 53.3 19.2 17.2 25.8 53.1 45.4 44.5 20.1 32.1 28.1 37.2 52.3 56.6 43.3 12.1 34.3 37.6 51.8 45.2 UOCTTI_LSVM_MDPM 53.2 53.9 13.1 13.5 30.5 55.5 51.2 31.7 14.5 29.0 16.0 22.1 43.1 50.3 46.3 8.8 33.0 22.9 45.8 38.2 UOCTTI_WL-SSVM_GRAMMAR - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 49.2 - - - - - UVA_SELSEARCH 56.9 43.4 16.6 15.8 18.0 52.3 38.3 48.9 12.2 29.7 32.8 36.7 45.7 54.4 30.4 16.2 37.2 34.7 45.9 44.2 Precision/Recall Curves aeroplane bicycle bird boat bottle bus car cat chair cow diningtable dog horse motorbike person pottedplant sheep sofa train tvmonitor Detection Results: VOC2011 dataCompetition "comp4" (train on own data)Average Precision (AP %) aero plane bicycle bird boat bottle bus car cat chair cow dining table dog horse motor bike person potted plant sheep sofa train tv/ monitor Precision/Recall Curves aeroplane bicycle bird boat bottle bus car cat chair cow diningtable dog horse motorbike person pottedplant sheep sofa train tvmonitor Segmentation Results (VOC2011 data)Competition "comp5" (train on VOC2011 data)Accuracy (%) - Entries in parentheses are synthesized from detection results. back ground aero plane bicycle bird boat bottle bus car cat chair cow dining table dog horse motor bike person potted plant sheep sofa train tv/ monitor BONN_FGT_SEGM 41.4 83.4 51.7 23.7 46.0 33.9 49.4 66.2 56.2 41.7 10.4 41.9 29.6 24.4 49.1 50.5 39.6 19.9 44.9 26.1 40.0 41.6 BONN_SVR_SEGM 43.3 84.9 54.3 23.9 39.5 35.3 42.6 65.4 53.5 46.1 15.0 47.4 30.1 33.9 48.8 54.4 46.4 28.8 51.3 26.2 44.9 37.2 BROOKES_STRUCT_DET_CRF 31.3 79.4 36.6 18.6 9.2 11.0 29.8 59.0 50.3 25.5 11.8 29.0 24.8 16.0 29.1 47.9 41.9 16.1 34.0 11.6 43.3 31.7 NUS_CONTEXT_SVM 35.1 77.2 40.5 19.0 28.4 27.8 40.7 56.4 45.0 33.1 7.2 37.4 17.4 26.8 33.7 46.6 40.6 23.3 33.4 23.9 41.2 38.6 NUS_SEG_DET_MASK_CLS_CRF 37.7 79.8 41.5 20.2 30.4 29.1 47.4 61.2 47.7 35.0 8.5 38.3 14.5 28.6 36.5 47.8 42.5 28.5 37.8 26.4 43.5 45.8 (CORNELL_ISVM_VIEWPOINT) 11.8 1.4 7.4 10.5 5.5 1.6 22.9 25.7 27.9 10.9 4.7 16.4 5.2 5.6 10.3 21.4 11.1 4.8 6.7 3.0 21.3 24.2 (MISSOURI_LCC_TREE_CODING) 13.1 0.5 9.2 9.4 8.1 2.2 25.7 32.6 18.6 13.2 4.1 9.5 13.8 9.5 13.5 17.4 26.7 10.0 9.5 14.5 15.9 11.2 (MISSOURI_TREE_MAX_POOLING) 13.1 0.6 10.0 7.8 7.4 2.3 27.1 30.2 38.8 12.3 3.9 8.3 10.7 7.8 11.4 14.4 26.9 6.3 8.6 10.3 16.9 13.2 (NLPR_DD_DC) 19.4 0.8 21.6 2.9 10.1 7.9 38.0 27.2 26.0 7.4 7.3 30.4 17.8 26.3 24.9 41.6 29.2 2.4 27.8 20.7 31.0 6.9 (NYUUCLA_HIERARCHY) 15.3 1.2 11.9 7.6 12.9 6.7 12.4 24.3 28.4 26.2 2.9 21.3 9.3 19.8 18.6 27.7 27.6 6.3 23.1 5.9 18.1 9.1 (OXFORD_DPM_MK) 15.2 0.4 16.3 7.4 8.7 4.7 27.0 29.8 18.9 23.0 3.2 15.3 11.6 13.9 19.6 19.1 23.3 4.3 22.7 7.7 19.5 22.5 (UOCTTI_LSVM_MDPM) 13.1 4.0 9.2 7.8 9.2 6.2 20.4 38.4 24.9 11.2 3.3 12.8 5.9 10.4 15.4 19.5 20.4 5.7 13.4 5.0 15.9 16.3 (UVA_SELSEARCH) 16.2 2.9 13.9 8.2 5.4 7.2 18.8 52.0 29.2 21.9 3.9 17.5 10.7 13.7 12.2 27.7 14.7 7.8 21.3 12.9 17.2 20.5 Segmentation Results (VOC2011 data)Competition "comp6" (train on own data)Accuracy (%) - Entries in parentheses are synthesized from detection results. back ground aero plane bicycle bird boat bottle bus car cat chair cow dining table dog horse motor bike person potted plant sheep sofa train tv/ monitor BERKELEY_REGION_CLASSIFY 39.1 83.3 48.9 20.0 32.8 28.2 41.1 53.9 48.3 48.0 6.0 34.9 27.5 35.0 47.2 47.3 48.4 20.6 52.7 25.0 36.6 35.4 Person Layout Results: VOC2011 dataCompetition "comp7" (train on VOC2011 data)Average Precision (AP %) Head Hand Foot Precision/Recall Curves head hand foot Person Layout Results: VOC2011 dataCompetition "comp8" (train on own data)Average Precision (AP %) Head Hand Foot OXFORD_RANK_SLACK_RBF 72.9 26.9 4.1 Precision/Recall Curves head hand foot Action Classification Results: VOC2011 dataCompetition "comp9" (train on VOC2011 data)Average Precision (AP %) jumping phoning playing instrument reading riding bike riding horse running taking photo using computer walking CAENLEAR_DSAL 62.1 39.7 60.5 33.6 80.8 83.6 80.3 23.2 53.4 50.2 CAENLEAR_HOBJ_DSAL 71.6 50.7 77.5 37.8 86.5 89.5 83.8 25.1 58.9 59.2 MISSOURI_SSLMF 58.8 36.8 48.5 30.6 81.5 83.0 78.5 21.3 50.7 53.8 NUDT_CONTEXT 65.9 41.5 57.4 34.7 88.8 90.2 87.9 25.7 54.5 59.5 NUDT_LL_SEMANTIC 66.3 41.3 53.9 35.2 88.8 90.0 87.6 25.5 53.7 58.2 STANFORD_RF_DENSEFTR_SVM 66.0 41.0 60.0 41.5 90.0 92.1 86.6 28.8 62.0 65.9 WVU_SVM-PHOW 42.5 29.5 32.1 26.7 48.5 46.3 59.2 13.5 24.3 35.6 Precision/Recall Curves jumping phoning playinginstrument reading ridingbike ridinghorse running takingphoto usingcomputer walking Action Classification Results: VOC2011 dataCompetition "comp10" (train on own data)Average Precision (AP %) jumping phoning playing instrument reading riding bike riding horse running taking photo using computer walking BERKELEY_ACTION_POSELETS 59.5 31.3 45.6 27.8 84.4 88.3 77.6 31.0 47.4 57.6 STANFORD_COMBINE_ATTR_PART 66.7 41.1 60.8 42.2 90.5 92.2 86.2 28.8 63.5 64.2 STANFORD_MAPSVM_POSELET 27.0 29.3 28.3 23.8 71.9 82.4 67.3 20.1 26.0 46.4 Precision/Recall Curves jumping phoning playinginstrument reading ridingbike ridinghorse running takingphoto usingcomputer walking Key to Abbreviations Abbreviation Title Method Affiliation Contributors Descriptiorn BERKELEY_ACTION_POSELETS Poselets trained on action categories. BERKELEY_ACTION_POSELETS University of California, Berkeley Subhransu Maji, Lubomir Bourdev, Jitendra Malik This is based on our CVPR 2011 paper: "Action recognition using a distributed representation of pose and appearance", Subhransu Maji, Lubomir Bourdev and Jitendra Malik For this submission we train 200 poselets for each action category. In addition we train poselets based on subcategory labels for playinginstrument and ridingbike. Linear SVMs are trained on the "poselet activation vector" along with features from object detectors for four categories: motorbike, bicycle, horse and tvmonitor. Context models re-rank the objects at the image level, as described in the CVPR'11 paper. BERKELEY_REGION_CLASSIFY Classification of low-level regions Berkeley_Region_Classify UC Berkeley Pablo Arbelaez, Bharath Hariharan, Saurabh Gupta, Chunhui Gu, Lubomir Bourdev and Jitendra Malik We propose a semantic segmentation approach that represents and classifies generic regions from low-level segmentation. We extract object candidates using ultrametric contour maps (Arbelaez et al., TPAMI 2011) at several image resolutions. We represent each region using mid- and high-level features that capture its appearance (color, shape , texture) and also its compatibility with the activations of a part detector (we use the poselets from Bourdev et al, ECCV 2010.) . A category label is assigned to each region using a hierarchy of IKSVM classifiers (Maji et al, CVPR 2008). BONN_FGT_SEGM BONN_FGT_SEGM BONN_FGT_SEGM �University of Bonn, �Vienna University of Technology, �Georgia Institute of Technology Joao Carreira�, Adrian Ion�, Fuxin Li�, Cristian Sminchisescu� We present a joint image segmentation and labeling model which, given a bag of figure-ground segment hypotheses extracted at multiple image locations and scales using CPMC (Carreira and Sminchisescu, CVPR2010), constructs a joint probability distribution over both the compatible image interpretations (tilings or image segmentations) composed from those segments, and over their labeling into categories. The process of drawing samples from the joint distribution can be interpreted as first sampling tilings, modeled as maximal cliques, from a graph connecting spatially non-overlapping segments in the bag (Ion, Carreira, Sminchisescu, ICCV11) , followed by sampling labels for those segments, conditioned on the choice of a particular tiling. We learn the segmentation and labeling parameters jointly, based on Maximum Likelihood with a novel Incremental Saddle Point estimation procedure (Ion, Carreira, Sminchisescu, NIPS2011). BONN_SVR_SEGM SVR on CPMC-generated Figure-ground segmentations BONN_SVRSEGM University of Bonn Joao Carreira, Fuxin Li, Cristian Sminchisescu We present a recognition system based on sequential figure-ground ranking. We extract a bag of figure-ground segments using CPMC (Carreira and Sminchisescu, CVPR 2010). The bag is then filtered down to 100 segments using a class-independent ranker. Using these features we learn one nonlinear Support Vector Regressor (SVR) for each category that predicts the overlap between each segment and an object from that category. A complete image interpretation is obtained by sequentially selecting segments using combination and non-maxima suppression schemes. Details can be found in respectively (F. Li, J.Carreira, C. Sminchisescu, CVPR 2010, IJCV11). Additionally, the system is trained with both object segmentation layouts and weak annotations from bounding boxes. BPACAD_COMB_LF_AK_WK_NOBOXES Combination of the late fusion, avgker and weker BPACAD_COMB_LF_AK_WK_NOBOXES Data Mining and Web Search Research Group (DMWS), MTA SZTAKI. Hungary B�lint Dar�czy, L�szl� Nikh�zy This is the average of the confidence output of a late fusion, an aggregated kernel and an averaged kernel (BPACAD_CS_FISH256-1024_SVM_AVGKER) method. We computed RGB Color moments and SIFT descriptors (L�we 1999) on a dense grid and regions detected by Harris-Laplacian (Mikolajczik et al, 2005). All the three methods are based on non-hierarchical Gaussian Mixture Models (GMM) with 256 Gaussians (two of them also using GMMs with 1024 Gaussians ) and non-sparse Fisher vectors (Perronnin et al, 2007 ). We used our open-source GMM/Fisher toolkit for GPGPUs to compute the Fisher vectors and train the GMMs (http://datamining.sztaki.hu/?q=en/GPU-GMM). All of them are using Fisher vector based pre-computed kernels (basic kernels) for learning linear SVM classifiers (Dar�czy et al, ImageCLEF 2011) . The late fusion method is based on a combination of SVM predictions (18 SVM classifiers per class), meanwhile the aggregated and averaged kernels are computed before the classification (only one SVM classifier per class). While the averaged kernel method needs no parameter tuning, for the late fusion and the aggregated kernel method we learned optimal weights per class on the validation set. BPACAD_CS_FISH256_1024_SVM_AVGKER_NOBOXES SVM on averaged Fisher Kernels BPACAD_CS_FISH256-1024_SVM_AVGKER_NOBOXES Data Mining and Web Search Research Group (DMWS), MTA SZTAKI, Hungary B�lint Dar�czy, L�szl� Nikh�zy We computed RGB Color moments and SIFT descriptors (L�we 1999) on a dense grid and regions detected by Harris-Laplacian (Mikolajczik et al, 2005). We trained non-hierarchical Gaussian Mixture Models (with 256 Gaussians and 1024 Gaussians) on a subset (1 million) of the extracted low-level features of the training images. We extracted non-sparse Fisher vectors on nine different poolings with GMM with 256 Gaussians (dense grid, Harris-Laplacian, 3x1 and 2x2 spatial pyramids (Lazebnik et al, 2006)) and four with GMM with 1024 Gaussians (dense,3x1). We used our open-source GMM/Fisher toolkit for GPGPUs to compute the Fisher vectors and train the GMMs (http://datamining.sztaki.hu/?q=en/GPU-GMM). We calculated pre-computed kernels (Dar�czy et al, ImageCLEF 2011) and averaged them. We trained only one binary SVM classifier per class. BROOKES_STRUCT_DET_CRF Structured Detection and Segmentation CRF Struct_Det_CRF Oxford Brookes University Jonathan Warrell, Vibhav Vineet, Paul Sturgess, Philip Torr We form a hierarchical CRF which jointly models a pool of candidate detections and the multiclass pixel segmentation of an image. Attractive and repulsive pairwise terms are allowed between detection nodes (cf Desai et al, ICCV 2009), which are integrated into a Pn-Potts based hierarchical segmentation energy (cf Ladicky et al, ECCV 2010). A cutting-plane algorithm is used to train the model, using approximate MAP inference. We form a joint loss which combines segmentation and detection components (i.e. paying a penalty both for each pixel incorrectly labelled, and each false detection node which is active in a solution), and use different weightings of this loss to train the model to perform detection and segmentation. The segmentation results thus make use of the bounding box annotations. The candidate detections are generated using the Felzenschwalb et al. CVPR 2008/2010 detector, and as features for segmentation we use textons, SIFT, LBPs and the detection response surfaces themselves. BUPT_ALL BUPT_MCPR_all combining methods Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications-MCPRL Zhicheng Zhao, Tao Liu, Xin Guo, Anni Cai A region-based method is used, in which all features mentioned above are extracted on regions rather than keypoints. A region is a group of pixels with similar appearance, and meanshift method is employed to do this. Finally, we combine the results of two methods with a linear fusion algorithm.without patch. BUPT_NOPATCH BUPT_MCPR_nopatch nopatch mthod Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications-MCPRL Zhicheng Zhao, Tao Liu, Xin Guo, Anni Cai A bag of words method with SIFT, SURF and HOG features, and dense sampling method for keypoints is also involved.and keypoint detection are used. CAENLEAR_DSAL Discriminative spatial saliency DSAL Univ Caen/ INRIA LEAR Gaurav Sharma, Frederic Jurie, Cordelia Schmid We propose to learn discriminative saliency maps for images which highlight the regions which are more discriminant for the current classification task. We use the saliency maps to weight the visual words for improving discriminative capacity of bag of words features. The approach is motivated by the observation that for many human actions and attributes, local regions are highly discriminative e.g. for running the bent arms and legs are highly discriminant. Along with that we combine features based on SIFT, HOG, Color and texture. CAENLEAR_HOBJ_DSAL Human obj interaction and discriminative saliency HOBJ+DSAL Univ Caen/ INRIA LEAR Gaurav Sharma, Alessandro Prest, Frederic Jurie, Vittorio Ferrari, Cordelia Schmid We use the weakly supervised approach (Prest et al. PAMI2010) for learning human actions modeled as interactions between humans and objects. The human bounding box is taken as reference and the object relevant to the action and its spatial relation with the human is automatically learnt. The method is combined with a method to learn discriminative spatial saliency which highlights the regions which are more discriminant for the current classification task. We use the saliency maps to weight the visual words for improving discriminative capacity of bag of words features. Along with that we combine features based on SIFT, HOG, Color and texture. CMIC_GS_DPM Synthetic Trainining for deformable parts model CMIC-GS-DPM Cairo Microsoft Innovation Center Dr. Motaz El-Saban , Osama Khalil, Mostafa Izz, Mohamed Fathi We introduce dataset augmentation using synthetic examples as a method for introducing novel variations not present in the original set. We make use of deformable parts-based model (Felzenszwalb et al 2010). We augment the training set with examples obtained by applying global scaling of the dataset examples. Global scaling includes no, up and down scaling with varying performance across different object classes. Technique selection is based upon performance on the validation set. The augmented dataset is then used to train parts-based detectors using HOG features (Dalal Triggs 2006) and latent SVM. The resulting class models are applied on test images in a �sliding-window� fashion. CMIC_SYNTHDPM Synthetic Trainining for deformable parts model CMIC-Synthetic-DPM Cairo Microsoft Innovation Center Dr. Motaz El-Saban , Osama Khalil, Mostafa Izz, Mohamed Fathi We introduce dataset augmentation using synthetic examples as a method for introducing novel variations not present in the original set. We make use of deformable parts-based model (Felzenszwalb et al 2010). We augment the training set with examples obtained by relocating objects (having segmentation masks) to new backgrounds. New backgrounds used for relocation are selected using a set of techniques (no relocation, same image, �different� image or image with co-occurring objects). Performance of those techniques varies across classes according to the object class properties. For every class, we select the technique that achieves the highest AP on the validation set. The augmented dataset is then used to train parts-based detectors using HOG features (Dalal Triggs 2006) and latent SVM. The resulting class models are applied on test images in a �sliding-window� fashion. CORNELL_ISVM_VIEWPOINT Using viewpoint cues to improve object recognition lSVM-Viewpoint Cornell Joshua Schwartz Noah Snavely Daniel Huttenlocher Our system is based on the Latent SVM framework of , including their context rescoring method. We train 6 component models with 8 parts. However, unlike , components are trained using a clustering based on an unsupervised estimation of 3D object viewpoint. In this sense, our approach is similar to the unsupervised approach in , which also seeks to estimate viewpoint, but our clustering is based on explicit reasoning about 3D geometry. Additionally, we add features based on estimated 3D scene geometry for context rescoring. Of note is the fact that a detection with our method gives rise to an explicit estimation of object viewpoint within a scene, rather than just a bounding box. P. Felzenszwalb, R. Girshick, D. McAllester, and D. Ramanan. Object Detection with Discriminatively Trained Part Based Models. PAMI 2010 C. Gu and X. Ren. Discriminative Mixture-of-Templates for Viewpoint Classification. ECCV 2010 JDL_K17_AVG_CLS SVM with average kernel using 17 kernels JDL_K17_AVG_CLS JDL, Institute of Computing Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences Shuhui Wang, Li Shen, Shuqiang Jiang, Qi Tian, Qingming Huang we calculate six types of commonly used BOW features(including dense and sparse sift, dense color sift,hog, lbp and self similarity) and 3 global features(color moment, gist and block gist), where the visual vocabulary size is typically around 1000. We calculate 3 level spatial pyramid features on those BOW representation respectively. Then 17 base kernels are calculated by using histogram intersection, RBF and chi-square kernels on these features, whose kernel parameters are tuned using the validation data. We calculate an average kernel by using these 17 base kernel. one-against-all SVM classifiers are used to train the final classfiers for each category. LIRIS_CLS MKL classifier with multiple features LIRIS_CLS LIRIS, Ecole Centrale de Lyon, CNRS, UMR5205, France Chao ZHU, Yuxing TANG, Ningning LIU, Charles-Edmond BICHOT, Emmanuel Dellandrea, Liming CHEN In this submission, we mainly make use of local descriptors and the popular bag-of-visual-words approach for classification. Regions of interest in each image are detected using both Harris-Laplace detector and dense sampling strategy. SIFT and color SIFT descriptors are then computed for each region as baseline. In addition, we also extract DAISY and extended LBP descriptors based on our work for computational efficiency and complementary information to SIFT. For each kind of descriptor, 1,000,000 randomly selected descriptors from the train + val set are quantized using k-means algorithm into 4000 visual words. Each image is then represented by the histogram using hard assignment. Spatial pyramid technique is applied for coarse spatial information. The chi-square kernels of different levels in the pyramid are computed, and then fused by linear combination. The final outputs are obtained by using multiple kernel learning algorithm to fuse different descriptors. C. Zhu, C.E. Bichot, L. Chen: 'Visual object recognition using DAISY descriptor', in Proc. of IEEE International Conference on Multimedia and Expo (ICME), to appear, 2011. C. Zhu, C.E. Bichot, L. Chen: 'Multi-scale color local binary patterns for visual object classes recognition', in Proc. of 20th International Conference on Pattern Recognition (ICPR), pp.3065-3068, 2010. LIRIS_CLSDET Classification combined with detection LIRIS_CLSDET LIRIS, Ecole Centrale de Lyon, CNRS, UMR5205, France Chao ZHU, Yuxing TANG, Ningning LIU, Charles-Edmond BICHOT, Emmanuel Dellandrea, Liming CHEN In this submission, we improve the classification performances by combining it with object detection results. For classification, we mainly make use of local descriptors and the popular bag-of-visual-words approach. Regions of interest in each image are detected using both Harris-Laplace detector and dense sampling strategy. SIFT and color SIFT descriptors are then computed for each region as baseline. In addition, we also extract DAISY and extended LBP descriptors based on our work for computational efficiency and complementary information to SIFT. For each kind of descriptor, 1,000,000 randomly selected descriptors from the train + val set are quantized using k-means algorithm into 4000 visual words. Each image is then represented by the histogram using hard assignment. Spatial pyramid technique is applied for coarse spatial information. The chi-square kernels of different levels in the pyramid are computed, and then fused by linear combination. The final outputs are obtained by using multiple kernel learning algorithm to fuse different descriptors. For object detection, we apply the HOG feature to train deformable part models, and use the models together with sliding window approach to detect objects. Finally, we combine the outputs of classification and detection by late fusion. C. Zhu, C.E. Bichot, L. Chen: 'Visual object recognition using DAISY descriptor', in Proc. of IEEE International Conference on Multimedia and Expo (ICME), to appear, 2011. C. Zhu, C.E. Bichot, L. Chen: 'Multi-scale color local binary patterns for visual object classes recognition', in Proc. of 20th International Conference on Pattern Recognition (ICPR), pp.3065-3068, 2010. LIRIS_CLSTEXT Classification with additional text feature LIRIS_CLSTEXT LIRIS, Ecole Centrale de Lyon, CNRS, UMR5205, France Chao ZHU, Yuxing TANG, Ningning LIU, Charles-Edmond BICHOT, Emmanuel Dellandrea, Liming CHEN In this submission, we try to use additional text information to help with object classification. We propose novel text features based on semantic distance using WordNet. The basic idea is to calculate the semantic distance between the text associated with an image and an emotional dictionary based on path similarity, denoting how similar two word senses are, based on the shortest path that connects the senses in a taxonomy. As there are no tags included in Pascal2011 dataset, we downloaded 1 million Flickr images (including their tags) as the additional textual source. Firstly, for each Pascal image, we find its similar images (top 20) from the database using KNN method based on visual features (LBP and color HSV histogram), and then use these tags to extract the text feature. We use SVM with RBF kernel to train the classifier and predict the outputs. For classification based on visual features, we follow the same method described in our other submission. The outputs of visual feature based method and text feature based method are then linearly combined as final results. N. Liu, Y. Zhang, E. Dellandr�a, B. Tellez, L. Chen: �Associating text features with visual ones to improve affective image classification�, International Conference Affective Computing (ACII), Memphis, USA, 2011. MISSOURI_LCC_TREE_CODING SVM classifier with LCC and tree coding LCC-TREE-CODING University of Missouri Xiaoyu Wang Miao Sun Xutao Lv Shuai Tang Guang Chen Yan Li Tony X. Han A two layers cascade structure for object detection. The first layer employs deformable model to select possible candidates for the second layer. The later layer takes location and global context augmented with LBP feature to improve the accuracy. A bag of words model enhanced with spatial pyramid and local coordilate coding is used to model the global context information. A hierachical tree structure coding is used to take care of the intra-class variation for each detection window. Linear SVM is used for classification. MISSOURI_SSLMF Supervised Learning with Multiple Features Supervised learning with multiple feature University of Missouri - Columbia Xutao Lv, Xiaoyu Wang, Guang Chen, Shuai Tang, Yan Li, Miao Sun, Tony X. Han Multiple available features are combined and fed into a newly developed supervised learning algorithm. The features includes the feature extracted within the bounding box and the feature from the whole image. The features from the whole images are served as context information. We mainly use two feature descriptors in our submission, dense SIFT and HOG. LCC coding method and spatial pyramid is adopted to generate histogram for each action image, and the histogram is then served as feature vector to train and test with the supervised learning algorithm. MISSOURI_TREE_MAX_POOLING SVM classifier with tree max-pooling TREE--MAX-POOLING University of Missouri Xiaoyu Wang, Miao Sun, Xutao Lv, Shuai Tang, Guang Chen, Yan Li ,Tony X. Han A two layers cascade structure for object detection. The first layer employs deformable model to select possible candidates for the second layer. The later layer takes location and global context augmented with LBP feature to improve the accuracy. A bag of words model enhanced with spatial pyramid and local coordilate coding is used to model the global context information. A hierachical tree structure coding is used to take care of the intra-class variation for each detection window. Max-pooling is used for tree node assignment. Linear SVM is used for classification. MSRAUSTC_HIGH_ORDER_SVM SVM with mined high order features MSRA_USTC_HIGH_ORDER_SVM Microsoft Research Asia University of Science and Technology of China Kuiyuan Yang, Lei Zhang, Hong-Jiang Zhang We introduce a discriminatively-trained parts-based model with different level templates for image classification. The model consists of templates of HOG features (Dalal and Triggs, 2006) at three different levels. The responses of different level templates are combined by a latent-SVM, where the latent variables are the positions of the templates. We develop a novel mining algorithm to define the parts and an iterative training procedure to learn the parts. The model is applied to all 20 PASCAL VOC objects. MSRAUSTC_PATCH SVM with multi-channel cell-structured patch featu MSRA_USTC_PATCH Microsoft Research Asia University of Science and Technology of China Kuiyuan Yang, Lei Zhang, Hong-Jiang Zhang We introduce a discriminatively-trained patch-based model with cell-structured templates for image classification. Dense sampled patches are represented cell-structured templates of HOG, LBP, HSV, SIFT, CSIFT and SSIM. These templates are then fed to Super-Vector Coding (Xi Zhou, 2010) and Fisher Kernel (Florent Perronnin, 2010) to form the image feature. Then linear SVM is trained for each category in one-vs-the-rest manner. The object detector from Pascal VOC 2007 is used to extract object level features and classifiers are trained based on these features, and then fusion with the former one. NANJING_DMC_HIK_SVM_SIFT HIK based svm classifier with dense SIFT features. DMC-HIK-SVM-SIFT The University of Nanjing Yubin Yang, Ye Tang, Lingyan Pan We adopt a bag-of-visual-words method (cf Csurka et al 2004). A single descriptor type, SIFT descriptors (Lowe 2004) are extracted from 16*16 pixel patches which are densely sampled from each image on a grid with stepsize 12 pixels. We partition the original training and validation data into different categories according to its label, then randomly select 200 images per category (2000 images in total) as the training set. We use a novel difference maximize coding approach to quantize these descriptors into 200 �visual words�. Each image is then represented by a histogram of visual words. Spatial pyramid matching (Lazebnik et al, CVPR 2006) are also used in our method. Finally, we train a HIK kernel (Jianxin Wu et al, ICCV 2009) based SVM classifier using the concatenated pyramid feature vector for each image in training set. NLPR_DD_DC NLPR-Detection Data Decomposition and Distinctive Context Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences Junge Zhang, Yinan Yu, Yongzhen Huang, Chong Wang, Weiqiang Ren, Jinchen Wu, Kaiqi Huang and Tieniu Tan Part based model has achieved great success in recent years. To our understanding, the original deformable part based model has several limits: 1) the computational complexity is very large, especially when it is extended to enhanced models via multiple features, more mixtures or flexible part models. 2) The original part based model is not �deformable� enough. To tackle these problems, 1) we propose a data decomposition based feature representation scheme for part based model in an unsupervised manner. The submitted method takes about 1~2 seconds per image from PASCAL VOC datasets on average while keeping high performance. We learn the basis from samples without any label information. The specific label independent rule followed in the submitted methods can be adapted into other variants of part based model such as hierarchical model or flexible mixture models. 2) We found that, each part corresponds to multiple possible locations, which is not reflected in the original part-based model. Accordingly, we propose that the locations of parts should obey the multiple Gaussian distribution. Thus, for each part we learn its optimal locations by clustering which are used to update the original anchors of the part-based model. The proposed method above can more effectively describe the deformation (pose and location variety) of objects� parts. 3) We rescored the initial results by our distinctive context model including global and local and intra-class context information. Besides, segmentation provides strong indication for object�s presence, therefore, the proposed segmentation aware semantic attribute is applied in the final reasoning which indeed shows promising performance. NLPR_KF_SVM SVM classifier with five kernels. NLPR_KF_SVM National Laboratory of Pattern Recognition, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences. Ruiguang Hu Weiming Hu GrayPHOG,HuePHOG,PLBP(R=1 and R=2). GraySIFT_HL,HueSIFT_HL : LLC coding and MAX pooling. Codebooks : K-means clustering. L1 normalization : GrayPHOG,HuePHOG,PLBP; L2 normalization : GraySIFT_HL, HueSIFT_HL; chi-squared kernel : GrayPHOG,HuePHOG,PLBP; Linear kernel : graySIFT_HL,HueSIFT_HL. kernel fusion : Average strategy . train features : extracted from croped sub_images according to annotation boundingbox, test features : extracted from whole test images. NLPR_SS_VW_PLS NLPR_CLS Semi-Semantic Visual Words Partial Least Squares National Laboratory of Pattern Recognition, Institute of Automation Chinese Academy of Sciences Yinan Yu, Junge Zhang, Yongzhen Huang, Weiqiang Ren, Chong Wang, Jinchen Wu, Kaiqi Huang, Tieniu Tan The framework is based on the classical Bag of Words model. The system consists of: 1) In feature level, we use Semi-Semantic and non-semantic Visual Words Learning, with Fast Feature Extraction (Salient Coding, Super-Vector Coding and Visual Co-occurrence) and multiple features; 2) To learn class model, we employ an alternative multiple-linear-kernel learning for intra-class feature combination, after using Partial Least Squares analysis, which projects the extremely high-dimensional features into a low-dimensional space; 3) The combination of 20 categories scores and detections scores generate a high-level semantic representation of image, we use non-linear-kernel learning to extract inter-class contextual information, which further improve the performance. Besides, all the parameters are decided by cross-validation and prior knowledge on VOC2007 and VOC2010 trainval sets. The motivation and novelty of our algorithm: The traditional codebook describes the distribution of feature space, containing less semantic information of the interesting objects, and a semantic codebook may benefit the performance. We observe that the Deformable-Part-Based Model describes the object by �object parts�, which can be seen as the semi-semantic visual words. Based on this idea, we propose to use the semi-semantic and non-semantic visual words based Bag of words model for image classification. We analyze the recent image classification algorithms, finding that the feature �distribution�, �reconstruction� and �saliency� is three fundamental issues in coding and image description. However, these methods usually lead to an extremely high-dimensional description, especially with multiple features. In order to learn these features by MKL, we find Partial Least Square is a reliable method for dimensionality reduction. The compression ratio of PLS is over 10000, while the discrimination can be preserved. NLPR_SVM_BOWDET Svm with multiple feature and detection results NLPR_IVA_SVM_BOWDect NLPR,CASIA Jing Liu, Jianlong Fu, Bingyuan Liu, Hanqing Lu Two types of features are considered. First, typical BOW features (OpponentSift, CSift and rgSift) with dense and Harris sampling techniques respectively, and the spatial pyramid kernels with these features are calculated for classification. Second, the object detection based on the deformable part model is employed (P. Felzenszwalb et al. in PAMI 2009 ) . Combined with these features, we attempt to learn a hierarchical classifier with SVM according to the hierarchical structure for all the 20-class data. NLPR_SVM_BOWDET_CONV Svm with multiple feature and detection results NLPR_IVA_SVM_BOWDect_Convolution NLPR,CASIA Jing Liu, Jianlong Fu, Bingyuan Liu, Hanqing Lu Three types of features are considered. First, typical BOW features (OpponentSift, CSift and rgSift) with dense and Harris sampling respectively, and spatial pyramid kernels are calculated. Second, an improved image representation via convolutional sparse coding and max pooling operation is employed, which is motivated by M. Zeiler�s work in ICCV 2011. Third the object detection based on the deformable part model. Combined with multiple features, we attempt to learn a hierarchical classifier with SVM according to the hierarchical structure for all the 20-class data. NUDT_CONTEXT Svm classifier with contextual information NUDT_Context National University of Defense Technology Li Zhou, Zongtan Zhou, Dewen Hu Action classification using contextual information. We present a new model for action classification context based on the distribution of object and the semantic category of scene within images. The scene classification works by creating multiple resolution images and partitioning them into sub-regions with different scales. The visual descriptors of all sub-regions in the same resolution image are directly concatenated for SVM classifiers. Finally, regarding each resolution image as a feature channel, we combine all the feature channels to reach a final decision. The object recognition works by incorporating a multi-resolution representation into the bag-of-features model. NUDT_LL_SEMANTIC Svm classifier with low-level and semantic modelin NUDT_Low-level_Semantic National University of Defense Technology Li Zhou, Dewen Hu, Zongtan Zhou Action classification based on combining low-level and semantic modeling strategies NUSPSL_CTX_GPM classification using context svm and GPM NUSPSL_CTX_GPM National University of Singapore; Panasonic Singapore Laboratories NUS: Chen Qiang, Song Zheng, Yan Shuicheng; PSL: Hua Yang, Huang Zhongyang, Shen Shengmei; The whole solution for object classification is based on BoW framework. On image level, Dense-SIFT, HOG^2, LBP and color moments features are extracted. VQ and Fisher vectors are utilized for feature coding. Traditional SPM and novel spatial-free pyramid matching scheme are then performed to generate image representations. Context-aware features are also extracted based on detection result . The classification models are learnt via kernel SVM. The final classification scores are refined with kernel mapping . The key novelty of the new solution is the pooling strategy (which well handles the spatial mismatching as well as noise feature issues), and considerable improvement has been achieved as shown in other offline experiments. Zheng Song, Qiang Chen, Zhongyang Huang, Yang Hua, and Shuicheng Yan. Contextualizing Object Detection and Classification, CVPR 2011. http://pascallin.ecs.soton.ac.uk/challenges/VOC/voc2010/workshop/nuspsl.pdf NUSPSL_CTX_GPM_SVM classification using context svm and GPM, NUSPSL_CTX_GPM_SVM National University of Singapore; Panasonic Singapore Laboratories NUS: Chen Qiang, Song Zheng, Yan Shuicheng; PSL: Hua Yang, Huang Zhongyang, Shen Shengmei; The whole solution for object classification is based on BoW framework . On image level, Dense-SIFT, HOG^2, LBP and color moments features are extracted. VQ and Fisher vectors are utilized for feature coding. Traditional SPM and novel spatial-free pyramid matching scheme are then performed to generate image representations. Context-aware features are also extracted based on detection result . The classification models are learnt via kernel SVM. The key novelty of the new solution is the pooling strategy (which well handles the spatial mismatching as well as noise feature issues), and considerable improvement has been achieved as shown in other offline experiments. http://pascallin.ecs.soton.ac.uk/challenges/VOC/voc2010/workshop/nuspsl.pdf Zheng Song, Qiang Chen, Zhongyang Huang, Yang Hua, and Shuicheng Yan. Contextualizing Object Detection and Classification, CVPR 2011. NUS_CONTEXT_SVM Context-SVM based submission for 3 tasks NUS_Context_SVM National University of Singapore Zheng Song, Qiang Chen, Shuicheng Yan Classification uses the BoW framework. Dense-SIFT, HOG^2, LBP and color moment features are extracted. We then use VQ and fisher vector for feature coding and SPM and Generalized Pyramid Matching(GPM) to generate image representations. Context-aware features are also extracted based on . The classification models are learnt via kernel SVM. Then final classification scores are refined with kernel mapping . Detection and segmentation results use the baseline of using HOG and LBP feature. And then based on , we further learn context model and refine the detection results. The final segmentation result uses the learnt average masks for each detection component learnt using segmentation training set to substitute the rectangle detection boxes. Zheng Song*, Qiang Chen*, Zhongyang Huang, Yang Hua, and Shuicheng Yan. Contextualizing Object Detection and Classification. http://pascallin.ecs.soton.ac.uk/challenges/VOC/voc2010/workshop/nuspsl.pdf http://people.cs.uchicago.edu/~pff/latent/ NUS_SEG_DET_MASK_CLS_CRF Segmentation Using CRF with Detection Mask NUS_SEG_DET_MASK_CLS_CRF National University of Singapore Wei XIA, Zheng SONG, Qiang CHEN, Shuicheng YAN, Loong Fah CHEONG The solution is based on CRF model and the key contribution is the utilization of various types of binary regularization terms. Object detection also plays a very significant role in guiding semantic object segmentation. In this solution, the CRF model is built to integrate the global classification score and local unary and binary information to perform semantic segmentation. What�s more, the detection masks trained by setting a hard threshold of the detection confidence maps are applied as extra unary and smooth terms in the CRF model. Some of masks with high confidence are also used in the post-processing stage to do some refinement at the mask boundaries. NYUUCLA_HIERARCHY Latent Hierarchical Learning NYU-UCLA_Hierarchy NYU and UCLA Yuanhao Chen, Li Wan, Long Zhu, Rob Fergus, Alan Yuille Based on two recent publications: "Latent Hierarchical Structural Learning for Object Detection". Long Zhu, Yuanhao Chen, Alan Yuille, William Freeman. CVPR 2010. "Active Mask Hierarchies for Object Detection". Yuanhao Chen, Long Zhu, Alan Yuille. ECCV 2010 We present a latent hierarchical structural learning method for object detection. An object is represented by a mixture of hierarchical tree models where the nodes represent object parts. The nodes can move spatially to allow both local and global shape deformations. The image features are histograms of words (HOWs) and oriented gradients (HOGs) which enable rich appearance representation of both structured (eg, cat face) and textured (eg,cat body) image regions. Learning the hierarchical model is a latent SVM problem which can be solved by the incremental concave-convex procedure (iCCCP). Object detection is performed by scanning sub-windows using dynamic programming. The detections are rescored by a context model which encodes the correlations of 20 object classes by using both object detection and image classification. OXFORD_DPM_MK DPM with basic rescoring DPM-MK Oxford VGG Andrea Vedaldi and Andrew Zisserman This method uses a Deformable Part Model (our own implementation) to generate an initial (and very good) list of 100 candidate bounding boxes per image. These are then rescored by a multiple features model combining DPM scores with dense SP-BOW, geometry, and context. The SP-BOW model are dense SIFT features (vl_phow in VLFeat) quantized into 1200 visual words, 6x6 spatial layout, cell-by-cell l2 normalization after raising the entries to the 1/4 power (1/4-homogeneous Hellinger's kernel). The geometric model is a second order polynomial kernel on the bounding box coordinates. The context model is a second order polynomial kernels mixing the candidate DPM score with twenty scores obtained as the maximum response of the DPMs for the 20 classes in that image (like Felzenszwalb). A second context model is also added, using 20 scores from a state-of-the-art Fisher kernel image classifier (also on dense SIFT features), as described in Chatfileld et al. 2010. The SVM scores are passed through a sigmoid for standardization in the 0-1 interval; the sigmoid model is fitted to the truing data. The model is trained by means of a large scale linear SVM using the one-slack bundle formulation (aka SVM^perf). The solver hence uses retraining implicitly, and we make sure it reaches full convergence. OXFORD_RANK_SLACK_RBF Structured ranking for Layout Detection SVM-rank-slack-RBF University of Oxford Arpit Mittal, Matthew Blaschko, Andrew Zisserman, Manuel J Marin, Phil Torr We make use of SVM structured ranking algorithm to combine and rank the outputs of different parts detectors. Individual parts are detected using separate detectors, then, the outputs are customized to the local image using the positional and scale cues. Different part detections are finally combined using a ranking function to give a single confidence value for the human layout detection. The ranking is performed such that detections having more true-positive parts (i.e., higher precision) are returned earlier. For detection of human head, we use the parts-based model of Felzenszwalb et al. (PAMI 2010); and hand is localized using the hand detector developed by Mittal et al. (BMVC, 2011). The feet are detected using the foot part of Felzenszwalb et al.'s human detector and also returned as the bounding box around the super-pixels resembling human foot in the lower bracket of the human ROI. We use slack rescaled variant of SVM structured ranking algorithm and RBF kernel map. SJT_SIFT_LLC_PCAPOOL_DET_SVM SVM using LLC features with detection results SIFT-LLC-PCAPOOL-DET-SVM Shanghai Jiao Tong Univeristy Jun Zhu, Xiaokang Yang, Yukun Zhu, Rui Zhang, Xiaolin Chen We adopt the framework based on locality-constrained linear coding (LLC) framework (J. Wang et al, CVPR 2010), fused with the detection results given by discriminatively-trained deformable part-based object detectors (P. Felzenszwalb, et al, CVPR 2008). First, the SIFT descriptors (Lowe, 2004) are extracted from image patches densely sampled by every 8 pixels, with three different scales (16x16, 24x24 and 32x32) respectively. Then, the codebook with 1024 bases is constructed by using K-means clustering on 100,000 randomly selected descriptors from the training set. Each 128-dimensional SIFT descriptor is encoded by the approximated LLC (the number of neighbors is set to 5 with the shift-invariant constraint), obtaining a 1024-dimensional code vector. We use max pooling on the patch-level codes from hundends of overlapping regions with various spatial scales and positions, followed by dimension reduction using PCA. After that, the pooled features are concatenated into a vector with l2-normalization to form the image-level representation. In addition, the results of object detectors are also considered. We use Felzenszwalb's deformable part-based models to detect the bounding-boxes for each object class. The detection scores are max-pooled in each cell of spatial pyramid (i.e., 1x1+2x2+3x1) to construct image-level representation with l2-normalization. We obtain final imgae-level representation through weighted concatenation of the two feature vectors from LLC codes and object detectors. Then, a linear SVM classifier is trained to perform classification. The regularization parameters as well as the fusion weight are respectively tuned for each class using the training and validation set. We adopt 'liblinear' software package, which is released by the machine learning group at national Taiwan university, on the implemention of SVM. SJT_SIFT_LLC_PCAPOOL_SVM Linear SVM using LLC features with PCA pooling SIFT-LLC-PCAPOOL-SVM Shanghai Jiao Tong Univeristy Jun Zhu, Xiaokang Yang, Yukun Zhu, Rui Zhang, Xiaoling Chen We adopt the framework based on locality-constrained linear coding (LLC) framework (J. Wang et al, CVPR 2010). First, the SIFT descriptors (Lowe, 2004) are extracted from image patches densely sampled by every 8 pixels, with three different scales (16x16, 24x24 and 32x32) respectively. Then, the codebook with 1024 bases is constructed by using K-means clustering on 100,000 randomly selected descriptors from the training set. After that, each 128-dimensional SIFT descriptor is encoded by the approximated LLC (the number of neighbors is set to 5 with the shift-invariant constraint), obtaining a 1024-dimensional code vector. We use max pooling on the patch-level codes from hundends of overlapping regions with various spatial scales and positions, followed by dimension reduction using PCA. After that, the pooled features are concatenated into a vector with l2-normalization to form the image-level representation. Finally, we train linear SVM classifiers on this feature representation to perform classification. The regularization parameters are respectively tuned for each class using the training and validation set. We adopt 'liblinear' software package, which is released by the machine learning group at national Taiwan university, on the implemention of SVM. STANFORD_COMBINE_ATTR_PART Combine attribute classifiers and object detectors COMBINE_ATTR_PART Stanford University Bangpeng Yao, Aditya Khosla, Li Fei-Fei Our approach combines attribute classifiers and part detectors for action classification. The method is adapted from our ICCV2011 paper (Yao et al, 2011). The "attributes" are trained by using our random forest classifier (Yao et al, 2011), which are strong classifiers that consider global properties of action classes. As for "parts", we consider the objects that interact with the humans, such as horses, books, etc. Specifically, we take the object bank (Li et al, 2010) detectors that are trained on the ImageNet dataset for part representation. The confidence scores obtained from attribute classifiers and part detectors are combined to form the final score for each image. STANFORD_MAPSVM_POSELET MAP-based SVM classifier with poselet features MAPSVM-Poselet Stanford University Tim Tang, Pawan Kumar, Ben Packer, Daphne Koller We build on the Poselet-based feature vector for action classification (Maji et al., 2010) in four ways: (i) we use a 2-level spatial pyramid (Lazenik et al., CVPR 2006); (ii) we obtain a segmentation of the person bounding box into foreground and background using an efficient GrabCut-like scheme (Rother et al., SIGGRAPH 2004), and use it to divide the feature vector into two parts---one corresponding to the foreground and one corresponding to the background; (iii) we learn a mixture model to deal with the different visual aspects of people performing the same action; and (iv) we optimize mean average precision (Yue et al., SIGIR 2007) instead of the 0/1 loss used in the standard binary SVM. All action classifiers are trained on only the VOC 2011 data, with additional annotations required to compute the Poselets. All hyperparameters are set using 5-fold cross-validation. STANFORD_RF_DENSEFTR_SVM Random forest with SVM node classifiers RF_DENSEFTR_SVM Stanford University Bangpeng Yao, Aditya Khosla, Li Fei-Fei We use a random forest (RF) approach for action classification. Our method is adapted from our CVPR2011 paper (Yao et al, 2011). We explore two key properties that determine the performance of RF classifiers: discrimination and randomization. (1) Discrimination: In order to obtain strong decision trees, instead of randomly generating feature weights as in the conventional RF approaches, we use discriminative SVM classifiers to train the split for each tree node. (2) Randomization: The correlation between different decision trees needs to be small, such that the combination of all the trees can form an effective RF classifier. We consider a very dense feature space, where we sample image regions that can have any size and location in the image. For each sampled region, we use an SPM feature representation. Since each decision tree samples a specific set of image regions, the correlation between the trees can be reduced. UOCTTI_LSVM_MDPM LSVM trained mixtures of deformable part models UOCTTI_LSVM_MDPM University of Chicago Ross Girshick (University of Chicago), Pedro Felzenszwalb (Brown), David McAllester (TTI-Chicago) Based on http://people.cs.uchicago.edu/~pff/latent-release4 and "Object Detection with Discriminatively Trained Part Based Models"; Pedro F. Felzenszwalb, Ross B. Girshick, David McAllester and Deva Ramanan; IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, Vol. 32, No. 9, September 2010. This entry is a minor modification of our publicly available "voc-release4" object detection system . The system uses latent SVM to train mixtures of deformable part models using HOG features . Final detections are refined using a context rescoring mechanism . We extended to detect smaller objects by adding an extra high-resolution octave to the HOG feature pyramid. The HOG features in this extra octave are computed using 2x2 pixel cells. Additional bias parameters are learned to help calibrate scores from detections in the extra octave with the scores of detections above this octave. This entry is the same as UOCTTI_LSVM_MDPM from the 2010 competition. Detection results are reported for all 20 object classes to provide a baseline for the 2011 competition. UOCTTI_WL-SSVM_GRAMMAR Person grammar model trained with WL-SSVM UOCTTI_WL-SSVM_GRAMMAR University of Chicago Ross Girshick (University of Chicago), Pedro Felzenszwalb (Brown), David McAllester (TTI-Chicago) This entry is described in "Object Detection with Grammar Models"; Ross B. Girshick, Pedro F. Felzenszwalb, David McAllester. Neural Information Processing Systems 2011 (to appear). We define a grammar model for detecting people and train the model�s parameters from bounding box annotations using a formalism that we call weak-label structural SVM (WL-SSVM). The person grammar uses a set of productions that represent varying degrees of visibility/occlusion. Object parts, such as the head and shoulder, are shared across all interpretations of object visibility. Each part is represented by a deformable mixture model that includes deformable subparts. An "occluder" part (itself a deformable mixture of parts) is used to capture the nontrivial appearance of the stuff that typically occludes people from below. We further refine detections using the context rescoring mechanism from the UOCTTI_LSVM_MDPM entry, using the results of that entry for the 19 non-person classes. UVA_MOSTTELLING Most Telling Window UvA_UNITN_MostTellingMonkey University of Amsterdam, University of Trento Jasper Uijlings Koen van de Sande Arnold Smeulders Theo Gevers Nicu Sebe Cees Snoek Classification Task Our main component of this entry is the "Most Telling Window" method which uses Segmentation as Selective Search combined with Bag-of-Words. The "Most Telling Window" method is also used in our Detection entry. However, instead of focusing on finding complete objects, training is adjusted such that we can use the most discriminative part of an object for its identification instead of the whole object. The Most Telling Window method is currently under review. While the "Most Telling Window" method yields the greatest contribution, we improve accuracy further by combining it with a normal Bag-of-Words framework based on SIFT and ColourSift and with the detection scores of the part-based model of Felzenszwalb et al. "Segmentation as Selective Search for Object Recognition"; Koen E. A. van de Sande, Jasper R. R. Uijlings, Theo Gevers, Arnold W. M. Smeulders; 13th International Conference on Computer Vision, 2011. UVA_SELSEARCH Selective Search Detection System SelectiveSearchMonkey University of Amsterdam and University of Trento Jasper R. R. Uijlings Koen E. A. van de Sande Arnold W. M. Smeulders Theo Gevers Nicu Sebe Cees Snoek Based on "Segmentation as Selective Search for Object Recognition"; Koen E. A. van de Sande, Jasper R. R. Uijlings, Theo Gevers, Arnold W. M. Smeulders; 13th International Conference on Computer Vision, 2011. Instead of exhaustive search, which was dominant in the Pascal VOC 2010 detection challenge, we use segmentation as a sampling strategy for selective search (cf. our ICCV paper). Like segmentation, we use the image structure to guide our sampling process. However, unlike segmentation, we propose to generate many approximate locations over few and precise object delineations, as the goal is to cover all object locations. Our sampling is diversified to deal with as many image conditions as possible. Specifically, we use a variety of hierarchical region grouping strategies by varying colour spaces and grouping criteria. This results in a small set of data-driven, class-indepent, high quality object locations (coverage of 96-99% of all objects in the VOC2007 test set). Because we have only a limited number of locations to evaluate, this enables the use of the more computationally expensive bag-of-words framework for classification. Our bag-of-words implementation uses densely sampled SIFT and ColorSIFT descriptors. WVU_SVM-PHOW Svm classifier with PHOW features. SVM-PHOW West Virginia University Biyun Lai, Yu Zhu, Qin Wu, Guodong Guo We develop a method for still-image based action recognition. There are 10 action classes plus the �other� action class provided by PASCAL VOC 2011. We extracted the PHOW features to represent the images, which is a kind of multi-scale dense SIFT implementation. The kernel SVM method is used for training action classifiers. Different kernels are used for the SVM. We also used a learning technique to map the original features into a different space to improve the feature representation. A confidence measure is used to combine the results from different kernels to form the final decision for action classification. The training is performed on the provided training set, and tuned by using the validation set, and then the learned classifiers are applied to the test data.
《科学报告》8月9日发表日本琉球大学的一项研究发现，2011年9月份采在福岛县境内的成年酢浆灰蝶严重畸形的发生率显著高于同年5月份。福岛县酢浆灰蝶子代死亡率要高于其他地区，并且越是放射剂量高的地区，雄蝶翅膀的尺寸缩小越趋显著。福岛酢浆灰蝶这些异常情况，已经在来自无核污染地区的同类蝴蝶辐射实验中得到证实。该研究表明，福岛核泄漏已经对酢浆灰蝶造成了生理性和遗传性伤害。请看论文全文。 http://www.nature.com/srep/2012/120809/srep00570/full/srep00570.html#/affil-auth 代表性插图 Figure 1 (a) Collection localities. A red dot indicates the location of the Fukushima Dai-ichi NPP. Black dots and black half dots indicate the cities from which the first-voltine adults were collected. Brown dots and brown half dots indicate cities from which the host plant leaves were collected for the internal exposure experiment. All experiments were performed in Okinawa, marked by a blue dot. Inset shows the collection localities around the NPP. (b) Representative wings with normal (leftmost) and aberrant colour patterns. Numbers 1, 2, 3, and 4 indicate the first, second, third, and fourth spot arrays, respectively, and “D” indicates the discal spot. Red arrows indicate loss, dislocation, and weak expression of spots (left individual), weak expression and dislocation of spots (middle individual), and enlargement of spots (right individual). These samples were caught in Mito except for the leftmost aberrant specimen, which was caught in Iwaki. Scale bar, 1.0 cm. (c) Male forewing sizes from various localities. The first quartile and third quartile were indicated by horizontal bars at the bottom and top of the box, respectively. Median is indicated as the centre line inside the box. Outliers were indicated by dots. A red dot indicates the mean value and a red bar the standard deviation (SD). Holm-corrected p -values are shown, which were obtained for pairwise comparisons among 8 localities using t tests with pooled SD. Only male samples were used here because when the female samples were used to obtain eggs, broken wings resulted from the egg collection procedure. Samples from Shiroishi ( n = 5) and Koriyama ( n = 3) were excluded because of small sample sizes. (d) Scatter plot of the male forewing size and ground radiation dose at each collection locality. Pearson correlation coefficient r = −0.74 (Holm-corrected p = 0.029). (e) Representative morphological abnormalities. From left to right, dented eyes (Shiroishi), deformed left eye (Iwaki), deformed right palpus (Takahagi), and deformed wing shape (Fukushima). Arrowheads indicate deformation. Scale bars, 0.50 mm with the exception of the rightmost bar, which is 1.0 cm.
HYPE: Hybrid modelling by composition of flows Vashti Galpin, Luca Bortolussi and Jane Hillston BCS 2011 Formal Aspects of Computing Abstract. Hybrid systems are manifest in both the natural and the engineered world, and their complex nature, mixing discrete control and continuous evolution, make it difficult to predict their behaviour. In recent years several process algebras for modelling hybrid systems have appeared in the literature, aimed at addressing this problem. These all assume that continuous variables in the system are modelled monolithically, often with differential equations embedded explicitly in the syntax of the process algebra expression. In HYPE an alternative approach is taken which offers finer-grained modelling with each flow or influence affecting a variable modelled separately.The overall behaviour then emerges as the composition of flows. In this paper we give a detailed account of the HYPE process algebra, its semantics, and its use for verification of systems. We establish both syntactic conditions (well-definedness) and operational restrictions (well-behavedness) to ensure reasonable behaviour in HYPE models. Furthermore we consider how the equivalence relation defined forHYPErelates to other relations previously proposed in the literature, demonstrating that our fine-grained approach leads to a more discriminating notion of equivalence.We present the HYPE model of a standard hybrid system example, both establishing that our approach can reproduce the previously obtained results and demonstrating how our compositional approach supports variations of the problem in a straightforward and flexible way. Keywords: Hybrid systems, Process algebra, Flows, Compositionality, Bisimulation 1. Introduction a hybrid system The structure of the rest of the paper is as follows. 1) Section 2 introduce our syntax for hybrid systems, explaining its components. In the following sections,we present the operational semantics and the hybrid semantics, explaining how we go from the notion of state to the ODEs which describe the system dynamics. We then identify the subclass of HYPE models which we consider to be well-defined and discuss how to check that a HYPE model is well-behaved. We also compare composition of models in HYPE and hybrid automata. We define a notion of bisimulation in Sect. 8 and compare it with previous bisimulations for hybrid languages from the literature. To illustrate the power of HYPE, in Sect. 10 we present an example, a train gate controller. The remaining sections discuss related work, conclusions and future research. 2. HYPE definition HYPE Hybrid modelling by composition of flows.pdf
MRS Proceedings MRS Proceedings 2011 1344 : mrss11-1344-y02-06 (6 pages) Copyright Materials Research Society 2011 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/opl.2011.1347 ( About DOI ) Published online by Cambridge University Press: 2011 Self-aligned Graphene Sheets-Polyurethane Nanocomposites Mohsen Moazzami Gudarzi a1 a2 , Seyed Hamed Aboutalebi a1 , Nariman Yousefi a1 , Qing Bin Zheng a1 , Farhad Sharif a2 , Jie Cao a3 , Yayun Liu a3 , Allison Xiao a3 and Jang-Kyo Kim a1 c1 a1 Department of Mechanical Engineering, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong a2 Department of Polymer Engineering, Amirkabir University of Technology, 424 Hafez Ave, Tehran, Iran a3 Advanced Technologies, Henkel Corporation, 10 Finderne Ave. Bridgewater, NJ 08807, USA ABSTRACT Processing graphene and graphene polymer nanocomposites in an aqueous medium has always been a big challenge due to the hydrophobic nature of graphene (or reduced graphene oxide) nanosheets. In this work, a waterborne latex of polyurethane has been used both as the matrix material for embedding the graphene nanosheets and as a unique stabilizer to help produce an up to 5 wt% graphene/PU nanocomposites. The graphene oxide/polyurethane latex aqueous suspension is reduced in-situ using hydrazine, without any trace of aggregation/agglomeration upon completion of the reduction process, which would otherwise have occurred severely were PU not present. A highly aligned nanostructure is produced when graphene content is increased beyond 2 wt%, resulting in a remarkable improvement in electrical and mechanical properties of the nanocomposite. The exceptionally low electrical percolation threshold of 0.078%, as well as 21-fold and 14 fold increases in tensile modulus and strength, respectively, have been attained thanks to the alignment of graphene nanosheets in the polymeric matrix. http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayAbstract?fromPage=onlineaid=8364751
GMTSAR_terminal $ ls -al total 200 drwxr-xr-x 8 zhenghui users 4096 Jul 8 19:32 . drwxr-xr-x 8 zhenghui users 108 Jul 8 19:32 .. drwxr-xr-x 16 zhenghui users 4096 Jul 8 16:31 ALOS_preproc -rwxr-xr-x 1 zhenghui users 12767 Sep 30 2011 CHANGES_5.0.txt -rwxr-xr-x 1 zhenghui users 12938 May 15 08:39 CHANGES_5.2.txt -rwxr-xr-x 1 zhenghui users 13206 Jul 3 05:29 CHANGES_5.3.txt -rwxr-xr-x 1 zhenghui users 174 Jul 3 05:23 create_tar.csh drwxr-xr-x 2 zhenghui users 23 Jul 8 16:31 doc -rwxr-xr-x 1 zhenghui users 12292 Apr 17 2011 .DS_Store drwxr-xr-x 12 zhenghui users 4096 Jul 8 16:31 ENVISAT_preproc drwxr-xr-x 11 zhenghui users 4096 Jul 8 16:31 ERS_preproc -rwxr-xr-x 1 zhenghui users 61 Aug 3 2010 .gmtcommands4 -rwxr-xr-x 1 zhenghui users 2727 Aug 3 2010 .gmtdefaults4 drwxr-xr-x 10 zhenghui users 129 Jul 8 16:31 gmtsar -rwxr-xr-x 1 zhenghui users 2398 Jul 8 17:16 gmtsar_config -rwxr-xr-x 1 zhenghui users 2188 Jul 21 2011 gmtsar_config_orig -rw-r--r-- 1 zhenghui users 12288 Jul 8 16:57 .gmtsar_config.swp -rwxr-xr-x 1 zhenghui users 35147 Mar 13 2010 LICENSE.TXT -rwxr-xr-x 1 zhenghui users 295 Dec 29 2010 Makefile -rwxr-xr-x 1 zhenghui users 11733 Mar 10 03:18 README.txt -rwxr-xr-x 1 zhenghui users 11733 Mar 10 03:16 README.txt.030912 -rwxr-xr-x 1 zhenghui users 24576 Sep 29 2010 .README_V3.6.swp drwxr-xr-x 5 zhenghui users 76 Jul 8 16:31 snaphu $ source gmtsar_config $ printenv LANG=en_US.UTF-8 USER=zhenghui LOGNAME=zhenghui HOME=/public/users/zhenghui PATH=/public/users/zhenghui/GMTSAR/GMTSAR/gmtsar/bin/x86_64:/public/users/zhenghui/GMTSAR/GMTSAR/gmtsar/csh:/public/users/zhenghui/GMTSAR/GMTSAR/ALOS_preproc/bin/x86_64:/public/users/zhenghui/GMTSAR/GMTSAR/ENVISAT_preproc/bin/x86_64:/public/users/zhenghui/GMTSAR/GMTSAR/ERS_preproc/bin/x86_64:/public/users/zhenghui/GMTSAR/GMT4.5.8/bin:/usr/kerberos/bin:/usr/local/bin:/bin:/usr/bin:/usr/X11R6/bin MAIL=/var/spool/mail/zhenghui SHELL=/bin/csh SSH_CLIENT=159.226.162.164 34504 22 SSH_CONNECTION=159.226.162.164 34504 159.226.162.32 22 SSH_TTY=/dev/pts/11 TERM=xterm HOSTTYPE=x86_64-linux VENDOR=unknown OSTYPE=linux MACHTYPE=x86_64 SHLVL=1 PWD=/public/users/zhenghui/GMTSAR/GMTSAR GROUP=users HOST=node10 REMOTEHOST=159.226.162.164 HOSTNAME=node10 INPUTRC=/etc/inputrc LS_COLORS=no=00:fi=00:di=00;34:ln=00;36:pi=40;33:so=00;35:bd=40;33;01:cd=40;33;01:or=01;05;37;41:mi=01;05;37;41:ex=00;32:*.cmd=00;32:*.exe=00;32:*.com=00;32:*.btm=00;32:*.bat=00;32:*.sh=00;32:*.csh=00;32:*.tar=00;31:*.tgz=00;31:*.arj=00;31:*.taz=00;31:*.lzh=00;31:*.zip=00;31:*.z=00;31:*.Z=00;31:*.gz=00;31:*.bz2=00;31:*.bz=00;31:*.tz=00;31:*.rpm=00;31:*.cpio=00;31:*.jpg=00;35:*.gif=00;35:*.bmp=00;35:*.xbm=00;35:*.xpm=00;35:*.png=00;35:*.tif=00;35: G_BROKEN_FILENAMES=1 SSH_ASKPASS=/usr/libexec/openssh/gnome-ssh-askpass KDE_IS_PRELINKED=1 KDEDIR=/usr LESSOPEN=|/usr/bin/lesspipe.sh %s NETCDFHOME=/public/users/zhenghui/GMTSAR/netcdf-3.6.3 OS=x86_64 M64=-m32 -O3 GMTHOME=/public/users/zhenghui/GMTSAR/GMT4.5.8 GMTSARHOME=/public/users/zhenghui/GMTSAR/GMTSAR GMTSAR=/public/users/zhenghui/GMTSAR/GMTSAR/gmtsar ALOSPRE=/public/users/zhenghui/GMTSAR/GMTSAR/ALOS_preproc ENVIPRE=/public/users/zhenghui/GMTSAR/GMTSAR/ENVISAT_preproc ERSPRE=/public/users/zhenghui/GMTSAR/GMTSAR/ERS_preproc ORBITS=/public/users/zhenghui/GMTSAR/Orbit_Data VEC=-framework veclib $ clear $ ls ALOS_preproc create_tar.csh gmtsar Makefile CHANGES_5.0.txt doc gmtsar_config README.txt CHANGES_5.2.txt ENVISAT_preproc gmtsar_config_orig README.txt.030912 CHANGES_5.3.txt ERS_preproc LICENSE.TXT snaphu $ ls ALOS_preproc create_tar.csh gmtsar Makefile CHANGES_5.0.txt doc gmtsar_config README.txt CHANGES_5.2.txt ENVISAT_preproc gmtsar_config_orig README.txt.030912 CHANGES_5.3.txt ERS_preproc LICENSE.TXT snaphu $ cd .. $ ls Example GMT4.5.8 GMT_install_files GMTSAR netcdf-3.6.3 Orbit_Data $ cd Example/ $ ls ALOS_Baja_EQ.tar.gz SLC topo $ tar xvf ALOS_Baja_EQ.tar.gz ./ ./.DS_Store ./config.alos.txt ./figures/ ./figures/.DS_Store ./figures/.gmt_bb_info ./figures/.gmtcommands4 ./figures/.gmtdefaults4 ./figures/dem.grd ./figures/faults_mexacali.xy ./figures/make_map.com ./figures/seismic.ll ./figures/seismic2.ll ./figures/seismic3.ll ./figures/seismic4.ll ./raw/ ./raw/.gmtcommands4 ./raw/IMG-HH-ALPSRP207600640-H1.0__A ./raw/IMG-HH-ALPSRP227730640-H1.0__A ./raw/LED-ALPSRP207600640-H1.0__A ./raw/LED-ALPSRP227730640-H1.0__A ./README.txt ./topo/ ./topo/.gmtcommands4 ./topo/dem.grd $ ls ALOS_Baja_EQ.tar.gz config.alos.txt figures raw README.txt topo $ clear $ more README.txt February 17, 2011 David T. Sandwell This is an example set of ALOS PALSAR data to make an interferogram of T212, F06 40 spanning the M7.2 Easter Sunday Earthquake in Northern Baja California. The raw data consist of an FBS image before the earthquake and an FBD image after th e earthquake. The file configure.txt contains reasonable processing parameters. Note the /topo directory already contains a file dem.grd that is needed for re moval of the topographic phase. There is a web site http://topex.ucsd.edu/gmts ar that will generate a dem.grd file for a selected area based on the best avail able data (SRTM or ASTER). The command to process this pair follows. Note that the processing can be inter rupted an restarted using the proc_stage number in the file config.alos.txt. p2p_ALOS.csh IMG-HH-ALPSRP207600640-H1.0__A IMG-HH-ALPSRP227730640-H1.0__A confi g.alos.txt The /raw directory should contain 4 files. IMG-HH-ALPSRP207600640-H1.0__ALED-ALPSRP207600640-H1.0__A IMG-HH-ALPSRP227730640-H1.0__ALED-ALPSRP227730640-H1.0__A $ clear $ p2p_ALOS.csh IMG-HH-ALPSRP207600640-H1.0__A IMG-HH-ALPSRP227730640-H1.0__A config.alos.txt clean up raw/ folder rm: No match. rm: No match. rm: No match. PRE_PROC.CSH - START pre_proc.csh pre_process master image .... swapping bytes near_range, shift = 846717 192 .... calculating doppler for IMG-HH-ALPSRP207600640-H1.0__A.raw Working on line 2000 Working on line 4000 Working on line 6000 Working on line 8000 Working on line 10000 Working on line 12000 Working on line 14000 Working on line 16000 Working on line 18000 Working on line 20000 Working on line 22000 Working on line 24000 Working on line 26000 Working on line 28000 Working on line 30000 Working on line 32000 Working on line 34000 pre_process slave image setting fd1 to 40.647230 setting near_range to 846267.00 setting radius to 6372234.503270 setting npatches to 3 setting fd1 to 40.647230 .... swapping bytes near_range, shift = 846717 96 Convert the slave image from FBD to FBS mode ALOS_fbd2fbs: Command not found. Overwriting the old slave image mv: cannot stat `IMG-HH-ALPSRP227730640-H1.0__A_FBS.PRM': No such file or directory mv: cannot stat `IMG-HH-ALPSRP227730640-H1.0__A_FBS.raw': No such file or directory PRE_PROC.CSH - END clean up SLC/ folder rm: No match. ALIGN.CSH - START focussing master esarp: Command not found. The range sampling rate for master and slave differ Need to run the interferogram in steps until process2pass.csh is fixed ALIGN.CSH - END clean up topo/ folder DEM2TOPO_RA.CSH - START USER SHOULD PROVIDE DEM FILE processing ALOS FBS data blockmedian: W: 0 E: 11304 S: 0 N: 27648 nx: 5653 ny: 6913 blockmedian: Working on file trans.dat blockmedian: N read: 9070485 N used: 9045018 N outside_area: 25467 blockmedian: N_cells_filled: 9007452 surface: W: 0 E: 11304 S: 0 N: 27648 nx: 5652 ny: 6912 surface: Minimum value of your dataset x,y,z at: surface: 7494.85595703 27629.9453125 -593.942810059 surface: Maximum value of your dataset x,y,z at: surface: 291.927764893 30.720079422 1480.42419434 surface: GridModeIterationMax ChangeConv LimitTotal Iterations surface: 36D 290.006864707379610.00810764929956 29 surface: 12I 200.0240857166740.0243229478987 49 surface: 12D 1490.02415453500080.0243229478987 198 surface: 4I 160.06804045768790.072968843696 214 surface: 4D 530.07195251000030.072968843696 267 surface: 2I 130.1425179977240.145937687392 280 surface: 2D 190.1353667944170.145937687392 299 surface: 1I 100.2813541832520.291875374784 309 surface: 1D 220.2781168676770.291875374784 331 surface: Fit info: N data points N nodesmean errorrms errorcurvature surface: 9007452390791896.76361963577e-070.0037166951370139909.4242187 grd2cpt: Reading colortable /public/users/zhenghui/GMTSAR/GMT4.5.8/share/cpt/GMT_gray.cpt grd2cpt: Mean and S.D. of data are -191.689873275 435.323137753 grd2cpt: z = -593.875061035 and CDF(z) = 0 grd2cpt: z = -442.873014068 and CDF(z) = 0.228318736431 grd2cpt: z = -138.774453654 and CDF(z) = 0.788716316739 grd2cpt: z = 80.5016705811 and CDF(z) = 0.857996453904 grd2cpt: z = 267.863102628 and CDF(z) = 0.885788746061 grd2cpt: z = 442.989532471 and CDF(z) = 0.902327288437 grd2cpt: z = 618.115962314 and CDF(z) = 0.912681958714 grd2cpt: z = 805.47739436 and CDF(z) = 0.922731355613 grd2cpt: z = 1024.75351859 and CDF(z) = 0.947004480014 grd2cpt: z = 1328.85207901 and CDF(z) = 0.99783948564 grd2cpt: z = 1479.85412598 and CDF(z) = 1 grdimage: Allocates memory and read data file GMT_grd_is_global: no! GMT_grd_is_global: no! grdimage: Evaluate pixel colors grdimage: Creating PostScript image pslib: LZW compressed 39066624 to 5839947 bytes DEM2TOPO_RA.CSH - END OFFSET_TOPO - START slc2amp.csh processing ALOS FBS data Can't open input data IMG-HH-ALPSRP207600640-H1.0__A.SLC grdmath: GMT SYNTAX ERROR: amp-ALPSRP207600640-H1.0__A.grd is not a number, operator or file name Segmentation fault OFFSET_TOPO - END clean up intf/ folder rm: No match. INTF.CSH, FILTER.CSH - START using command line WARNING: Range_sampling_rate is not consistant. You need to do FBD/FBS conversion. ...satellite: ALOS ......master LED file LED-ALPSRP207600640-H1.0__A .........slave LED file LED-ALPSRP227730640-H1.0__A lon_tie_point = 244.459604 lat_tie_point = 32.430625 intf.csh running phasediff... can't open file IMG-HH-ALPSRP207600640-H1.0__A.PRM filter.csh making amplitudes... Can't open input data IMG-HH-ALPSRP207600640-H1.0__A.SLC Can't open amp1_tmp.grd Can't open input data XXXXXXXX Can't open amp2_tmp.grd filtering interferogram... Can't open real.grd Can't open real_tmp.grd Can't open imag.grd Can't open imag_tmp.grd making amplitude... grdmath: GMT SYNTAX ERROR: realfilt.grd is not a number, operator or file name grdmath: GMT SYNTAX ERROR: amp.grd is not a number, operator or file name grdinfo: Could not find file grd2cpt: Could not find file grdimage: GMT Fatal Error: Error when decoding display_amp.cpt - aborts! making correlation... grdmath: GMT SYNTAX ERROR: amp1.grd is not a number, operator or file name grdmath: GMT SYNTAX ERROR: tmp.grd is not a number, operator or file name grdmath: GMT SYNTAX ERROR: amp.grd is not a number, operator or file name Can't open tmp2.grd grdimage: Could not find file making phase... grdmath: GMT SYNTAX ERROR: imagfilt.grd is not a number, operator or file name grdimage: Could not find file filtering phase... phasefilt: Command not found. grdinfo: Could not find file grdedit: Could not find file grdmath: GMT SYNTAX ERROR: filtphase.grd is not a number, operator or file name grdimage: Could not find file grdimage: Could not find file mv: cannot stat `mask.grd': No such file or directory grdmath: GMT SYNTAX ERROR: tmp.grd is not a number, operator or file name INTF.CSH, FILTER.CSH - END SKIP UNWRAP PHASE GEOCODE.CSH - START threshold_geocode: .12 grdmath: GMT SYNTAX ERROR: corr.grd is not a number, operator or file name grdmath: GMT SYNTAX ERROR: phase.grd is not a number, operator or file name grdimage: Could not find file geocode.csh project correlation, phase, unwrapped and amplitude back to lon lat coordinates grd2xyz: Could not find file minmax: No input data found! surface: GMT SYNTAX ERROR: Must specify -R option minmax: No input data found! surface: GMT SYNTAX ERROR: Must specify -R option grdtrack: Could not find file grdtrack: Could not find file minmax: No input data found! blockmedian: GMT SYNTAX ERROR: Must specify -R option minmax: No input data found! xyz2grd: GMT SYNTAX ERROR: Must specify -R option grd2xyz: Could not find file minmax: No input data found! surface: GMT SYNTAX ERROR: Must specify -R option minmax: No input data found! surface: GMT SYNTAX ERROR: Must specify -R option grdtrack: Could not find file grdtrack: Could not find file minmax: No input data found! blockmedian: GMT SYNTAX ERROR: Must specify -R option minmax: No input data found! xyz2grd: GMT SYNTAX ERROR: Must specify -R option grd2xyz: Could not find file minmax: No input data found! surface: GMT SYNTAX ERROR: Must specify -R option minmax: No input data found! surface: GMT SYNTAX ERROR: Must specify -R option grdtrack: Could not find file grdtrack: Could not find file minmax: No input data found! blockmedian: GMT SYNTAX ERROR: Must specify -R option minmax: No input data found! xyz2grd: GMT SYNTAX ERROR: Must specify -R option geocode.csh make the KML files for Google Earth grdinfo: Could not find file gmtmath: GMT SYNTAX ERROR: Operation "INV" requires 1 operands grdgradient: Could not find file grdimage: GMT SYNTAX ERROR: DOTS_PR_INCH given illegal value ()! grdimage: 1 conversion errors from command-line default override settings! grdimage: GMT Fatal Error: Error when decoding display_amp.cpt - aborts! ps2raster: Processing display_amp_ll.ps: Find HiResBoundingBox ERROR: /rangecheck in --.peekstring-- Operand stack: --nostringval-- --nostringval-- (%!\n%) Execution stack: %interp_exit .runexec2 --nostringval-- --nostringval-- --nostringval-- 2 %stopped_push --nostringval-- --nostringval-- --nostringval-- false 1 %stopped_push 1 3 %oparray_pop --nostringval-- Dictionary stack: --dict:1119/1686(ro)(G)-- --dict:0/20(G)-- --dict:102/200(L)-- Current allocation mode is local ps2raster: GMT FATAL ERROR: The file display_amp_ll.ps has no BoundingBox in the first 20 lines or last 256 bytes. Use -A option. rm: cannot remove `grad.grd': No such file or directory grdinfo: Could not find file gmtmath: GMT SYNTAX ERROR: Operation "INV" requires 1 operands grdgradient: Could not find file grdimage: GMT SYNTAX ERROR: DOTS_PR_INCH given illegal value ()! grdimage: 1 conversion errors from command-line default override settings! grdimage: Allocates memory and read data file grdimage: Could not find file ps2raster: Processing corr_ll.ps: Find HiResBoundingBox ERROR: /rangecheck in --.peekstring-- Operand stack: --nostringval-- --nostringval-- (%!\n%) Execution stack: %interp_exit .runexec2 --nostringval-- --nostringval-- --nostringval-- 2 %stopped_push --nostringval-- --nostringval-- --nostringval-- false 1 %stopped_push 1 3 %oparray_pop --nostringval-- Dictionary stack: --dict:1119/1686(ro)(G)-- --dict:0/20(G)-- --dict:102/200(L)-- Current allocation mode is local ps2raster: GMT FATAL ERROR: The file corr_ll.ps has no BoundingBox in the first 20 lines or last 256 bytes. Use -A option. rm: cannot remove `grad.grd': No such file or directory grdinfo: Could not find file gmtmath: GMT SYNTAX ERROR: Operation "INV" requires 1 operands grdgradient: Could not find file grdimage: GMT SYNTAX ERROR: DOTS_PR_INCH given illegal value ()! grdimage: 1 conversion errors from command-line default override settings! grdimage: Allocates memory and read data file grdimage: Could not find file ps2raster: Processing phase_mask_ll.ps: Find HiResBoundingBox ERROR: /rangecheck in --.peekstring-- Operand stack: --nostringval-- --nostringval-- (%!\n%) Execution stack: %interp_exit .runexec2 --nostringval-- --nostringval-- --nostringval-- 2 %stopped_push --nostringval-- --nostringval-- --nostringval-- false 1 %stopped_push 1 3 %oparray_pop --nostringval-- Dictionary stack: --dict:1119/1686(ro)(G)-- --dict:0/20(G)-- --dict:102/200(L)-- Current allocation mode is local ps2raster: GMT FATAL ERROR: The file phase_mask_ll.ps has no BoundingBox in the first 20 lines or last 256 bytes. Use -A option. rm: cannot remove `grad.grd': No such file or directory grdinfo: Could not find file gmtmath: GMT SYNTAX ERROR: Operation "INV" requires 1 operands grdgradient: Could not find file grdimage: GMT SYNTAX ERROR: DOTS_PR_INCH given illegal value ()! grdimage: 1 conversion errors from command-line default override settings! grdimage: Allocates memory and read data file grdimage: Could not find file ps2raster: Processing phase_mask_ll_bw.ps: Find HiResBoundingBox ERROR: /rangecheck in --.peekstring-- Operand stack: --nostringval-- --nostringval-- (%!\n%) Execution stack: %interp_exit .runexec2 --nostringval-- --nostringval-- --nostringval-- 2 %stopped_push --nostringval-- --nostringval-- --nostringval-- false 1 %stopped_push 1 3 %oparray_pop --nostringval-- Dictionary stack: --dict:1119/1686(ro)(G)-- --dict:0/20(G)-- --dict:102/200(L)-- Current allocation mode is local ps2raster: GMT FATAL ERROR: The file phase_mask_ll_bw.ps has no BoundingBox in the first 20 lines or last 256 bytes. Use -A option. rm: cannot remove `grad.grd': No such file or directory GEOCODE.CSH - END $
由于地球自转速度减慢，国际地球自转服务组织和国际地球时间局宣布，全世界在英国格林尼治时间6月30日23:59:59将增加一秒，记为23:59:60，然后才是第二天的00:00:00（相对于北京时间，7月1日7:59增加一秒，出现7:59:60的现象）。自1972年以来，时间一共出现了24个闰秒。 这“闰一秒”究竟价值几何？CBC依据G20各国2010年GDP数据，计算出了这“闰一秒”在各国具体价值。请看CBC的详细报道。 http://www.cbc.ca/news/interactives/leap-second/ What's the dollar value of a single second? Calculating G20 nations' economic worth of the 2012 'leap second' CBC News Last Updated: June 29, 2012
期刊名 IF REV MOD PHYS 43.933 PHYS REP 20.394 NEW J PHYS 4.177 PHYS REV LETT 7.37 PHYS REV E 2.255 EPL-EUROPHYS LETT(EPL) 2.171 J. Stat. Mech. 1.727 PHYS LETT A 1.632 J. Phys. A 1.564 EUR PHYS J B 1.534 PHYSICA A 1.373 SCI CHINA SER G 1.413 CHINESE SCI BULL 1.321 cpb 1.376 cpl 0.731 acs 0.653 ijmpc 0.57 ijmpb 0.324 MPLB:0.474
IEEEjournal 2011 IF P IEEE 6.810 IEEE COMMUN SURV TUT 6.311 IEEE T IND ELECTRON 5.160 IEEE IND ELECTRON M 5.000 IEEE T PATTERN ANAL 4.908 IEEE T POWER ELECTR 4.650 IEEE T FUZZY SYST 4.260 IEEE SIGNAL PROC MAG 4.066 IEEE COMMUN MAG 3.785 IEEE J SEL TOP QUANT 3.780 IEEE T MED IMAGING 3.643 IEEE T INTELL TRANSP 3.452 IEEE T NEUR SYS REH 3.436 IEEE J SEL AREA COMM 3.413 IEEE COMPUT INTELL M 3.368 IEEE T EVOLUT COMPUT 3.341 IEEE J SOLID-ST CIRC 3.226 IEEE T SYST MAN CY B 3.080 IEEE T IMAGE PROCESS 3.042 IEEE T INFORM THEORY 3.009 IEEE T IND INFORM 2.990 IEEE T NEURAL NETWOR 2.952 IEEE T GEOSCI REMOTE 2.895 IEEE J-STSP 2.880 IEEE-ASME T MECH 2.865 IEEE ELECTR DEVICE L 2.849 IEEE T POWER SYST 2.678 IEEE T SIGNAL PROCES 2.628 IEEE T WIREL COMMUN 2.586 IEEE WIREL COMMUN 2.575 IEEE T ROBOT 2.536 IEEE CONTR SYST MAG 2.491 IEEE POWER ENERGY M 2.408 IEEE PHOTONICS J 2.320 IEEE T ELECTRON DEV 2.318 IEEE T AUTON MENT DE 2.310 IEEE T NANOTECHNOL 2.292 IEEE T MOBILE COMPUT 2.283 IEEE T BIO-MED ENG 2.278 IEEE T ENERGY CONVER 2.272 IEEE NETWORK 2.239 IEEE T VIS COMPUT GR 2.215 IEEE PHOTONIC TECH L 2.191 IEEE INTELL SYST 2.154 IEEE T ANTENN PROPAG 2.151 IEEE T SYST MAN CY A 2.123 IEEE MICROW MAG 2.111 IEEE T AUTOMAT CONTR 2.110 IEEE ENG MED BIOL 2.057 IEEE ACM T NETWORK 2.033 IEEE T BIOMED CIRC S 2.032 IEEE T SYST MAN CY C 2.009 IEEE INTERNET COMPUT 2.000 IEEE ROBOT AUTOM MAG 1.985 IEEE T SOFTWARE ENG 1.980 IEEE T CIRCUITS-I 1.970 IEEE T MULTIMEDIA 1.935 IEEE T VEH TECHNOL 1.921 IEEE J QUANTUM ELECT 1.879 IEEE T MICROW THEORY 1.853 IEEE MICRO 1.783 IEEE T CONTR SYST T 1.766 IEEE MICROW WIREL CO 1.717 IEEE T BROADCAST 1.703 IEEE T ULTRASON FERR 1.694 IEEE T COMMUN 1.677 IEEE T INF TECHNOL B 1.676 IEEE T IND APPL 1.657 IEEE T KNOWL DATA EN 1.657 IEEE T CIRC SYST VID 1.649 IEEE T COMP INTEL AI 1.617 IEEE GEOSCI REMOTE S 1.560 IEEE PERVAS COMPUT 1.554 IEEE ACM T COMPUT BI 1.543 IEEE T DEVICE MAT RE 1.543 IEEE SENS J 1.520 IEEE SOFTWARE 1.508 IEEE T AUDIO SPEECH 1.498 IEEE T HAPTICS 1.490 IEEE J-STARS 1.489 IEEE T SERV COMPUT 1.468 IEEE T AUTOM SCI ENG 1.461 IEEE T NUCL SCI 1.447 IEEE CIRC SYST MAG 1.439 IEEE COMPUT GRAPH 1.411 IEEE T CIRCUITS-II 1.410 IEEE T PARALL DISTR 1.402 IEEE SIGNAL PROC LET 1.388 IEEE DES TEST COMPUT 1.386 IEEE ANTENN WIREL PR 1.374 IEEE T MAGN 1.363 IEEE T POWER DELIVER 1.353 IEEE T INF FOREN SEC 1.340 IEEE ELECTR INSUL M 1.333 IEEE T RELIAB 1.285 IEEE T NANOBIOSCI 1.280 IEEE T COMPUT AID D 1.271 IEEE VEH TECHNOL MAG 1.226 IEEE T VLSI SYST 1.219 IEEE T INSTRUM MEAS 1.214 IEEE T ELECTROMAGN C 1.178 IEEE T PLASMA SCI 1.174 IEEE T DEPEND SECURE 1.140 IEEE SPECTRUM 1.139 IEEE T COMPUT 1.103 IEEE T AERO ELEC SYS 1.095 IEEE T DIELECT EL IN 1.094 IEEE T APPL SUPERCON 1.041 IEEE T EDUC 1.021 IEEE COMMUN LETT 0.982 IEEE T COMP PACK MAN 0.977 IEEE ANTENN PROPAG M 0.968 IEEE T ENG MANAGE 0.958 IEEE J OCEANIC ENG 0.950 IEEE T CONSUM ELECTR 0.941 IEEE SYST J 0.923 IEEE SECUR PRIV 0.898 IEEE COMPUT ARCHIT L 0.828 IEEE T LEARN TECHNOL 0.823 IEEE T SEMICONDUCT M 0.722 IEEE IND APPL MAG 0.640 IEEE MULTIMEDIA 0.438 IEEE INSTRU MEAS MAG 0.406 IEEE ANN HIST COMPUT 0.378 IEEE LAT AM T 0.346 IEEE TECHNOL SOC MAG 0.308 IEEE AERO EL SYS MAG 0.297 共计127项，数据来源2012 6月28日JCR 2011引文报告
2011 Impact Factors Quality remains at the heart of RSC Publishing, and the fact that we published 4 times as many articles in 2011 as we did in 2006 hasn’t changed that. Our exceptional standards are reinforced by the recently published 2011 Journal Citation Reports . Individual journal highlights include ChemComm (6.17), Green Chemistry (6.32), Energy Environmental Science (9.61), Natural Product Reports (9.79) and ChemSocRev (28.76). And impressive first (partial) Impact Factors were recorded for Chemical Science (7.525) and Polymer Chemistry (5.321). But how do we measure up when compared with other publishers? The average impact factor (IF) for a chemistry journal* stands at 2.67: our average IF is 5.46 Of the top 20 journals in the multidisciplinary chemistry category, six are from RSC Publishing. This is more than any other Society publisher 11 of our 27 journals have an IF of 5 and above Looking at 5-year IFs, we have more titles in the top 20 than any other publisher So the figures speak for themselves: for guaranteed impact, choose RSC Publishing. * The 7 Chemistry journal subject-categories as listed in Journal Citation Reports : Chemistry, Analytical; Chemistry; Applied; Chemistry, Inorganic Nuclear; Chemistry, Medicinal; Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Organic; Chemistry, Physical. Full journal listing: Journal 2011 Impact Factor 5-Year Impact Factor Analyst 4.23 4.119 Analytical Methods 1.547 1.547 Chemical Communications (ChemComm) 6.169 6.082 Chemical Science 7.525 7.545 Chemical Society Reviews 28.76 28.098 CrystEngComm 3.842 4.023 Dalton Transactions 3.838 3.887 Energy Environmental Science 9.61 10.813 Faraday Discussions 5.00 4.687 Food Functionǂ 1.179 1.179 Green Chemistry 6.32 6.761 Integrative Biology 4.509 4.509 JAAS (Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry) 3.22 2.966 Journal of Environmental Monitoring 1.991 2.245 Journal of Materials Chemistry 5.968 5.992 Lab on a Chip 5.67 6.497 MedChemCommǂ 2.80 2.80 Metallomics 3.902 3.902 Molecular BioSystems 3.534 3.705 Nanoscale 5.914 5.914 Natural Product Reports 9.790 9.671 New Journal of Chemistry 2.605 2.775 Organic Biomolecular Chemistry 3.696 3.652 Photochemical Photobiological Sciences 2.584 2.688 Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics (PCCP) 3.573 3.931 Polymer Chemistry 5.321 5.326 Soft Matter 4.39 4.998 ǂPartial IF only, based on five issues or less The Impact Factor provides an indication of the average number of citations per paper. Produced annually, Impact Factors are calculated by dividing the number of citations in a year, by the number of citeable articles published in the preceding two years. The 5-Year Impact Factor is the average number of times articles from a journal published in the past five years have been cited in the JCR year. For journals in subjects where citation activity continues to rise through several years, this metric allows more of their total citation activity to be included in a critical performance metric. Data based on 2011 Journal Citation Reports , (Thomson Reuters, 2012).
2011-JCR.xlsx 2011 JCR 共收录 来自82个国家共2552个出版单位的 10,677个期刊（232个学科）.其中，今年新入选的有 528个期刊。 看Thomson 公司的新闻： ------------------- 28 Jun 2012 Thomson Reuters Announces New 2011 Journal Citation ReportsJCR Uncovers the Impact and Influence of Scholarly Journals in its Largest Release Philadelphia, PA, June 28, 2012 – The Intellectual Property Science division of Thomson Reuters, the world’s leading source of intelligent information for businesses and professionals, today announced the release of the 2011 Journal Citation Reports® (JCR), the world’s most influential resource for information on highly cited, peer-reviewed publications and the source of annual Journal Impact Factors. The 2011 release, with separate editions for Science and Social Sciences, features the largest-ever JCR with 10,677 journal listings in 232 disciplines; 2,552 publishers from 82 countries are represented. A total of 528 journals receive their first Journal Impact Factor in this latest JCR release. The JCR includes a combination of impact and influence metrics, and millions of cited and citing journal data points that comprise the complete journal citation network in the Thomson Reuters Web of Science’s Science and Social Science indexes, enabling its users to have an accurate view of each journal’s ranking in the world of scholarly literature. Since its inception in 1975, the JCR has grown steadily. The first JCR was released as a tool for assessing the performance of the world’s leading scientific journals. Its first edition included 2,630 journals. The Social Sciences were included in the JCR in 1977, adding 1,285 additional journals that year. Throughout its 37- year history, the JCR has made continual updates to ensure that both coverage and indicators accurately reflect the changing trends in global research. The various metrics and detailed citation information included in JCR provide a multifaceted view of the importance researchers place on particular journals as evidence by citation. In 2006, Thomson Reuters launched a special initiative aimed at expanding coverage of Regional Content. The Web of Science now covers of 2,000 Regional Journals, many of which have appeared in the JCR for the first time in recent years. “Since its inception and with every subsequent release the JCR has facilitated discovery for its worldwide subscribers.” said James Testa, vice president of editorial and publisher relations at Thomson Reuters. “Thomson Reuters is fully aware of the importance of JCR in the scholarly community and is dedicated to the production of reliable metrics that can be used effectively in the ongoing selection of the world’s top-tier international and regional journals – journals that exemplify the quality demanded by our users worldwide.” The JCR offers librarians, publishers, authors, researchers, universities, institutions and bibliometricians a systematic, objective means to critically evaluate the world’s leading journals with quantifiable, statistical information based on citation data. Journal Selection decisions for the JCR are made throughout the course of a year with the goal of identifying, evaluating and selecting the most important and influential international and regional journals for coverage in the Thomson Reuters Web of Science platform. Once citations are available for a minimum 2-year period of time, these data are then analyzed and published in the JCR. For more information on Journal Citation Reports, please visit http://go.thomsonreuters.com/jcr/ . For information on how to submit journals, please visit: http://science.thomsonreuters.com/mjl/selection/ . Thomson Reuters Thomson Reuters is the world's leading source of intelligent information for businesses and professionals. We combine industry expertise with innovative technology to deliver critical information to leading decision makers in the financial and risk, legal, tax and accounting, intellectual property and science and media markets, powered by the world's most trusted news organization. With headquarters in New York and major operations in London and Eagan, Minnesota, Thomson Reuters employs approximately 60,000 people and operates in over 100 countries. For more information, go to www.thomsonreuters.com . related SCI影响因子 和 知多少？ IEEE 期刊2011影响因子排行榜
This year there are lots of new papers from Kristen Grauman's Computer Vision Group at UT-Austin, to be presented at CVPR 2011 . There are lots of them, but not abstracts/PDFS yet. Here is a melange of pictures to entice us.. Learning the Easy Things First: Self-Paced Visual Category Discovery. Y. J. Lee and K. Grauman. To appear, Proceedings of the IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR), Colorado Springs, CO, June 2011. Boundary-Preserving Dense Local Regions. J. Kim and K. Grauman. To appear, Proceedings of the IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR), Colorado Springs, CO, June 2011. (Oral) Large-Scale Live Active Learning: Training Object Detectors with Crawled Data and Crowds. S. Vijayanarasimhan and K. Grauman. To appear, Proceedings of the IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR), Colorado Springs, CO, June 2011. (Oral) haring Features Between Objects and Their Attributes. S. J. Hwang, F. Sha, and K. Grauman. To appear, Proceedings of the IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR), Colorado Springs, CO, June 2011. Clues from the Beaten Path: Location Estimation with Bursty Sequences of Tourist Photos. C.-Y. Chen and K. Grauman. To appear, Proceedings of the IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR), Colorado Springs, CO, June 2011. Efficient Region Search for Object Detection. S. Vijayanarasimhan and K. Grauman. To appear, Proceedings of the IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR), Colorado Springs, CO, June 2011. Interactively Building a Discriminative Vocabulary of Nameable Attributes. D. Parikh and K. Grauman. To appear, Proceedings of the IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR), Colorado Springs, CO, June 2011. On another note, Antonio Torralba has a CVPR 2011 paper with Ruslan Salakhutdinov (Hinton's ex-PhD student) and Josh Tenenbaum, but I'll post info and pics after I get to read the paper. Learning to Share Visual Appearance for Multiclass Object Detection Ruslan Salakhutdinov , Antonio Torralba , and Josh Tenenbaum .
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JCR 2011 Release date announced: June 28 The 2011 data for the Journal Citation Reports will be loaded to JCR Web on Web of Knowledge on June 28, 2012 at approximately 1 PM EDT (GMT-5). To see the new dataset, you will need to clear your cache and restart your browser. If you have questions about using JCR about your access to these data, please visit our support page at http://science.thomsonreuters.com/support/ .
F ree will and the brain 自由意志与大脑 Self interest 自我意识与自我利益 Where there’s a will there’s a way 有志者事竟成 Dec 17th 2011 | from the print edition ONE paradox has come under scrutiny since medical imaging of the brain became common in the 1980s. This is the apparent clash between the mechanical nature of the mind and the impression that people can will their own thoughts and actions. Michael Gazzaniga, a neuroscientist at the University of California, Santa Barbara, believes that “we are personally responsible agents and are to be held accountable for our actions, even though we live in a determined universe.” 自从脑部医学成像技术在上个世纪八十年代普及开来之后，人们也开始对一个矛盾现象进行深入推敲。显然，这里说的是人脑的机械本质与人可以随意控制自己的想法和行为这种自身感觉之间的矛盾。圣巴巴拉市加利福尼亚大学的神经科学家迈克尔·葛詹尼加认为“尽管我们生活在一个已经设定好规则的世界当中，但是我们每个人都是自己的责任代理人并且应该对自己的一切行为负责。” The idea that the mind exists separately from the body has a long history; Descartes invoked it during the 17th century. But in recent years opinion has shifted somewhat behind the notion that people are constrained by their physical embodiment. Individuals are suspected of being predisposed to eat compulsively or drink excessively, and various other characteristics are thought to have a genetic basis. Mr Gazzaniga reckons that, while such studies are useful, they give an incomplete picture of the true nature of humanity. 人的思维与身体是各自独立的存在这一理论具有相当悠久的历史，它由笛卡尔在17世纪提出。近些年人们对这一观点发生了的看法发生了转变，开始认同人们的思维是被束缚在了肉身中这一观念。许多学者怀疑人类个体倾向于强迫性地进食或过度饮水，并指出人类其他的多种多样的个性特征则是基于遗传基础。葛詹尼加则认为，这些研究固然有用，但并没有揭开人类真实本质的全貌。 In his new book Mr Gazzaniga uses animal studies to argue that the brain is shaped by the tasks before it, pointing out that the brains of New World carnivorous bats are more similar to those of Old World carnivorous bats than they are to New World fruit bats, despite these being their closer cousins. But his logic is shaky. He also cautions against applying information gleaned from studying the structure and function of chimpanzee brains to the human realm. Mr Gazzaniga appeals, not wholly convincingly, to quantum mechanics and complexity to provide escape routes from the conclusion that, because the body is a biochemical system, what happens in the mind is physically determined. 葛詹尼加在新书中运用动物实验来论证大脑(的进化发展)是由它面对的任务决定的。他举出的例子是，美洲新大陆食肉蝙蝠与欧洲食肉蝙蝠之间的相似程度超过了它们与近亲美洲新大陆果蝠的相似程度。但他这个逻辑显然不太站得住脚。（因为）他还反对将研究黑猩猩的大脑结构和功能收集到的理论在人体上对号入座。 虽然影响力有限， 但葛詹尼加先生仍呼吁量子力学和复杂性科学能够提供依据， 将研究者们从这样的囹圄中解救出来，那就是 ：人体是一个生物化学系统，人的所有思维活动都是由身体决定的。 He is on stronger ground with his claim that people can be utterly unaware of what is happening inside their heads, outlining how his patients provide post-hoc “explanations” for their actions. He describes a patient whose moral reasoning has been disrupted by surgery to separate the hemispheres, who then judges that it is acceptable for a waitress to serve sesame seeds to someone she thinks is allergic to them, but who is not. As soon as the side of his brain that did not make the judgment hears what he has just said, the patient tries to offer an explanation: he blurts out that sesame seeds are tiny and cannot hurt anyone. 通过介绍和说明他的病人人是如何为自己的行为给出因果"解释"的，葛詹尼加提出，人们对自己的脑子所经历的改变根本浑然不觉，他的这一理论得到了颇为广泛的认同。他描述了这样一个病人，其道德推理系统已经在医生对其进行分开两个大脑半球的手术时破坏，此后，这个病人认为一个服务员把芝麻送给那些对芝麻不过敏但是服务员认为他们会对芝麻过敏的人这种做法是可以接受的。 就在他的判断力所在的脑半球并不能接收到他刚刚所说的讯息的同时， 他努力对自己刚刚的反应提供一个解释：他不假思索的说道，芝麻太小了，所以根本不能伤害到任何人。 In an attempt to resolve the paradox, Mr Gazzaniga locates the origin of personal responsibility outside the brain, as a consequence of a social contract between two or more individuals. In so doing, he neatly but unconvincingly removes the physical basis for good or bad behaviour. “Who’s in Charge?” is a wide-ranging and enjoyable exploration of how science interrogates the mind. Luckily for readers who enjoy grappling with issues such as the origin of thought, and whether people are free to will what they want, it leaves plenty more to be written on the subject. 为了解开文章开头提到的矛盾，葛詹尼加将个体的责任感独立于大脑之外，作为人类社会中两个甚至更多个体之间的存在社会契约的结果。这么做的话，葛詹尼加就巧妙地将人类好坏行为的生理基础去掉了，但说服力还是不够。”谁做主？“——这是人们在探究科学如何盘问人心的过程中广泛运用且乐在其中的一个命题。喜欢探寻诸如思维的来源的读者们是幸运的，人类是否应该予取予求这样的论题确实为科学家们提供了巨大的发挥空间。 from the print edition | United States 译者:郑恒 原文出自《经济学人》杂志 译者注： 迈克尔·葛詹尼加（Michael Gazzaniga）是全球著名的脑科学家之一，被誉为“认知神经科学之父”，早年本科毕业于达特茅斯学院，其后进入加利福尼亚理工学院，师从因对人类“裂脑”现象的研究而获诺贝尔奖的Roger Sperry，获生物心理学博士学位。 通过对裂脑人所进行的大量研究，Michael Gazzaniga大大促进了我们对人类大脑功能偏侧性以及大脑两半球之间关系的认识。他不仅在临床以及基础科学研究的圈子内闻名遐尔，而且对外行的社会公众来说也是声名远扬。1985年，他出版了《社会性大脑：发现心智的网络》（The Social Brain: Discovering the Networks of the Mind）一书，对大脑功能偏侧性的特征以及大脑两半球之间的关系进行了研究，成果丰硕；1988年，他出版了《心智问题》（Mind Matters）一书，成为心智紊乱问题研究的入门作品；1992年，他出版了《自然界的心智：思维、情绪、性别、语言以及智能的生物学根源》（Nature’s Mind: The Biological Roots of Thinking, Emotions, Sexuality, Language, and Intelligence），纽约时报评价说：“对脑科学研究来说，此书所做的研究堪比斯蒂芬·霍金的研究之于宇宙论”；1995年，Michael Gazzaniga通过麻省理工学院出版社出版了里程碑式的着作《认知神经科学》（The Cognitive Neurosciences），对九十多位科学家的工作进行了系统总结，被誉为认知神经科学领域的资料库，目前已经出至第三版；2005年，他又出版了《伦理性的大脑》（The Ethical Brain）一书，对大脑发展与人类伦理形成的关系进行了开创性的探索。 Who's in Charge? : Free Will and the Science of the Brain Michael S. Gazzaniga 34 篇评论 http://books.google.com.hk/books/about/Who_s_in_Charge.html?hl=zh-CNid=1YmsRMe2pZwC HarperCollins , 2011-11-15 - 272 页 pThe father of cognitive neuroscience and author of "Human" offers a provocative argument against the common belief that our lives are wholly determined by physical processes and we are therefore not responsible for our actions pA powerful orthodoxy in the study of the brain has taken hold in recent years: Since physical laws govern the physical world and our own brains are part of that world, physical laws therefore govern our behavior and even our conscious selves. Free will is meaningless, goes the mantra; we live in a "determined" world. pNot so, argues the renowned neuroscientist Michael S. Gazzaniga in this thoughtful, provocative book based on his Gifford Lectures----one of the foremost lecture series in the world dealing with religion, science, and philosophy. "Who's in Charge?" proposes that the mind, which is somehow generated by the physical processes of the brain, "constrains" the brain just as cars are constrained by the traffic they create. Writing with what Steven Pinker has called "his trademark wit and lack of pretension," Gazzaniga shows how determinism immeasurably weakens our views of human responsibility; it allows a murderer to argue, in effect, "It wasn't me who did it----it was my brain." Gazzaniga convincingly argues that even given the latest insights into the physical mechanisms of the mind, there is an undeniable human reality: "We are responsible agents who should be held accountable for our actions, because responsibility is found in how people interact, not in brains." p An extraordinary book that ranges across neuroscience, psychology, ethics, and the law with a light touch but profound implications, "Who's in Charge?" is a lasting contribution from one of the leading thinkers of our time.
http://www.temple.edu/templemag/2011_winter/f2_RemoteControl.html FEATURED WINTER 2011 ARTICLE Remote Control The Institute for Computational Molecular Science makes formerly unfathomable experimentation possible. By Brian M. Schleter ICMS Director Michael Klein (right) and ICMS Associate Directo Axel Kohlmeyer are redefining research at Temple. Photo by Joseph V. Labolito Throughout history, the greatest scientific and engineering advances have resulted from theories proven through costly, sometimes dangerous and often repetitive forms of experimentation. Advances in computer technology are changing that dynamic—rapidly. Every day, researchers use high-performance computers, capable of performing quadrillions of calculations per second, to design safer, more effective medicines; predict the effects of climate change; and search for new treatments for HIV, influenza and other diseases. Increasingly, researchers in the natural and life sciences are turning to computational science to observe video simulations of molecular activity. Now, researchers at Temple can utilize the Institute for Computational Molecular Science (ICMS) in the College of Science and Technology. ICMS was founded in 2009 by Laura H. Carnell Professor of Science Michael Klein , member of the esteemed National Academy of Sciences —one of the highest honors bestowed on a scientist—author of more than 600 publications, editor of four books and winner of the American Physical Society’s Aneesur Rahman prize for outstanding computational research. A leader in his field, Klein aims to bring Temple’s research to the forefront of science and to foster cross-disciplinary team-building through ICMS, a new valuable tool for generating new approaches to discovery of all kinds. From increasing research capabilities for students to allowing scientists to witness molecular interaction visually, ICMS’s computing will push the boundaries of what can be accomplished —and what can be understood— at Temple. “Computational science is commonly described as the third pillar of scientific discovery, beside theory and experimentation,” says Axel Kohlmeyer, associate director of ICMS and associate research professor at Temple . “We use computers to do experiments that cannot be done in reality.” A C_60 molecule (or “buckyball”) is swallowed by a bilayer of lipid molecules, a model for a cell membrane. Researchers study if the otherwise inert buckyballs can have negative effects on cell membranes. Image courtesy of ICMS. Building Bridges In today’s research landscape, anyone who needs a quick answer or has a large block of data to process needs high-performance computing. Within ICMS, a dozen Temple chemists, biochemists, physicists and computer scientists use state-of-the-art computer simulations to model molecular behaviors. Similar to the way video games simulate experiences based on data —but on a much more expansive and complex level—computer models designed by the ICMS group utilize scientific data to verify the results of experiments put forth by collaborating researchers. “Providing high-performance computing tools is a bit like being a pipefitter,” Kohlmeyer says. “There is a certain infrastructure that has to be available and maintained. If you pull a certain handle, you’ll get hot water. People without that knowledge, working by themselves, wouldn’t be able to get hot water.” Klein, a 16-year member of the chemistry faculty and director of the Center for Molecular Modeling at the University of Pennsylvania, came to Temple to found ICMS. That decision played a role in Robert Kulathinal’s decision to join the faculty last year. “Temple’s successful recruitment of the ICMS group was exemplary of the university’s commitment to both innovation and excellence,” says Kulathinal, an evolutionary geneticist and assistant professor of biology. “It confirmed that this is a place I wanted to be.” His lab plans to use ICMS’s extraordinary computing resources to construct three-dimensional protein models from genome sequence data, to understand how proteins have evolved over millions of years. Kulathinal says the modeling might lead to a new understanding of how proteins interact, resulting in more effective drug treatments. Part of Klein’s strategy is to seek seed funding for researchers to collaborate across disciplines. An example, he says, would be a pharmacologist working to develop a new compound who needs a chemist to synthesize it. The role of the ICMS would be to use computers to help in the screening of millions of possible molecules to find potential targets and thus reduce the workload of the synthetic chemist. By facilitating these conversations, the ICMS is creating an environment where “random, unexpected collisions” of this sort can occur.“ We’re trying to build bridges,” Klein says. Providing the Tools Though the work of ICMS encompasses an array of different sciences and researchers, the common theme in all of the institute’s projects is the smart and effective use of high-performance computing clusters, or HPC clusters. Just as bridges need sturdy foundations, the first order of business for ICMS is to build a state-of-the-art cyberinfrastructure at Temple. The university now has a hybrid GPU (graphics processing unit)/CPU (central processing unit) cluster computer. In Temple’s case, the HPC cluster features more than 100 nodes containing more than 1,200 processor cores, 48 Nvidia Tesla GPUs (hardware made specifically for high-perfomance computing) and 120 terabytes of storage. In other words, the HPC cluster is the equivalent of hooking up approximately 2,000 laptop computers set to process the same information. It provides more hard-drive space than 240 computers that each contain a 500-gigabyte hard drive. Beyond the astounding capacity of the HPC cluster at Temple, ICMS also is part of TeraGrid , a cyberinfrastructure of even more powerful supercomputers used for scientific research, information and data sharing, which not only encourages cross-disciplinary research, but also fosters collaboration between Temple and other TeraGrid researchers across the country. Targeting the Impossible Most of the ICMS group’s research is literally “trying to do the impossible,” Kohlmeyer notes, by putting theoretical models to the test. Because simulations are numbers-based, they know the exact state of the whole system at any point, allowing for perfectly controlled experiments. The institute’s ultimate goal—Kohlmeyer calls it the “holy grail” of computational science—is to arrive at a juncture where the molecular computer simulations built are so accurate and detailed, they render many chemical and biological experiments obsolete. Imagine a scenario in which a new drug is proven safe and effective outside the laboratory—where it currently takes years of high-cost testing—and on a computer instead, with every possible molecular interaction taken into account. Though the technology is not there yet, much of the current research at ICMS is helping researchers improve drug treatments. For example, one team is looking at the cellular binding abilities of certain anesthesia agents.“We know that anesthetics work, but we don’t know how they work on the molecular level,” Kohlmeyer explains. Understanding the molecular activity of anesthetic agents, he says, will result in safer anesthetics that can better target the area of the body they are meant to act upon. Polymer chemists in the group are using computer simulations to unlock the secrets of nano-scale materials. Mixing multiple polymers (chemical compounds) and studying the new mixture that arises on the nano level can improve drug delivery. “The purpose is to ‘package’ a drug so it can get where it needs to be, instead of ‘flooding’ the body and thus risking side effects,” Kohlmeyer explains. Another area of focus at ICMS is software development. Last summer, Kohlmeyer supervised two undergraduate students who helped improve a simulation software package. The effect enabled a postdoctoral researcher to run his calculations up to 15 times faster than before, greatly improving the researcher’s efficiency. “As I see it, the mission of ICMS, in this context, is to share our experiences with other Temple researchers and, in return, learn from their experiences,” Kohlmeyer says. “Ultimately, we want to establish collaborative efforts that can solve even more complex problems than the ones being worked on now.” As ICMS grows, so too will opportunities for groundbreaking research at Temple. “The vision for this institute is to foster collaborative, interdisciplinary, frontier research,” Klein says. “It will take time, but it will be driven largely by recruitment. We need to recruit people aggressively at all levels to staff centers and institutes, especially young people. This new generation of researchers is more adept at using computers to solve complex problems.” Brian M. Schleter is a research freelance writer based in Baltimore City, Md. FEATURED WINTER 2011 ARTICLE Remote Control The Institute for Computational Molecular Science makes formerly unfathomable experimentation possible. By Brian M. Schleter ICMS Director Michael Klein (right) and ICMS Associate Directo Axel Kohlmeyer are redefining research at Temple. Photo by Joseph V. Labolito Throughout history, the greatest scientific and engineering advances have resulted from theories proven through costly, sometimes dangerous and often repetitive forms of experimentation. Advances in computer technology are changing that dynamic—rapidly. Every day, researchers use high-performance computers, capable of performing quadrillions of calculations per second, to design safer, more effective medicines; predict the effects of climate change; and search for new treatments for HIV, influenza and other diseases. Increasingly, researchers in the natural and life sciences are turning to computational science to observe video simulations of molecular activity. Now, researchers at Temple can utilize the Institute for Computational Molecular Science (ICMS) in the College of Science and Technology. ICMS was founded in 2009 by Laura H. Carnell Professor of Science Michael Klein , member of the esteemed National Academy of Sciences —one of the highest honors bestowed on a scientist—author of more than 600 publications, editor of four books and winner of the American Physical Society’s Aneesur Rahman prize for outstanding computational research. A leader in his field, Klein aims to bring Temple’s research to the forefront of science and to foster cross-disciplinary team-building through ICMS, a new valuable tool for generating new approaches to discovery of all kinds. From increasing research capabilities for students to allowing scientists to witness molecular interaction visually, ICMS’s computing will push the boundaries of what can be accomplished —and what can be understood— at Temple. “Computational science is commonly described as the third pillar of scientific discovery, beside theory and experimentation,” says Axel Kohlmeyer, associate director of ICMS and associate research professor at Temple . “We use computers to do experiments that cannot be done in reality.” A C_60 molecule (or “buckyball”) is swallowed by a bilayer of lipid molecules, a model for a cell membrane. Researchers study if the otherwise inert buckyballs can have negative effects on cell membranes. Image courtesy of ICMS. Building Bridges In today’s research landscape, anyone who needs a quick answer or has a large block of data to process needs high-performance computing. Within ICMS, a dozen Temple chemists, biochemists, physicists and computer scientists use state-of-the-art computer simulations to model molecular behaviors. Similar to the way video games simulate experiences based on data —but on a much more expansive and complex level—computer models designed by the ICMS group utilize scientific data to verify the results of experiments put forth by collaborating researchers. “Providing high-performance computing tools is a bit like being a pipefitter,” Kohlmeyer says. “There is a certain infrastructure that has to be available and maintained. If you pull a certain handle, you’ll get hot water. People without that knowledge, working by themselves, wouldn’t be able to get hot water.” Klein, a 16-year member of the chemistry faculty and director of the Center for Molecular Modeling at the University of Pennsylvania, came to Temple to found ICMS. That decision played a role in Robert Kulathinal’s decision to join the faculty last year. “Temple’s successful recruitment of the ICMS group was exemplary of the university’s commitment to both innovation and excellence,” says Kulathinal, an evolutionary geneticist and assistant professor of biology. “It confirmed that this is a place I wanted to be.” His lab plans to use ICMS’s extraordinary computing resources to construct three-dimensional protein models from genome sequence data, to understand how proteins have evolved over millions of years. Kulathinal says the modeling might lead to a new understanding of how proteins interact, resulting in more effective drug treatments. Part of Klein’s strategy is to seek seed funding for researchers to collaborate across disciplines. An example, he says, would be a pharmacologist working to develop a new compound who needs a chemist to synthesize it. The role of the ICMS would be to use computers to help in the screening of millions of possible molecules to find potential targets and thus reduce the workload of the synthetic chemist. By facilitating these conversations, the ICMS is creating an environment where “random, unexpected collisions” of this sort can occur.“ We’re trying to build bridges,” Klein says. Providing the Tools Though the work of ICMS encompasses an array of different sciences and researchers, the common theme in all of the institute’s projects is the smart and effective use of high-performance computing clusters, or HPC clusters. Just as bridges need sturdy foundations, the first order of business for ICMS is to build a state-of-the-art cyberinfrastructure at Temple. The university now has a hybrid GPU (graphics processing unit)/CPU (central processing unit) cluster computer. In Temple’s case, the HPC cluster features more than 100 nodes containing more than 1,200 processor cores, 48 Nvidia Tesla GPUs (hardware made specifically for high-perfomance computing) and 120 terabytes of storage. In other words, the HPC cluster is the equivalent of hooking up approximately 2,000 laptop computers set to process the same information. It provides more hard-drive space than 240 computers that each contain a 500-gigabyte hard drive. Beyond the astounding capacity of the HPC cluster at Temple, ICMS also is part of TeraGrid , a cyberinfrastructure of even more powerful supercomputers used for scientific research, information and data sharing, which not only encourages cross-disciplinary research, but also fosters collaboration between Temple and other TeraGrid researchers across the country. Targeting the Impossible Most of the ICMS group’s research is literally “trying to do the impossible,” Kohlmeyer notes, by putting theoretical models to the test. Because simulations are numbers-based, they know the exact state of the whole system at any point, allowing for perfectly controlled experiments. The institute’s ultimate goal—Kohlmeyer calls it the “holy grail” of computational science—is to arrive at a juncture where the molecular computer simulations built are so accurate and detailed, they render many chemical and biological experiments obsolete. Imagine a scenario in which a new drug is proven safe and effective outside the laboratory—where it currently takes years of high-cost testing—and on a computer instead, with every possible molecular interaction taken into account. Though the technology is not there yet, much of the current research at ICMS is helping researchers improve drug treatments. For example, one team is looking at the cellular binding abilities of certain anesthesia agents.“We know that anesthetics work, but we don’t know how they work on the molecular level,” Kohlmeyer explains. Understanding the molecular activity of anesthetic agents, he says, will result in safer anesthetics that can better target the area of the body they are meant to act upon. Polymer chemists in the group are using computer simulations to unlock the secrets of nano-scale materials. Mixing multiple polymers (chemical compounds) and studying the new mixture that arises on the nano level can improve drug delivery. “The purpose is to ‘package’ a drug so it can get where it needs to be, instead of ‘flooding’ the body and thus risking side effects,” Kohlmeyer explains. Another area of focus at ICMS is software development. Last summer, Kohlmeyer supervised two undergraduate students who helped improve a simulation software package. The effect enabled a postdoctoral researcher to run his calculations up to 15 times faster than before, greatly improving the researcher’s efficiency. “As I see it, the mission of ICMS, in this context, is to share our experiences with other Temple researchers and, in return, learn from their experiences,” Kohlmeyer says. “Ultimately, we want to establish collaborative efforts that can solve even more complex problems than the ones being worked on now.” As ICMS grows, so too will opportunities for groundbreaking research at Temple. “The vision for this institute is to foster collaborative, interdisciplinary, frontier research,” Klein says. “It will take time, but it will be driven largely by recruitment. We need to recruit people aggressively at all levels to staff centers and institutes, especially young people. This new generation of researchers is more adept at using computers to solve complex problems.” Brian M. Schleter is a research freelance writer based in Baltimore City, Md.
Lutz Bornmann在Scientometrics (2011) 86:173–177发表了一篇题为“Mimicry in science?”的文章。这篇文章涉及了一些科研评价、科研人员的行为等有关话题。正好这几天在与几位前辈探讨中涉及到了这方面的内容。下面对这篇文章的主要内容做了一些翻译，与大家分享，从中也许可以获得一些感兴趣的研究主题。 Abstract： Since bibliometric indicators have obtained a general acceptance in science policy and attained applied relevance in research evaluation, feedback effects on scientists’ behaviour resulting from the use of these indicators for science funding decisions have been reported. These adaptation strategies could be called mimicry in science. Scientists apply strategies that should enable them to comply to bibliometric accountability and to secure funds to their own research. Keywords： Research evaluation Mimicry Scientific progress Bibliometric data are being used by leading and fast-growing countries in science for research evaluation purposes. In UK the allocation of public funds to the universities will be mainly carried out according to these data. “The Government has a firm presumption that after the 2008 RAE the system for assessing research quality and allocating “quality-related” (QR) research funding to universities from the Department for Education and Skills will be mainly metrics-based (UK Office of Science and Technology 2006)“. Due to this development “the death of peer review” in the allocation of research funds is being discussed (Gilbert 2006). The reason for the popularity of bibliometrics compared to peer review is seen in lower costs and criticism of the peer review system (Weingart 2005). In an ever more complex science system, bibliometric analysis should allow for evaluation of mass-data no longer understandable to the single reviewer (Butler 2004). 科研人员行为的耦合 Back coupling on scientists’behaviour Since science funding has become more and more determined by principles of ‘publish or perish,’ the following changes of publication behaviour have been reported in the literature (see here Lawrence 2003; Research Evaluation and Policy Project 2005): (1) To increase probability of acceptance of their papers by a journal, scientists tend to do research in accordance with the mainstream in their fields and avoid unusual research (e.g. risky, interdisciplinary or long-term); (2) To be able to come to publishable results more quickly, scientists pursue short-term rather than longterm research; (3) Scientists attempt to provide their paper to low-quality journals as long as these journals are indexed by literature data bases used for bibliometric analyses in research evaluation; (4) To boost the number of publications, scientists slice their findings as thin as salami and submit these to different journals even though findings could be presented in a single paper. 当科学基金越来越被"出版或出局"这个规则所决定时，科研人员的发文行为就会出现下面一些特点： （1）为了增加自己论文被一个期刊录用，科研人员的研究会更加遵循所在领域的主流研究，而放弃一些冒险、跨学科、长期研究等“不太规矩”的研究。 （2）为了能够尽快发表其研究成果，科研人员更趋向于一些短期研究。 （3）科学家会尝试在一些质量相对较低，但是又科研评价中被确定的期刊上发表论文。 （4）有的时候，一篇文章本来就可以把一项研究成果一次性发表，但科研人员会象切香肠一样，把一项研究内容有意识地拆开，然后在不同期刊上发表。 这种现象在生物学上叫“仿生”（mimicry，Patent 1978） Fraser and Martin (2009)研究发现，在科学论文中经常会出现关键的、决定性的、重要的（e.g. pivotal, crucial, and essential）等词汇。这个发现是科研人员想通过这些词汇的运用来增加其论文被录用的可能性。Merton (1938)认为，在这种极端的“仿生”会导致一个混乱的状态。Merton (1938)研究了社会结构如何影响对特定的人群，这种影响是鼓励这些人群去遵守规则，还是不守规范。如果“赢得比赛”超过了“在一定规则下赢得比赛”，那么破坏规则的现象就会发生(Martinson et al. 2006)。如果科研人员去迎合基于评价指标的目标，科学不端行为的现象就会出现。很多情况下，发文的压力会导致学术不端行为的出现。中国一些大学的高质量成果与奖金、房子、津贴等挂钩的同时，也在面临着不少学术失范行为（Qiu 2010）。 Increase in productivity as an effect of national research evaluation systems 发文量增加对国家科研评价系统的影响 在过去一些年，除英国外，象澳大利亚、芬兰等国家利用评价系统来分配科研资金的做法被不断完善 (see an overview in Macilwain 2010; Schneider 2009)。一些调杳表明，这些评价系统对科研人员的行为产生了一定的影响。在澳大利亚(Butler 2003, 2004)，自从“发文等于基金”（formula based funding）的制度实施之后，科研人员每年的发文量有了很大的提升 (如发文的与基金分配的关系），虽然这些文章被发表在WOS收录的期刊上，但多数是在低影响因子的期刊上。 Glaser and Laudel (2007)的5位访谈者表示，他们改变了他们的发文策略：发更多的论文、独立发表论文、在高影响力的期刊上发文。而且被采访对象更倾向于一些应用性和热点研究主题的论文。在西班牙，科研人员根据the National Commission for the Evaluation of Research Activity (CNEAI, Madrid)的规定在高水平的期刊发表其成果。一项对科研政策影响的测度表明：首先，这种政策导致了西班牙科研人员发文习惯的变化，其次，科研人员在ISI收录的西班牙期刊上发文的数据在增加；第三，西班牙文献计量数据库的source items趋于稳定(Jimenez-Contreras et al. 2002)。同样的影响也其它的研究中被发现（Rey et al. 1998）。UK RAE Moed (2008) 发现，三种明显的文献计量模式可以来解释科研人员对RAE标准的适应。RAE1992强调发文总数时，英国科研人员的发文量就出现一个确定的增长。当RAE1996注重由数量向质量转变时，英国科研人员的发文和被引次数都有了提高。在1997–2000年之间，机构增加了其科研人员的数量，并鼓励研究人员之间紧密合作，即使论文并不是真正合作的产物。 Possibilities of increasing citation impact 提高引用影响的可能性 与发文量相比，被引次数对科研人员似乎是不敏感的。但是Bornmann and Daniel (2007)研究结论正好相反。......只有少数研究人员能够看较多的所在领域的文献，因此，写越多的论文，其被引用的可能性越大。 Do behavioural changes contribute to scientific advancements in science? 科研人员的行为变化对科学发展是否有益？ 世界各中政府要求科研人员有更多的产出才能获得持续的支持 (Mervis 2007)。评价体系的引入希望能够提升科研人员产出的数量与质量。这种系统导致科研人员行为的变化正是政府想要的结果。数量是指在同行评审期刊上发表的论文数量，研究的影响和重要性是通过被引次数来衡量的(National Science Board 2010)。一些研究表明，这种适应过程在实际中被观察到。不管这种科学中的“仿生现象”如何解释，没有对科研起步产生正面影响而被科研人员人为操纵是错误的。Evidence Ltd（2007）：一个与基金分配相关的指标，它一开始就失去了最初扮演某个角色的信息内容。有了一所可操纵的房子，就可能会导致在些意外行为只是去获得部分研究过程和它的利益。 这种行为的适应性也可以对科技进行有正面的影响。一方面，科研人员在SCI收录的低影响因子上发文是负面的，另一方面，这些期刊能够作为来源刊，它们也是要达到一定标准的。低影响因子期刊比高影响因子期刊的质量相对较差，但还是要好于那些没有被作为来源刊的期刊。一方面，好多研究人员都倾向于主流的研究是有问题的，但这些主流是一个领域最重要的研究内容。追求短期影响就真的比长期的研究会影响科学的进步吗（(Laloe¨ and Mosseri 2009)?）在大科学时代，短期影响会不会影响规则？要回答这些类似的“科学仿生问题“，要深入研究评价系统、发文行为和引用行为的适应性和科学知识生产需要之间的联系是非常必要的。 （In times of big science (de Solla Price 1965), isn’t short-term impact the rule? To be able to answer these and similar questions concerning mimicry in science satisfyingly, the results of in-depth analysis on the relationship between an evaluation-based research system, adaptation of the publication and citation behaviour and scientific knowledge production are needed.） 原文可以从： http://www.lutz-bornmann.de/icons/Mimicry.pdf 下载 一点感受：一个评价系统，一个评价指标，总有其局限。系统、指标并无严格的好坏之分，更多的应该是如何合理去应用。应用得当，扬长避短，就有可能事半功倍。
今天收到邮件，内容如下： Dear Hai-Feng Zhang I am very pleased to let you know that your article has been selected for inclusion in the EPL Best of 2011 collection. 呵呵，自我陶醉一下！ Aspiration-induced reconnection in spatial public-goods game Hai-Feng Zhang, Run-Ran Liu, Zhen Wang, Han-Xin Yang and Bing-Hong Wang 2011 EPL 94 18006 doi: 10.1209/0295-5075/94/18006 Tag this article 2010在NJP上发了一篇关于疾病传播方面的工作（Hub nodes inhibit the outbreak of epidemic under voluntary vaccination）。自我感觉一般般，但是居然被ScienceDaily进行媒体报道（ http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2010/02/100211084834.htm ），很是汗颜！不过后来看到一篇和我想法类似的文章发到PLoS Computational Biology上（Erratic Flu Vaccination Emerges from Short-Sighted Behavior in Contact Networks。当然牛人就是不一样，他们把问题做的很细很玄，我都看晕了）。我心里就好受一些了。 作为一个小小的科研工作者而已，很多时候感觉自己不太合适做科研，投出去的文章很多时候不是说结果显然就是没有物理意义。但是有的时候看到自己的工作被别人关注、认可，还是得到一点点的安慰！ 希望在科研的道路上能够不断提高，被更多的人认可！
Contents for Volume 5 ■ Number 3 ■ 20 11 邮发代号 80-967 Contents for Volume 5 ■ Number 3 ■ 2011 邮发代号 80-967 1. Laparoscopic hepato-biliary-pancreatic surgery: present practices and prospects 2. In vivo imaging of hematopoietic stem cell development in the zebrafish 3. Mechanism of arterial remodeling in chronic allograft vasculopathy 4. Multislice computed tomography angiography in the diagnosis of cardiovascular disease: 3D visualizations 5. Towards the optimization of management of hepatocellular carcinoma 6. Laparoscopic surgery for pancreatic lesions: current status and future 7. Single incision laparoscopic cholecystectomy using the one-incision three-trocar technique with all straight instruments: how I do it? 8. Type 2 diabetic patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease exhibit significant haemorheological abnormalities 9. c-Fos expression in rat brainstem following intake of sucrose or saccharin 10. Treatment of severe acute pancreatitis through retroperitoneal laparoscopic drainage 11. “Fast Track” nasogastric decompression of rectal cancer surgery 12. Fertility outcome analysis after modified laparoscopic microsurgical tubal anastomosis 13. Translating evidence into policy in China: opportunities and challenges 14. Acupuncture-related techniques for the treatment of opiate addiction: a case of translational medicine
July 24, 2011 It's a Dissertation, Not a Book By Leonard Cassuto My last column centered on the new difficulties that graduate students face in turning their dissertations into books. Some readers responded that plenty of dissertations shouldn't be revised into books in the first place. Indeed. Here's a lesson for graduate students that I had to learn the hard way: A dissertation is a book-length project, but it's not a book that is just awaiting cover art. It's true that your dissertation showcases your original contribution to a particular field. That's an important (and honorable) accomplishment. But not all original contributions take the form of books, even if some pieces of your contribution will one day become a book. Not all dissertations are publishable. Mine certainly wasn't. I thought I had written a book-worthy manuscript when I turned it in and got my Ph.D., but I was soon disabused of that illusion by rejection notices from grant makers and tepid responses from academic publishers. My re-education took a couple of years that I could ill spare. I'd like to say that the ordeal gave me wisdom, but what I remember best is the stress. Then I spent a few more anxious years writing a book based on a few ideas that were contained in my dissertation. Those events took place more than 15 years ago, but my experience remains sadly typical of the guidance (or lack thereof) that many graduate students receive when they enter the scholarly-industrial complex. Instead of advice, young scholars receive an imperative: Write a book or else. The escalating demands of the academic job market and the tenure track force many new Ph.D.'s to seek book publication of their dissertations regardless of whether that is the best showcase for their scholarship. University-press editors have been complaining for years about the flood of career-motivated book manuscripts that wash over their transoms. Lindsay Waters, executive editor for the humanities at Harvard University Press, has pointed out that when a department requires books of its junior faculty members, it effectively "outsources" its tenure decisions to university presses. Waters, a publisher of books, has ironically found himself a flag-waver in a movement to re-privilege articles. Viewed from a wide angle, such complaints from publishers may appear a bit disingenuous. University presses are attached, after all, to the same universities that demand book contracts of their job and tenure candidates, and one of the original reasons that academic presses came into being was to publish dissertations. But the cold, hard fact is that academic publishers find it harder and harder to sell scholarly monographs these days, so they're simply not publishing many of them anymore. Editors are trying to publicize that shift, but knowledge travels slowly when it has to crawl over high hopes and expectations. Broadsides like the report of the MLA Task Force on Evaluating Scholarship for Tenure and Promotion (on which I served) advocate ending the tyranny of the book in tenure decisions, but the battle for awareness is still being fought. It's time to put the dissertation into practical perspective. Here are some observations for graduate students to consider as they cross the dissertatory expanse: Do not imagine that publishers will read your dissertation. The fact is, they almost never will—at least not before you have revised it significantly. If you think your dissertation might make a book, you should consult William Germano's excellent Getting It Published when the time comes for you to start making revisions. The primary purpose of your dissertation is to get you a Ph.D. In other words, the most important goal of a dissertation is for it to be approved. It's not a test of your dignity, fortitude, man- or womanhood, or even of your intelligence. It's a requirement for an advanced academic credential. Ordinarily fewer than five people will read your thesis. That's not counting those with whom you share DNA or a bed. Think about that when you catch yourself toiling toward some mythical standard of perfection. Your dissertation is part of your education. It's not just a goal of your education. You thesis is almost certainly the first project of its magnitude that you've attempted, and such things take practice. It takes a while to assimilate a large amount of material and the different perspectives it affords. Lots of foods take time to prepare regardless of the brilliance and/or tirelessness of the cook. So does a dissertation, no matter how energetic the writer. Expect your thesis to evolve as you write it. A dissertation allows you to pursue tangents—and you should. Writing a dissertation not only involves you in learning your topic, but also in learning its implications. The process affords the opportunity to explore. In consultation with your adviser (who should know the contours of the field), do follow your curiosity when the opportunity presents itself. The excursions you take may or may not enlarge your topic, but they will certainly enrich it. More important, they will become part of your writer's foundation—the blueprint of your scholarly house—in years to come. The chapters you write at the end will reflect more learning than the ones you wrote early on, and they'll also display a more acute sense of where the project may be going. For academic job searching, parts of your dissertation will need special polish. Your dissertation work forms an important part of your qualifications for both academic and nonacademic work, but nonacademic employers usually care more about the credential than the actual thesis. But for academic employers, you'll use one section of your disseration as a writing sample for job applications. Depending on your discipline, you may need to set aside another section for use as an on-campus job talk. You should tinker with these public portions of your dissertation until they possess depth and insight, read smoothly and persuasively, and gleam as brightly as possible. And of course you should publish. An increasing number of departments understand that many dissertations should be published not as books but as a series of articles. The increased mobility of articles also increases their potential influence in the conversations you want to enter. Anyone with access to a college or university library can now read them online, and some online journals have gained significant stature. Yes, it's become more complicated to figure out which part(s) of your thesis should see print if you harbor hopes of revising it into a book. But articles offer new possibilities for career advancement. Above all, graduate advisers need to be honest with students about whether their dissertations have the makings of a book. My advisers wrote the usual platitudes about how my dissertation would become "an important book," and I believed them. That mistaken belief cost me years of work. I now encourage graduate students to seek book publication only when their dissertations actually have the makings of a book. Students deserve the truth, and scholarly-press editors deserve thoughtful submissions. Academic publishing could certainly use a clearer set of guidelines, but the best reforms start with open and honest conversations between dissertation writers and dissertation advisers, and then branch outward from there. You may think you're writing a book. Perhaps you are. But if you want to be sure, start asking around. Leonard Cassuto, a professor of English at Fordham University, welcomes comments and suggestions from readers at lcassuto@erols.com.
Huabing Ouyang,B.Shen. Intelligent Manufacturing System Based on Machining Features and Its Application. 2011 International Conference on Energy and Environmental Science, ICEES 2011,443-452. EI: 20120314682976)
ACM获奖理由：人工智能领域基础性的贡献-------概率推理与因果关系推理的演算模式 博主注：1、（概率图模型PGM）拓展了AI的知识工程进路研究范式，推进了不确定性信息处理的方法，概率推理+图论+认知+因果关系+知识工程+。。。。。。不同于基于逻辑、基于规则的研究进路。丰富了AI的范式，为AI后续发展奠定了一种方向性的基础。现有方法与思路对AI的发展都重要，关键是如何集成现有成果？何时集成现有成果？针对性的问题如何纵深演化下去？统一的基础到底能否形成？如何形成？AI的追问与反思永远会继续，每次创新，都有新的视角。 2、可以作为一般方法论。 3、真正是创新有影响的一系列思想与方法论成果，对AI及其它领域发展具有重要意义。 做这方面思路研究的人现在国内外很多，比如MIT，主要涉及领域性应用的与一般方法论推进的。笔者除了读过英文介绍中提及的2000年著作 "Causality: Models, Reasoning, and Inference" 外，还读过他的1988年 “Probabilistic-Reasoning-in-Intelligent-Systems_Networks-of-Plausible-Inference” 的著作。 ACM DL Author Profile Research Subjects Judea Pearl is a professor of computer science at the University of California, Los Angeles , where he was director of the Cognitive Systems Laboratory . Before joining UCLA in 1970, he was at RCA Research Laboratories, working on superconductive parametric and storage devices . Previously, he was engaged in advanced memory systems at Electronic Memories, Inc. Pearl is a graduate of the Technion, the Israel Institute of Technology , with a Bachelor of Science degree in Electrical Engineering. In 1965, he received a Master’s degree in Physics from Rutgers University, and in the same year was awarded a Ph.D. degree in Electrical Engineering from the Polytechnic Institute of Brooklyn. Among his many awards, Pearl is the recipient of the 2012 Harvey Prize in Science and Technology from the Technion, and the 2008 Benjamin Franklin Medal in Computers and Cognitive Science from the Franklin Institute. He was presented with the 2003 Allen Newell Award from ACM and the AAAI (Association for the Advancement of Artificial Intelligence). His groundbreaking book on causality, Causality: Models, Reasoning, and Inference , won the 2001 Lakatos Award from the London School of Economics and Political Science “ for an outstanding significant contribution to the philosophy of science .” Pearl is a member of the National Academy of Engineering and a Fellow of AAAI and the Institute for Electrical and Electronic Engineers (IEEE). He is President of the Daniel Pearl Foundation www.danielpearl.org named after his son. Pearl's Work Judea Pearl's work has transformed artificial intelligence (AI) by creating a representational and computational foundation for the processing of information under uncertainty （不确定性信息处理：AI演进的关键问题）. Pearl's work went beyond both the logic-based theoretical orientation of AI and its rule-based technology for expert systems. He identified uncertainty as a core problem faced by intelligent systems and developed an algorithmic interpretation of probability theory as an effective foundation for the representation and acquisition of knowledge （知识表示与获取）. Focusing on conditional independence as an organizing principle for capturing structural aspects of probability distributions, Pearl showed how graph theory can be used to characterize conditional independence, and invented message-passing algorithms that exploit graphical structure to perform probabilistic reasoning effectively . This breakthrough has had major impact on a wide variety of fields where the restriction to simplified models had severely limited the scope of probabilistic methods ; examples include natural language processing, speech processing, computer vision, robotics, computational biology, and error-control coding. Equally significant is Pearl's work on causal reasoning, where he developed a graph-based calculus of interventions that makes it possible to derive causal knowledge from the combined effects of actions and observations . This work has been transformative within AI and computer science, and has had major impact on allied disciplines of economics, philosophy, psychology, sociology, and statistics. 获奖教授主页 维基百科 Turing Centenary Celebration and Awards Banquet in June. Judea Pearl wins Turing Award for work on AI reasoning, now looking at 'moral'computers 2008 Franklin Institute Awards 英文信息来源于ACM网站
Title: Toward the hydrophobic state transition by the appropriate vibration of substrate, EPL 96 (2011) 56008 Authors: Jianlong Kou, Hangjun Lu, Fengmin Wu, and Jintu Fan 2011-96-56008(EPL).pdf Fig. 1: (Color online) Demonstration of the vibration inducing the transitions between different wetting states of a water droplet on a graphene substrate. (a) Initial snapshot, a water droplet on a ...
Title: Optimizing the design of nanostructures for improved thermal conduction within confined spaces, Nanoscale Res. Lett. 6 (2011)0422 Authors: Jianlong Kou, Huiguo Qian, Hangjun Lu, Yang Liu, Yousheng Xu, Fengmin Wu, Jintu Fan 2011-6-422(Nanoscale Res.Lett.).pdf Figure 1 The design sketch of the total heat conduction structure. This desgin is from the interior of an electronic device to micro space, which includes two sections: I represents the composite stru ...
Title: Effect of the position of constriction on water permeation across a single-walled carbon nanotube, Phys. Rev. E 83 (2011) 061913 Authors: Linsong Wu, Fengmin Wu, Jianlong Kou, Hangjun Lu, Yang Liu 2011-83-061913(Phys.Rev.E).pdf FIG. 1. Snapshots of simulation systems. The spheres of the nanotube denote the possible forced atoms and d is the z coordinate of the forced atom. The SWNT in (a) is unperturbed. (b) shows the syste ...
2011肿瘤的新十大特征（Hallmarks of Cancer: The Next Generation） （以下文字摘自丁香园科技动态版）2000年，Douglas Hanahan和Robert A. Weinberg在《Cell》上撰写题目为：The Hallmarks of Cancer的综述，阐明了 肿瘤 细胞的6个基本特征，即：自给自足的生长信号（Self-Sufficiency in Growth Signals）；抗生长信号的不敏感（Insensitivity to Antigrowth Signals）；回避凋亡(Evading Apoptosis)；潜力无限的复制能力(Limitless Replicative Potential)；持续的血管生成(Sustained Angiogenesis)；组织浸润和转移(Tissue Invasion and Metastasis)。这一肿瘤学经典综述很快被生命科学工作者和教科书大量引用，截止到今天，已经被引用 10643 次（参考谷歌学者搜索）。 今天（2011年3月4号），他们在《Cell》上再次发表该综述的升级版，题目为：Hallmarks of Cancer: The Next Generation。整个综述29页，简述了最近10年肿瘤学中的热点和进展（例如细胞自噬、肿瘤干细胞、肿瘤微环境等），并且将过去的6个特征扩增到10个特征，新增加的4个特征为：避免免疫摧毁(Avoiding Immune Destruction);促进肿瘤的炎症（Tumor Promotion Inflammation）; 细胞能量异常（Deregulating Cellular Energetics）; 基因组不稳定和突变（Genome Instability and Mutation）。并且将过去的回避凋亡(Evading Apoptosis)，调整为抵抗细胞死亡(Resisting Cell Death)。总之细细读完全文，能够快速的了解肿瘤学流派的全貌以及肿瘤研究中的重要事件，毫无疑问该文又将缔造引用神话。 Hallmarks of Cancer: The Next Generation,cell,2011,144(5):646-674.
X. Su, et al., "A Supervised Classification Method Based on Conditional Random Fields With Multiscale Region Connection Calculus Model for SAR Image," Ieee Geoscience and Remote Sensing Letters, vol. 8, pp. 497-501, May 2011. 提出了一种考虑超像素见空间关系的SAR图像无监督分类算法，该算法也基于CRF框架。 1、超像素间的空间关系：（8）种，文中称为RCC模型 2、采用RCC模型主要是为了考虑不同尺度之间的关系。如果是同一尺度的话，就只有一种关系了，外接。 3、多尺度RCC模型算法流图： 4、CRF模型： 5、特征F2的设置：F2是作为一类关系特征 6、F1:应该是影像超像素的特征吧，文章没说 7、启发： a, 超像素之间的几何关系是考虑了的，而且深入到层级之间的几何关系了。 b, 超像素上如何考虑更大范围的上下文信息，利用CRF?
今天收到老板为我开欢送晚餐 Party 的信： Colleagues, It is time to say goodbye to Dr. Bai and to thank him for his extraordinary efforts with us this past year. He has estimated genome sizes in 500 plant species and thereby contributed appreciably to the global amount of information we have on this important trait. He has also been an interested and interesting colleague and an active participant in lab activities. We will miss him. So please join us at Ichiban restaurant at 6:30 pm this Thursday evening for a farewell dinner. It is located on S. Park Street: We hope to help Chenke remember what food tastes like in China, or at least in Sechuan. My treat. Please give me a count for whether you will be coming or not and how many / whether you'll bring a friend / partner: Until then, Don 读后感慨万千！真的，要走了，想想2011这一年， 科研的的那些人和那些事，在我心头闪过。 一、学识渊博，科学严谨，知人善任的老板 ——Don Waller 起初我也不知道怎么给他发的 E-mail 求职，是属于哪种大海捞针，见学校和相关专业就发“求职简历”的哪种情况。后来收到他的回信，说对我的专业比较感兴趣，希望进一步了解我的情况。一来二去，他觉得双方有很多合作的地方，还很慎重的用 Skype 对我进行了面试，双方都比较满意。在确定我可以来他实验室的时候，我提出了如果我参与他的科研项目，是否有生活上的补助。他很爽快的给我算了一笔账，觉得基金委的资助的确有点紧张，就主动按照博士后的三分之一给我发补助。问我有何要求。俺当时也不懂提出要求，心想能多少给予补助就可以了，没有提出任何要求。 这可能是老板比一般人高明的地方所在。按照老美的思维，要想要你干活，必须得给工资，不给发工资，自然他不会也无权要求你做任何事，除非你自愿参与并做一些事情。老板虽然只给我三分之一的工资，但我干的比一个博士后的活还多，还扎实。我们这实验学科，你不参与课题、不做实验，那只能是混日子，光看文献是纸上谈兵。我出来的目的也很明确，是想在实践中做点东西，拓展一下思路，回国后看能否给自己固定一个研究方向，打一点基础。基于双方的需求吻合，都双赢。所以，我一直也干的很高兴、一切都是在自己主观能动性的支配下，做着自己喜欢做的事情。 上次滑雪和老板的合影 为一年的愉快合作干杯！ 这一年，老板几乎从来没有催促和指定我干什么，从来都是我自己安排做什么，主动抽机会给他汇报试验进展和结果。他从来对我做的工作都是“ Great, Dr. Bai, you have done a good job.Thank you." 。 这也可能是我本来已经是研究生导师，我知道导师需要的是什么，他希望的是什么，而不必要导师整天督促这干这干那。做什么事情，只有你主动参与、主动思考、主动把一切事情做在前面，你为什么还需要别人一定要督促你才做呢？老板和导师有他们自己需要考虑和做的事情，各有职责和分工，不要期望别人、也不需要别人对你要做的和应该做的事情指导。 有一次，我的电脑实在是太慢太慢，很让我恼火，我就试探着问 Don 能不能给我买一台电脑，他很爽快的就答应了，可能也是基于我已经在实验室干了两个月，非常的勤勉打动了他 ? 刚进实验室第一天时，他问我带没有带电脑，我说带了一个笔记本，问我需不需要一个大的显示屏，我说当然可以，随后下午他就带我去买了一大显示屏。这次买电脑，他让我自己去店里看款式和配置，回来告诉他就行。我觉得有点不好意思，没有选配置很高的 Apple ，选了一款比较实用的。老板看后觉得内存配置 2G 有点低，就主动添加了 2G 的内存，其实想想我要是买高一点配置的，也就多花 100 多美元，但是这一款硬盘比较大，加上 2G 内存后就和高配的一样了。老板几分钟就在网上搞定，第二周周二就到货，他还陪我开机注册、装内存，很是负责。 这一年，从 5 月初开始正式实验，到 11 月份，我除了周末和节假日，几乎都是在实验室度过的。这个项目“气候变暖和环境变迁对生态系统种群结构、功能性状和系统演化及进化的影响”（大意如此），是一个庞大的系统工程，每个人都有自己的分工，从野外采样、室内鉴定、制作标本、采集样品和干燥保存样品、网上数字化信息，都有人分工负责。我的工作就是利用他们采集的新鲜样品提取细胞核，利用流式细胞仪测定细胞核 DNA 含量。有时需要换不同的提取液反复测试，有时需要利用干燥叶片样品。期间还要在温室栽植标准样植物，这都得自己统筹安排。每次必须抓紧时间测试，否则，新鲜样放置时间长就测不准和测不出。野外样品采集来之不易，而且分工明确，每个人都在干自己的份内工作，一个人停止，其它所有人都的停下来。所以， 5 月至 10 月，我和我的实验助手几乎周一到周五，尤其是暑假，几乎天天都从早 9 点忙道下午 4-5 点。 要走了，我的数据还没有处理完，尤其是电脑中的安装的分析软件，我刚学会怎么使用，很是舍不得。因为，还要和其它系统演化和进化的教授数据结合，可能写一些文章。总计这一年下来， FCM 的数据大概是 40G ，我还真一时找不到硬盘来存储。于是，我就很小心的问老板，我能否把电脑带回中国，继续处理数据和其他人数据结合写文章，等工作做完，我再把电脑邮寄给他。没想到老板回信说： Chengke, Thank you for checking in on this. Bil says that he will help you download /back-up the data so we have a full copy of all your data, analysis, and manuscript files related to the C-value work. I agree that we will need to continue our collaboration after you return. Given that, you are right to take the computer with you. We will consider it on permanent loan to you, so no need to send back. Don 这 一下解决了我回国 还 需下 载 盗版 软 件的麻 烦 ，而且，我 刚 熟悉和喜 欢 上 Apple 系 统 ，我回去就可以 继续 用 这 台 电脑 干活了。 二、严格守时守约，踏实能干的实验助手 —Aaron Follansbee 说起这个助手，真是上天赐给我在美国的礼物！ 我刚来，语言障碍几乎摧垮了我对英语仅存的一点信心和希望。起初去 FCM （流式细胞）技术培训时，我简直就是在听天书，简直让我生不如死。辛好前期实验室一个博士在做毕业论文时，让一个学生 Aaron 帮他做过，基本会做。辛好这个学生需要继续申请在实验室做类似于国内科研勤工俭学的工作机会。我就十分推荐他继续跟我做。 Don 很明智的接受了我的建议，在几个人申请的情况下，把 Aaron 留在了我身边。 Aaron 这小伙子看起来很憨厚，虽不太多言，但很守作息时间，在安排了工作时间后，肯定能准时来实验室开展工作。有时候我累的直接顶不住了，就让他一个人做，他也毫无怨言，而且能按时保质保量的完成。虽然， FCM 仪器不同，但是实验原理和操作技术相通。因此，换了实验室和仪器以后，在管理员第一次交代和示范时，我虽然在场，但我很难听出细节，幸好这小伙子很快就掌握了。几次预实验下来，实验结果很稳定和很好，我也基本掌握，当然后来我完全独立做过很多次。我和 Aaron 合作的非常愉快，我对他十分满意：守时、守约、独立按时完成交代的工作。和我交流也表现出足够的耐心，让我对这个小伙子还有点舍不得。上个月他让我给他写一份推荐信，他准备申请药学院的研究生，希望以后当个医生或者做药品方面的研究。我很乐意给他写推荐信，但是我建议他让老板也给他写一份推荐信，他接纳我的建议，但是希望我也能给他写一份，因为我对他这一年做的工作最为了解。 Aaron 和我在实验中的自拍 于是，我就按照我的理解，给他写了一份评价有加的推荐信，当然是基于他的表现和做的工作。他收到我推荐信，非常高兴，十分感谢我： Thank you so much for the letter of recommendation Dr. Bai!I really love it! I smiled when I read your letter because I was so happy.You and I had very good time working together. I am glad you liked working with me so much. I will visit you sometime before you leave to personally thank you and talk with you before you leave back to China. I hope all your work is finished soon so you can go back home. Thank you again and have a wonderful week. With all the best, Aaron Follansbee 这可能是我唯一给美国人写的一份英语推荐信 ，虽然可能在他以后申请研究生的过程中，老美也许看着英语不地道，惊诧与我的英语水平，但他们兴许能感受到我这个老外对这个美国学生真实的评价。 三、专业过硬，绅士有加和热心助人的 Bil Bil 是老板实验室这个重大项目临时从密歇根大学聘请来的一个博士（兴许不是教授），头发银白，看上去十分精神和绅士。他对植物分类、系统演化和野外采集标本及鉴定十分专业，尤其是对威斯康辛州的植物分布十分熟悉。因此，这次实验采样完全由他负责。 你和他共事，你不得不首先感叹他的专业精神。 每次出野外，准备都十分精心，驱车几百公里到了原始层林，他能在最短时间内毫无悬念的找到要采集的植物样品，而且十分精细的用放大镜做初步鉴定，然后采集样品。我可以毫不夸张的说，不熟悉地形的人，十有八九会在这渺无人迹的森林迷路，更别说采样了。平时在实验室做实验十分枯燥乏味，是我主动要求，我要和他们去野外采样。 其实我和他们去，更像个旅游观光者，或者野外实地记者，拍拍照，植物我几乎不认识。 很佩服 Bil 的记忆能力，记得有一次去威州北部森林，开了大约 6 个小时才到，在毫无路和枯树横生的森林，我们花了快两个小时才到一个山脊上， Bil 看看 GPS ，说在这左右 50m 就能找到需要采集的植物。果然，不到 10m ，在一处悬崖的凹槽处， Bil 发现了我们需要找的植物。他说，这种植物非常少见，在威斯康辛大学的标本馆只有这里有采集记录。我很好奇，我们为什么开车一天就为了找这么一株高约 15cm 、其貌不扬的草本植物？ Bil 说，这种植物虽不常见，但在分类系统和进化树上具有十分重要的地位和作用，所以我们必须要找到它。你不得不服他们科研做得精细程度。还有一次， Bil 来到一处河谷边路边的草坪，说要采集一种禾本科植物，他找到后，异常激动，如同老友重逢。原来， Bil 告诉我， 20 多年前，当他十分年青的时候（大约 30 岁左右），他曾经在这里采集过这种植物的标本，如今再来，这些”宝贝嘎达“居然还在，我们就不难理解他的激动心情了。同时，我们也不得不感叹老美在保护环境和生物多样性的成效。地处森林公园一条路旁边不足 5 平方米的草坪， 20 年来依然保持着哪些不起眼的杂草。 Bil 每次采样都十分小心翼翼，除了采集一株幼嫩叶片和地上部分制作标本外，绝不多采一株，有时需要采挖根，不小心带出旁边的一株植物，他都要小心翼翼的重新栽好，恢复原状。这种可持续利用和保护物种的态度，令人肃然起敬。 很有个性的Bil，喜欢骑自行车和野营！ 每次出差， Bil 都会提前告诉我时间和安排计划，并来实验室接我，回来送我，并给我准备和使用他多余的睡袋给我。几次出差，都是去的学校的野外实习基地，是那种别墅一样的房子，基本设施应有尽有，但没有被子。需要自己带睡袋或被子。每次 Bil 都给我准备好，还很热情和考虑的周到。 野外采样任务十分辛苦，我们实验室测定也很艰巨，但现在看来，回到实验室后标本鉴定才是一项十分繁琐和艰巨的任务。每一份材料都要统一编号，制作腊叶标本，作为以后任何时候需要查阅的凭证。这项工作只能 Bil 亲自做，每份标本都需要按照植物分类学标准逐一核实，放大镜，显微镜，镊子，尺子，手术刀，逐一逐项鉴定。光这一项工作， Bil 都做了快 3 个月。我实验测定完后，就开始急于分析数据和看文献，准备写文章。我想先把工作做在前面，等 Bil 鉴定完标本，我一核实完种名，做好附件，就可以投文章，也算是我这一年工作的一个完美结束。后来才发现，我把问题简单化了。 鉴定标本工作十分艰巨，而且来不得半点马虎。等 Bil 第一次鉴定完标本，我就作图分析数据，急于投文章。老板是一个十分严谨的人，多次发现问题和提出修改意见，反复敦促我和 Bil 要一定核实种名和 C 值，这是实验室第一篇有关基因组 DNA 含量的文章，以后要基于这一数据做很多工作和文章。也真是，每次检查一次数据，总能或多或少的发现一些问题。也确实发现我在以前分析数据时有些大意，不足够认真，比如，实验助手Aaron重新分析数据后， 已经修改了一些问题，而我不知道，只用了最初数据； Bil 经过鉴定，已经修改了种名，而我不知道，还是用的原来的种名。后来经过反复几次逐一的检查和更新，问题越来越少。 Bil 和我后来都发现一个问题，同一个种名，测定的 C 值却相差很大，于是，我再次从源头检查原始数据和分析过程， Bil 再次鉴定标本，都发现了一些小问题。最后还是存在一些差异十分巨大的种。我的意见是，野生种可能存在多倍体或种间杂交现象，这种差异是合情合理的。但 Bil 慎重起见，就请标本馆更权威的人鉴定标本。 这一鉴定不要紧，一下又引发了更大的学术争议。原本是让鉴定确证到底是属于哪一个确切的种，后来鉴定者却认为我们的分类系统存在争议，比如有些属不归于哪些科，某一个科又不归哪一个纲。哈哈，这下可有意思了， 3-4 个教授通过无数邮件反复磋商，反复争议。 当然，纯属学术争议，都有理有据。并无任何私人恩怨和个人攻击，让你感觉的这才是真正的科研，争议才是科研前进的动力和源泉。 呵呵呵，我只好在旁边看热闹。我能做的，只能是确保每一个种的 C 值确定无误，至于属于哪个属哪个科哪个纲，我却无能为力。 因此，到今天为止，标本鉴定还没有结束，争议还在不断，我数据图表和表格依然无法分析。原打算回国之前把文章投出去，现在我一点都不急了。 科研成果来不得半点马虎和大意，一旦出版和发表，你将毫无机会去更正。科研还要非常严谨才对。 四、思维敏捷，踏实能干和分析能力超强的博士后 —Gregory 我刚来 Waller 实验室的前两个月，老板招收了一名从法国博士毕业正在加拿大做博士后的 Gregory 。据说这个博士后毕业于法国一个在生态学数据统计方面很有名的院士门下。该博士自然在森林生态、功能性状等数据分析和建模方面技高一筹。在本项目中，他主要负责各物种功能性状的收集和测定。每次出差采样，他均参加，所以我们接触的机会比较多。他很踏实能干，思维非常敏捷，处理数据和建模，的确非同一般。但，基于专业背景差异较大，和语言沟通不畅，所以，相互了解和沟通还不是很舒服。但目前，我们已相互交换和共享实验数据，可能在未来的一段时间，会考虑着手探讨是否能写一篇有关功能性状和 C 值进化的文章。最近异常忙碌，上次简单讨论了一下数据处理后，就没有再继续讨论了，期望回去后能继续合作。 五、和谐上进的实验室文化氛围 这就是这个美国重大项目的四位超级巨牛！ http://www.botany.wisc.edu/waller/research/project_summary.html 老板 Don 可能年近 60 ，从普林斯顿博士毕业和哈佛博士后出站以来，几乎一直在从事生物多样性、生态学和进化等方面的研究。由于他至今自己有近 30 年的数据积累，实验室前期 50 年详细资料， 学院 近 100 年的数据沉淀，使老板在他研究的领域还是十分有影响力。虽然，我在这里呆的时间不长，还没有真正体会到他实验室的文化精髓，但我能感到 老板学识十分渊博，为人十分谦逊，科研态度十分严谨，对实验室的研究人员、甚至本科生均十分尊重，知人善任，量材使用，生活中十分幽默风趣，科研思维十分活跃，思路很清晰。 并能把院里其它方向的牛人教授，“可以说有些比他在学界都牛”的超牛团结在一起，共同申报课题，并亲密无间的在一起分享思想、数据和观点，共同做一些事情，实属不易。 管理科研团队，那不仅是需要一般的帅才和魄力，可以说是一门艺术，不但帅才自己能深谙此道，还需要有个人魅力和团结各方的实力，共同攻坚，那才是大牛处世之道。 老板的联合国作战部队（只是不到一半人合影）！ （右起：法国，厄瓜多尔，中国，阿根廷，美国，中国） 六、繁华过后，留下的唯有沉思 这一年，自己实在是很忙，只有最近稍微闲下来，才有时间想一想这一年的所得所失。 这一年，太多的东西给自己留下了美好的记忆，太多事情和人给我留下了美好的影像。其实更多的应该是思考，但一时还真不知道从何下手。而且，很怕去想这些，一想就头皮发麻。 为什么呢？ 其实，我多么想，在这样一种大帅和大将手下，做一名充分陷阵的急先锋，是一件多么开心的事情。 不用过多去考虑全局和未来的方向，只需按照大帅的统一指挥，去冲锋陷阵，去抢夺攻坚阵地。可惜，目前国内的大环境，都恨不得人人成为将军和大帅，评价机制的"短平快"，“人人为我”“个个大牛”科研环境文化，很难形成一只强大的科研团队。一个单位同一个方向，同事之间好像除了竞争，没有合作。 每个人都去与大象争夺课题、基金和资源，相互拼的你死我活，到头来。蚂蚁们是很忙，也抢到一些食物，做了一些事情，但终究难以搬移泰山，成果也是随时随风而去，很难“积累成山”。 实验学科的基金就成了每个科研人员的口粮，没有基金，就无从说起做科研，培养研究生。时时刻刻，这把基金大刀总是悬挂在我们这些高校“青椒”的头上，不知道什么时候就成了别人盘里的调味菜！ 想想， 难啊，做一个能做事的“人”难，做一个能带领团队的“大将”难，做一个能带领千军万马、齐心协力、战无不克的“大帅”更难！ 前进的大道上，何处才是我的路？ 披星戴月，只争朝夕吧！ 2012 年3月19日 麦迪逊
好长时间没来了，今天可谓是兴致来潮打开科学网，首先看到的是一位师兄的2011求职经历，看了以后感觉各种心路历程应该是我也要一一经历的，过去的我一直觉的人生最最痛苦的事情莫过于是选择，甚至还认为我的人生要是有人早就帮我规划好，认定好那该是多么幸福的一件事情；但是，最近读了一些书，本身的思想也有些发生变化，现在开始慢慢发生变化觉得自由真的是人生最为重要的一件事，自由的思想，自由的行为。可以选择不更说明我们有更大的自由。选择时之所以觉得痛苦绝大多数可能是因为在内心的深处不知道自己最终想要的是什么，害怕自己丢了西瓜留了芝麻，其实，不管是西瓜也好，芝麻也罢各有各的精彩，各有各的与众不同，关键是你到底要追求的什么过多一点了，可谓是鱼与熊掌不能兼得。其实想想本科毕业时纠结的选择之路，现在并没有后悔，感觉走的还是正确的，那么至于即将进入的人生的又一个选择，也许还会让我纠结一阵，但是我想自己目前心里已经有了一些想法。尤其是刚刚读了王善勇老师的几篇博文，不是高举的确给人一种积极向上的憧憬，在此很是佩服，其实人生的道路，我们的邓爷爷说过的一句话很形象，摸着石头过河，谁都没有经历过，只能去摸索，但是庆幸的是有很多的前辈的历程似乎又可以给我们一些启示，所谓人各有异，当然走出的路来也就山路十八弯了，相信只要努力还是可以走上去的，在此引用一下，李善勇老师的那几句话，实时激励，指导一下自己，与大家共勉： Qualities required of a young rock mechanics/rock engineers in order to develop into a famous person: 1. Work hard, especially try working very hard over short periods. 2. Understand the basic principles: one principle is worth a million details. 3. Look at all rocks and try to understand them-why do they look the way they do. There is a reason for everything. 4. Travel as much as you can and talk to as many rock mechanics people as you can. 5. Write as much as you can on the subject. Teach if you can –the teacher learns the most. 6. Find a good wife. You will lead a happy life if you can work together with your wife. 7. Think independently. New ideas are new ideas-by definition. Eventually you will find that your sub-conditions will do the work by itself. 8. Follow your heart, no necessarily the money.
◎译 名 顶级猫/猫老大 ◎片 名 Don Gato y su pandilla ◎年 代 2011 ◎国 家 墨西哥/阿根廷 ◎类 别 动画 ◎语 言 葡萄牙语 ◎字 幕 中文 ◎IMDB评分5.8 (224 votes) ◎IMDB链接 http://www.imdb.com/title/tt1821680/ ◎文件格式 高清1280版BD-RMVB ◎视频尺寸 1280 x 720 ◎文件大小 1CD 882MB ◎片 长 92 mins ◎导 演 Alberto Mar ◎主 演 Rául Anaya, Jorge Arvizu, Mario Castantilde;eda Partido, Jim Conroy, Rolando de Castro, Ben Diskin, Melissa Disney, Chris Edgerly, Eduardo Garza, Jason Harris. 简介 Top Cat and the gang face a new police chief, who is not at all happy with officer Dibble's performance in trying to prevent Top Cat's scams. Strickland, the new police chief, will test Top Cat and his gang while proving to be the greatest foe Top Cat has ever encountered 下载地址： http://www.ctdisk.com/file/5252328
Ping P, Wang QS*, Sun JH*, Feng XY, Chen CH, Effect of sulfites on the performance of LiBOB/gamma-butyrolactone electrolytes, Journal of Power Sources, 2011;196: 776-83. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0378775310012875 Abstract: gamma-Butyrolactone (GBL) increases the irreversible capacity of lithium ion battery when it is employed as the solvent for the lithium bis(oxalate)borate (LiBOB)-based electrolyte. To solve this problem, four sulfites are introduced to the electrolyte. The effects of ethyl sulfite (ES), propylene sulfite (PS), dimethyl sulfite (DMS) and diethyl sulfite (DES) on the LiBOB/GBL-based electrolytes are studied. The ionic conductivity, electrochemical stability, cycle performance and thermal stability of the sulfite containing electrolytes are tested and compared with that of the common electrolyte and the 1 M LiBOB/GBL electrolyte. The results indicate that the cyclic sulfites ES and PS show little benefit to the performance of the electrolyte. However, the linear sulfites DMS and DES could increase the ionic conductivity of the electrolyte and form an effective SEI film on the anode surface. In particular, the 1 M LiBOB/GBL + DMS (3:1 wt.) electrolyte mitigates the irreversible capacity and enhances the first coulomb efficiency and the capacity retention. The thermal stability of the DMS containing electrolyte is also improved and is better than that of the common electrolyte. These beneficial effects make them possibly to be a promising cosolvent for the LiBOB/GBL electrolyte. (C) 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. Full paper download 776 Effect of sulfites on the performance of LiBOB.pdf
Wang QS, Ping P, Sun JH, Chen CH, Cresyl diphenyl phosphate effect on the thermal stabilities and electrochemical performances of electrodes in lithium ion battery, Journal of Power Sources, 2011;196: 5960-65. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0378775310022597 Abstract To improve the safety of lithium ion battery, cresyl diphenyl phosphate (COP) is used as a flame-retardant additive in a LiPF6 based electrolyte. The electrochemical performances of LiCoO(2)/CDP-electrolyte/Li and Li/CDP-electrolyte/C half cells are evaluated. The thermal behaviors of Li(0.5)CoO(2) and Li(0.5)CoO(2)-CDP-electrolyte, and Li(x)C(6) and Li(x)C(6)-CDP-electrolyte are examined using a C80 micro-calorimeter. For the LiCoO(2)/CDP-electrolyte/Li cells, the onset temperature of single Li(0.5)CoO(2) is put off and the heat generation is decreased greatly except the one corresponding to 5% CDP-containing electrolyte. When Li(0.5)CoO(2) coexists with CDP-electrolyte, the thermal stability is enhanced. COP improves the thermal stability of lithiated graphite anode effectively and the addition of 5% CDP inhibits the decomposition of solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) films significantly. The electrochemical tests on LiCoO(2)/CDP-electrolyte/Li and Li/CDP-electrolyte/C cells show that when less than 15% COP is added to the electrolyte, the electrochemical performances are not worsen too much. Therefore, the addition of 5-15% COP to the electrolyte almost does not worsen the electrochemical performance of LiCoO(2) cathode and graphite anode, and improves theirs thermal stability significantly; thus, it is a possible choice for electrolyte additive. (C) 2011 Published by Elsevier B.V. 5960 Cresyl diphenyl phosphate effect on the thermal stabilities.pdf
Wang QS, Ping P, Sun JH, Chen CH, The effect of mass ratio of electrolyte and electrodes on the thermal stabilities of electrodes used in lithium ion battery, Thermochimica Acta, 2011;517: 16-23. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0040603111000372 Abstract: The mass ratio between electrode and electrolyte in lithium-ion battery plays a key role for the battery thermal stability. Its effect on the thermal stability of their coexisting systemwasstudied using C80 microcalorimeter. For the Li0.5CoO2–LiPF6/ethylene carbonate (EC) + diethyl carbonate (DEC) coexisting system, when the mass ratios of Li0.5CoO2–LiPF6/EC + DEC are 2:1, 1:1, 1:2 and 1:3, one, two, three and four main exothermic peaks are detected with total heat generation of −1043.8 J g−1, −1052.6 J g−1, −1178.5 J g−1 and −1684.5 J g−1, respectively. For the LixC6–LiPF6/EC + DEC coexisting system, the thermal behavior trend is similar, and the heat generation increases with the electrolyte content increasing, however, andthe onset temperature are very close to each others. The heating rate also influence the heat generation rate for the two coexisting system, too far or too low heating rate could results in varies heat generation. Full paper download 16 The effect of mass ratio of electrolyte and electrodes on the thermal stabili.pdf
Foreword In 2007, the midway point of a 15-year global effort to achieve the Education for All and Millennium Development Goals for Education, the World Economic Forum Global Education Initiative (GEI) Steering Board recognized the need for new and innovative models in education with entrepreneurship and entrepreneurial skills as a catalyst for change. In the following months, the GEI Steering Board supported the launch of a global project to build the evidence base, raise awareness and bring together stakeholders from the public and private sectors to focus on quality and relevant education that would lead to innovation and economic growth – what became known as “entrepreneurship education”. Since the 2009 launch of the World Economic Forum GEI report on Educating the Next Wave of Entrepre neurs , the quality and relevance of the education system has become increasingly important. At the same time, the recent economic crisis has put pressure on resources at a time when unemployment, already high among youth, is growing. Governments are seeking to create more jobs and economic growth. New technologies and social media are providing new mechanisms for creativity and innovation, but are also creating an increasing need for new knowledge and approaches. Education systems must be transfor med to better prepare young people for this new environment and address the growing skills gap. Twenty-first century skills are critical to driving economic growth and competitiveness. These skills need to be developed at all levels of education, beginning at the primary level, and need to be integrated across the curriculum, not only in business-related fields. A cultural change is needed and the education system must begin moving the needle in this direction. The education system must become more adaptive to the continually evolving needs of society. The recommendations from the 2009 report were taken to the regional level through brainstorming sessions at World Economic Forum meetings in Africa, the Middle East and North Africa (MENA), and Latin America. In addition, the report was presented at a series of international roundtable events focused on entrepreneurship education. Over the past year, the initiative has engaged more deeply at the regional level by holding a series of high-level roundtables in Europe (2010), MENA (2010) and Latin America (2011), bringing together leaders from government, academia, business and civil society to develop a set of entrepreneurship education action items, or manifestos, for each region. The purpose of this global report is to tie together the work conducted over the past several years, in particular the common themes arising from the three roundtables, and to highlight the key points and recommendations for policy-makers. The report also summarizes the follow-on initiatives from the three roundtables, identifying links between the three and opportunities to connect them on a global basis. Finally, the report outlines some potential directions for the initiative – independent, but potentially linked under the umbrella and neutral platform of the Forum. The World Economic Forum would like to thank the Steering Board Partners of the Global Education Initiative for their steadfast support over the past several years and, in particular, Abraaj Capital, Cisco, Deloitte, EMC Corporation, Hewlett-Packard, Intel, Lenovo, Manpower Group, McGraw-Hill and Microsoft for their specific support of the GEI Entrepreneurship Education workstream. In addition, we would like to thank all who have been involved throughout the process, including the authors of the 2009 report, the contributors to the regional roundtables and the members of the regional action groups. In particular, we would like to thank Karen Wilson for her role throughout the initiative, as the lead author on the 2009 report, the facilitator of the regional roundtables and the main author of the regional reports and manifestos. Alex Wong Senior Director Head of Centre for Business Engagement (Geneva) Head of Global Education Initiative Andreas Cox Associate Director Global Education Initiative World Economic Forum Irina Dhowtalut Team Coordinator Global Education Initiative World Economic Forum 原文见 http://www3.weforum.org/docs/WEF_GEI_UnlockingEntrepreneurialCapabilities_Report_2011.pdf
How many have your seen? The Artist – Thomas Langmann The Descendants – Jim Burke , Jim Taylor and Alexander Payne Extremely Loud and Incredibly Close – Scott Rudin The Help – Brunson Green , Chris Columbus and Michael Barnathan Hugo – Graham King and Martin Scorsese Midnight in Paris – Letty Aronson and Stephen Tenenbaum Moneyball – Michael De Luca , Rachel Horowitz, and Brad Pitt The Tree of Life – Dede Gardner , Sarah Green , Grant Hill and Bill Pohlad War Horse – Steven Spielberg and Kathleen Kennedy
【 MOVIE 】 2011 年，共看了 136 部电影， 15 部是重看，主要是经典电影或粤语版；电视剧 5 部， 2 部是重看。 五星电影有 2 部，《 监守自盗 /Inside Job 》、《三傻大闹宝莱坞 /3 Idiots 》。 四星电影有 49 部，推荐其中 14 部。 情感：《那些年，我们一起追的女孩》、《 Love and Other Drugs 》《 Crazy, Stupid, Love 》、《 Midnight in Paris 》、《 时间 》； 动作：《武侠》、《 Source Code 》、《 The Next Three Days 》、《 Rise of the Planet of the Apes 》、《 Limitless 》； HK ：《得闲炒饭》、《 我愛 HK 開心萬歲 》、《 東風破 》、《喜爱夜蒲 /Lan Kwai Fong 》； Dec. (8) 顺流逆流 / Time and Tide 金钱帝国 / I Corrupt All Cops 失恋 33 天 / Love is Not Blind 龙门飞甲 / Flying Swords of Dragon Gate 3D 初恋这件小事 ★★★★ 得閒炒飯 / All about Love 【重看】 鸿门宴传奇 / White Vengeance 戀人絮 語 Nov. (8) 铁三角 / Triangle 秋天的童话 / An Autumn's Tale 转山 / KORA ★★★★ 铁甲钢拳 / Real Steel ★★★★ 猩球崛起 / Rise of the Planet of the Apes ★★★★ 那些年，我们一起追的女孩 / You Are the Apple of My Eye ★★★★ 炮友 / Friends with Benefits 日照重庆 / Chongqing Blues Oct. (7) 疯狂愚蠢的爱 / Crazy, Stupid, Love ★★★★ 午夜巴黎 / Midnight in Paris ★★★★ 喜爱夜蒲 / Lan Kwai Fong 哥伦比亚人 / Colombiana 永无止境 / Limitless ★★★★ 白蛇传说 黑天鹅 / Black Swan Sep. (4) 柔道龙虎榜 / Throw Down 雷神 / Thor 星願 / Fly Me To Polaris 一天 / One Day ★★★★ Aug. (12+2) 加勒比海盗 4 ：惊涛怪浪 / Pirates of the Caribbean: On Stranger Tides 窃听风云 2/ 操盘风云 2 / Overheard 2 速度与激情 5 / Fast Five 建党伟业 / 建党大业 / Beginning of The Great Revival 财神客栈 / Treasure Inn 扑克王 / 撲克王 / Poker King / 新家法 / Rules Of The Game ★★★★ 【重看】 黑白道 / On The Edge ★★★★ 【重看】 时光倒流七十年 / Somewhere in Time 黑白森林 / Colour of the Truth 罗宾汉 / Robin Hood 食神【粤语版，重看】 巾帼枭雄之义海豪情 I I ★★★★ 巾帼枭雄之义海豪情 I Jul. (19) 武侠 / WU XIA / Swordsmen ★★★★ 旺角揸 fit 人 / Once Upon a Time in Triad Society 4 蝴蝶 / Butterfly 流氓医生 / Mack the Knife ★★★★ 豪情 / Naked Ambition ★★★★ 黑金 / The Island of Greed ★★★★【重看】 无限复活 / Second Time Around 时间 / 欲望的谎容 ★★★★ 变形金刚 3 / Transformers: Dark of the Moon ★★★★ Transformer2 【重看】 Transformer1 【重看】 超级学校霸王 / Future Cops 【重看】 真实的谎言 / True Lies ★★★★ 摩登如来神掌 / Kung Fu VS Acrobatic ★★★★ 【重看】 新街口 / The Jimmy Hat 【重看】 九品芝麻官【粤语版重看】 不再让你孤单 / A Beautiful Life 大搜查 / Lady Cop Papa Crook 飛狐外傳 / The Sword of Many Loves 【重看】 Jun. (7+2) 源代码 / Source Code ★★★★ 命运规划局 / The Adjustment Bureau 功夫熊猫 2 / Kung Fu Panda 2 妙手仁心 3/ Healing Hands III ★★★★ 點解阿 Sir 係阿 Sir/ Yes Sir, Sorry Sir 宿醉 / The Hangover 伊莎贝拉 / Isabella ★★★★ 宿醉 2 / The Hangover Part II ★★★★ 青春梦工厂 / AV ★★★★ May. (18+1) 跛豪 / To Be Number One ★★★★ 大隻佬 / Running on Karma 大佬爱美丽 / Enter the Phoenix 赤焰战场 / Red 洛杉矶之战 / Battle: Los Angeles 缘来一家人 【重看】 新火烧红莲寺 / Burning Paradise in Hell 賭聖 3 無名小子 / My Name Is Nobody 賭聖 / All for the Winner 赌神 / God of Gamblers ★★★★ 赌神 2/ God of Gamblers Return 無味神探 / Loving You 英雄本色 3 ：夕阳之歌 / A Better Tomorrow III 我愛 HK 開心萬歲 ★★★★ 爱情无线牵 / No Strings Attached ★★★★ 喋血街头 / Bullet in the Head 單身男女 / Don’t Go Breaking My Heart 全城戒 备 关云长 Apr. (15) 新倩女幽魂 香港制造 / Made in Hong Kong 十三度凶间 / The Thirteenth Floor ★★★★ 哈利 · 波特与死亡圣器 ( 上 ) / Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows: Part 1 127 小时 / 127 Hours ★★★★ 打擂台 / Gallants 3D 肉蒲团之极乐宝鉴 ★★★★ 圣 · 保罗医院之谜 / Enigma at St. Paul Hospital ★★★★ 【重看】 我家有一隻河東獅 The Lion Roars ★★★★ 【重看】 心理游戏 / The Game ★★★★ 拜见岳父大人 3 / Little Fockers 婚前试爱 / 婚前試愛 / Marriage With A Liar 太阳照常升起 / The Sun Also Rises 致命伴旅 / The Tourist 监守自盗 / Inside Job 5 Mar. (13) 从今以后 / Hereafter ★★★★ 危情时速 / Unstoppable 東風破 ★★★★ 初戀紅豆冰 / Ice Kacang Puppy Love ★★★★ 魔法师的学徒 / The Sorcerer's Apprentice ★★★★ 前度 美国 X 档案 / American History X ★★★★ 将爱情进行到底 / 将爱 电影版 緃横四海 / Once a Thief ★★★★ 東邪西毒終極版 / Ashes of Time Redux 5 【重看】 得閒炒飯 / All about Love ★★★★ 追踪眼前人 / Fear of Intimacy ★★★★ 青蜂侠 / The Green Hornet Feb. (18) 神奇侠侣 ★★★★ 谎言的诞生 / The Invention of Lying 我知女人心 / What Women Want 最强囍事 危情三日 / The Next Three Days ★★★★ 不良男女 / ?1?3?0?2?8?7?8?9 ★★★★ 宝莱坞机器人之恋 / Endhiran ★★★★ IRIS / ?2?3?3?3?0?5?2?1 特工绍特 / Salt 敢死队 / The Expendables 赵氏孤儿 / Sacrifice 邻家特工 / The Spy Next Door 一路有你 / The Road Less Travelled 武林外传电影版 / My Own Swordsman The Movie 新少林寺 / Shaolin 爱情与灵药 / Love and Other Drugs ★★★★ 孔子：决战春秋 / Confucius 非诚勿扰 2 Jan. (7) 老男孩 / Oldboy 共同警备区 / JSA ★★★★ 三傻大闹宝莱坞 / 3 Idiots 5 一个字头的诞生 / Too Many Ways to Be No. 1 ★★★★ 江湖告急 / Jiang hu: The Triad Zone ★★★★ 雙龍會 家有喜事 2009/ All's Well, End's Well 2009
没想到这一切会这么快，还没做好准备就已经发生了。 今天跟小平（一很好的研友）聊了一些，我觉得收获蛮多的。至少不能像这学期这样没有大的失误但也没有做成什么重要的事情。 今年做了几件大事，第一就是在研会的经历，第二就是认识了一帮子同学，第三就是认识了一个我很有感觉的人吧。我觉得我第一眼看到她时，就觉得特别好，每一次当我更加的了解她时，我都会喜欢她多一点，但是勇气好像却少了一点。研会里面对我影响最大的算是关心师姐，我觉得她肯定是我的贵人之一，我要跟她学习的地方有很多。认识的一帮子同学也是我觉得很高兴的。 今年半年回想起来，好像没有做什么大的事情，这是最大的不足。原本说坚持看英语的，却没有坚持到底；原本说好好看些书的，却一本也没看完；原本说要好好学习一些软件的，却没有学到什么；原本说成绩要达到优秀的，却把英语考的一塌糊涂 小平的话使我想到了要有长远的目标，不能每天毫无目的的机械的生活。所以我要好好想想这以后的事情。这个问题在当我和一个印象很好的人聊天时也被显现出来，以后的事情真的太重要了，是我们必须认真仔细思考的。 我想以后还是应该坚持看英语，把英语学好；以后还是要在考试之前多看书，成绩要优；以后还是要多看书，丰富自己的知识；以后必须要给自己一个大的方向，发一篇论文。不过在此之前应该认真对待每一篇练笔的论文，把论文做好，慢慢的积累就会发很好的论文。还有通过这段时间的形势来看，下一年的运气应该是不怎么样啦，所以更好努力好好做。希望我和她之间的事情能顺利发展，对于以后也希望我能给她很好的未来。 鉴于有太多的事情需要做，有太多的话想说，我觉得以后要好好合理的安排时间。做自己喜欢的事情是一部分，更重要的就是做对未来有用的事情！ 记得前几天写了一个动态，是关于我2012年的愿望的，我是看了一个同学说他2011年的三个愿望都实现了，我猛然发现，我的愿望是什么呢，到现在我有没有实现呢？好像还是一个空白，所以我也准备许下心愿，心愿嘛，当然就不能太多，所以三个就最好了，我也许下三个愿望：能发至少一篇论文；成绩达到优秀；如果再能有个女生垂青俺就更好了。希望明年再来看的时候，不是一片空白。 2012 is coming, come on, you can do better in this year, it’s your time, show yourself.
University of California at Berkeley graduation speech 托马斯·萨金特加州大学伯克利分校毕业演讲 I remember how happy I felt when I graduated from Berkeley many years ago. But I thought the graduation speeches were long. I will economize on words. 我现在依然记得许多年前我从伯克利毕业时自己开心的样子。不过我觉得毕业演讲都太过冗长，这次我会言简意赅。 Economics is organized common sense. Here is a short list of valuable lessons that our beautiful subject teaches. 经济学是常识的集合体。下面是这门美丽的学科教会我们的一些珍贵课程： 1. Many things that are desirable are not feasible. 许多事情可遇而不可求。 2. Individuals and communities face trade-offs. 个人和集体会面临权衡取舍。 3. Other people have more information about their abilities, their efforts, and their preferences than you do. 别人对自己的能力、努力和喜好比你了解的要多。 4. Everyone responds to incentives, including people you want to help. That is why social safety nets don’t always end up working as intended. 每个人都会对激励做出反应（ people respond to incentives 曼昆十大经济学原理之四），包括你想帮助的人。这也是为什么社会保障体系最后没能发挥预期的作用。 5. There are tradeoffs between equality and efficiency. 平等和效率之间也面临权衡取舍。 6. In an equilibrium of a game or an economy, people are satisfied with their choices. That is why it is difficult for well meaning outsiders to change things for better or worse. 在游戏或者经济的均衡状态中，人们会满意于自己的选择，所以好心的局外人不管怎样都很难改变事态的发展。 7. In the future, you too will respond to incentives. That is why there are some promises that you’d like to make but can’t. No one will believe those promises because they know that later it will not be in your interest to deliver. The lesson here is this: before you make a promise, think about whether you will want to keep it if and when your circumstances change. This is how you earn a reputation. 在未来你也会对激励做出反应，这也是为什么有些承诺你想遵守可是却没办法做到。没人会相信你的那些承诺，因为人们都了解，以后履行这些承诺不会符合你的利益。我们要学会的是：在承诺别人之前，想想如果自己情况有所转变，还会不会坚持承诺？这是你为自己赢得好名声的办法。 8. Governments and voters respond to incentives too. That is why governments sometimes default on loans and other promises that they have made. 政府和选举人也会对激励做出反应，所以政府有时候会拖欠债务或拖延履行承诺。 9. It is feasible for one generation to shift costs to subsequent ones. That is what national government debts and the U.S. social security system do (but not the social security system of Singapore). 一代人把开支费用转嫁给下一代人，这个办法是可行的，政府债务和美国社会保障体系就是这么做的。（也有例外：新加坡的社会保障体系就非如此。） 10. When a government spends, its citizens eventually pay, either today or tomorrow, either through explicit taxes or implicit ones like inflation. 政府花钱人民买单，现在和将来都是这样，直接征税的方式也好，通货膨胀这样的隐形方式也好，这是不变的惯例。 11. Most people want other people to pay for public goods and government transfers (especially transfers to themselves). 大部分人都想让别人为公共事务或者政府转移性支出买单（特别当这些转移性支出的对象是他们自己时）。 12. Because market prices aggregate traders’ information, it is difficult to forecast stock prices and interest rates and exchange rates. 因为市场价格集合了所有交易者的信息，所以很难预测股价、利率和汇率等。 托马斯·萨金特 ：美国经济学家，擅长于总体经济学、货币经济学、时间序列等领域。 1943 年生于美国加利福尼亚州帕萨迪纳。现为斯坦福大学胡佛研究所资深研究员。萨金特于 1964 年获伯克利加州大学文学学位。 1968 年获哈佛大学哲学博士学位。曾执教于明尼苏达大学、芝加哥大学和哈佛大学， 2003 年任教于纽约大学至今。萨金特是理性预期学派的领袖人物，为新古典宏观经济学体系的建立和发展作出了杰出贡献，对宏观经济模型中预期的作用、动态经济理论与时间序列分析的关系等方面作出了开创性的工作。
http://theweek.com/article/index/222719/the-4-biggest-scientific-breakthroughs-of-2011 From neutrinos to new planets, a look at some of the year's most important discoveries posted on December 23, 2011, at 12:24 PM 1. Upending the laws of physics 2. Reasons to listen to your gut Bacteria in our intestines may play a major role in the health of our minds and bodies. German researchers have discovered that just as each human being has a specific blood type, each of us also has one of three separate families of bacteria residing in our guts. A person's "enterotype" likely establishes itself in infancy and appears to affect everything from how well food is digested to how drugs are absorbed. The discovery of the three distinct gut ecosystems "was a surprise, and it's good news," says researcher Peer Bork. The finding could help physicians diagnose and treat serious digestive disorders, and also help explain why the effects of medicines and nutrients vary widely from person to person. Further studies have shown that ingesting a bacteria species found in certain yogurts and cheeses calms stressed-out mice — pointing to the prospect of treating psychiatric disorders with microbes instead of drugs. 3. Closing in on alien life 4. A new weapon against aging The fountain of youth might one day flow within our own cells. Scientists working with mice have discovered that if they remove a special kind of cell that promotes aging, a host of age-related conditions disappear: The genetically modified rodents didn't develop cataracts, their skin didn't wrinkle, and they maintained high levels of energy throughout their lives. The so-called senescent cells have lost the ability to divide, and as they build up in aging tissue, they release toxins that destroy robust neighboring cells. Scientists devised a way of killing off those senescent cells, and the procedure "suggests therapies that might work in real patients," says Norman E. Sharpless, an expert on aging. If purging the cells works in people as it does in mice, the treatment could ward off a host of age-related diseases, from cancer to dementia, and keep us vigorous longer.
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY China’s rise as a major international actor is likely to stand out as a defining feature of the strategic landscape of the early 21 st century. Sustained economic development has raised the standard of living for China’s citizens and elevated China’s international profile. This development, coupled with an expanding science and technology base, has also facilitated a comprehensive and ongoing military modernization program. The United States welcomes a strong, prosperous, and successful China that reinforces international rules and norms and enhances security and peace both regionally and globally. China is steadily assuming new roles and responsibilities in the international community. In 2004, Chinese President Hu Jintao articulated new guidance for the People’s Liberation Army (PLA), including missions extending beyond China’s immediate territorial interests. This catalyzed China’s growing involvement in international peacekeeping efforts, counter-piracy operations, humanitarian assistance and disaster relief, and the evacuation of Chinese citizens from overseas trouble spots. China’s 2010 Defense White Paper asserts that China’s ―future and destiny have never been more closely connected with those of the international community.‖ Nonetheless, China’s modernized military could be put to use in ways that increase China’s ability to gain diplomatic advantage or resolve disputes in its favor. Although the PLA is contending with a growing array of missions, Taiwan remains its ―main strategic direction.‖ China continued modernizing its military in 2010, with a focus on Taiwan contingencies, even as cross-Strait relations improved. The PLA seeks the capability to deter Taiwan independence and influence Taiwan to settle the dispute on Beijing’s terms. In pursuit of this objective, Beijing is developing capabilities intended to deter, delay, or deny possible U.S. support for the island in the event of conflict. The balance of cross-Strait military forces and capabilities continues to shift in the mainland’s favor. Over the past decade, China’s military has benefitted from robust investment in modern hardware and technology. Many modern systems have reached maturity and others will become operational in the next few years. Following this period of ambitious acquisition, the decade from 2011 through 2020 will prove critical to the PLA as it attempts to integrate many new and complex platforms, and to adopt modern operational concepts, including joint operations and network-centric warfare. China has made modest, but incremental, improvements in the transparency of its military and security affairs. However, there remains uncertainty about how China will use its growing capabilities. The United States recognizes and welcomes PRC contributions that support a safe and secure global environment. China’s steady integration into the global economy creates new incentives for partnership and cooperation, particularly in the maritime domain. Although China’s expanding military capabilities can facilitate cooperation in pursuit of shared objectives, they can also increase the risk of misunderstanding and miscalculation. Strengthening our military-tomilitary relationship is a critical part of our strategy to shape China’s choices as we seek to capitalize on opportunities for cooperation while mitigating risks. To support this strategy, the United States must continue monitoring PRC force development and strategy. In concert with our friends and Allies, the United States will also continue adapting our forces, posture, and operational concepts to maintain a stable and secure East Asian environment. 原文见 http://www.defense.gov/pubs/pdfs/2011_CMPR_Final.pdf
英国地质学会出版的书籍，哪位大家有该类书籍，还望共享 Volume 355 2011 The SE Asian Gateway: History and Tectonics of the Australia–Asia Collision Volume 354 2011 Ice-Marginal and Periglacial Processes and Sediments Volume 353 2011 Growth and Collapse of the Tibetan Plateau Volume 352 2011 Human Interactions with the Geosphere: The Geoarchaeological Perspective Volume 351 2011 Slope Tectonics Volume 350 2011 Granite-Related Ore Deposits Volume 349 2011 Kinematic Evolution and Structural Styles of Fold-and-Thrust Belts Volume 348 2010 Hydrocarbons in Contractional Belts Volume 347 2010 Reservoir Compartmentalization Volume 346 2010 Australian Landscapes Volume 345 2010 Elevation Models for Geoscience Volume 344 2010 Fjord Systems and Archives Volume 343 2010 Dinosaurs and Other Extinct Saurians: A Historical Perspective Volume 342 2010 Monsoon Evolution and Tectonics–Climate Linkage in Asia Volume 341 2010 Evolution of the Levant Margin and Western Arabia Platform since the Mesozoic Volume 340 2010 Sedimentary Basin Tectonics from the Black Sea and Caucasus to the Arabian Platform Volume 339 2010 The Terrestrialization Process: Modelling Complex Interactions at the Biosphere–Geosphere Interface Volume 338 2010 The Evolving Continents: Understanding Processes of Continental Growth Volume 337 2010 Petrological Evolution of the European Lithospheric Mantle Volume 336 2010 Tufas and Speleothems: Unravelling the Microbial and Physical Controls Volume 335 2010 Continental Tectonics and Mountain Building: The Legacy of Peach and Horne Volume 334 2010 The Triassic Timescale Volume 333 2010 Natural Stone Resources for Historical Monuments Volume 332 2010 Advances in Interpretation of Geological Processes: Refinement of Multi-scale Data and Integration in Numerical Modelling Volume 331 2010 Limestone in the Built Environment: Present-Day Challenges for the Preservation of the Past Volume 330 2010 Tectonic and Stratigraphic Evolution of Zagros and Makran during the Mesozoic–Cenozoic Volume 329 2010 Mesozoic and Cenozoic Carbonate Systems of the Mediterranean and the Middle East: Stratigraphic and Diagenetic Reference Models Volume 328 2009 The Origin and Evolution of the Caribbean Plate Volume 327 2009 Ancient Orogens and Modern Analogues Volume 326 2009 Global Neoproterozoic Petroleum Systems: The Emerging Potential in North Africa Volume 325 2009 Early Palaeozoic Peri-Gondwana Terranes: New Insights from Tectonics and Biogeography Volume 324 2009 Thermochronological Methods: From Palaeotemperature Constraints to Landscape Evolution Models Volume 323 2009 Palaeoproterozoic Supercontinents and Global Evolution Volume 322 2009 Geohazard in Rocky Coastal Areas Volume 321 2009 Extending a Continent: Architecture, Rheology and Heat Budget Volume 320 2009 Periglacial and Paraglacial Processes and Environments Volume 319 2009 Sediment-Hosted Gas Hydrates: New Insights on Natural and Synthetic Systems Volume 318 2009 Earth Accretionary Systems in Space and Time Volume 317 2009 The 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Communicating Environmental Geoscience Volume 304 2008 Dynamics of Crustal Magma Transfer, Storage and Differentiation Volume 303 2008 Biogeochemical Controls on Palaeoceanographic Environmental Proxies Volume 302 2008 Structure and Emplacement of High-Level Magmatic Systems Volume 301 2008 History of Geomorphology and Quaternary Geology Volume 300 2008 The History of Geoconservation Volume 299 2008 The Internal Structure of Fault Zones: Implications for Mechanical and Fluid-Flow Properties Volume 298 2008 Tectonic Aspects of the Alpine-Dinaride-Carpathian System Volume 297 2008 The Boundaries of the West African Craton Volume 296 2008 Landscape Evolution: Denudation, Climate and Tectonics over Different Time and Space Scales Volume 295 2008 Fishes and the Break-up of Pangaea Volume 294 2008 West Gondwanare-Cenozoic Correlations Across the South Atlantic Region Volume 293 2008 Metasomatism in Oceanic and Continental Lithospheric Mantle Volume 292 2007 Structurally Complex Reservoirs 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Volume 76 1993 Magmatic Processes and Plate Tectonics Volume 75 1993 Braided Rivers Volume 74 1993 Himalayan Tectonics Volume 73 1993 Characterization of Fluvial and Aeolian Reservoirs Volume 72 1993 The Dynamics and Environmental Context of Aeolian Sedimentary Systems Volume 71 1993 Tectonics and Seismic Sequence Stratigraphy Volume 70 1993 High Resolution Stratigraphy Volume 69 1992 Advances in Reservoir Geology Volume 68 1992 Magmatism and the Causes of Continental Break-up Volume 67 1992 Exploration Britain: Geological Insights for the Next Decade Volume 66 1992 The Hydrogeology of Crystalline Basement Aquifers in Africa Volume 65 1992 Geological Applications of Wireline Logs II Volume 64 1992 Upwelling Systems: Evolution Since the Early Miocene Volume 63 1992 Case Histories and Methods in Mineral Resource Evaluation Volume 62 1992 Basins on the Atlantic Seaboard: Petroleum Geology, Sedimentology and Basin Evolution Volume 61 1992 Geology of the Brent Group Volume 60 1992 Ophiolites and their Modern Oceanic Analogues Volume 59 1991 Petroleum Migration Volume 58 1991 Modern and Ancient Continental Shelf Anoxia Volume 57 1991 Developments in Sedimentary Provenance Studies Volume 56 1991 The Geometry of Normal Faults Volume 55 1990 Tectonic Events Responsible for Britain s Oil and Gas Reserves Volume 54 1990 Deformation Mechanisms, Rheology and Tectonics Volume 53 1990 Glacimarine Environments: Processes and Sediments Volume 52 1990 Phosphorite Research and Development Volume 51 1990 The Cadomian Orogeny Volume 50 1990 Classic Petroleum Provinces Volume 49 1990 The Geology and Tectonics of the Oman Region Volume 48 1990 Geological Applications of Wireline Logs Volume 47 1989 Origins and Evolution of the Antarctic Biota Volume 46 1989 Phanerozoic Ironstones Volume 45 1989 Alpine Tectonics Volume 44 1989 Inversion Tectonics Volume 43 1989 Evolution of Metamorphic Belts Volume 42 1989 Magmatism in the Ocean Basins Volume 41 1989 Deltas: Sites and Traps for Fossil Fuels Volume 40 1988 Lacustrine Petroleum Source Rocks Volume 39 1988 Early Tertiary Volcanism and the Opening of the NE Atlantic Volume 38 1988 The Caledonian-Appalachian Orogen Volume 37 1988 Gondwana and Tethys Volume 36 1987 Diagenesis of Sedimentary Sequences Volume 35 1987 Desert Sediments: Ancient and Modern Volume 34 1987 Fluid Flow in Sedimentary Basins and Aquifers Volume 33 1987 Geochemistry and Mineralization of Proterozoic Volcanic Suites Volume 32 1987 Coal and coal-bearing strata: Recent advances Volume 31 1987 Geology and Geochemistry of Abyssal Plains Volume 30 1987 Alkaline Igneous Rocks Volume 29 1987 Deformation of Sediments and Sedimentary Rocks Volume 28 1987 Continental Extensional Tectonics Volume 27 1987 Evolution of the Lewisian and Comparable Precambrian Volume 26 1987 Marine Petroleum Source Rocks Volume 25 1986 Sedimentation in the African Rifts Volume 24 1986 The Nature of the Lower Continental Crust Volume 23 1986 Habitat of Palaeozoic Gas in N.W. Europe Volume 22 1986 The English Zechstein and Related Topics Volume 21 1986 North Atlantic Palaeoceanography Volume 20 1986 Palaeoecology and Biostratigraphy of Graptolites Volume 19 1986 Collision Tectonics Volume 18 1985 Sedimentology Recent Developments and Applied Aspects Volume 17 1984 The Geological Evolution of the Eastern Mediterranean Volume 16 1984 Marginal Basin Geology: Volcanic and Associated Sedimentary and Tectonic Processes in Modern and Ancient arginal Basins Volume 15 1984 Fine-grained Sediments: Deep-water Processes and Facies Volume 14 1984 Variscan Tectonics of the North Atlantic Region Volume 13 1984 Ophiolites and Oceanic Lithosphere Volume 12 1983 Petroleum Geochemistry and Exploration of Europe Volume 11 1983 Residual Deposits: Surface Related Weathering Processes and Materials Volume 10 1982 Trench-Forearc Geology: Sedimentation and Tectonics on Modern and Ancient Active Plate Margins Volume 9 1981 Thrust and Nappe Tectonics Volume 8 1979 The Caledonides of the British Isles Reviewed Volume 7 1977 Volcanic Processes in Ore Genesis Volume 6 1978 Geological Background to Fossil Man: Recent Research in the Gregory Rift Valley, East Africa Volume 5 1971 The Phanerozoic Time-scale: A Supplement Volume 4 1974 Mesozoic Orogenic Cenozoic Belts: Data for Orogenic Studies Volume 3 1969 Time and Place in Orogeny Volume 2 1967 The Fossil Record Volume 1 1964 The Phanerozoic Time-scale: A Symposium
As the year comes to an end, a look back suggests 2011 was a tough one for those of us who care about low- and moderate-income students in higher education. A series of reports and studies and moves by administrators suggest that the scramble for prestige generally continues to win out over equity concerns among college leaders. Below is my take on the worst and best developments of the past year. The Worst The surprising strength of legacy preferences. In January, a new study by Harvard University researcher Michael Hurwitz found that colleges are relying on legacy preferences far more heavily than previously understood. The research dispelled the notion that preferences for the children of alumni are just a“tiebreaker” in close admissions calls. At 30 elite schools studied, Hurwitz found that sons and daughters of alumni see a whopping 45.1 percentage point increase in the chances of admission. The restoration of early admissions. In February, Harvard and Princeton announced that they were restoring early admissions programs that they had abandoned in 2006 when they said the practice unfairly disadvantaged low-income students, who may not have knowledge of the benefits of applying early, and who need to compare financial-aid packages between institutions. But in 2011, competitive pressures won out and the two institutions reversed themselves. Dismal Pell numbers at wealthy universities. In March, The Chronicle published an analysis finding that despite a slew of financial-aid initiatives announced in the past decade, the percentage of students receiving Pell Grants at the wealthiest 50 institutions remained flat between 2004-5 and 2008-9. Thirty-one colleges and universities actually saw declines in the proportion of Pell recipients. Purchasing spots at top British universities. In May, the British government proposed to add newly created spaces at Britain’s most competitive public universities for wealthy students who could afford to pay a different rate of tuition. The proposal to reserve seats for rich students was a blatant form of preference that went beyond even what American public universities explicitly do. Economic segregation in American law schools. In September, the Denver Law Review published a stunning study by UCLA Law professor Richard Sander finding stark economic segregation in American law schools. Using a large national data base, Sander found that just 2 percent of students at the top 20 law schools come from the bottom socioeconomic quarter of the population while more than three-quarters come from the richest socioeconomic quartile. He noted, “low-SES representation at elite law schools is comparable to racial representation 50 years ago, before the civil rights revolution.” The rise of merit aid and tax credits. In October, the National Center for Education Statistics reported that non-need institutional merit aid from four-year public and private colleges had surpassed need-based institutional aid, a reversal of the earlier emphasis on need. Also in October, The College Board found that universities now provide an astounding $5.3-billion in merit aid to students who do not need it. The Best There wasn’t as much good news on the college-equity front in 2011, but there were a few bright spots. LSU’s decision to drop legacy scholarships. In November, it was reported that Louisiana State University, because of budget constraints, decided to eliminate special scholarships for the children of alumni. The financial aid was especially hard to defend because it was based neither on need, nor merit, but solely on lineage. The Aspen Prize for community colleges. In December, the Aspen Institute announced the winner of a new prize for the nation’s top community college. As Kevin Carey argued in The Chronicle , the development of the prize, administered by Aspen’s Josh Wyner, is fitting recognition for community colleges, which “struggle to get by with pennies on the dollar given to well-known flagship research institutions” and too often constitute “the forgotten half of American higher education.” Recognizing excellence within this sector is an important first step to making community colleges equal partners in higher education. The appointment of Clayton Spencer as president of Bates. In December, Bates College named as president Clayton Spencer, a longtime vice president at Harvard. In 2004, Spencer helped then-president Larry Summers launch Harvard’s financial aid and low-income admissions policy and before that she worked as an education adviser to Senator Ted Kennedy. As president of Bates, she could become a powerful and much-needed voice for equity in higher education. Funding for Pell and TRIO programs survived in the short term. In August, the budget compromise between the Congress and the White House provided an increase in Pell Grant funding, which became a key argument used by Democrats to support the overall legislation. And in December, the TRIO programs, which were threatened with cuts, managed to get an increase in funding for the remainder of the current fiscal year. The TRIO programs, which provide support for low-income students, continue, however, to serve only a fraction of the eligible population. Looking forward to 2012, here’s hoping for better economic times, which the country as a whole needs, and which can enable higher education to embrace a more generous spirit toward low-income and working-class students on our nation’s campuses. 原文见 http://chronicle.com/blogs/innovations/college-equity-the-best-and-worst-in-2011/31187
Foreword This is the second edition of Society at a Glance: Asia/Pacific, the biennial OECD overview of social indicators. This report addresses the growing demand for quantitative evidence on the state of and trends in social well-being. It updates some indicators included in the first edition and adds some new ones. Additionally, this edition makes a considerable effort to return to the roots of the publication with its “At a Glance” overview. It reduces the number of indicators to 25. There is a strong focus on simple language and a shorter text. Charts and boxes are direct and simple and reflect a higher degree of standardisation. We believe that such an approach is essential in this increasingly information-rich age. The 2011 report includes 36 countries and economies for which comparable data are available, compared to the 25 covered in the 2009 edition. This report includes a special focus on unpaid work (Chapter 1). It also provides a guide to help readers in understanding the structure of social indicators (Chapter 2), and a summary – Society at a Glance, at a glance (Chapter 3). More detailed information on all indicators, including those not in this edition, can be found on the OECD web pages (www.oecd.org/els/social/indicators). This report was prepared by Simon Chapple. As this report addresses a wide range of topics, it would have been impossible to complete without the contributions of many people inside and outside the OECD Social Policy Division. These include Alexandra Bytchkova, Michael De Looper, Angelica Del Pero, Pauline Fron, Maxime Ladaique, Luca Lorenzoni, Marlène Mohier, Andrew Reilly and Kim Robin. Monika Queisser, Head of the OECD Social Policy Division, supervised the report. 原文见 http://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/docserver/download/fulltext/8111081e.pdf?expires=1325507995id=idaccname=guestchecksum=80A24F25EF52893C2F3350A6245DB15D
The most significant development of the past year in the SFO's fight against corruption and bribery was the establishment of what has been described by many commentators as 'the toughest anti-corruption laws in the world'. The new Bribery Act came into force in July 2011 - bringing with it a renewed focus on the UK's anti-corruption campaigning. It was a particularly historic moment for the SFO as the UK's lead agency for fighting corruption and bribery. No serious or complex criminal case has yet stemmed from these new laws. But in almost every month of this past year the SFO has brought new prosecutions to court, albeit under the old laws. And with the new laws still to be fully understood by the corporate world, much time has been spent by senior figures in the SFO in explaining and helping companies understand their responsibilities. Just as it is fair for the SFO to bring to justice those who use corruption to undermine proper business practices, it is also fair for the SFO to try to educate those who want to comply and move towards better corporate governance. Against that background, corporate bodies can - to some extent - be compared with human bodies - it is better to prevent an illness than to have to try to cure it. And so the SFO wants to help corporate Britain stay as healthy as possible. But there is no doubt that those organisations that deliberately use bribery and corruption to undercut legitimate business, will be brought to justice, as the following review of just some of the cases that the SFO has brought to court this year shows. Early in 2011 a number of former directors of the bridge building company, Maybey and Johnson, were convicted of bribing foreign public officials to secure contracts in Iraq in contravention of the UN Oil for Food Programme. In February the SFO recovered more than ￡7 million from M.W.Kellog (MWKL) in recognition of funds it was due to receive which had, in fact, been generated through the criminal activities of third parties. The funds were in the shape of share dividends payable from profits and revenues generated by contracts obtained through bribery and corruption committed by MWKL's parent company and others. MWKL reported these activities to the SFO under the 'self referral' scheme and co-operated fully with the SFO's subsequent investigation. In April 12011, Mark Jessop, received a 24-week jail sentence after he admitted that he had broken UN sanctions during the Oil For Food Programme by making illegal payments to Saddam Hussein's government. He was also ordered to pay compensation and costs. Court action this October resulted in two former chief executives of Innospec Limited, Dennis Kerrison and Paul Jennings, being charged with corruption and appearing before Westminster Magistrates Court on charges of alleged corrupt payments to gain public contracts in Indonesia. Mr Jennings was also charged in relation to Iraq. Their trial is expected to begin in January. And the trial began of five defendants in an alleged conspiracy to corrupt over ￡70 million worth of contracts in the engineering and gas energy sectors. Looking ahead, 2012 already looks busy, with a number of corruption cases at trial in January and beyond. One trial concerns corrupt practices in Britain with four defendants charged over ￡25 million worth of contracts in Northern Ireland. The SFO fully endorses anti-corruption day and the fight for honesty in business. Every day we see the victims of corrupt practices both in Britain and abroad. We will continue to play our part to enable ethical people to thrive; ethical companies to grow and prosper; and to bring to justice those who attempt to undercut them. Phillippa Williamson Chief Executive 原文见 http://www.sfo.gov.uk/bribery--corruption/international-anti-corruption-day-an-overview-of-what-the-sfo-has-done-in-2011.aspx
2011过得真快，在自己还没有完全适应从coding到科研的转变的阶段，时间就不知不觉的过去了！这一年过得总体上也算顺利吧，但是感觉还是有很多事情自己有一种说不出的感觉。 曾几何时，自己突然发现找不到当初的梦想，不知道路应该怎么往下走！说不清楚什么原因，但是这也是一个好兆头，说明自己已经开始思考这个问题了！记得宿舍的一个同学曾经说过，那些哲人花了一辈子的时间来思考人为什么活着，如果就凭你几天时间的思考就能明白的话，那就不叫问题了！每当自己想堕落的时候，脑海里总是有一些挥之不去的画面在提醒自己要努力，要坚持，不要放弃！ 在抱着有很多问题自己不懂的前提下，去读了研究生！遇到的老师很到位，很给力，但是感觉自己怎么没有之前那么给力了，我知道自己不是天才，因此必须要努力，要比别人付出的更多才行，始终记得天道酬勤这句话！在这半年里边，在导师的指导下，自己学会了很多东西！从不知道怎么着手写论文，到能够写出几十页的文章，虽然有的文章被拒了，但是自己心里还是蛮欣慰的。这也让我更加坚信一个道理：you are on your own！不过导师的负责，真的让我深深感受到如果自己不努力，不仅对不起自己，更对不起对自己负责的老师！实验室各位师兄师姐的悉心指导，也让我备受鼓舞，我一定会努力走下去！他们为我们树立了一个很好的榜样！在此，我对实验室的师兄、师姐、导师表示一声深深的感谢！ 在新的一年里，自己需要付出更多，需要更加努力！我会向实验室的各位师兄、师姐看齐！加快科研的步伐，更加深入的思考问题，更加全面的思考问题！真正养成成为科研人员所必需的素质！
写于2011-12-31夜 还在感慨那段曾怀揣2011的美好憧憬而踽踽独行的2010，却又要从长计议2011的收获和成长，真的是一年又一年，时光飞逝啊！ 回头想想，这一年真的也挺长，经历了很多事情，也有心态情感上的起伏。过去的岁月是生命划过的痕迹，留下的体会是岁月沉淀的智慧，这以青春为代价的收获，怎么能不反复的咀嚼体会？ 2011年元旦不久，就在家里开始了漫长的冬眠，至到三月初，终于伸了伸懒腰，舒展下筋骨，开始了我的奋斗之旅。第一站是再回潍坊---这个记录我太多欢笑和泪水的地方，开始了两周有点浮躁的学习，那种心态是复杂的，欣慰夹杂着失落，兴奋又含着伤感，自信又常怀有自卑，直到现在我都说不清对母校的那种感情，翻看着过去校园生活的照片，真的好想回去看看：看看曾上课的教室，再坐坐常坐的位置；看看曾住过的宿舍，再抚摸下那张床那张桌；看看曾走过的每条小道，再驻足仰望下蓝天；拜访下曾经的恩师，想再聆听你们的谆谆教诲...但是，我又不敢，我怕一看到那熟悉的环境 自己就陷了进去再也走不出来，我怕走进潍坊的那一刹那我就哭成了个泪人... 在我离开潍坊前，我曾设想写点关于潍坊的文字，我也曾设想当我拉着行李箱走进候车室前再回首的那一刹，在我遥望着蓝天的那一瞬间，是从容是欣慰还是莫名的伤感？然而，一切都随着岁月的流逝渐渐淡远了，也许在某个阳光慵懒的午后，在某个安静孤独的深夜，我又不能自已，任由所有的感情如泼墨般发泄... 3月18号，第二站北京---这个我早已向往的城市，此去飘飞，带着梦想去追，从此也拉开了我科研人生的序幕。还记得，来北京一个月后的那天，我满含深情的向你述说我的梦想，我的责任，那是我写给你的 《爱的诺言》 。时间总可以改变一个人，岁月也可以冲淡曾经的情怀，不是风花雪月的缠绵，每日相伴的是实验室忙碌的身影和徘徊中等待的坚持。实验中的纠结和兴奋让我明白了何之为科研，也慢慢的沉淀了自己那颗躁动的心；集体的生活也让我懂得了隐忍和爱，也慢慢的学会了在失衡后逐渐恢复平衡。但是，我仍然享受着我《六月独白》的萎靡，偶尔的也会任由自己《往日情怀》。其实，我真的要懂得知足了，知足于自己的健康，知足于自己懂得思考，知足于爱和被爱的幸福，那么《How can I ask for more?！》。尽管有实验中的纠结和失败，尽管有生活中的失意和痛苦，正因为有这些，才是：生活！所有的憧憬都是美好的，但那并不是真实的生活，现实中虽然是不完美的，这才是一个可触摸的存在，除了努力创造更好的生活外，更重要的还要学会驾驭和平衡每天的生活，希望 《生命在成长：enjoy》 ... 写下《Tomorrow is a big day》，也就进入了九月，意味着开始了我的读研生涯，有了《my roommates》,有了好多新的面孔，更多的是忙碌中的来去匆匆，到现在还有好多叫不上名字的。我至今仍记得因为实验我曾在忙碌到崩溃中坚持了将近一个月，仍然想感谢一个人，你给我的又何止这《271封信的感动和幸福》？ 长大了就要思考很多东西，最终明白了，快乐的生活才是最重要的，与其抱怨，不如好好的享受这 《滋味生活》 ，the only once life... 我曾感慨生命的脆弱和飘逝，希望 《生命在成长：敬畏》 ,生活中的无奈让我逐渐学会了妥协，学会了换一种心态，也明白了真正的强者应该 《生命在成长：宽容和谦卑》 。 不管怎样，生活中只要有爱就有希望，就让爱去点燃希望，2012已经来了！还等什么呢？朝着希望的灯塔，再次起航吧~，朋友们，起航喽！ PS：等以后有时间了再把以前的文字慢慢补全吧~
Well, if you are curious about what this number means, I will explain it to you. It's the reference number I assigned the last manuscript I accepted yesterday (for editing). I will not accept any more papers for this year, even if they come in today (it's still Dec. 31, 2011). Let's call it a very successful year of editing, with 111 papers received for 2011!
HIV Treatment as Prevention Science has chosen the finding that antiretroviral drugs reduce the risk of heterosexual transmission of HIV as its Breakthrough of the Year. http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa1105243 The Runners-Up This year's runners-up for Breakthrough of the Year include what makes asteroids red, ancient DNA in modern humans, the structure of photosystem II, pristine gas in the early universe, the microbiome, a new malaria vaccine, alien solar systems, zeolites, and senescent cells. Areas to Watch In 2012, Science 's editors will be watching the Large Hadron Collider (again), faster-than-light neutrinos, stem-cell metabolism, genomic epidemiology, efforts to treat intellectual disabilities, and Curiosity's mission to Mars. Scorecard Rating last year's Areas to Watch Science 's editors foresaw this year's advances in developing a new malaria vaccine. But last year's other predictions were a mixed bag. A Disaster and a Warning—But of What? The great Tohoku earthquake has everyone, seismologists included, wondering where the next blow will come from.
AK's Inspiration, Vol.8, 2011. Some observations among Jobs, Joe Wong TED talks ak650 * * Shangrao, 334000, China I. TED talks TED上top 1观看是Ken Robinson (2006) 关于教育的演讲：《Schools kill creativity》. Ken (2010) 还告诉我们一个事实，有些人找到了自己所爱的事情，有些人一直没有找到自己所爱的事情。 II. Jobs’s Commencement address Joe Wong’s address at Qinghua University 成功人士在成就之后往回看，做讲座的时候，说的很多道理总是非常好，但我觉得那是总结而不是一种启发，而且depend on个人家庭教育文化境遇，兴奋一下就好。 但这一次，他们如此不约而同的一再说，你应该倾听内心深处的声音(Joe Wong, 2011)或者you should find what you love. (Jobs, 2005) 假设这是rule of success，那么承接part I中的事实，如何找？如何判断找到？ Jobs在谈到自己被所创公司 (Apple) 解雇的时候说：I was rejected, but I am still in love. So I start again. 于是世界有了NeXT，以及Pixar。 无独有偶，Joe Wong也说：失败是一种答案，可以告诉我们很多东西。如果有一件事情，你在失败了之后还是想去做，就有可能是你应该做的事情。 Joe Wong还给出了他自己的methodology： “把长远的目标放高一点，把近期目标放低一点，这样在比较有成就感的同时，朝长远目标迈进一步，而不会挫折感太强。” 这就是我之前解释 为何要“眼高手低”！ 同样，Jobs说：Your work is going to fill a large part of your life, and the only way to be truly satisfied is to do what you believe is great work. 我自己的理解就是，要有野心兼修炼耐心。 Reference 1. Robinson K. (2006). Schools kill creativity. http://www.ted.com/talks/ken_robinson_says_schools_kill_creativity.html 2. Robinson K. (2010). Bring on the learning revolution. http://www.ted.com/talks/sir_ken_robinson_bring_on_the_revolution.html 3. Jobs. (2005). You've got to find what you love. http://news.stanford.edu/news/2005/june15/jobs-061505.html 4. Wong J. (2011). 黄西清华大学演讲. http://open.sina.com.cn/HuangXiQingHua.html
列下此目录不为别的，希望各位同仁遇到失败不要灰心，2011即将结束，祝各位朋友新年快乐！来年更上一层楼！ 2011 年发改委西部项目 END 2011 国家旅游局课题 ENG 2011 年国家软科学 END 2011 年国家社科成果库 END 2011 年国家社科重大招标 END 2011 年国家统计局课题 END 2011 国家统战研究会 END 2011 宁波市与中国社科院合作共建研究中心课题 END 2011 教育部开放存取 END 2011 宁波市出版基金 END 2011 年宁波市自然科学 END 2011 宁波物流课题 END 2011 浙江省社科联出版基金 END 2011 浙江省软科学 END 2011 浙江省社科基金后期资助 END 2011 浙江省统计部华夏英才基金 END 2011 浙江省自然科学基金 END 2011 宁波政协理论课题 END 2011.12.23 俞立平 于宁波
据 《新科学家》 2011年12月19日报道，2011年在科学界的5大丑闻如下： Five New Scandals in 2011: More than 100 retractions expected The work of Diederik Stapel, who headed the Institute for Behavioral Economics Research at Tilburg University in the Netherlands, epitomizes the old saying that if it seems too good to be true, it probably is. Stapel routinely came out with counterintuitive findings that seemed to capture human nature, peppering the headlines of media outlets around the world. But at least 30 of Stapel’s papers were retracted after evidence of massive data fabrication was uncovered, and many scientists expect that number to continue to grow. In total, more than 100 published papers could be affected by the fraud. Among the most novel of his findings to be retracted: that thoughts of meat make people surly , and that a chaotic environment makes people more likely to stereotype. Mouse virus and chronic fatigue The link between a mouse leukemia virus and chronic fatigue syndrome made waves when it was first announced in 2009. But after several labs failed to recreate the link, the paper, which was cited 200 times, was retracted . The story took a turn for the dramatic when Whittemore Peterson Institute director Judy Mikovits, who led the retracted 2009 study, refused to hand over key lab notebooks. She allegedly had an underling take the notebooks, then skipped town to California. She has been arrested on counts of felony theft, jailed overnight, and is now awaiting trial. Short-lived longevity paper Boston University biostatistician Paolo Sebastiani retracted a splashy paper identifying 19 genes associated with extreme longevity in centenarians. Within days of publication, critics wondered whether the strong correlation they found was due to an error in the sequencing chip the team used. After reworking their data to eliminate the source of error, the researchers found that the magnitude of the correlation was less impressive, and Science ultimately retracted the paper, which was cited 25 times in just a year. The researchers have resubmitted the revised findings to another journal. Arsenic-based life In late 2010, NASA researcher Felisa Wolfe-Simon and colleagues reportedly uncovered a species of bacteria in Mono Lake that not only survived in unusually high levels of arsenic and low levels of phosphorus, but also appeared to incorporate arsenic into its DNA backbone. However, critics were soon questioning the results , citing poor DNA extraction techniques and a supposedly phosphate-free growth medium which actually did contain phosphate. Science published 8 technical comments about the work in May, though the paper, which has been cited 26 times, has yet to be retracted. Climate change-up A controversial climate change paper was retracted when it was found to contain passages lifted from other sources, including Wikipedia. The paper, published by climate change skeptic Edward Wegman of George Mason University in Computational Statistics and Data Analysis in 2008, showed that climatology is an inbred field where most researchers collaborate with and review each other’s work. But a resourceful blogger uncovered evidence of plagiarism, and the journal retracted the paper, which was cited 8 times, in May.
PHYSICS TODAY Favorites - December 2011 December 2011 Stay informed of news and current research with this issue of Physics Today Favorites Top Stories and Most Popular Articles. Well-known media outlets confer credibility on new cold-fusion claim MSNBC, CNN, Fox, Daily Mail, and Wired UK suggest to the public that the “E-Cat” might be legitimate. Building ultralight lattices Using a new method, researchers have produced the lowest-density material ever made.. Super-heavy turkeys and super-heavy elements Like super-heavy elements, commercial turkeys are artificial creations that lack stability. First glimpse of primordial matter Absorption spectra reveal intergalactic clouds with no elements that require a stellar furnace. An objective nuclear accident magnitude scale for quantification of severe and catastrophic events The existing scale for characterizing the severity of nuclear accidents is inadequate, argues David Smythe. It should be replaced, he says, with a scale that is similar in nature to the one used for earthquakes. Keepers of the wind in the Pacific Northwest By taking advantage of some unusual geological formations, scientists in Washington and Oregon are finding ways to make wind energy viable. IPF 2011: The electric economy: The supply/demand challenge With the growing world population thirstier than ever for electricity and with greenhouse gases accumulating in the planet’s atmosphere, scientists and engineers are working to advance sustainable energy sources, a smarter grid system, and large-scale battery technologies that can store and release power on demand. Insights from the great 2011 Japan earthquake The diverse set of waves generated in Earth’s interior, oceans, and atmosphere during the devastating Tohoku-oki earthquake reveal some extraordinary geophysics. "Faked states" mimic quantum entanglement Bell’s inequalities are the quintessential test of the quantum nature of a system. But experiments show that the test can be fooled—if one ignores the fine print The curious aftermath of Neptune's discovery Controversy following the announcement of the new planet propelled US astronomers to the international limelight. You are currently subscribed to receive Physics Today Favorites alert e-mails. You can unsubscribe at any time at the following URL: http://www.physicstoday.org/alerts Please read our privacy policy .
最近从OSU到San Francisco 去参加2011年的AGU秋季会议。幸运的是从OSU有vans往返，至少可节省400D。 AGU会议真是地学界的盛宴，很多大牛也乐于到AGU上作报告，很多大牛还做poster。我认为做poster非常好，与oral相比会有更多时间的交流，当然交流中也会遇到很多大牛，或者是你那个专业领域中一些非常出色的研究人员。我有幸遇到了构造方面的Weldon，Hubbard，Tapponnier，Royden。。。也有幸与其中的几位进行了交流。总之，任何地学研究人员，还是非常有必要去参加AGU的。当然，需要首先学好英语口语。
0 【转】中性理论yu种群遗传学 星期三, 七月 13th, 2011 | 默认分类 | kevintz | 浏览:9 1969 年木村资生提出的“中性理论”假说使经典的达尔文自然选择理论受到了很大的冲击。“中性理论”以其严密的数学理论，在分子演化领域占据了重要地位。近年来的研究发现大量的受自然选择作用的分子水平证据。演化过程中的，选择的作用的大小检测成为分子演化重要的议题。我将在这里介绍中性检验的理论和方法。 演化论是科学史上的重大发现，在西方思想上占有重要的地位。达尔文因其对自然选择驱动的演化理论深入研究，而推动了自哥白尼以来的西方思想史上的第二次革 命：哥白尼的日心说把地球从宗教的束缚中回归太阳系中；达尔文的把自认为高尚的人类回归到地球生命的队伍（Ayla，2009）。达尔文的自然选择理论以 其“物竞天择，适者生存”的原则改变人们对自然的认识，也因其“没有设计者的设计”而饱受宗教势力的打压和限制。 上个世纪 60年代，随着分子生物学的兴起和技术的应用，演化理论的也进入了分子时代。1966年，美国芝加哥大学的 Richard Lewontin和Jack Huby开创了分子演化的电泳研究。他们在实验中观测到全新的现象：果蝇个体中的 氨基酸突变很高 ，传统的突变理论无法如此之高的变异，达尔文的自然选择理论似乎在分子水平失效了（Lewontin ＆ Hubby , 1966）。经过多年思索的日本学者木村资生于1968年在Nature上撰文提出中性突变假说，并完美的解释了 Lewontin和Huby的实验结果。木村的中性进化理论因其基本观念的革新和高度的数量化而迅速发展，占据了分子演化的大部分领域（Kimura, 1969,1983）。同时 Linus Pauling 和Emile Zuckerkandl 的分子钟（ molecular clock ）理论也为中理论提供了有力的支撑。演化生物学就形成了的分子水平的中性演化理论和宏观水平的自然选择的现代达尔文理论。 木村资生的中性的理论提出后，也有新的个例在分子水平被检测出受到自然选择的作用。分子水平的自然选择虽然很弱，但不是没有。1983年，美国的 Kreitman将DNA测序技术应用于果蝇的研究，发现了受到自然选择作用的位点(Keitman，1983)。之后, 不断有新的发现来支撑自然选择理论，达尔文理论的正在慢慢地复苏。 理论群体遗传学的模型中，在DNA水平对检验检测自然选择作用是否存在的方法主要有两类：种内多态性检验和种间分歧度检验。前者以Tajima的D检验为代表，后者的方法大都以选择中性和种内、种间的演化速率一致的假设为前提。这些检测方法基本上都以选择中性为前提，通过随机理论和统计方法和分析DNA数据 来检验自然选择的作用。因此，这些方法也被统称为“中性检验（neutrality test）”。这些检验方法为演化生物学、人类遗传学等提供了数据分析支持和理论预测。下面我将介绍几种常用的中性检验的方法. 1. Tajima的D检验(Tajima D test) 在随机交配群体中，一个符合中性条件的基因的遗传变异度有θ＝4Nμ来决定（N为有效群体大小，μ为每一代的突变率）。有两种常用的方法估计θ，第一种是在n条序列的样本中，多态性位点数K，其期望值为E(K)＝Lθa, L是序列中的位点数，a＝（1/1＋1/2＋….+1/n）(Watterson, 1975), 故θ可由θ w ＝S/(L*a)来估计。第二种是对n条序列的任意两条序列比较后得到的核苷酸差异的平均比例之的期望值θ，把θ作为一个估计值，记为θ t (Tajima, 1983)。Tajima在1989年得出这两种θ的估计在中性理论模型下是无偏差的（事先假定，群体中没有选择、重组、分化，且群体恒定）。如果模型的 假设不成立，则θ 的两个估计值会有偏差，两个估计值之间的差异为检测严格中性模型失效的因素和机制提供了信息。Tajima（Tajima，1989）构建了D检验 这里,SE为标准误差。在失效的中性模型中，mean(D)=0, Var(D)=1。Tajima建议采用标准正态分布和β分布来确定D是否显著不同于0。 Tajima 的D检验的统计显著性可能与几种不同的解释相容。一个负D值表明存在净化选择（purifying selection）或群体中有轻微分离的有害突变。不过，负D值也可能是由于群体的扩张引起的。正D值可解释为平衡选择将突变保持在平衡频率，不过也有 可能是一个群体收缩导致的。Tajima的方法作为第一个基于种内多态性的检验，而被广泛引用。 2. Fu-Li检验(Fu-li D test)和Fay-Wu检验(Fay-Wu H test) 在n条序 列中，一个多态位点上的核苷酸的突变率为r(r= 1, 2, … , n-1)。样本中的所观测到的突变分布称为位点频谱(site frequency spectrum)。 通常，可采用亲缘很近的外群(outgroup)来追溯祖先的状态及其祖先序列的分化情况 。符云新和李文雄（Fu Li,1993）把突变分为家系树的内枝( η E )的突变和外枝的突变( η L )，相应地构建了一下统计量 a=(1/1＋ 1/2＋…..+1/n-1), SE为标准差。Fu和Li认为群体中的有害突变倾向于近期产生，位于树的外枝 ；内枝上的突变多中性。他们还构建了若干类似的检验，这些检验的效力取决于有选择的情况下，检验中所用的两个θ值的差异度。Fu-Li检验采用溯祖理论( Coalescent theory )， 比较了变异在不同演化时间上的分布，因而比Tajima的D检验更灵敏（Fu，1997），是比较常用的检验的方法。 Fay和Wu提出了一种类似Fu－Li的思路，构建了θ的估计量 这里Si 是位点i上的突变数目。他们定义一个统计量H＝θ t -θ H .在严格中性假设下，该统计量的期望值为0。在这里θ t 用以下公式估算 ，使得中频的突变对θ t 贡献最大，而高频的突变对θ H 贡 献最大。这样，Fay－Wu检验比较了高频和中频的突变。在选择中性的假设下，位点的频谱分布呈L型——低频的突变更具普适性，而高频的则很少见。当中性 突变与某个受正选择作用的基因紧密连锁时，这个突变可能因选择的作用而转变成高频突变，这样“好的”等位基因就被选则固定下来。这个中性突变的过程被称为 “遗传跃迁（genetics hitchhiking）”详见群体遗传学原理（Hartl and Clark， 2007）。Fay和Wu认为，高频突变过剩（显著的负H值）是遗传跃迁效应的独特性质。Fay－Wu检验需要利用外群序列作为参考来推断分离位点的祖先，及祖先的衍生序列位点的多态性。最近，Wu Chung-I的学生Zeng Kai 结合Fu-Li的D检验和Fay-Wu的H的思路，结合基因组数据的特征，做了一些列的推广(Zeng et al，, 2006; Zeng, 2007a,2007b)。 3. McDonald-Kritman检验(MK test) 中性理论假说认为种内多态性和种间分歧是演化过程的两个阶段，两个演化过程都是由中性突变的随机漂变固定所致。因而，如果同义突变(synonymous substitution)和非同义的突变( nonsynonymous substitution )都是中性的，那么种内的同义突变和非同义突变的多态性之比应该和种间同义突变和非同义突变差异的比例是相同的。McDonald-Kreitman 检验（ McDonald M. Kreitman, 1991 ）就是针对的这个预测构建的。McDonald-Kritman检验思路简洁，计算也简单，且在检验中性理论假设方面有着重要地位。 McDonald和Kreitman依据同义突变和非同义突变对近源物种的蛋白质编码基因中的可变位点进行分类。他们定义了固定位点和多态位点风别作为种间分歧和种内差异的标志。固定位点是种间分歧有明显的碱基差异而种内个体间却无碱基差异的位点；多态位点是种内个体间碱基对有差异的位点。在中性假说的条件下，McDonald-Kreitman构建了如下统计检测量 E(n f )/E(s f )=E(n p )/E(s p ) 这里n f 是非同义突变位点也是固定位点的位点数；s f 是同义突变位点也是固定位点的位点数；n p 是非同义突变位点也是多态位点的位点数；s p 是同义突变位点也是多态位点的位点数。当物种间有选择作用时，上式的平衡就被打破了，这种不平衡可用统计学的检验来估算不平衡比例的显著性，而这个显著性可作为群体中选择强度的依据。 4. Hudson-Kreitman-Aquadé检验（HKA test） Hudson-Kreitman-Aquadé检验的原理和MK检验很相近，HKA检验对两个以上的近源物种中的多个不连锁基因的序列数据，用此来检验这 些等位基因上的多态性和分歧是否一致。HKA的基本原理是基因的突变率与其多态性和分歧度成正比（Hudson et al, 1987）。 在L个等位基因中，设有物种A和B的基因i上的分离位点数分别为Sai和Sbi，它们在基因i上的差异数是D i 。Sa i 和Sb i 是中多态性的标 度；D i 是种间分歧的标度。Hudson等人假定Sa i ， Sb i 和D i 是独立的正态变量，并在中性条件下推导这三个变量的期望值和方差，以构建这三个变量的拟合优度的统计检验量Sa i ，Sb i 和D i 。 .HKA检验计算了种间和种内差异的卡方平方和，再检验实验结果是否与中性条件下的的期望和方差相一致，它对数据的要求比较高，计算过程也比较复杂。 关于中性理论的各种检验均以中性理论的零假设为前提来构建统计检验量来检测选择的有无。这些检验方法以严密的数学理论作为工具，在不同的序列数据类别中，各个检验能检测到是否有选择的存在。当然，面对的日新月异生物学序列数据和演化过程中各种不同驱动因子，单一的检验无法完全胜任检测选择的任务，多种检测的结合是必要的，同时新方法发展也是很迫切的。 趣闻： Fumio Tajima （田 嶋文生，たじま ふみお）是日本群遗传学家，他是根井正利的学生。在随根井正利读研究生期间，Tajima在最初阶段，根井正利给了他一个“习题 ”，1983年，Tajima的完成这个“习题”文章（Tajima, 1983）的成了溯祖理论的开山之作（另外还有美国的Hudson, R. R和英国Kingman，三人独立发现coalescent，Kingmang的贡献最大），1989年的博士毕业论文(Tajima 1989)发展了种内多态性多检测选择，开创了中性检验的新局面。之后他回到日本，现在是东京大学的生物系的教授。他也是很典型的他日本学者，个人主页的 介绍基本不用英文，大都是日语。 Population Genetics 我们大陆译为“群体遗传学”，不知道日本为什么译为“集団遺伝学”，台湾的大都称“种群遗传学“？ 中性学说（neutral theory）分子进化的中性学说（The neutral theory of molecular evolution）的简称。一种解释分子进化现象的学说。由日本遗传学家木村资生（M.Kimura，1924～）提出。他根据分子生物学所揭示的事实说明，在分子水平上发生的突变多半是中性的，它们对生物的生存和繁殖既非有利，亦非有害，不涉及被保留或被淘汰的问题，所以自然选择对它们不起作用；这类中性突变在群体中的保存、扩散或消失，完全决定于随机的遗传漂变。据此，美国学者金（J.L.King）和朱克斯（T.H.Jukes）认为它否定了达尔文的自然选择学说，特称之为“非达尔文进化”（non-Dar-winian evolution）。但木村本人并没有这样讲过。相反，他一再暗示，在个体（表型）水平上，自然选择还是起主要作用的。看来，木村是在分子水平上揭示出一些前所不知的进化规律，它并没有否定达尔文的进化论，而是在新的条件下丰富和发展了达尔文主义。 中性学说（或者更确切地说是中性突变-随机漂变假说）是分子生物学与群体遗传学交融的产物。它不象传统的综合理论（或新达尔文派的观点），它明确主张：进化中大多数突变型的置换，不是由于正达尔文选择，而是由选择上呈中性或近中性的突变型的随机固定所致。它还断言，分子水平上大多数种内遗传多态性，象以蛋白质多态性形式展现出来的那样，是选择上呈中性或近中性的，并靠着突变输入和等位基因的随机清除或固定这两者之间的平衡而在物种中维持。应该说，这一理论对于人们所认识的分子进化众多现象与规律的阐释比新达尔文更为科学，且提出的多项预测被随后的实验研究所证实。问题是，它作为一种更基本层次－分子水平的进化理论未能给更高层次的进化提供理性阐释与描写。中性论者过多地注目于与功能无关的分子进化，而忽视了与功能相关的分子进化现象与规律的探索，这恐怕是中性理论之所以能问世，但同时又先天性地带上无视宏观进化，对宏观进化束手无策这一天然缺陷的症结所在。
王应宽 Wang Yingkuan Beijing, China December 8, 2011 2010 年度美国 “ 青年科学家总统奖 ” 公布， 6 位华裔获奖 据 2011 年 9 月 26 日白宫消息，美国总统奥巴马宣布了获得 2010 年度的 “ 青年科学家总统奖 ” （ Presidential Early Career Awards for Scientists and Engineers ） 94 位科学家的名单。在获得 2010 年度美国“青年科学家总统奖”的 94 人由 16 个部门推荐，其中， 6 名美籍华人青年科学家获奖。国防部推荐 2 位，能源部推荐 3 位， 1 位由美国科学基金会推荐。与 2009 年获奖人数相比（ 85 人获奖， 5 位华人），华裔科学家人数增加 1 位。10月14日，奥巴马总统在白宫接见了获奖者，并合影留念。 美国国防部 /The Department of Defense Dr. Kyle M. Shen ， Physics Department of Cornell University Dr. Lan Yang ， Engineering Department of Washington University in St. Louis 能源部 /Department of Energy Dr. Gang Logan Liu ， Department of Electrical and Computing Engineering ， University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Dr. Wei-Jun Qian ， Biological Separations Mass Spectrometry Group at Pacific Northwest National Laboratory Dr. Feng Wang ， Department of Physics at the University of California, Berkeley 美国科学基金会 /National Science Foundation Dr. Xiangfeng Duan, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry ， University of California, Los Angeles 资料来源： http://www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/2011/09/26/president-obama-honors-outstanding-early-career-scientists The White House Office of the Press Secretary For Immediate Release September 26, 2011 President Obama Honors Outstanding Early-Career Scientists President Obama today named 94 researchers as recipients of the Presidential Early Career Awards for Scientists and Engineers, the highest honor bestowed by the United States government on science and engineering professionals in the early stages of their independent research careers. The Presidential early career awards embody the high priority the Obama Administration places on producing outstanding scientists and engineers to advance the Nation’s goals, tackle grand challenges, and contribute to the American economy. Sixteen Federal departments and agencies join together annually to nominate the most meritorious scientists and engineers whose early accomplishments show the greatest promise for assuring America’s preeminence in science and engineering and contributing to the awarding agencies' missions. “It is inspiring to see the innovative work being done by these scientists and engineers as they ramp up their careers—careers that I know will be not only personally rewarding but also invaluable to the Nation,” President Obama said. “That so many of them are also devoting time to mentoring and other forms of community service speaks volumes about their potential for leadership, not only as scientists but as model citizens.” The awards, established by President Clinton in 1996, are coordinated by the Office of Science and Technology Policy within the Executive Office of the President. Awardees are selected for their pursuit of innovative research at the frontiers of science and technology and their commitment to community service as demonstrated through scientific leadership, public education, or community outreach. This year’s recipients are: Department of Agriculture Dr. Laura L. Bellows, Colorado State University Dr. Jonathan G. Lundgren, Agricultural Research Service Dr. Samuel L. Zelinka, U.S. Forest Service Department of Commerce Dr. Jeffrey A. Fagan, National Institute of Standards and Technology Dr. James A. Morris, Jr., National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Dr. Erin M. Oleson, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Dr. David E. Richardson, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Dr. Kartik A. Srinivasan, National Institute of Standards and Technology Dr. Jacob M. Taylor, National Institute of Standards and Technology Department of Defense Dr. Michael S. Arnold, University of Wisconsin at Madison Dr. Jeffrey W. Book, Naval Research Laboratory Dr. Tad T. Brunye, U.S. Army Natick Soldier Research, Development and Engineering Center Dr. Dirk R. Englund, Columbia University Dr. Ali Khademhosseini, Harvard Medical School and Brigham and Women's Hospital Dr. Reuben H. Kraft, U.S. Army Research Laboratory Dr. Tonghun Lee, Michigan State University （韩国延世大学毕业） Dr. Anne J. McNeil, University of Michigan Dr. Aydogan Ozcan, University of California, Los Angeles Dr. Tomas A. Palacios, Massachusetts Institute of Technology Dr. Sumita Pennathur, University of California, Santa Barbara Dr. Kyle M. Shen, Cornell University Dr. Amit Singer, Princeton University Dr. Stephen M. Spottswood, U.S. Air Force Research Laboratory Dr. Joseph M. Teran, University of California, Los Angeles Dr. Lan Yang, Washington University in St. Louis Department of Education Dr. Roy Levy, Arizona State University Department of Energy Dr. Christian W. Bauer, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Dr. Greg Bronevetsky, Lawrence Livemore National Laboratory Dr. Fotini Katopodes Chow, University of California, Berkeley Dr. Carole Dabney-Smith, Miami University Dr. David Erickson, Cornell University Dr. Daniel C. Fredrickson, University of Wisconsin—Madison Dr. Christiane Jablonowski, University of Michigan Dr. Gang Logan Liu, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Dr. Alysia D. Marino, University of Colorado at Boulder Dr. Victoria J. Orphan, California Institute of Technology Dr. Wei-Jun Qian, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory Dr. Evgenya I. Simakov, Los Alamos National Laboratory Dr. Feng Wang, University of California, Berkeley Department of Health and Human Services Dr. Rommie E. Amaro, University of California, Irvine Dr. Sonja M. Best, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases Dr. David T. Breault, Children's Hospital Boston Dr. John S. Brownstein, Children's Hospital Boston Dr. Brian S. Caffo, Johns Hopkins University Dr. Nicola J. Camp, University of Utah Dr. Pierre R. Comizzoli, Smithsonian Institution Dr. Chyke A. Doubeni, University of Massachusetts Medical School Dr. Jose C. Florez, Massachusetts General Hospital and the Broad Institute Dr. James L. Gulley, National Cancer Institute Dr. W. Nicholas Haining, Harvard Medical School Dr. Thomas L. Kash, University of North Carolina School of Medicine Dr. John C. March, Cornell University Dr. Katherine L. O'Brien, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health Dr. Carla M. Pugh, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine Dr. Jamie L. Renbarger, Indiana University Dr. Sara L. Sawyer, University of Texas at Austin Dr. Hari Shroff, National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering Dr. Mary Jo Trepka, Florida International University Dr. Linda E. Wilbrecht, University of California at San Francisco Department of the Interior Dr. Sasha C. Reed, U.S. Geological Survey Dr. David R. Shelly, U.S. Geological Survey Department of Transportation Dr. Kristin C. Lewis, Volpe National Transportation Systems Center Department of Veterans Affairs Dr. Tanya Z. Fischer, Veterans Health Administration Dr. Christine M. Freeman, Veterans Health Administration Dr. B. Price Kerfoot, Veterans Health Administration and Harvard Medical School Dr. Kristina M. Utzschneider, Veterans Health Administration and University of Washington Environmental Protection Agency Dr. Gayle S.W. Hagler, National Risk Management Research Laboratory Dr. David M. Reif, National Center for Computational Toxicology National Aeronautics and Space Administration Dr. Jonathan W. Cirtain, Marshall Space Flight Center Dr. Ian M. Howat, The Ohio State University Dr. Gregory G. Howes, University of Iowa Dr. Benjamin A. Mazin, University of California, Santa Barbara National Science Foundation Dr. Katherine E. Aidala, Mount Holyoke College Dr. Hatice Altug, Boston University Dr. Amir S. Avestimehr, Cornell University Dr. Joshua C. Bongard, University of Vermont Dr. David J. Brumley, Carnegie Mellon University Dr. Elizabeth S. Cochran, U.S. Geological Survey Dr. Noah J. Cowan, Johns Hopkins University Dr. Xiangfeng Duan, University of California, Los Angeles Dr. Michael J. Escuti, North Carolina State University Dr. Demetra C. Evangelou, Purdue University Dr. Benjamin A. Garcia, Princeton University Dr. Tina A. Grotzer, Harvard Graduate School of Education Dr. Lasse Jensen, Pennsylvania State University Dr. Benjamin Kerr, University of Washington Dr. Benjamin L. Lev, Stanford University Dr. Elena G. Litchman, Michigan State University Dr. Yasamin C. Mostofi, University of New Mexico Dr. Lilianne R. Mujica-Parodi, State University of New York at Stony Brook Dr. Andre D. Taylor, Yale University Dr. Claudia R. Valeggia, University of Pennsylvania Dr. Maria G. Westdickenberg, Georgia Institute of Technology Smithsonian Institution Dr. Justin C. Kasper, Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory President Barack Obama greets the 2010 PECASE recipients in the East Room of the White House, Oct. 14, 2011. (Official White House Photo by Pete Souza)
December 5, 2011 (Baltimore, Maryland) — First evidence suggests that new 3-dimensional (3D) home entertainment systems are not dangerous for young people with epilepsy. "The new technology is very unlikely to cause harm," coauthor Gerhard Kluger, MD, from Schn Klinik in Vogtareuth, Germany, told Medscape Medical News , although he cautioned that the results of the study are preliminary and could change with a larger sample and more time in front of the television. One 3D television manufacturer, Samsung, has issued a precautionary warning about the risk. "Some viewers may experience an epileptic seizure or stroke when exposed to flashing images or lights contained in certain television pictures or video games," the company states. The new technology is very unlikely to cause harm. However, first results presented here at the American Epilepsy Society (AES) 65th Annual Meeting are reassuring. Investigators looked at 150 children at risk for epilepsy, including 84 with documented seizures. Only 1 patient had a seizure shortly after watching television. The mean age for the participants was 12 years, and the researchers plan to continue recruiting to about 500 children. Although the new technology does not appear to heighten seizure risk, many of the children in this study watching a 50-inch 3D plasma television with shutter glasses did not like them. A large number, 17%, reported nausea, headache, and dizziness. Table. Reactions to Stimulation (n = 150) Outcome Photostimulation 3D Television Photoparoxysmal reactions 15 0 Photic driving 4 0 Seizure 0 1 Epileptiform activity 0 3 Other unwanted effects 15 26 Three patients with idiopathic generalized epilepsy showed an increase in epileptiform activity, but no clinical signs or discomfort and no subclinical seizures. Seizures provoked by television do not appear to be associated with the technology, according to investigators, but with content such as color, contrast, pattern, and flicker, which are factors that can be problematic on any television. In September, another research team reporting in Seizure also claimed that the risk of triggering an event is not greater with 3D technologies than regular television. "We suggest removing 3D glasses when watching conventional to prevent the eyes from picking up flicker," noted the group, led by Michaella Prasad, MD, from Nottingham University Hospitals in the United Kingdom. "It's very important that we don't overly restrict children with epilepsy," Dr. Kluger said. "They need to do as much as possible and enjoy normal lives." 来源： http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/754797
New words in this news article: 1. ITTF : international table tennis federation 2. it's Liu Shiwen and Wang Yuegu who posted an increase in the rankings after having a surprisingly good performance recently. 3. Joo Se Hyuk : Zhu Shi-He 4. elite: n.精英 In addition, Dimitrij Ovtcharov finally landed in the elite group of table tennis players replacing the Belorusian veteran Samsonov . 5. As for the leaders, Ma Long and Ding Ning retains the top spot in the Men and Women division s (分区)respectively. 6. ITTF Pro Tour Grand Finals 7. paddler: n. 涉水者, 涉泥浆者, 划独木舟者 paddle: v.划桨,戏水,抚弄; n.桨,划桨,明轮翼 8. The reigning ( adj. 统治的, 在位的, 本届的, ) Olympic champion Ma Lin is now on his worst position since eleven years ago in number 7. 9. Ma Lin actually dropped two places since the previous ranking in 2627 points. 10. From being in the third spot, Zhang Jike stepped up to number two overtaking Wang Hao. 11. compatriot: n.同国人,同胞,同事 --------------- assessment: n.评价,评估,评定 Zhang Jike is now one title away for the grand slam and the London Olympics Singles title will complete such dream. Zhang Jike said that he extremely values his battles with Ma Long.
Ma Long wants to return to London next year Patrick Tan Nov. 29, 2011, 4:54 a.m. Spread the love for Table Tennis! In the evening of November 27 in London, Ma Long defeated Zhang Jike in five sets and eventually nailed his third ITTF Pro Tour championship title in his career. In an interview after the match, Ma Long acknowledged the strength of Zhang Jike and explained the crucial part in their match. In addition, Ma Long remained humble and realistic after being undefeated for the last four months. Lastly, Ma Long wishes to return into the arena next year. "The first two Grand Finals took place after the Beijing Olympics. So the impact of the training for those competitions was much lesser. Now that the 2011 season was just before the London Olympics, it only means that my achievement this year is much more important." Ma Long said. In this season's Grand Finals, Ma Long met Zhang Jike for the third time this year. In all three occasions from Suzhou, Austria and now in London, Ma Long enjoyed victory. "We encountered a number of times recently. I must say that the previous two competitions were crucial and hard. There were still tension and pressure in those matches. This time, I can say that the match came easier for me than the previous ones," Ma Long said. After the final match, Ma Long acknowledged the strength of Zhang Jike as an opponent and stressed out the crucial part in the match. "Our levels were considerably equal. I guess what is the most important part in winning was the right usage of tactical strategies," Ma Long added. After winning the Grand Finals, Ma Long just completed his last four months as undefeated and has won six singles titles. Despite this amazing performance, Ma Long managed to remain humble and was realistic enough to say that he will soon taste defeat. "Actually I didn't mean for that to happen and I know that sooner or later that I will also lose. So I try to put down all the unnecessary burdens and try to play one match at a time," Ma Long responded. We all know that the ITTF Pro Tour Grand Finals would be the closest thing to the real London Olympics so everyone just put their best foot forward and Ma Long was no different from them. "I wanted to participate in the competition this time not only for the Olympic venue but to achieve the Olympic feeling and condition. I just hope that I would be able to return in this venue next year." Ma Long concluded.
Best-Places-To-Work-Academia2011 .pdf 原文链接： http://the-scientist.com/2011/07/01/best-places-to-work-academia-2011/ 重庆医科大学检验系牛智通初译 + 四川大学生物治疗国家重点实验室陈铁林校正。水平有限请大家指正。 Best Places to Work Academia, 2011 2011 年最适宜工作的地方之学术篇 Whether it’s attending a Scottish dance party or asking physics buffs to custom build your tools, researchers at this year’s top institutions are getting creative at work. 无论是参加一个苏格兰的舞会或者是让一个物理学家定制你所需的工具，这些来自今年排名靠前的研究组织中的研究人员在工作中正变得更具有创造力。 By The Scientist Staff | July 1, 2011 For many researchers, it’s important to love not just their work, but also their workplace. A productive research environment—and a fun, casual atmosphere to alleviate the stress of doing science—is a commonly cited plus of the institutions, both small and large, that topped our 9th annual Best Places to Work in Academia survey. 对于很多的研究者来说，除了爱上他们的工作，并且也爱上他们工作的环境这点很重要。一个多产的研究环境同时伴一个有趣的，随意的氛围来减轻研究者的压力的工作环境，在我们第九次年度最佳科研工作机构调查中排名前列的机构中，大机构和小机构，工作环境是通常是其被表扬的原因。 From year to year, institutions that garner the highest ranks are home to a relatively small number of researchers. Part of their strength lies in a strong sense of collegiality and the attention provided to researchers’ needs . The University of Dundee in Scotland, ranked #6 among international institutions this year, creates an atmosphere that is as playful as it is rigorous. Once a year, life scientists leave the lab for a weekend retreat to party in true Scottish style—with whisky, kilts, and exuberant dancing that leaves participants sore for days afterward. Though the university employs fewer than 500 full-time life science researchers （全职的生命科学研究者） , a collaborative research environment aids the development of special programs, such as a group of scientists that helps spot potential drug targets across labs and translate them into medicines. 每年得分最高的机构对少数研究人员来说是家。机构的部分能力在于对共同管理和对研究人员需求关注有强烈的意识。在苏格兰的 Dundee 大学在今年的全球科研机构排名中排在第六。它创造了一个像它一样严格的俏皮气氛。每年都有一次生命科学家离开实验室一周参与正宗苏格兰风情的派对：喝着威士忌酒，穿着苏格兰方格呢短裙，跳起充满活力的舞蹈，以至于他们在活动后会全身酸痛好几天。虽然这个大学雇佣的全职生命科学研究者少于 500 人，但是一种相互合作的研究环境推动了某个特别项目的发展。例如一个项目组的科学家可以借助于整个实验室的努力准确定位出潜在的药物作用靶点并且把它制成药物。 Because of their small size, many of the top-ranked institutions are also nimble . Rather than isolating researchers in individual laboratories, they literally knock down the walls to encourage collaboration. Both the University of Dundee and the #1-ranked US institution, the J. David Gladstone Institutes in San Francisco, have built their laboratories with an open plan that they say cross-fertilizes their science. Gladstone researchers also take advantage of the expertise at major institutions in close proximity to their campus. 因为规模相对小一些，所以很多排名靠前的机构都很灵活。他们完全的敲除不同实验室间的阻隔来鼓励相互之间的合作，而不是把研究者限制在自己的实验室里面。 Dundee 大学和排名第一的美国研究所，位于旧金山的 J. David Gladstone 研究所都有开放性计划来建设他们的实验室，说是杂交他们的科学。 Gladstone 的研究者也利用他们园区附近大机构的专业技术。 Though large universities can rarely offer their researchers the camaraderie that comes from a small, tight-knit community, their size provides access to high-end resources. Enterprising life scientists at West Virginia University, this year’s #20 US institution, take advantage of their school’s breadth of brainpower by tapping colleagues in the physics department to build custom tools they need. Large universities can also offer financial security, though no institution, large or small, has been immune to the recent decline in US federal funding. But with private institutions, pharma companies, and even non-US governments, fronting a larger proportion of research dollars—as in this year’s top international place to work, the Weizmann Institute of Science—institutions have kept research running smoothly in the face of economic adversity. Read more about the unique qualities of our winning institutions on the following pages. —Edyta Zielinska 虽然大的大学很少能提供研究者一个和较小紧密联系团体拥有的同志情谊环境。但它能提供获得高级资源的机会。 West Virginia 大学在今年在美国的机构中排在第 20 位。它们富有进取精神的生命科学家利用学校物理学院同事渊博的智慧来定制他们自己所需要的工具。不管大机构还是小机构都受到了最近美国联邦财政支持降低的影响，但是大的大学能提供财政安全。但是私立机构，制药公司，甚至像今年最佳工作地国际排名第一的 Weizmann 科学研究所等，这样需要大量研究资金的非美国政府研究机构却在面对经济逆境时维持了研究平稳运行。 阅读下面几页可以了解这些成功应对危机的机构的独特气质所在。 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Communal Science At The Gladstone Institutes （共享科学在 The Gladstone Institutes ） No.1 in USA 在美国排名第一 The J. David Gladstone Institutes, this year’s #1 US institution, is no newcomer to Best Places to Work in Academia, having ranked in the survey’s top 10 for the past six years in a row. Researchers cite its central location, which enables fruitful partnerships with neighboring institutions; access to cutting-edge equipment in communal core facilities; and shared research space as reasons Gladstone has consistently ranked as a top-notch research institution. 今年在美国机构中位列榜首的 J. David Gladstone 研究所并非第一次摘得美国最适宜工作的地方的桂冠了，他已经连续 6 年保持在前 10 名内。研究人员表彰了它的中心定位：即与邻近机构构建富有成效的伙伴关系，在公共核心设施上，获得尖端设备，合理的共享研究空间。这些都坚实地使 Gladstone 成为一流的研究机构。 Steven Kauder (right) and Eric Verdin examine HIV DNA in the Flow Cytometry Lab at this year's #1 US institution, The J. David Gladstone Institutes. Steven Kauder （右）和 Eric Verdin 在今年美国机构排名第一的 J. David Gladstone 所，流式细胞仪实验室检测 HIVDNA 。 Gladstone | C. Goodfellow In 2004, the Gladstone Institutes, composed of three separate entities focused on different diseases, moved from San Francisco General Hospital to the University of California, San Francisco, campus in Mission Bay, just two miles down the road. The move put Gladstone not only in a shiny new building, but also “physically at the exact midpoint of five major institutions,” says stem cell and cardiovascular scientist Bruce Conklin—a real boon to research, enabling many collaborations and shared resources. 在 2004 年，由以不同的疾病为研究重点的三个独立实体组成的 Gladstone 研究所从旧金山总医院搬迁到了离路只有两公里的旧金山加利福尼亚大学米森湾校区。搬迁不仅让 Gladstone 有了一个新的闪亮的大楼，而且位于五大主要机构的中点上，这实在是一个恩赐，这给了许多合作和共享资源，从事干细胞和心血管研究的科学家 Bruce Conklin 说。 This dense concentration of researchers also provides fertile opportunities for scientific think tanks and symposia. Last year, Gladstone virologist Eric Verdin, along with scientists from two nearby institutions, founded the Bay Area Aging Meeting, which meets every six months, drawing some 150 researchers who gather for postdoc and graduate student research talks and focused aging-related discussions. “We benefit enormously from the rich and collaborative environment of the San Francisco Bay area,” Verdin says. 这种密集的研究人员同样给科学智囊团和专题讨论会提供了大量的机会。去年 Gladstone 的病毒学家 Eric Verdin 创办了 Bay Area Aging Meeting ，它每半年举办一次，吸引了约 150 名研究人员来做博士后和研究生研究会谈，并重点进行衰老有关的讨论。 “我们从旧金山米森湾区的丰富和协作的环境中获益良多” Verdin 说。 Gladstone also encourages collaboration among its own scientists, with large, open rooms containing as many as 90 lab benches, shared equipment stations, and cozy enclaves lining the walls for coffee breaks and casual conversation. “ The only reason you know you’re in one person’s lab or the other is looking at a name above the bench,” says Verdin. 一个大的房间里有可容纳 90 人的条凳，有共享的设备，可以靠着墙壁喝咖啡和非正式讨论的舒适地方， Gladstone 同样用这种方式来鼓励它们自己科学家之间的合作。“你只能通过看板凳上的名字来确定你自己是在你自己的实验室还是其他的实验室” Verdin 说。 And with a research staff of just 300, there’s never a wait for access to Gladstone’s eight core facilities, which provide services such as flow cytometry, microarray analysis, and transgenic mouse lines. “The core has enabled technologies that have catapulted my career,” says Conklin. “Had I been at another institution, I wouldn’t be doing this work.” —Hannah Waters 因为只有 300 名员工，你从来都不用为使用 Gladstone 的八大设备中心而等待，这些设备提供了像流式细胞仪，芯片分析服务和转基因小鼠线等服务。“干细胞中心有极大促进我研究的新技术” Conklin 说。“如果我是在其它的研究所里面，我将做不了这项工作” Hannah Waters 说。 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Public, Popular, and Proud 公立，流行与荣耀 It didn’t take long for Elena Pugacheva to learn about—and take advantage of—the perks that come with working at a large public university. Shortly after leaving her position at a private cancer center to accept a faculty job at West Virginia University, this year’s #20 US institution, she needed a new, specialized ultrasound machine for her research on cell proliferation in tumor cells. Rather than outsourcing the job to a private company, members of the physics department across campus helped build it. This kind of cross-disciplinary aid was something that simply wasn’t available at the cancer center, she says. “You didn’t have an in-house department that could do that. It’s a big plus here.” 对于 Elena Pugacheva 来说没有花太长的时间来了解和利用在大的公立大学工作所获得的馈赠。她离开一个私人的癌症研究所并在今年排在第 20 位的 West Virginia 大学找到了一份教师工作后不久，她需要要一个新的，专门的超声波设备来从事她有关肿瘤细胞增殖的研究。这个超声设备是由学校物理系成员帮助建造的而不是外包给私人公司。这种多学科的帮助在癌症研究所是没有的，她说：“你的机构内没有部门可以做到。但在这儿却可以，这是一个很大的优势” Large public universities make up a quarter of the top 40 US institutions ranked in this year’s Best Places to Work in Academia. And it’s easy to see why: researchers like Pugacheva praise the ease of collaboration, involvement in departmental decisions, solid support of life science research, and importantly, relative shelter from the financial crunch of the last several years. 在今年的最适宜工作的地方之学术篇的前 40 位研究机构中，公立学校占了四分之一左右。并且可以很明显的看出其原因所在——像 Pugacheva 这样的研究者都称赞这种容易的协作，参与部门决策，对生命科学研究的坚实支持，并且重要的是，在 过去几年财政紧缩的情况下也给予相应的保障。 When Kevin Glenn , a clinician and researcher at the University of Iowa, #31 on this year’s US list, experienced a delay in federal funding last year , his department stepped in and covered his expenses. “They just said, ‘We said we were going to support you, and we’re going to support you,’” says Glenn. “They didn’t bat an eye. They had the resources to do it.” Iowa 大学今年位列美国机构第 31 位， Kevin Glenn 是该大学的一名临床医师和研究员。当 Kevin Glenn 去年遭遇联邦资金延期时，他的部门介入了并且填补了他的开支。“他们只是说‘我们曾经答应过要支持你，所以我们现在要支持你’” Glenn 说。“他们甚至都没有眨眼睛，他们有能力做到” In addition, as National Institutes of Health funding becomes scarcer, having part of your salary guaranteed by a public university relieves the stress of constantly going after grants to ensure a full paycheck , says Kelly Standifer, chair of the department of pharmaceutical sciences at the University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, this year’s #14 US institution. “There’s a little bit less pressure,” says Standifer, who has worked at public institutions since 1995. “You feel like you are able to conduct all facets of your —teaching and research—without having to shortchange one of those.” —Megan Scudellari 另外，随着国家卫生研究所的资金变的紧缺，公立大学对你薪水的部分保证减轻了你持续跟踪基金来确保拿到全额工资的压力，今年美国机构排名 14 位的 Oklahoma 大学健康科学中心药物学部门负责人 Kelly Standifer 说。他从 1995 年开始就在公立机构工作，“还是有一点点压力，你觉得你可以处理你工作的各个方面，无论是教学还是科研，两者均能兼顾。” ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Scottish Hospitality at the University of Dundee No.6 international Dundee 大学的苏格兰式好客 国际机构排名第六位 The annual retreat of the College of Life Sciences at the University of Dundee, #6 on this year’s international list, kicks off with a vigorous Scottish country party known as a Céilidh, where faculty and students representing more than 50 nationalities/ break a sweat while attempting traditional dance moves that leave muscles aching. In addition to being an excuse to drink whisky and wear kilts, the team dance encourages the camaraderie that Dundee researchers cite as one of the reasons they love working there. Dundee 大学在今年排名第 6 。其生命科学院的年假以 一场轰轰烈烈的苏格兰乡村派对拉开序幕。这个派对就是有名的 Céilidh ，舞会上教授和学生代表了 50 多个国家。除了有理由喝威士忌和穿苏格兰短裙，团队舞促进了 Dundee 大学研究人员所赞赏的合作情谊，这也是他们喜欢在那里工作的原因之一。 The Harris Building, University of Dundee Wikipedia Set in the idyllic town of Dundee on the eastern coast of Scotland, the College boasts a world-class life sciences research community. With no doors or walls to keep them separate, its nearly 500 full-time researchers toil away in open laboratories within eyesight of each other. “We’re a high-powered research environment in a low-pressure living environment,” says Dean of Research Mike Ferguson . 设立在苏格兰东海岸有着田园式风格的 Dundee 大学以有一个国际化的生命科学研究交流为傲。没有了门和墙的分隔，近 500 名全职的研究人员在一个一眼就可以看到对方的开放式实验室里辛勤工作。“我们这里是在低生活压力环境中的高效率研究环境”研究系主任 Mike Ferguson 如是说。 In 2006, Ferguson led the effort to set up a one-of-a-kind drug discovery unit at the College. The 30-person team performs costly processes such as drug screening to help academics identify and develop drug targets, providing the College with a translational engine that “doesn’t exist in most universities,” he says. “We’re very aware that where possible, we should be thinking about new targets for drugs,” adds John Rouse, a Dundee biochemist who discovered the SLX4 family of DNA repair enzymes. 2006 年在 Ferguson 的努力下一个独一无二的药物发觉小组在学校设立。这个 30 人的团队干着很花功夫的工作，例如他们要甄别药物来帮助学院 鉴定 和发展药物靶点。他们的工作为学校提供了一个其它大多数学校不存在的转化引擎。“我们很清楚这一点，只要有可能，我们就应该为药物想新的作用靶点” Dundee 的生化学家 John Rouse 补充说。他发现了 DNA 修复酶的 SLX4 家族。 The College is also home to the Centre for Anatomy and Human Identification, which specializes in forensic anthropology and human identification. The Centre has participated in relief efforts for global disasters such as the 2004 Asian tsunami, and more recently, helped secure a number of high-profile pedophile convictions. 学校同样是 解剖与人类鉴定中心的所在地。中心是专门从事法医人类学和人体识别。这个中心已经参与了多次全球的灾害救灾工作，像 2004 年的亚洲海啸，并且最近他们还帮助一些有严重恋童癖的人定罪。 In the past decade, the university has spun out more than 20 companies that have generated some 500 jobs in the city of Dundee alone, earning the respect of the local community. Dundee’s taxi drivers “say they know all about the College of Life Sciences and that they’re very proud of it,” says geneticist Irwin McLean, who found a genetic link between allergies, asthma, and eczema. (See his article, “The Allergy Gene,” The Scientist, December 2010.) —Cristina Luiggi 在过去的几十年中，这所大学已经衍生出 20 多家公司，但是他们就给 Dundee 提供了 500 个工作岗位，得到了当地民众的尊重。 Dundee 的出租车司机说：“他们知道关于生命科学院的所有事情，并以它为傲”遗传学家 Irwin McLean 说到。 Irwin McLean 发现了过敏，哮喘和湿疹与遗传有一定的关联。 ( 详见：“ The Allergy Gene ，” The Scientist, December 2010.)--- Cristina Luiggi --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- What Economic Crisis? 什么经济危机？ Although the US government remains the biggest funder of life science research in the United States, grants from private institutions and industry collaborations are outpacing the growth in government dollars, and supporting many of this year’s top institutions during this time of economic hardship. 尽管在美国政府任然是生命科学研究最大的基金机构，但是来自私立机构和产业合作的课题经费正在超过政府资金的增长，在这个经济困难时期支持了很多今年排名前列的研究机构。 For example, at this year’s #1 US institution, the J. David Gladstone Institutes in San Francisco, money from the hard-hit National Institutes of Health (NIH) makes up less of the research funding pie than in previous years, with pharmaceutical and biotech collaborations, Department of Defense funding, and philanthropic donations from William K. Bowes Jr., Tad Taube, and the like comprising larger slices. Gladstone spokesperson Jeanette Borzo expects the trend to continue, with private philanthropic funding rising from its present level of 14 percent of the operating budget to as much as 25 percent in 2015. 例如今年美国排名第一的位于旧金山的 J. David Gladstone 研究所。随着制药和生物技术的合作，国防经费，来自William K. Bowes Jr., Tad Taube的慈善捐款和类似的经费，占总经费的大部分，来自NIH的科研经费比例比前几年的少了。 Gladstone 的发言人 Jeanette Borzo 预计这一趋势仍将继续，私人慈善经费将从现在占运营预算的 14% 到 2015 年上升到 25% 。 The 3rd-ranked US institution, the Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center in Seattle, Washington, has also benefited from increases in private funding—mainly from the Bill Melinda Gates Foundation—which outpaced increases in federal funding. Similarly, the Carnegie Institution for Science, whose Stanford branches ranked 4th among US institutions this year, received hefty grants from the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation and the Alfred P. Sloan Foundation that helped faculty members “spread their wings” and start entirely new research projects, according to Carnegie spokesperson Susanne Garvey. 美国排名第 3 的位于华盛顿西雅图的 Fred Hutchinson 癌症研究中心同样受益于私人基金的增加。这些私人基金大多数来自 Bill Melinda Gates 基金会，它提供的经费已经超过了联邦资金的增长 。相似的， 卡内基科学研究所（其在斯坦福的分支在今年美国机构排名第 4 ）得到了来自 Gordon and Betty Moore 基金会和 Alfred P. Sloan 基金会的巨额支持。这些经费给了研究人员展翅飞翔的机会和启动全新的研究项目，卡耐基的发言人 Susanne Garvey 如是说。 Outside the United States, Israel’s Weizmann Institute of Science, the #1 institution on this year’s international list, has received increasing support from Israeli and European Union funding sources, offsetting a 6 percent drop in US government funding since 2007, according to Vice President Haim Garty. “As a result, the total grant money not only did not decrease during the economic crisis, but actually increased by as much as 20 percent since 2007,” he says in an e-mail. These funds, together with sharing of internal resources at the institution, helped “enable continuity of high-quality research in rough periods.” —Bob Grant 美国之外，在国际机构排名第一的以色列 Weizmann Institute of Science 得到了来自以色列和欧盟持续增长的资金支持。 Vice President Haim Garty 说 , 这些支持资金弥补了自 2007 年以来美国政府减少的 6% 。“最后的结果是总的补助资金量非但没有在经济危机中减少反而自 2007 年以来还增加了 20% ”， Vice President Haim Garty 通过电子邮件说。 Bob Grant 说，“这些资金和机构内部共享资源一起让高质量的研究工作在恶劣的时期得以持续” 。 Best-Places-To-Work-Academia2011 .pdf
My work: Discussion on Mass in a Gravitational Field has been published on International Journal of Physics, 2013, Vol. 1, No. 5, 110-114 http://pubs.sciepub.com/ijp/1/5/3/index.html The work proposes: Mass of an object decreases with it close to the center of a gravitational field . △U = △mc^2 Where U is potential energy, m is mass, c is light speed We wish the hypothesis provides some ideas for the gravitational singularity, and make the meaning of gravity more accessible. For three years, I really appreciate that many Editors help to improve my work, and sincerely thank for that scientists worldwide examine my work carefully, their opinions are very precious, and have led to significant improvements. I must say thanks again. I respond editors, and try to explore the prospect of the work so that motivate new ideas. 1. The conclusion originates in from gravitational field, in view of E=△mc^2 can be applied to chemical reactions and nuclear reaction, the E equal to change of potential energy, thus, the conclusion might be extended to electromagnetic force, weak force and even nuclear force, and explain the source of mass loss. If it is the fundamental law of the universe, it might help us to understand the physical world and explore the origin of mass and the nature of field. People always want to use one theory to describe the microscopic world and the macroscopic world. 2. Why the universe is homogeneous on large scales? Why does the matter not concentrate to some point? What are the quasars? How their extraordinary redshift come about? We wonder if MF could answer some of the issues. A super massive star has powerful gravitational field which will cause time dilation and distance extending (light speed remains c), radiation capacity of the star declines, when it collapses, it will hardly luminous (a black hole). We think that observations of far infrared band might be conducive to study of black holes, the singularity might be not. MF indicates that matter cannot go through the schwarzschild radius in the form of mass, it might be a bad news for the big bang. 3. Subatomic particle cannot be seen. There is a lot of puzzle in the field. MF might provide a new research tool in the field. For example, like the advance of the Mercury's perihelion, MF indicates that spectrum theory has a tiny error with the actual, especially in ultraviolet band. MF might be provided a new equation for the research of the fine structure of atomic spectrum，and takes into account the fine structure of atomic spectrum in magnetic field or electric field. The Standard Model deviate tests at high energy region. MF might be more obvious in strong interaction. We look forward to explore some non-accelerators, for example, some physical and chemical experiments in a strong electric field or in the border of the electric field. We think that two magnets attract and close each other. A certain external work can be supplied in the process. Mass of the magnets would be decreased if a balance is accurate enough. 4. We spent ten years studying moving clocks. Two clocks (327.68 MHz Oven Controlled Crystal Oscillators) were installed on both ends of a revolving bar. The two clock signals were transmitted into a mixer in the middle of the bar to get a beat frequency (53Hz). The sine wave of the beat frequency was adjusted to a square wave. A high speed counter (80MHz) was used to count the width of the square waves. When the bar rotated in a horizontal plane on the ground, the count values were always the same in different directions (Earth magnetic field is shielded, the clocks are not interfered). The results indicate that there is no difference between the clocks . The results have nothing to do with the speed of the earth in the universe. In view of a lot of high precision experiments at various elevations nowadays, we think that physics laws are the same in all reference systems is sustainable. Experiments at different gravitational radius should get the same charge to mass ratio. Thus, the elementary charge should decrease in a gravitational field. MF is universal, the elementary charge also should decrease in a electric field. In other words, the process that an electron enters a nucleus, will cause two changes. First, their respective mass decrease. Second, their respective charges decrease. Changes in mass can be verified from the mass-energy equation. Decrease of elementary charge in a gravitational field can explain the gravitational redshift. Exploratory experiment: change of atomic energy level can be observed when a electric field is applied atoms of a receiver of a Mossbauer spectrometer (The atoms should embed in surface of a ceramic). 5. The detection of gravitational waves: If MF can unify the four fundamental forces, research of gravitational waves can use achievements of electromagnetic waves and greatly amplify the research process . We suggest increasing the size of gravitational wave detectors. Perhaps we will become accustomed to study gravitational field from outside, as with electromagnetic waves. An experiment as fig. 4 in my work is significant. It might be a method of research gravitational waves indirectly. The direct method is two mass close and separate at a high-speed. The experiment might be used to measure the radiation efficiency of gravitational waves, so as to determine the dynamic equation in a gravitational field. Once we have carried out a test. A gyro is installed lying on a rotary table. Two motors are used, the one (M1) drives the rotary table revolves, the other one (M2) drives the gyro spin (it is necessary, a gyro will lose speed fast when direction of its axis is forced to change). The power dissipation that the two motors are powered on simultaneously is P12. Next, M1 is powered on, M2 motionless, the power dissipation is P1. Then, M2 is powered on, M1 motionless, the power dissipation is P2. We can obtain P12=6(P1+P2). The difference of power dissipation is great. The coppery gyro does not heat. Where the lost energy go? Of course, the test is still very primitive. 6. Exploration of gravity: Based on MF, an object is attracted by gravity, because its microscopic particles trend to lower state and release energy. People expect to reduce gravity in some way, for example, local spatial structure would be changed by a strong electric field, or the quantum level of the particles would be increased by ultra low temperature, and other ways. We think: a meteorite is captured by a gravitational field, and an electron is captured by an atom. Both of them send out light, and mass of the two systems have reduced. The both might be the same thing if the rule of quantization were not enforced. Perhaps, people could reduce gravity after fully understand the gravity some day. 7. Exploration of ultra-low temperature: Based on MF, atoms would lose a part of mass and release energy when they enter into a electric field, when the energy has been released, suddenly, dropping the electric field, the atoms need add mass and absorb heat, it is possible to achieve or overstep the absolute zero. 8. Light and electromagnetic fields: We have tried a number of experiments, and have found that various clocks (oscillators) are strongly affected in an electric or magnetic field. We guess that the light speed slows down in a glass relate to the atomic electric field, and all field will change the light speed and directions.. We wish to study light speed in a strong electric or magnetic field, and the principle of Michelson-Morley experiment may be referred. 9. Example device: a. scan of the gravitational field: a high-frequency oscillator keep synchronized with satellite signal (voltage-controlled oscillator, divider, phase comparator, feedback), the high-frequency signal and another local high-frequency signal are fed into a mixer, and the output beat note signal could be monitored by a mixer. The device can be placed on a ship to scan the gravitational field of the earth. b. A number of laser beams are adjusted, electric field in local space are superimposed and delayed, to explore to reduce the ignition energy of nuclear fusion. c . Mf indicates strong electric field or strong magnetic field can decrease the energy of combination reaction or temperature, this might have a wide range of applications. Etc. The relevant principle shall not be used for any military purposes. The work also appears on http://www.paper.edu.cn/index.php/default/releasepaper/content/201012-174 And http://vixra.org/abs/1011.0075 △U=△mc^2 U-势能，m-质量，c-光速 我们试图回应编辑，展望一设想前景以激发新的 思路。 1. 这一设想来自于引力场，鉴于 E=△mc^2 适用于化学反应和核反应，这里 E 等于势能的变化，因此，这一设想有可能推广到电磁力、弱力甚至核力，从而解释质量亏损的根源。如果这是自然界的基本规律，有利于人们理解物质世界，探索质量起源和场的本质。长久以来，人们想用一个理论描述微观粒子和宏观天体 。 2. 为什么宇宙在大尺度下是均匀的，而不是向某些点集中？类星体到底是什么？它们的超常红移是如何产生的？我们思考MF能否解答其中一些问题。超大质量的恒星具有强大的引力场，这使得其附近时间变慢和距离变长(光速仍然为c)，其辐射能量能力下降，如果进一步坍塌，亦或不能发光(黑洞)，远红外波段观测或许利于研究黑洞，中心 不会有 奇点。MF预示物质不能以质量形式穿越史瓦西半径，对大爆炸也许不是个好消息。 3. 亚原子粒子不可见，这一研究领域疑难很多。MF有可能做为微观研究的一种办法。例如，类似于水星近日点的进动，MF预示光谱理论与实际有微小的偏差特别是紫外波段。MF有可能提供一个新方程研究原子光谱的精细结构，同时考虑到磁场或电场中原子光谱的精细结构。标准模型在高能区发生偏离，MF在强相互作用中有可能更加明显。我们期望探索一些非加速器试验，例如，强电场或其边缘的一些物理或化学实验。我们思考：两块磁铁吸合靠近，这一过程对外做功，磁铁的总质量应该减小，如果一个天平足够精确。 4 . 我们 花费十年时间研究地面运动的 钟，两只时钟(327.68 MHz恒温晶体振荡器)安装在一个旋杆的两端，两路信号传输到中点的混频器从而得到53Hz的拍频信号。正弦波拍频信号被整形成方波，一个80MHz的高速计数器用来计数方波的宽度。当旋杆在地面水平旋转时，不同方向得到的计数值相同（屏蔽地球磁场以不干扰时钟）。结果表明：这两只时钟是没有差异的，与地球在宇宙中的运动无关。 考虑当今许多高精度实验不在同一海拔高度，我们认为“物理规律在所有参考系中都相同”是可信的。不同引力半径的实验应该得到相同的荷质比。那么，基本电荷在重力场中减小了。MF具有普遍性，那么电荷在电场中也减小。换句话说，电子进入原子核这一过程，有两个变化，首先，它们各自的质量减小了，其次，它们各自的电荷也减小了。质量变化可以从质能方程得到证实。引力场中电荷减小可以解释引力红移。探索性实验：利用穆斯堡尔谱仪，施加电场于其接受原子，以观察原子能级的变化(接受原子嵌入陶瓷 表面)。 5. 引力波探索：如果MF有助于统一4种基本力，引力波研究可以借鉴电磁波成果，加速其研究进展。我们建议增加引力波探测器的尺度。也许，我们将逐渐习惯从引力场之外研究它，就像对待电磁波一样。文章中图4的实验很有意义，这可能是一种间接研究引力波的方法，更直接的方法是两个质量块高速靠近和分离。这一实验可以测定引力波辐射效率，从而确定引力场动态方程。我们当年的一个试验尝试：一个陀螺横躺着安装在回转台上。用两个电机，一个电机(M1)驱动回转台旋转，另一个电机(M2)同轴驱动陀螺旋转(这是必要的，改变陀螺方向会导致陀螺急剧减速)。两个电机同时通电总功耗为P12。接下来，仅其中一个电机供电（另一个静止），两个电机的功耗为P2+P2，则：P12=6(P1+P2)。这种功耗差异是很大，铜质陀螺并不发热，这些能量哪里去了？当然，这个实验还很简陋。 6. 重力探索：基于MF，物体被重力场吸引，因为它的微观粒子具有向低能态跃迁的趋势，并释放能量。人们希望尝试减小重力。例如，用强电场改变空间结构，超低温加大微观粒子的量子能级，等等。我们思考：一个陨石被重力场俘获，一个电子被原子俘获，两者都会发光，质量都会减少，这也许是一回事，如果量子化规则不起作用。也许人们充分了解引力后可以减轻重力。 7. 超低温探索：基于MF，原子在电场中要丢失部分质量且释放多余的能量，等待能量释放后，这时，突然撤去电场，由于原子要补充质量，吸收热量，有可能实现或超越绝对0度。 8. 光与电磁场：我们尝试过一些实验：电场或磁场强烈地影响各种时钟(振荡器)，猜想光速在玻璃中变慢与原子电场有关，并且所有的场都会改变光速和方向。我们希望进行强电场或磁场与光速的实验，原理可参考 Michelson-Morley 实验。 9. 装置举例： a. 重力场扫描，高频振荡器保持和卫星信号同步(压控振荡器，分频，相位比较，反馈)，此高频信号和本地高频振荡器被送入混频器，监测混频输出。放在轮船上可以扫描地球重力场。 b. 调整多束激光，实现局部空间的电场的叠加和延时，探索降低核聚变点火能量。C. Mf 预示强电场或强磁场可降低化合反应能量或温度，这方面可能有着广泛的应用。等等。有关原理不得用于军事目的。 ) ******** I do not know how to choose a journal. I show some of comments for reference. Perhaps, the valuable comments can help us to think about some issues. Some results in 2011 Initial Data Submitted 27 Jul 2011(We omit the submission process). Editor's decision: 22 Sep 2011 Dear Dr. Zhan Likui, I have received the decision from the Editor on your manuscript, IJTP5102 Is Mass Constant in a Gravitational Field? We thank you for your kind offer to let us publish your manuscript, but regret to inform you that we have decided not to accept your offer. The paper did not undergo technical review and is not being declined for any technical error. We wish you every success in finding an alternative place of publication. With best regards, International Journal of Theoretical Physics ( ) Editor in Chief ******** Submission Data 26th January 2011 (We appreciate the improvements that the Editors have proposed ). Editor's decision: 7th March 2011 Dear Dr Likui, Many thanks for your submission to Scientific Reports. However, we regret that we cannot consider it for publication. Thank you for the opportunity to consider your work. I am sorry that we cannot be more positive on this occasion. Best regards, ( ) Editorial Board Member Scientific Reports ******** Early comments: In the present case, we appreciate that your study of gravitation may provoke useful discussion with others working in this area of physics. But I regret that we are unable to conclude that the paper provides the sort of solid conceptual advance in scientific understanding that we look for, for publication in Nature Physics -- one that would be likely to excite the immediate interest of researchers in a broad range of other areas of physics. We therefore feel that the present paper would find a more appropriate outlet in a specialist journal, rather than Nature Physics. I am sorry that we cannot respond more positively, and I hope that you will rapidly receive a more favourable response elsewhere. Yours sincerely ( ) Chief Editor, Nature Physics ******** Dear Dr. LiKui, We regret to inform you that the above referenced manuscript is not considered suitable for publication in the Physical Review. As a family of research journals, the Physical Review publishes articles in which significant advances in physics are reported. Such advances must be placed in the context of recent developments in research. There is no discussion in your manuscript of how this work relates to other current physics research and adequate references to the recent research literature are lacking. Your manuscript therefore is too pedagogical for the Physical Review. We must suggest that you submit it to another, more suitable journal. Yours sincerely, ( ) Physical Review A ********I append a referee to respond to our readers:******** Submission Data 01-Oct-2010 Dear Dr. Likui, Your manuscript entitled Is Mass Constant in a Gravitational Field? has been successfully submitted online and is presently being given full consideration for publication in Annalen der Physik. Your manuscript number is andp.201000128. Please mention this number in all future correspondence regarding this submission. You can view the status of your manuscript at any time by checking your Author Center after logging into http://mc.manuscriptcentral.com/andp . If you have difficulty using this site, please click the 'Get Help Now' link at the top right corner of the site. Thank you for submitting your manuscript to Annalen der Physik. Sincerely, ( ) Editorial Office, Annalen der Physik Editor's decision: 8-Nov-2010 Dear Dr. Likui, I write you in regards to Manuscript ID andp.201000128 entitled Is Mass Constant in a Gravitational Field? which you submitted to Annalen der Physik. In view of the criticisms found at the bottom of this letter, your manuscript has been definitely denied publication in Annalen der Physik. Thank you for considering Annalen der Physik for the publication of your research. Sincerely, ( ) Editor, Annalen der Physik REFEREE(S)' COMMENTS TO AUTHOR: Reviewer: 1 Comments to the Author (note this will be transmitted to the Author) The paper is incorrect and mixes up a number of concepts. (i) The rest mass is a local concept in special relativity. For particle with nonzero rest mass, in the locality of any world point (4-dimentional space-time point), general relativity reduced to special relativity, and one could use special relativity to treat problems. In special relativity, one is allowed to use any noninertial frame to treat any problem according to convenience. In special relativity, rest mass of a particle is constant and rest mass of photon is constrained by experiments to be nearly zero (See, Photon and Graviton Mass Limits by Alfred Scharff Goldhaber and Michael Martin Nieto, Rev. Mod. Phys. 82, 939-979 (2010)). (ii) Another concept is energy. Energy is a concept in special relativity. It is not a scalar, but the time component of a vector. Therefore it depends on frames. In general relativity, there is no general concept of energy for an extended system. Only in special situations, a working (effective) energy concept can be defined (for example, isotropic homogeneous universe, average energy density for gravitational waves for length scale larger than the typical wavelength of gravitational waves and smaller than the curvature radius). (See Misner, Thorne, Wheeler: Gravitation 1973). In general relativity, there could be a useful concept of quasi-local energy; Please see arXiv:0909.2754, Optimal Choices of Reference for Quasi-local Energy by Chiang-Mei Chen, Jian-Liang Liu, James M. Nester, Ming-Fan Wu,and references therein. (iii) The author sometimes mixed up coordinate velocity with physical velocity. In defining physical velocity, one needs to first define consistently the clocks and rods. A few specific points: p.2 Photon propagation equation is needed for photon energy from one place to the other place, this is lacking in the manuscripts p.4 For the formulas on this page, force also needs to be transformed. “The law of conservation of energy states that energy can be transferred from one form to another but cannot be vreated or destroyed”; this is true in special relativity; in the general situation in general relativity, this statement cannot even be formulated. How to lift an object needs to be formulated. ******** We are grateful the editors and the reviewers. In view of general relativity has been referred in the past, we come to realize the work is not incompatible with general relativity. we try to express our view. General relativity based on local reference frame. And a local experiment always gets the same results. The work based on a reference point in outer space. For example, change of a clock could not be found in local experiments in a gravitational field, however, change of a clock in different radius in a gravitational field can be found from outer space. We suggest that concept of external work might be easy to understand. The two are not contradictory. For example, light from centre of a galaxy has more redshift. Similarly, more external work is needed when a satellite comes from the centre of the galaxy. It might be beneficial to develop theory of gravity. I am sorry I cannot express myself in English very well. In fact, We have received an offer from famous journal once , later, significant revisions have be requested. I am sorry for my radical response on this occasion. The notion of gravitational singularity is constantly changing . (Black hole theory) on Web of Science.1995-2014(Jun.14) =SCI-EXPANDED, CCR-EXPANDED, IC.
Best-Places-To-Work-Industry2011 .pdf 原文链接： http://the-scientist.com/2011/05/01/best-places-to-work-industry-2011/ 重庆医科大学检验系吴珊初译 + 四川大学生物治疗国家重点实验室陈铁林校正。水平有限请大家指正。 Best Places to Work Industry, 2011 最佳工作地之企业篇， 2011 By forging new relationships and finding novel uses for existing technologies, this year’s top companies are employing creative ways to advance their science. 通过为目前的工业技术建立新关系和寻找新型用途，本年度最佳企业使用创造性模式来发展科学技术。 By Hannah Waters | May 1, 2011 Like the reeds of an old Aesop fable, the companies that topped our 2011 Best Places to Work in Industry survey are bending—but not breaking—under the strain of continued economic adversity. With funding agencies still awarding grants only to the cream of the crop and 2009 stimulus funds expected to run dry as soon as next year, companies are working hard to find new funding sources that will allow them to survive despite the still-depressed economy. 正如古老的伊索神话中的芦苇，位于 2011 年最佳工作地调查排行榜首位的企业在持续不断的经济困境重压下发生了些许弯曲——但是没有折断。随着供资机构仍然只对精英的团队捐赠资金并且 2009 年的刺激资金预计到明年枯竭，公司正在努力寻求新的资金来源来确保他们在依旧低迷的经济环境中生存下去。 Taking advantage of the growing personal-genomics boom, for example, DNA Genotek, the survey’s #8 company, expanded the market for its saliva-based DNA collection kit from population geneticists in the field to consumers in their homes by licensing its wares to genetic-testing companies. The recent uptick in the use of personalized genetic tests has boosted DNA Genotek’s income, which the company puts right back into basic research. “Personal genomics just became yet another market that we’re playing into,” says DNA Genotek product development manager Rafal Iwasiow. 比如，本次调查中排名第八的 DNA Genotek 公司借助日益然繁荣的个体化基因组学研究，通过对遗传检测公司授权其产品，将唾液 DNA 收集试剂盒市场从这个领域的人口遗传学家扩展到了家庭消费者。最近个性化基因试剂盒使用的增加提高了 DNA Genotek 公司 的收入，而这也得以让公司把资金回放到基础研究中。 DNA Genotek 的产品研发经理 Rafal Iwasiow 说“个体化基因组学刚成为我们涉及的另外一个市场，”。 New collaborations were also common among this year’s top companies. Epizyme, the survey’s #1 company, which specializes in developing inhibitors for epigenetic enzymes, recently signed deals potentially worth more than $800 million with pharmaceutical giants GlaxoSmithKline and Eisai to develop epigenetics-targeted therapies for cancer and other diseases. “It’s a good sign for our company’s stability in the near term,” says Epizyme research associate Christina Allain. 新的合作在今年的顶尖企业中也是很常见的。本次调查排名第一的 Epizyme 公司专门从事表观遗传酶的研究，目前与制药巨头 GlaxoSmithKline 和 Eisai 公司签署了一份价值可能超过 800 万美元的协议以研究表观遗传学靶向的癌症和其他疾病的治疗方法。 Epizyme 公司副研究员 Christina Allain 说“这对我们公司短期内的稳定发展是一个好兆头”。 Other top companies are collaborating with a different type of partner altogether—academia. Conversant Bio, a Huntsville, Alabama–based biotech that offers patient-sample and cell-based assays, formed relationships with labs at Stanford University to share samples, equipment, and information. And in Fargo, North Dakota, 3rd-ranked Aldevron is participating in a state-funded project to build a science city, involving collaborations between North Dakota State University labs and local research companies. “There’s a really neat synergy that’s forming here,” says Aldevron’s director of business development Michael Jablon. 其他的顶级企业正在与一个完全不同类型的伙伴进行合作 --- 学术界。 Conversant Bio 是一家 位于亚拉巴马州汉茨维尔市提供病例样本和细胞检测的生物科技研究所，与斯坦福大学的实验室建立了共享标本、设备和信息的合作关系。在北达科他州法戈市，排名第三的 Aldevron 公司正在参与一个国家资助的项目来建设一个科技城，其中包括北达科他州州立大学实验室与当地研究公司的合作。“这里正在形成一种很绝妙的协同作用，” Aldevron 公司的业务发展主管 Michael Jablon 说。 Read on to learn more about the strengths and weaknesses of this year’s top-ranking companies, how multinational companies are using their diversity to their advantage, and the different ways companies are creatively utilizing state and federal funding to help their researchers succeed. 请继续读下去了解更多今年顶级企业的优势与劣势，跨国公司是怎样借助他们的多样性提高他们的优势，还有，很多公司以不同的创造性方式利用州政府和联邦政府提供的资金来帮助他们的研究员获得成功。 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- No.1 Epigenetic Endeavors at Epizyme Epizyme 公司在表观遗传学上的努力 This year’s No. 1 company has grown exponentially since its founding in 2007, with a research focus on the epigenetics of cancer and developing drugs to modify variations in DNA methylation. Epizyme, the #1 company on this year’s overall list, has grown exponentially since its founding in 2007—from just two employees to its current RD staff of 26. In the last year, the company identified two novel mechanisms linked to cancer, inked partnerships with two major pharmaceutical companies, and signed a lease on a larger office. The growth is “a tremendous validation of us as a company and how we’re executing things,” says medicinal chemist Ed Olhava. 今年排名 1 号的公司自 2007 年成立以来发展迅猛，它重点研究癌症的表观遗传学和研发 修饰 DNA 甲基化变异的药物。 Epizyme 公司， 今年整体名单上排名第一的公司，自 2007 年成立以来发展迅猛 --- 从当初的两名雇员到如今的 26 名研发人员。在过去的一年中，公司确定了两种新型致癌机制，与两家主要制药企业签署协议，并租赁了一个大型办公室。这种发展是“我们作为一家企业和事务执行力的一个有力的证明，”药物化学家 Ed Olhava 说。 Christina "CJ" Allain prepares cells for measurement of histone methyl transferase inhibitor activity. Christina "CJ" Allain 为组蛋白甲基转移酶抑制剂活性的测定准备细胞 Based in Cambridge, Massachusetts, the company researches the epigenetics of cancer and develops drugs to modify variations in DNA methylation. The company recently identified how normal and mutant histone methyltransferase EZH2 work together to regulate growth in B-cell lymphomas, and developed a small-molecule inhibitor for another methyltransferase, DOT1L, which is able to selectively kill mixed-lineage leukemia cells in vitro. 总部设在马萨诸塞州的剑桥镇，该公司研究癌症的表观遗传学和修饰 DNA 甲基化变异的药物。日前该公司确定了正常和突变的组蛋白甲基转移酶 EZH2 如何一起调控 B 淋巴细胞瘤的生长，并且研发了一种针对另外一种甲基转移酶 DOT1L 的小分子抑制剂，它可以在体外条件下选择性杀死混合系白血病细胞。 Epizyme’s research has attracted the attention of pharmaceutical giant GlaxoSmithKline, which announced its partnership with Epizyme in January, providing the company with up to $650 million to search for new epigenetic drugs. And this March, Epizyme signed a deal worth up to $200 million with the Japanese company Eisai to develop therapeutics targeting EZH2 to treat lymphoma and other cancers. Epizyme 公司的研究成果已经吸引了制药巨头 GlaxoSmithKline 公司的注意， GlaxoSmithKline 公司在一月份宣布了和 Epizyme 公司的合作关系，并提供了高达 650 万美元的资金支持它研究新的表观遗传学药物。今年三月， Epizyme 公司与日本 Eisai 公司签订了价值 200 万美元的合同协议来研发针对 EZH2 治疗淋巴瘤和其他癌症的疗法。 Epizyme’s newfound collaborations are a big change for the small company, and the employees are excited about what’s to come. “It’s a great morale boost,” says Christina Allain, who develops cell-based assays for the company—“a pat on the back . ” Epizyme 公司与外界新建立的合作对于这个小公司来说是个巨大的改变，所有员工都对即将来临的境况满怀期待 为公司研发出 细胞分析方法 的 Christina Allain 说： “这太振奋人心了，这是鼓励 ” 。 Despite its growth, the company has stayed in the same, small office, says Allain. This isn’t a complaint, however: “It gives us a real sense of camaraderie,” she adds. But the employees’ elbow room is about to expand. In March, Epizyme signed a lease for a space in Cambridge nearly twice the size of its current office. “We made sure to have a bar in the new conference room for happy hours,” says Allain. “ We have our priorities straight! ” Allain 说，尽管公司已经壮大，但是它仍然呆在原本的小办公间里。然而，那并不是抱怨。“它让我们拥有了真正意义上的情谊，”她补充到。不过，员工的施展空间就要扩大了。今年三月， Epizyme 公司租下了剑桥的一个面积是目前办公间两倍大的地方。“我们一定会在新会议室办一间可以共度欢乐时光的酒吧，” Allain 说，“我们有优先事项！” ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- No.8 Personal Genomics Boosts DNA Genotek 个体化基因组学推进 DNA Genotek 公司的发展 Ranked No. 8 among this year’s top companies, DNA Genotek has found a surprising new source of revenue—licensing its products to genetic-testing companies. DNA Genotek, #8 among this year’s top-ranked companies, was developing easier ways for fieldworkers to collect DNA samples for research when the personal genomics craze took off, revealing an new market for its products. “The explosion in the personal-medicine area definitely opened up opportunities for DNA Genotek,” providing its employees with a novel revenue source, says Rafal Iwasiow, a former researcher who now works in development. 位列今年顶尖公司排名第八位的 DNA Genotek 公司已经找到了一个令人惊讶的新的收入来源 --- 对基因检测公司授权自己的产品。在个体基因组学的研究热潮开始时，本年度一流企业榜排名第八的 DNA Genotek 公司抓住机遇，研发出了更方便开发工作者收集 DNA 标本的方法，为其产品开启了一个全新的市场，。“个人医药领域的火热为 DNA Genotek 公司打开了机会的大门，”并为它的员工带来了新的经济来源，一位现在开发部工作的前研究员 Rafal Iwasiow 说到。 Rama Panford-Walsh, Ph.D., Product Development Scientist at DNA Genotek Inc. is extracting DNA from the company’s Oragene saliva-based collection device. Rama Panford-Walsh 博士， DNA Genotek 公司产品研发科学家，正在从公司的 Oragene 唾液收集装置中提取 DNA 。 Until DNA Genotek released its saliva-based DNA collection product, Oragene, in 2004, there were only two reliable sources for routinely extracting DNA: a blood draw—a cumbersome process involving needles and a trip to the doctor—and a cheek swab or scrape, which can produce too small a sample. Because it uses saliva, Oragene allows patients to easily collect their own sample at home. The kits quickly became a widely trusted source for collecting DNA material, and are utilized by companies such as 23andMe and Navigenics. 在 2004 年 DNA Genotek 公司推出它的唾液 DNA 收集产品 Oragene 之前，市场上只有两种可靠的方法进行 DNA 的常规提取：一，抽血——一个繁琐的过程，涉及注射器和看医生；二，一个面颊拭子或者刮擦物，它只能产出极少的样本量。由于它只需唾液， Oragene 工具包可以让病人在家中就很轻易的采样。这种工具箱迅速成为一个被广泛接受和应用的 DNA 收集途径，并被例如 23andMe 和 Navigenics 这样的大公司所使用。 Personalized genetic tests have “been a big opportunity and business focus for us,” says Paul Payette, a business manager at DNA Genotek. But the saliva kit wasn’t developed for personal use. The technology’s original purpose was to help researchers studying the genetics of human populations around the world, using reagents to kill contaminating bacteria and stabilize the DNA for later analysis. Jane McElroy of the University of Missouri School of Medicine, who uses the Oragene kit to study genetic polymorphisms that may mediate a link between cadmium exposure and endometrial cancer, says the technology allows her to collect samples by mail and store them for years. 个体化基因检测“对我们来说已经成为一个商机和重要业务”， DNA Genotek 公司的业务经理 Paul Payette 说。但是该唾液收集器不是为个人使用而研发的。这项技术最初的目的是利用试剂杀灭污染的细菌和稳定供日后分析用的 DNA ，来帮助研究人员研究世界各地的人口。密苏里大学医学院的 Jane McElroy ， 用 Oragene 试剂盒研究ＤＮＡ多态性，它可能介导镉暴露和子宫内膜癌的联系，她说这项技术让她可以通过邮寄的方式收集标本并保存它们多年。 Now, with the money coming in from Oragene sales to personal-genomics companies, DNA Genotek has begun to develop saliva-collection kits for population genetics studies of animals, such as dogs, livestock, and endangered species. “When revenues are strong, that allows you to explore other avenues,” says Payette. 现在，利用通过向个人基因检测公司销售 Oragene 产品所得的资金， DNA Genotek 公司已经开始研发针对比如狗，家畜和濒危物种等动物种群遗传学研究的唾液收集试剂盒。“当收入状况十分良好时，你就可以探索其他领域了，” Payette 说。 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Worldwide Collaboration 全球合作 This year’s top large companies excel at maintaining communication among their far-reaching branches, sharing information across the globe to keep research running smoothly and efficiently. Maintaining regular and open communication among the worldwide branches of a multinational company is no easy task. But some of the companies that topped this year’s list of large companies have managed to overcome this obstacle, sharing information across the globe to keep international research running smoothly and efficiently. 今年的顶尖大企业擅长保持其远距离分支机构间的沟通交流，全球共享信息以保持研究工作顺利高效的进行。维持全球的分支机构之间定期和开放的信息交流对一家跨国公司来说绝非易事。但是一些位列今年顶尖公司榜首的企业已经成功地克服了这个困难，共享信息以使国际性研究顺利高效地进行。 DuPont laboratory laminator, Xavier Dubreuil DuPont 实验室压膜机， Xavier Dubreuil This year’s #6 large company, Novartis, the fifth largest pharmaceutical company in the world (by 2009 revenue), has nine far-flung campuses in its Institutes for BioMedical Research alone. Apart from some minor language barriers, the diversity is a boon for research, says executive director Peter Finan. “People from different countries have a different view of how they do things, the risks they take, and the processes they follow,” and these varied approaches are shared among research centers, he says. 今年排名第六的公司， Novartis 公司，是世界第五大制药公司（来源于 2009 年的业绩），单生物医学研究所就有 9 个跨国园区。除了一些轻微的语言障碍，多样性对研究来说是有益的，执行理事 Peter Finan 说。“这些人来自不同的国家，在做事方式，风险承担和程序进行的问题上有不同的观点，”并且这些各式各样的想法在研究中心里被分享开来，他说。 The company’s wide reach also opens doors to some unexpected collaborations, Finan says, such as the connections he’s made with companies and universities in Shanghai, despite his home base in Cambridge, Massachusetts. Without a worldwide network, “you’re unlikely to build the same level of collaboration that you can around these local science hubs,” he says. And with its high-tech communication equipment, Novartis’s long-distance chats are accompanied by a life-size video feed of the teleconferencing researchers. 该公司的广泛影响力也打开了一些令人意想不到的合作之门， Finan 说，比如，尽管他的本部在马萨诸塞州剑桥，但仍与上海的一些公司和大学有合作。没有一个全球性网络，“ 你不可能建立起围绕当地科技中心协作一样级别的合作，”他说到。在它的高科技通讯设备的帮助下， Novartis 公司的远程会议随着为远程研究人员准备的真人大小视频的开启而开始了。 At Pioneer Hi-Bred: A DuPont Business, this year’s #2 large company, there isn’t just an international exchange of ideas, but of products as well. As a corn breeder and president of the company’s research center in Italy, Bruno Albrecht selects for traits suitable for a particular region’s environmental challenges. Sometimes a cultivar developed in one country will be successful in another region, such as the corn hybrids developed in North America now grown in the climatically similar Europe. Methods are also shared: the US branch recently developed a more efficient way of producing inbred lines, which is now employed in Pioneer’s research centers worldwide. 先锋公司， DuPont 子公司，本年度排名第二的公司，它的业务不仅仅是国际交流想法，也交流产品。作为意大利的公司研究中心主席的谷物培育专家， Bruno Albrecht 选择品种特性来适应特殊区域的挑战性环境。有时一个国家的培育物种在另外一个地区也可以很好的生长，比如北美培育的杂交玉米在气候相似的欧洲地区也生长良好。方法也同样共享：美国分公司目前开发了一个生产自交品系更有效的方式，而这种方式现在被全世界的 Pioneer 公司的研究中心所应用。 This leads to some healthy competition between branches, Albrecht adds, as each center wants to develop the best product or method. But regardless of where it comes from, it’s “good for farmers at the end if we’re better able to deliver products with very outstanding performance.” 这在一定程度上导致了各分支机构之间的良性竞争， Albrecht 补充到，因为每个研究中心都想研发出最好的产品和方法。“不管它从那个机构来，如果我们能更好的提供优异表现的产品，终受益的是广大的农民。” ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Uncle Sam Helps Small Science "Sam 大叔 " 助力小科学 While much of biotech funding comes from venture capitalists and large pharmaceutical partners, some of the biotechs that topped this year’s Best Places to Work survey have taken advantage of a different source—government-funded programs that provide specialized training and services, improving research productivity and employee morale. 虽然大部分的生物科技研发资金来源于风险投资家和与之合作的大型制药企业，今年上榜最佳工作地排行榜的一些生物技术公司已经在利用另外一种资源了——政府投资项目，提供专门的培训和服务，提升研究工作的生产效率和公司员工的士气。 Vitae Pharmaceuticals, a Pennsylvania company that develops biopharmaceuticals for disease and #6 on this year’s list, is now able to fund a larger staff thanks to the federal Qualifying Therapeutic Discovery Project Program, which funds drug discovery projects for companies with fewer than 250 employees. This same program also helped Needham, Massachusetts–based Celldex Therapeutics, this year’s #7 company overall, push products through preclinical and clinical trials. “To get a million dollars in cash might not sound like a lot of money to many companies,” says Tina Fiumenero, the CFO at Vitae, which received funding for four separate projects. “But for a company like ours, that can pay for the salaries of several employees on a regular basis.” 本年度排名第六的是位于宾夕法尼亚州的 Vitae 制药公司，它研发治疗疾病的生物技术药品， 得益与联邦政府为资助公司人数在 250 人以下的药物开发计划， Qualifying Therapeutic Discovery Project 项目，它现在能养活大量员工。 此项目同样帮助了今年整体排行第七位，总部设在马萨诸塞州的 Celldex 公司 , 推动了产品通过了临床前期和临床试验。“对于许多公司来说现金一百万美元并不算很多钱，” Vitae 公司的 CFO Tina Fiumenero 说，她获得了四个独立项目的资金，“但是对于我们这样的公司意味着几个员工的定期工资支付。” State programs can provide more direct benefits to researchers. Pennsylvania’s Bioscience Industry Partnership program provided a grant that allowed Vitae to send company scientists Brian McKeever and Yajun Zheng to an October 2010 training program on fragment-based drug discovery , which uses libraries of small molecules to identify those that bind to a specific target—a drug-development technique the company had never explored. “It taught us another way of thinking about the way we do things,” says McKeever. “We brought the methodology home and have started implementing it already.” 政府项目可以给研究人员带来更直接的好处。宾夕法尼亚州的生物产业合作计划提供了 Vitae 公司一笔资金，公司得以派出科学家 Brian McKeever 和 Yajun Zheng 去参加 2010 年 10 月份一个基于片段的药物研发培训计划，这个计划应用计算机程序识别那些结合特异位点的小分子——公司从未涉及过的一项药物研发技术。“它教会了我们用不同的方式思考我们的所作所为，” McKeever 说，“我们把这样的思考方法带回公司并且已经开始实施它了。” Fargo, North Dakota–based Aldevron, #3 among this year’s top companies, benefits from a very different government-funded resource: the expertise of Satish Chandrasekhar, a “biotech superstar,” according to Aldevron’s CEO Michael Chambers. As the director of the brand-new North Dakota State University Center for Biopharmaceutical Research and Production, Chandrasekhar has raised over $10 million dollars in the last 10 months to advise companies, facilitate collaborations between industry and academia, and provide specialized training to students. “The ultimate goal is to increase biotech activity and jobs in the biotech space here,” says Chandrasekhar, who hopes to eventually build a “biotech city” in Fargo. “He helps companies like Aldevron jump the gap from research to clinical development,” says Chambers. 位于北达科他州法戈市的 Aldevron 公司，在今年的排行榜位列第三，从一个很不同的政府基金中获益： Satish Chandrasekhar ，一个“生物科技领域的超级明星”，据 Aldevron 公司的 CEO Michael Chambers 说。作为全新的北达科他州州立大学生物制药研发中心的主席， Chandrasekhar 在过去的 10 个月中创造了超过 1000 万美元的价值，他当公司顾问，促进产业界与学术界之间的合作建立，为学生提供专门培训。“我的终极目标是提高这里生物科研领域中科研的活力和工作，” Chandrasekhar 说，他希望最终在法戈建立一座“生物科技城”。 Chambers 说，“他帮助像 Aldevron 这样的公司缩小实验室研究到临床试验开发之间的差距。” 附件排名统计表 Best-Places-To-Work-Industry2011 .pdf
Feature Selection and Kernel Learning for Local Learning-Based Clustering Hong Zeng; Yiu-ming Cheung; Sch. of Instrum. Sci. Eng., Southeast Univ., Nanjing, China This paper appears in: Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, IEEE Transactions on Issue Date:Aug. 2011 Volume:33 Issue:8 On page(s):1532 - 1547 ISSN:0162-8828 INSPEC Accession Number:12063301 Digital Object Identifier: 10.1109/TPAMI.2010.215 Date of Publication:10 十二月 2010 Date of Current Version:20 六月 2011 PubMed ID: 21135434 Sponsored by: IEEE Computer Society Local Learning-Based Clustering_review.doc
November 22, 2011 — Emergency department (ED) physicians were more likely to order blood tests for infants and toddlers with unexplained fever than they were to order tests for urinary tract infections (UTIs), despite longstanding recognition that UTIs should be considered in any young child with an unspecified fever, reveals a study published online November 21 in Pediatrics . Physicians order urine tests for fewer than 18% of infants and toddlers who arrive in the ED with unexplained fever, the research shows. At the same time, physicians requested complete blood counts in 20.5% of visits, even though clinical recommendations suggest such testing is less likely to be needed than urinalysis. "Given that rates of UTI might be as much as 20-fold higher than rates of bacteremia in the post– era, physicians' practice patterns seem inconsistent with the epidemiology of serious bacterial infections," write Alan E. Simon, MD, from the Infant, Child, and Women's Health Statistics Branch, Office of Analysis and Epidemiology, National Center for Health Statistics, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Hyattsville, Maryland, and colleagues. Records analyzed for this study did not include children's vaccination status. The researchers examined records of some 1600 visits to EDs by children aged 3 months to 3 years and included in the 2006-2008 National Hospital Ambulatory Medical Care Survey–Emergency Department, conducted by the National Center for Health Statistics. The investigators focused on those instances when a child's fever had no recognizable source, such as a sore throat or earache. Fever without source accounted for 21.6% (95% confidence interval, 20.2% - 23.0%) of the cases included in the 2006 to 2008 survey, or an estimated 1.7 million ED visits per year nationwide, according to the investigators. The records showed that girls, who are at a higher risk for UTI, were tested more frequently, at 25.5% of the time compared with 10.4% for boys. However, physicians were also 3 times more likely to also include a complete blood count for girls (odds ratio, 3.27). By contrast, recent clinical guidelines suggest that all girls with FWS should undergo urinalysis to rule out a potentially dangerous UTI, whereas complete blood counts are unnecessary for “well-appearing” children under these circumstances. The rate of urinalysis increased among children with higher temperatures. Physicians were twice as likely to order urinalysis for children with temperatures of from 39°C to 39.9°C (odds ratio, 2.09), compared with children whose temperature was 38°C, and 5 times more likely to order it if the child's temperature was 40°C or higher (odds ratio, 5.18, P 0.1 for both). Although the rate of urinalysis increased among children with temperatures of 39°C or higher, still only 40.2% of girls and 15.0% of boys with temperatures 39°C or higher were tested for UTI. Despite a lack of complete blood count or urinalysis in 58.6% of the visits, physicians prescribed antibiotics, including ceftriaxone, in about a quarter of all visits, including 20% of visits in which no testing was performed. This agrees with findings "that antibiotics are often inappropriately prescribed for upper respiratory infections," the authors report. Multivariate analysis demonstrated that the likelihood of a physician ordering urinalysis and a complete blood count increased if a patient had a high temperature, if the patient was a girl, and if the patient lived in a higher-income ZIP code. However, being 24 months to 36 months old was associated with lower odds of receiving these tests (odds ratio, 0.55) compared with children aged 3 months to 11 months. Although uncircumcised boys are also at a higher risk for UTI, the survey records did not include boys' circumcision status. The authors have disclosed no relevant financial relationships. Pediatrics . Published online November 21, 2011. Abstract 来源： http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/754065
云南东南部新发现一种木本经济植物 来源:生物多样性与生物地理学重点实验室作者:陈文红2011-10-26浏览次数： 285 大果五味子 Schisandra macrocarpa Q. Lin Y. M. Shui是中国科学院植物研究所与中国科学院昆明植物研究所近期合作发表的新类群。本种产于云南东南部个旧、河口、马关、文山交界一带热带地区，为木质大藤本, 老茎生花现象明显。木质大藤本、老茎生花、滴水叶尖、大板根并为热带雨林四大特征，这从另一方面也说明了云南东南部低海拔地区的热带雨林极为典型的事实。 本种于上世纪90年代曾采到大量无花无果的凭证标本，及为数不多的几份带果的标本，往往错误地被放在防己科等，后通过仔细检查国内几大标本馆的存疑标本，才发现其中还有一份是冯国楣先生1947年采于文山的带花标本，才使得本种现出庐山真面目。2011年9月的大围山综合考察又发现了本种的芳踪（见图）。本种为多年生木质大藤本，高可达10多米，且结实众多，实为不可多得的木本经济种源。 Lin Q., Shui Y. M. and Yang Z. R. 2011. Schisandra macrocarpa (Schisandraceae), a New Species from Yunnan Province, China. Systematic Botany 36 (3): 595–599. 大果五味子
Published online 21 September 2011 | Nature 477 , 371 (2011) | doi:10.1038/477371a Column: World View China's new forests aren't as green as they seem Impressive reports of increased forest cover mask a focus on non-native tree crops that could damage the ecosystem, says Jianchu Xu. Jianchu Xu In the United Nations' 2011 International Year of Forests, China is heralded as a superstar. Almost single-handedly, the country has halted long-term forest loss across Asia, and even turned it into a net gain. Since the 1990s, China has planted more than 4 million hectares of new forest each year. Earlier this month, President Hu Jintao pledged that China would do even more. He told a meeting of the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation Forum in Beijing that the nation would increase its total area of forest by 40 million hectares over the next decade. China, he said, is ready to make new contributions to green, sustainable growth. It sounds impressive, but we risk failing to see the wood for the trees. In China, 'forest' includes uncut primary forest, regenerating natural forest and monoculture plantations of non-native trees. The last of these accounts for most of the 'improvement' in forest cover. The State Forestry Administration has claimed that total forest cover in China reached 20.36% in 2008. Most of this results from the increase in tree crops such as fruit trees, rubber and eucalyptus, not recovery of natural forest, yet Chinese data do not record this shift. The change threatens ecosystem services, particularly watershed protection and biodiversity conservation. “I have seen massive tree plantations on the Tibetan Plateau, in areas where forests never grew.” Exotic tree species are being planted in arid and semi-arid conditions, where perennial grasses with their extensive root systems would be better protectors of topsoil. Plantation monocultures harbour little diversity; they provide almost no habitat for the country's many threatened forest species. Plantations generate less leaf litter and other organic inputs than native forests, so soil fauna and flora decrease, and groundwater depletion can be exacerbated by deep-rooted non-native trees that use more water than native species. Afforestation in water-stressed regions might provide wind-breaks, and tree plantations offer some carbon storage. But these benefits come at a high cost to other ecological functions. Why the intense focus on forest cover? China has long promoted the planting of tree crops. Since 1999, the Grain for Green programme has resulted in some 22 million hectares of new trees on sloping farmland. The programme began after the 1998 Yangtze River floods, which the government blamed on loss of tree cover, although reductions in riparian buffers and soil infiltration capacity probably also had a major role. Since 2008, forest tenure reform has encouraged the privatization of former collective forests, with more than 100 million hectares affected. Privatization can benefit local economies. But in the absence of any management framework, it has also promoted conversion of natural forests into plantations: smallholders often fell natural forests for immediate income, then plant monoculture tree crops for long-term investment. Although the Chinese government has shown that it understands environmental fragility, its scientific and policy guidelines do not adequately address the country's diversity of landscapes and ecosystems. I have seen massive tree plantations on the Tibetan Plateau, in areas where forests never grew before. Local governments face the need to respond to the national imperative for increased forest cover by planting fast-growing species, while also generating the biggest local economic benefits possible. This explains why unsuitable species such as aspens are planted in north China, whereas eucalyptus and rubber trees proliferate in the south. Perhaps the International Year of Forests can help decision-makers to focus on the various meanings of 'forest', and the trade-offs each type entails. Natural recovery is still the best way to restore damaged forests, but restoration requires targeted involvement using the best science. Afforestation can restore ecosystem function only if the right species are planted in the right place. Further studies are needed on how the mix of species affects ecosystem functions. Sloping lands, for example, benefit from perennial root systems and associated soil microfauna, but trees are not the only, or necessarily the best, way to establish these root systems. China's forestry mandate should focus on enhancing environmental services, but policy-makers cannot ignore rural livelihoods. Technical know-how should be provided to local foresters and farmers. Doing away with narrow, one-size-fits-all management targets would also help. The country, with its state-managed market economy, can afford direct payments for forest ecosystem services, but they should only be offered for natural or regenerated forests with proven biological or ecological value. As an ecologist and agroforestry practitioner, I would like to see China establish parallel forest-management programmes for recovery and restoration of natural forests, and for incorporating working trees into farmlands. Each should include best practices from ecosystem science; a clear definition of tree crop plantations for timber or non-timber products would clarify the separate systems. A dual strategy would require increased collaboration throughout China's land-management ministries, well supported by interdisciplinary research. But it could ensure that China's massive investment in forests provides maximum benefits, to both local livelihood and the environment. Jianchu Xu is a senior scientist at the World Agroforestry Centre and a professor at the Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences.
Kilnam Chon Receives 2011 Jonathan B. Postel Service Award — The Internet Society today announced that its prestigious Jonathan B. Postel Service Award was presented to leading technologist Professor Kilnam Chon for his significant contributions in the development and advancement of the Internet in Asia. Professor Chon contributed to the Internet’s growth in Asia through his extensive work in advancing Internet initiatives, research, and development. In addition, his pioneering work inspired many others to promote the Internet’s further growth in the region. The international award committee, comprised of former Jonathan B. Postel award winners, noted that Professor Chon was active in connecting Asia, and that his efforts continue today in the advancement of the Internet in other regions. The Postel Award was established by the Internet Society to honour individuals or organisations that, like Jon Postel, have made outstanding contributions in service to the data communications community. Lynn St. Amour, President and CEO of the Internet Society, commented, “I met Professor Chon nearly fifteen years ago. He has long been a pioneer in the advancement of the Internet, striving to ensure its robust development. Beyond the amazing breadth of Professor Chon’s work, perhaps his most remarkable achievement is his ability to inspire others. As a result of his work and the efforts of those he has motivated, Kilnam Chon has helped to ensure the global Internet is truly for everyone.” The Internet Society presented the award, including a US$20,000 honorarium and a crystal engraved globe , during the 82nd meeting of the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) in Taipei, 13-18 November 2011. About the Internet Society The Internet Society is the world’s trusted independent source of leadership for Internet policy, technology standards and future development. Based on its principled vision and substantial technological foundation, the Internet Society works with its members and Chapters around the world to promote the continued evolution and growth of the open Internet through dialog among companies, governments, and other organizations around the world. For more information, see: http://www.internetsociety.org Kilnam Chon教授的主页
Abstract New molecular entities (NMEs), as defined by the FDA, are new drug products containing as their active ingredient a chemical substance marketed for the first time in the United States. The following descriptions of NMEs approved in 2010–2011 ( Table 1 ) detail the basic clinical and pharmacologic profile of each new drug, as well as key precautions and warnings. Also included for each drug is a brief summary of selected pharmacokinetic, adverse-reaction, drug-interaction, and dosing data submitted to the FDA in support of the manufacturer's New Drug Application. This review is intended to be objective rather than evaluative in content. The information for each NME was obtained primarily from sources published prior to FDA approval. Experience clearly shows that many aspects of a new drug's therapeutic profile are not detected in premarketing studies and emerge after the drug is used in large numbers of patients. Studies have clearly demonstrated the appearance of "new" adverse reactions for many NMEs within 2 to 3 years of first becoming available. Some of these drugs may eventually acquire at least one black box warning for serious adverse reactions or are withdrawn from the market for safety reasons not recognized at the time of approval. Hence, while this review offers a starting point for learning about new drugs, it is essential that practitioners be aware of changes in a drug's therapeutic profile as reported by their own patients and in the pharmaceutical literature. 来源： http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/752616
November 14, 2011 — About 85% of parents would prefer to have their newborn tested for congenital cytomegalovirus (CMV), even if testing was not routine, and even if their child turned out to be CMV-positive but never developed problems, according to a new study published online November 14 in Pediatrics . "To our knowledge, this is the first study to have assessed attitudes about newborn screening for CMV among the general public," write Michael Cannon, PhD, from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's National Center on Birth Defects and Developmental Disabilities in Atlanta, Georgia, and colleagues. The authors note that about 30,000 infants are born each year in the United States with congenital CMV infection, and approximately 1 in 5 develop disabilities, most often sensorineural hearing loss and/or mental retardation. However, infected infants are usually either asymptomatic at birth or else exhibit nonspecific symptoms such as jaundice or intrauterine growth restriction. Therefore, most cases of congenital CMV go undetected until the child begins having problems, and at that point it is too late for a diagnostic test, which must be done within the first 2 to 3 weeks after birth. So why is screening not routine? "One of the criteria for evaluating newborn screening relate to the potential adverse psychosocial effects to children and their parents that might result when infants test positive but do not develop clinical disease, which is of special importance in the case of congenital CMV infection, because ~80% of infected children never develop disabilities," Dr. Cannon and colleagues write. To find out how parents feel about CMV screening, the researchers reviewed 3922 responses to the 2009 HealthStyles survey by participants who had responded to at least 1 of the 5 questions related to CMV. The survey was designed to reflect the demographics of the overall US population with regard to age, sex, race/ethnicity, household income, and household size. The survey contained questions covering a wide variety of health-related topics, but the researchers focused specifically on the responses regarding CMV screening: I would want to have my baby tested for CMV even if my doctor/hospital didn't do it routinely. I think CMV problems are too rare to worry about. I would want to know if my child has CMV even if he or she never develops problems. I would worry that the CMV test would lead to unneeded doctor visits and expenses. I would be willing to pay $20 to have my baby tested for CMV. The authors report that the 84% of respondents strongly or somewhat agreed that they would want to have their newborn tested for CMV, even if the test was not performed routinely; 87% strongly or somewhat agreed they would want their child tested, even if it involved an additional cost of $20; and 84% of respondents strongly or somewhat agreed they would want testing for their infant, even if the child never went on to develop CMV-related issues. However, nearly half of respondents (47%) said they would be concerned that CMV testing might lead to unnecessary physician visits and expenses, and nearly a third said they felt that the risks for CMV infection were too remote to worry about. On the basis of the researchers' statistical analysis of the parents' attitudes toward CMV screening, they identified 3 clusters of respondents who had children younger than 19 years at the time of the survey: parents who were strongly in favor of screening (31%), parents who were moderately in favor of screening (49%), and parents who were "weakly opposed" to screening (20%). The authors note that one limitation of the study is that most parents surveyed had probably never heard of CMV before participating in the study, so their responses were based on a hypothetical situation about which they might have little familiarity. "Newborn screening for CMV is a complicated issue," the authors write, "and the scenario and questions might have been difficult to understand." In any case, the authors conclude, " ost parents in our study considered the potential costs, worry, and anxiety associated with newborn screening for CMV to be acceptable." However, the authors point out that because most children with congenital CMV infection will not go on to develop disabilities, and as some parents are likely to oppose screening, it might be that instituting voluntary routine screening would make more sense than mandated screening. They add: "Future pilot screening programs should measure psychosocial outcomes and seek to understand ways of mitigating potential harms." The authors have disclosed no relevant financial relationships. Pediatrics . Published online November 14, 2011. Abstract 来源： http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/753523
Oral English Class——Mr. Matthew November15 2011 1. Nourish a.U have to do nourishment for your W/H--sharing b.be patient/respect toeach other. 2.Cherish TO a. protect him/her b.nurturing These two keys to a successful marriage should be kept inyour mind. Try topractise everyday! Marriage Advice Have you ever wondered "what is the secret to a long and happy marriage?" Our collection of tried and true marriage advice tips will help you answer that very question! These secrets to a happy marriage come straight from the horse's mouth -- those who are happily married! Never assume. Compliment more than you criticize. For each time you vent about your husband/wife to your friends, tell three positive stories. Remember that it is ok to do things differently (e.g. there is more than one way to peel a potato or fold the laundry). Always make time for the two of you. Marry someone that you enjoy listening and talking to. Remember that marriage is sometimes a bed of roses and sometimes there are thorns. Remember that the best gift that you can give your children is to love their mother/father. Be fair! Split the housework, spending money, etc evenly. This way you are never resentful of your partners contributions (or lack of) or expenditures. Never go to bed angry. (Unless it's 3a.m. and you're exhausted, angry, and not thinking straight.) Remember that people do fight. It's how you do it that matters. Before starting an argument, consider if it's really worth it. Fight naked. ;) Agree to disagree. Never, ever mention the "D" word (divorce). Do you want to be right or do you want to be married? Respect each other's privacy. Remember that "love is like childhood. You need to learn to share." Marriage is not 50/50, it's two people giving 100/100 all of the time. Surprise each other now and then. The secret to a happy marriage is two TV's! Have date night! Never pass up an opportunity to say "I love you". Hold hands. Hug kiss every day (several times a day actually!). Always believe that you got better than you deserved. Be quick to say "I'm sorry". Choose the one you love, then love the one you choose. Keep the in-laws out of your marriage! Love isn't always a feeling, it's a decision. Hang in there. It's worth it. Play nice, play often, love much. Never air your dirty laundry as a couple in public. Never keep secrets from each other. Be each other's champion. No matter what, take your husband or wife's side first! Communication is the key! Always respect each other. Never underestimate the power of a good belly-laugh and don't be afraid to laugh at yourself. It's the little things that matter most. Never use the words 'Always' and 'Never' in a fight. It's ok to argue, but never use curse words to express your anger. Never compare your marriage to others. What you see on the outside is not always what it is on the inside. . Don't make love in the same place/position everytime. Variety is the spice of life! http://www.romancestuck.com/marriage-advice.htm Ten Secrets to a Successful Marriage Here are ten principles that will help you create and maintain a successful marriage. Successful couples are savvy. They read books, attend seminars, browse Web articles and observe other successful couples. However, successful couples will tell you that they also learn by experience – trial and error. Here are ten principles of success I have learned from working with and observing hundreds of couples: Happiness is not the most important thing . Everyone wants to be happy, but happiness will come and go. Successful couples learn to intentionally do things that will bring happiness back when life pulls it away. Couples discover the value in just showing up . When things get tough and couples don't know what to do, they need to hang in there and be there for their spouse. Time has a way of helping couples work things out by providing opportunities to reduce stress and overcome challenges. If you do what you always do, you will get same result . Wise couples have learned that you have to approach problems differently to get different results. Often, minor changes in approach, attitude and actions make the biggest difference in marriage. Your attitude does matter . Changing behavior is important, but so is changing attitudes. Bad attitudes often drive bad feelings and actions. Change your mind, change your marriage . How couples think and what they believe about their spouse affects how they perceive the other. What they expect and how they treat their spouse matters greatly. The grass is greenest where you water it . Successful couples have learned to resist the grass is greener myth – i.e. someone else will make me happy. They have learned to put their energy into making themselves and their marriage better. You can change your marriage by changing yourself . Veteran couples have learned that trying to change their spouse is like trying to push a rope – almost impossible. Often, the only person we can change in our marriage is ourselves. Love is a verb, not just a feeling . Everyday life wears away the "feel good side of marriage." Feelings, like happiness, will fluctuate. But, real love is based on a couple's vows of commitment: "For better or for worse" – when it feels good and when it doesn't. Marriage is often about fighting the battle between your ears . Successful couples have learned to resist holding grudges, bringing up the past and remembering that they married an imperfect person – and so did their spouse. A crisis doesn't mean the marriage is over . Crises are like storms: loud, scary and dangerous. But to get through a storm you have to keep driving. A crisis can be a new beginning. It's out of pain that great people and marriages are produced. http://www.focusonthefamily.com/marriage/daily_living/keeping_romance_alive/ten_secrets_to_a_successful_marriage.aspx
November 15, 2011 (Washington, DC) — Maternal infection rates and other complications are significantly higher with stillbirth deliveries than with deliveries of live infants. The risk increases substantially if the mother is black and had a previous infant death, according to 2 studies presented here at the American Public Health Association 139th Annual Meeting. Approximately 7 of every 1000 deliveries are stillbirth infants born in the second half of pregnancy, yet there are limited data on the medical issues involved in stillbirths, said KatherineJ. Gold, MD, MSW, from the Departments of Family Medicine and Obstetrics and Gynecology at the University of Michigan in Ann Arbor. " There are very few data on what happens when someone shows up at the hospital and the baby has died. We wanted to take a closer look at how we deliver these babies, what happens, what the medical management is, and whether there are racial disparities in these deliveries," she said. Dr. Gold and her colleagues evaluated the medical charts of 579 stillborn infants delivered from 1996 to 2006 at 3 Michigan hospitals: Sinai-Grace Hospital and Hutzel Women's Hospital, both in Detroit, and the University of Michigan Health System, in Ann Arbor. Rates of maternal complications were high, with 26% of mothers experiencing chorioamnionitis, 10% experiencing postpartum hemorrhage, 23% experiencing retained placenta, and 15% experiencing abruptio placentae. "We found many more maternal complications than with live births, which may explain why some of the babies were stillborn," Dr. Gold said. "Preeclampsia, for instance, has to do with hypertension in the mom, which affects vascular blood flow." The rates of infection were also notable, she added. "Overall, nearly 40% had signs of infection," Dr. Gold said. "This is something that is often related to preterm delivery, but it was surprising how high this number was with stillbirth. I think that warrants more investigation." Six percent of mothers experienced serious maternal complications, including disseminated intravascular coagulation, blood loss requiring transfusion, shock or hypotension, renal failure, respiratory failure requiring intubation, diabetic ketoacidosis, sepsis, unplanned hysterectomy, and maternal death. Most of the deliveries were vaginal, but 8% were cesarean and 29% were breech presentations. "It's relatively rare to even deliver a breech birth these days because, according to national guidelines, a cesarean section delivery is typically recommended if a baby is found to be breech," Dr. Gold said. "Physicians often don't have much training for breech deliveries." Hospital costs were also unexpectedly high for stillbirths — about $1000 higher than for live births, possibly because the women have a longer hospital stay because of complications, Dr. Gold said. "I was very surprised to see that stillbirths were, overall, as much as $1000 more expensive than live births," she said. "We don't have a lot of data to say why that is, and it certainly flew in the face of what I would have expected." The charts showed that 26% of mothers smoked during pregnancy; however, Dr. Gold said, the true figure might have been even higher. "Since this information often doesn't make it to the medical chart, this figure may likely be an underrepresentation." In a separate study, researchers from the University of South Florida in Tampa evaluated data from the Missouri maternally linked cohort data files for 1989 to 2005, and found similar risk factors associated with infant death during a first pregnancy. They found higher rates of pregnancy-related complications ( P .01), including chronic hypertension ( P = .02), preeclampsia ( P = .01), and abruptio placentae ( P .01). The women were also more likely to be black, unmarried, and to have less than a high school education ( P .01). After controlling for the other risk factors, previous infant mortality was associated with a 3-fold elevated risk of subsequent stillbirth (adjusted odds ratio , 3.19; 95% confidence interval , 1.98 to 5.14). White women who had had a previous infant death had a risk for stillbirth that was twice as high as those who had not (AOR, 2.19; 95% CI, 1.08 to 4.44); the risk was more than 5 times higher for black women (AOR, 5.24; 95% CI, 2.71 to 10.14). "Black women with prior infant death were more than 8 times as likely to have a subsequent stillbirth than white women without prior infant death, and white women with previous infant death were nearly twice as likely to experience a subsequent stillbirth," reported lead author EunaM. August, MPH, a research associate at the Chiles Center for Healthy Mothers and Babies and a doctoral candidate at the University of South Florida's Department of Community and Family Health, in Tampa. Although previous research has shown higher rates of stillbirth among black women and those with previous infant death, Ms. August said the level of risk was still unexpectedly high. "Due to the close relationship between stillbirth and infant mortality, it is a natural progression that infant mortality may also increase the risk for subsequent stillbirth. Nonetheless, we were surprised by the magnitude of the association, which is huge." Factors contributing to the greater risk could include biologic issues stemming from previous infant or fetal loss and a lack of access to healthcare. "More research is needed to understand the nature of the relationship between previous infant mortality and stillbirth, the cause of the disparity between black and white women, and infant outcomes for consecutive pregnancies," Ms. August added. 来源： http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/753599
November 15, 2011 — A new electronic tracking system from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) promises to help US hospitals take steps against the chronic overuse of antibiotics. The CDC and the Institute for Healthcare Improvement (IHI) have announced a pilot program involving 8 acute care hospitals to test the new tracking system. The system enables hospitals to conduct detailed comparisons between their antibiotics administration practices and antibiotic use at other acute care facilities in the United States. The CDC has expressed concern for decades about the inappropriate prescription and overuse of antibiotics. Broad-based use for off-label indications has contributed to the emergence of drug-resistant bacteria and a decline in the potency of the pharmacopeia of antibacterial drugs for effectively treating many bacterial diseases held in check since the discovery of penicillin and other antibiotics in the mid-twentieth century. Antibiotics can also trigger allergic reactions and other adverse effects, and can increase the risk for potentially deadly Clostridium difficile infection, according to the CDC. Hospitals and other healthcare facilities should monitor the antibiotics used in their facilities, noted CDC Director Thomas R. Frieden, MD, in a news release announcing the program. "This new system is a powerful tool that will enhance providers' ability to monitor and improve patterns of antibiotic use so that these essential drugs will still be effective in the years to come," Dr. Frieden said. The joint initiative is called the CDC/IHI Driver Diagram and Change Package for Antibiotic Stewardship. It was announced this week as part of the CDC's "Get Smart About Antibiotics Week," held from November 14 through 20. The hospitals involved in the pilot program are Community Hospital, Tallassee, Alabama; Centerpoint Medical Center, Independence, Missouri; Rogue Valley Medical Center, Medford, Oregon; St. Francis Medical Center, Peoria, Illinois; Seton Medical Center, Austin, Texas; Reading Hospital and Medical Center, West Reading, Pennsylvania; Ronald Reagan UCLA Medical Center, Los Angeles, California; and WellStar Cobb Hospital, Austell, Georgia. The draft system lays out practice steps hospitals can use to develop practical action plans to improve antibiotic use, according to the IHI, which collaborated with the CDC in its development. Once approved for general application, the tracker will be part of the CDC's National Healthcare Safety Network (NHSN). Participation in the network is free to all types of healthcare facilities in the United States. Promoted as a secure, Internet-based surveillance system, the NHSN expands patient and healthcare personnel safety surveillance systems managed by the CDC's healthcare quality promotion division. It includes a new component that helps hospitals monitor adverse reactions and incidents associated with blood and blood byproduct infusion. Data collected by the NHSN are used for improving patient safety at the local and national levels. In aggregate, they are used to estimate and characterize the national burden of healthcare-associated infections, for example. At the local level, the data analysis features of NHSN give participating facilities access to various tools ranging in sophistication from rate tables to full-blown statistical analyses comparing a specific healthcare facility's rates with national averages. The ability to track antibiotic use is currently limited to physicians' offices. A list of pharmacy software vendors who are working with the CDC's new antibiotic use tracking system is accessible at the Society for Infectious Disease Pharmacists' Web site . 来源： http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/753632
Nov 15th, 2011 Institute : Stem cell bank, College of Medicine, Catholic University FlowJo basics and advanced functions Nov. 16th Institue : Dept. of Anatomy, College of Medicine, Seoul National University FlowJo basics and advanced functions
Fluctuation Theorems and Interdisciplinary Applications December 3-4, 2011, Kavli Institute for Theoretical Physics China (KITPC), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing Objectives and Themes: Nonequilibrium phenomena are ubiquitous in physics, biology, and social sciences. This two-day informal workshop has two objectives: on one hand, it serves as a meeting place for experimentalists and theoreticians to discuss recent progresses and exchange ideas and insights; on the other hand, it brings a comprehensive view of an active field to newly-joined researchers by a diversity of lectures (pedagogical and more advanced). This workshop will be continued by another more formal conference in Suzhou in March 2012, and by a research program of KITPC in June-July 2013. The following topics will be discussed: stochastic process and dynamics, theoretical foundation of fluctuation theorems/relations, application of fluctuation theorems/relations in single-molecule experiments, fluctuation theorems/relations in social systems, multiscale simulations, and so on. Speakers: Jing-Dong Bao 包景东 (Beijing Normal University) Hao Ge 葛颢 (Fudan University and Peking University) Daquan Jiang 蒋达权 (Peking University) Ming Li 李明 (Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences) Jooyoung Lee (Korea Institute for Advanced Study) Fei Liu 柳飞 (Beihang University) Jae Dong Noh (University of Seoul) Hyunggyu Park (Korea Institute for Advanced Study) Yanwen Tan 谭砚文 (Fudan University) Leihan Tang 汤雷翰 (Beijing Computational Science Research Center) Yuhai Tu 涂豫海 (IBM J Watson Institute) Zhanchun Tu 涂展春 (Beijing Normal University) Zhijian Wang 王志坚， Bin Xu 许彬 (Zhejiang University) Jinshan Wu 吴金闪 (Beijing Normal University) Jin Yu 喻进 (Beijing Computational Science Research Center) Organizers: Xiaosong Chen 陈晓松 (Institute of Theoretical Physics, the Chinese Academy of Sciences) Fei Liu 柳飞 (Beihang University) Leihan Tang 汤雷翰 (Beijing Computational Science Research Center) Zhanchun Tu 涂展春 (Beijing Normal University) Haijun Zhou 周海军 (Institute of Theoretical Physics, the Chinese Academy of Sciences) Sponsor: State Key Laboratory of Theoretical Physics, Institute of Theoretical Physics, CAS Schedule: Tentative Schedule December 03, 2011 Saturday 08:45-09:00 Registration (KITPC 6 th floor) Morning Session: Fluctuation theorems I: introduction, basic premise and corollaries (Hamiltonian vs Langevin dynamics, work identities, irreversible thermodynamics, etc.) Chair: Haijun Zhou 09:00-10:00 Hyunggyu Park (KIAS): 10:00-10:40 Zhanchun Tu (Beijing Normal Univ): 10:40-11:00 Coffee Break Chair: Zhanchun Tu 11:00-11:40 Daquan Jiang (Peking Univ): 11:40-12:20 Fei Liu (Beihang Univ): 12:20-14:30 Lunch Break Afternoon Session: Fluctuation theorems: experimental tests Chair: Fei Liu 14:30-15:30 Yanwen Tan (Fudan Univ): 15:30-16:10 Zhijian Wang Bing Xu (Zhejiang Univ): 16:10-16:30 Coffee Break Chair: Yuhai Tu 16:30-17:10 Ming Li (IOP-CAS): 17:10-17:50 Jing Yu (CSRC): 18:00-20:00 Diner December 04, 2011 Sunday Morning Session: Fluctuation theorems II: noise in physical and biological systems, new insights from work identities Chair: Leihan Tang 09:00-10:00 Yuhai Tu (IBM): 10:00-10:40 Jingdong Bao (Beijing Normal Univ): Fractional Brownian motion and its applications 10:40-11:00 Coffee Break Chair: Hyunggyu Park 11:00-11:40 Jae Dong Noh (Univ Seoul): 11:40-12:20 Hao Ge (Fudan Univ Peking Univ): 12:20-14:30 Lunch Break Afternoon Session: Macromolecular computation, multiscale modeling, free energy landscapes Chair: Jingdong Bao 14:30-15:30 Jooyoung Lee (KIAS): 15:30-16:10 Jinshan Wu (Beijing Normal Univ): 16:10-16:30 Coffee Break 16:30-17:50 Round-table Discussion (leaders: Fei Liu, Leihan Tang, Yuhai Tu, Zhanchun Tu) 18:00-20:00 Diner
done reading: Constrained Non-negative Matrix Factorization for Image Representation reviewing: done Graph Regularized Nonnegative Matrix Factorization for Data Representation done Maximum Correntropy Criterion for Robust Face Recognition done writing: Thesis-PPT. Nov 15: 今天visa拿到了。剩下的就是答辩了。
November 2, 2011 (Indian Wells, California) — Children whose mothers experienced hypothyroidism during pregnancy show significantly abnormal hippocampal functioning during the recall of autobiographic memories, according to research presented here at the American Thyroid Association (ATA) 81st Annual Meeting. Thyroid hormone is known to play a critical role in the development of the hippocampal region of the brain. Extensive basic research has demonstrated detrimental effects on brain development in the offspring of hypothyroid rodents, explained coauthor Joanne Rovet, PhD, a senior scientist in psychology at the Hospital for Sick Children in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. "The offspring of hypothyroid rodents show effects on brain development such as small neurons, reduced glucose uptake, and an abnormal migration of cells in the hippocampus during development," Dr. Rovet said. It has been shown that the hippocampus becomes activated to a greater degree in response to episodic autobiographic memory, so Dr. Rovet and her colleagues sought to investigate how maternal hypothyroidism affects the autobiographic memory of their children. The study involved 34 children 9 to 11 years of age. Of these, 15 had mothers who had overt hypothyroidism during pregnancy. The remaining 19 served as control subjects. All participants received 1-hour magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) sessions that included functional MRI testing. During the MRI, the children were given an autobiographic memory retrieval task with yes/no questions about memories of specific events and a control condition with yes/no questions to assess general semantic memory facts. The functional MRI results showed significant differences in autobiographic memory between those whose mothers had hypothyroidism during pregnancy and those in the control group. "After controlling for total hippocampal volumes and accuracy, maternal TSH levels during the first trimester of pregnancy significantly predicted hippocampal activations during autobiographic memory," compared with fact retrieval, the authors report. Among children with mothers who had higher first-trimester TSH values, there was significantly greater left hippocampus activity ( P = .002) and greater right hippocampus activity ( P = .42). "Behaviorally, we found that the offspring of hypothyroid women provided less detail in their original autobiographic memories," Dr. Rovet told Medscape Medical News . "When they recalled their own past, it was with less detail." "On recalling events that had been staged for the study, they were significantly less accurate than the nonmaternal hypothyroid controls, and the degree of accuracy on the staged memory correlated with their hippocampal volume." Furthermore, the degree of hippocampal activity, representing greater difficulty recalling memories, corresponded with the degree of maternal hypothyroidism, Dr. Rovet added. "When we correlated the amount of activation in the hypothyroid group, we found that those whose mothers had more severe hypothyroidism during pregnancy had to activate their hippocampus more to remember their own past experiences as they came into adolescence." The results underscore the need to look at the potentially broader developmental implications of maternal hypothyroidism in pregnancy, she added. "We need to do activity analyses to see how the whole brain is functioning in these children," Dr. Rovet emphasized. She noted that her research team currently has a grant under review to look at the implications for everyday memory activity such as social problem solving, future planning, and memory. Alex Stagnaro-Green, MD, senior associate dean for education at the George Washington University School of Medicine in DC, agrees that the findings should be followed up with more rigorous research. "These are very intriguing findings. has definitely been suggested, in animal models, that there are other defects in the offspring of maternal hypothyroidism; this now puts things into the human arena. "The big question is what the clinical impact is," Dr. Stagnaro-Green noted. Amid mounting research demonstrating the adverse effects of thyroid disease during pregnancy for the mother and child alike, the ATA recently released clinical guidelines for the treatment of women with hypothyroidism during pregnancy. Some of the key recommendations are to treat women with overt or subclinical hypothyroidism who are positive for thyroid peroxidase antibodies with oral levothyroxine, to monitor women with subclinical disease for progression to overt hypothyroidism, and to avoid other thyroid preparations such as triiodothyronine. Although there is debate about whether the guidelines should recommend universal screening, Dr. Stagnaro-Green said he doesn't think these findings are strong enough yet to bolster the universal screening argument. "This study shows a difference on MRI, but whether that has any practical significance, we don't know. Before we recommend universal screening for more than 4billion women a year, we want to make sure the data are more solid," he cautioned. 来源： http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/752790
November 8, 2011 — A significant number of previously healthy children developed severe pneumonia and respiratory failure when infected with H1N1 influenza during the 2009 pandemic. A study published online October 17 in Pediatrics associates an 8-fold increased mortality rate among such children with coinfection by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). The dual infection can establish a potentially lethal synergy as the viral assault compromises immunity and the bacterial infection destroys lung tissue. Without widespread vaccination, the situation could return because community-acquired MRSA in children is becoming more prevalent and H1N1 is still in circulation. Members of the Pediatric Acute Lung Injury and Sepsis Investigator's Network analyzed data from 838 children treated at 35 US pediatric intensive care units for probable H1N1 influenza from April 2009 to April 2010. Median age was 6 years. Most patients were in respiratory failure, with 564 (67.3%) requiring mechanical ventilation and 33 (3.9%) receiving extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. Despite aggressive treatment and vancomycin use, 75 children (8.9%) died. Overall, 71 (8.5%) of the patients had presumed diagnosis of early S aureus infection of the lung, with 48% of those apparently being MRSA. In their multivariate analysis the investigators controlled for demographics; pediatric intensive care unit admission, comorbidities, and coinfections; treatments; and secondary influenza-related complications such as encephalitis and myocarditis. Of the 838 children, 587 had 1 or more chronic health conditions, including asthma, compromised immune deficiency, or a neurological disorder. Among the 251 previously healthy children, the only shared risk factor for those who died was MRSA lung infection (relative risk, 8; 95% confidence interval, 3.1 - 20.6; P .0001). Of the 251 previously healthy children, 26 (10.4%) had S aureus lung infection, as did 8 of the 18 children who died (44%), 6 of whom were confirmed to have had MRSA. Most of the children receiving vancomycin did not survive. Secondary conditions and MRSA infection may explain the high morbidity and mortality rates among children infected with H1N1 in the study year, the investigators conclude. "There's more risk for MRSA to become invasive in the presence of flu or other viruses," first author Adrienne Randolph, MD, from Boston Children's Hospital in Massachusetts says in a news release. "These deaths in co-infected children are a warning sign." In the study, 88.2% of the children received oseltamivir, but only 5.8% received it before hospital admission. Because of the speed with which either or both infections develop, the researchers advise immediately treating children presenting with severe lower respiratory tract diseases during influenza season with antivirals such as oseltamivir, as well as antibiotics, without waiting for laboratory confirmation of the infections. The researchers write that influenza vaccination is the most effective approach for minimizing morbidity and mortality in coinfected children, because an effective vaccine has not yet been developed for MRSA. Limitations of the study include confirmation of H1N1 in only 65% of cases, lack of systematic detection of additional respiratory pathogens, and bacterial infections masked by use of broad-spectrum antibiotics. The sampling was restricted to large pediatric facilities. This study was supported by US National Institutes of Health, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, and the Department of Health and Human Services. The authors have disclosed no relevant financial relationships. Pediatrics . Published online October 17, 2011. Abstract 来源： http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/753155
Wednesday November 2, 2011 Dear Professor Mankiw— Today, we are walking out of your class, Economics 10, in order to express our discontent with the bias inherent in this introductory economics course. We are deeply concerned about the way that this bias affects students, the University, and our greater society. As Harvard undergraduates, we enrolled in Economics 10 hoping to gain a broad and introductory foundation of economic theory that would assist us in our various intellectual pursuits and diverse disciplines, which range from Economics, to Government, to Environmental Sciences and Public Policy, and beyond. Instead, we found a course that espouses a specific—and limited—view of economics that we believe perpetuates problematic and inefficient systems of economic inequality in our society today. A legitimate academic study of economics must include a critical discussion of both the benefits and flaws of different economic simplifying models. As your class does not include primary sources and rarely features articles from academic journals, we have very little access to alternative approaches to economics. There is no justification for presenting Adam Smith’s economic theories as more fundamental or basic than, for example, Keynesian theory. Care in presenting an unbiased perspective on economics is particularly important for an introductory course of 700 students that nominally provides a sound foundation for further study in economics. Many Harvard students do not have the ability to opt out of Economics 10. This class is required for Economics and Environmental Science and Public Policy concentrators, while Social Studies concentrators must take an introductory economics course—and the only other eligible class, Professor Steven Margolin’s class Critical Perspectives on Economics, is only offered every other year (and not this year). Many other students simply desire an analytic understanding of economics as part of a quality liberal arts education. Furthermore, Economics 10 makes it difficult for subsequent economics courses to teach effectively as it offers only one heavily skewed perspective rather than a solid grounding on which other courses can expand. Students should not be expected to avoid this class—or the whole discipline of economics—as a method of expressing discontent. Harvard graduates play major roles in the financial institutions and in shaping public policy around the world. If Harvard fails to equip its students with a broad and critical understanding of economics, their actions are likely to harm the global financial system. The last five years of economic turmoil have been proof enough of this. We are walking out today to join a Boston-wide march protesting the corporatization of higher education as part of the global Occupy movement. Since the biased nature of Economics 10 contributes to and symbolizes the increasing economic inequality in America, we are walking out of your class today both to protest your inadequate discussion of basic economic theory and to lend our support to a movement that is changing American discourse on economic injustice. Professor Mankiw, we ask that you take our concerns and our walk-out seriously. Sincerely, Concerned students of Economics 10
1: Klinge S, Voigts-Hoffmann F, Leibundgut M, Arpagaus S, Ban N. Crystal Structure of the Eukaryotic 60S Ribosomal Subunit in Complex with Initiation Factor 6. Science. 2011 Nov 3. PubMed PMID: 22052974. 2: Ataide SF, Schmitz N, Shen K, Ke A, Shan SO, Doudna JA, Ban N. The crystal structure of the signal recognition particle in complex with its receptor. Science. 2011 Feb 18;331(6019):881-6. PubMed PMID: 21330537. 3: Rabl J, Leibundgut M, Ataide SF, Haag A, Ban N. Crystal structure of the eukaryotic 40S ribosomal subunit in complex with initiation factor 1. Science. 2011 Feb 11;331(6018):730-6. Epub 2010 Dec 23. PubMed PMID: 21205638. 4: Maier T, Leibundgut M, Ban N. The crystal structure of a mammalian fatty acid synthase. Science. 2008 Sep 5;321(5894):1315-22. PubMed PMID: 18772430. 5: Leibundgut M, Jenni S, Frick C, Ban N. Structural basis for substrate delivery by acyl carrier protein in the yeast fatty acid synthase. Science. 2007 Apr 13;316(5822):288-90. PubMed PMID: 17431182. 6: Jenni S, Leibundgut M, Boehringer D, Frick C, Mikolásek B, Ban N. Structure of fungal fatty acid synthase and implications for iterative substrate shuttling. Science. 2007 Apr 13;316(5822):254-61. PubMed PMID: 17431175. 7: Thore S, Leibundgut M, Ban N. Structure of the eukaryotic thiamine pyrophosphate riboswitch with its regulatory ligand. Science. 2006 May 26;312(5777):1208-11. Epub 2006 May 4. PubMed PMID: 16675665. 8: Jenni S, Leibundgut M, Maier T, Ban N. Architecture of a fungal fatty acid synthase at 5 A resolution. Science. 2006 Mar 3;311(5765):1263-7. PubMed PMID: 16513976. 9: Maier T, Jenni S, Ban N. Architecture of mammalian fatty acid synthase at 4.5 A resolution. Science. 2006 Mar 3;311(5765):1258-62. PubMed PMID: 16513975. 10: Nissen P, Hansen J, Ban N, Moore PB, Steitz TA. The structural basis of ribosome activity in peptide bond synthesis. Science. 2000 Aug11;289(5481):920-30. PubMed PMID: 10937990. 11: Ban N, Nissen P, Hansen J, Moore PB, Steitz TA. The complete atomic structure of the large ribosomal subunit at 2.4 A resolution. Science. 2000 Aug 11;289(5481):905-20. PubMed PMID: 10937989.
Published by China Daily on 31 October, 2011 Recycled cooking oil is proliferating because illegal companies make money at every stage of the process. Two experts have opposing views on a waste-to- energy solution. Here is some of opinions, see others please enter: http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/opinion/2011-10/31/content_14004907.htm Jiang Gaoming Joint efforts can cut profit chain A nationwide crackdown on "gutter oil", or recycled cooking oil, is on. To prevent recycled cooking oil from appearing on our dinner tables, some people suggest a waste-to-energy transfer is better than a crackdown by police. But that is easier said than done. The government first launched a crackdown on "gutter oil" 10 years ago, but the situation, against all expectations, has only deteriorated. As the cooking oil scandal shows, a strong profit chain has been formed in the illegal oil processing industry: illegal operators collect waste cooking oil from sewages and restaurants and sell it at 4,000 yuan ($629) a ton to underground factories. The illegal factories then process the oil and sell it for 6,000 yuan a ton to middlemen, who then sell it to restaurants for about 8,000 yuan a ton, which is still a lot cheaper than normal cooking oil that cost about 12,000 yuan a ton. Lured by the huge profits that can be made at every stage of the illegal process, many individuals and enterprises have joined the illegal oil recycling sector. The result: the vicious industry is growing by the day. Some people suggest that we learn from the practices of developed countries, most of which have established a mechanism for dealing with waste oil. For instance, a law passed in Germany in the 1970s makes it mandatory for all restaurants to sign a contract with the government and keep an accurate record of every drum of kitchen garbage they produce, thus preventing waste cooking oil from returning to the dinner table. In the US and Japan, it is mandatory for restaurants to sell (or give) garbage containing used cooking oil to only certain collectors so that it can be dealt with in an environmentally friendly way. Japanese collectors even add inedible castor oil to the waste oil they sell to prevent it from being reused as cooking oil. It, still, can be processed as biodiesel that can be used in the garbage trucks, which certainly is a healthy cycle. Some people advise that we should emulate these examples, and help the biodiesel industry replace the underground factories. They say that because biodiesel is sold at almost the same price as petrochemical products - about 7,500 yuan a ton - the government should offer subsidies to biodiesel producers to keep illegal "gutter oil" collectors at bay. That may be a piece of good advice but people who advise it forget how much cooking oil waste is produced in China everyday. The general consumption habit in China is to order more food in a restaurant than we can eat and create unnecessary waste, owing to which an amazingly high amount - 2 to 3 million tons - of waste cooking oil is generated every year. The latest figure I found, shows that in April 2006, Japan's garbage dumps collected less than 1,500 tons of waste cooking oil. Small amounts of subsidy can work in countries like Japan, but China has to provide huge amounts of subsidy - a heavy burden on taxpayers - to just get things going. Besides, even with government subsidies, it would be difficult for biodiesel producers to fight a price war with illegal oil recycling factories, for there is too big a gap between their profit margins. To raise their sales, underground factories generally sell recycled cooking oil at 8,000 yuan a ton, still about 2,000 to 4,000 yuan less than fresh cooking oil. Once biodiesel producers enter the market, underground factories can easily raise the collection price by 1,500 yuan a ton to compete with them, something that can debilitate biodiesel producers that rely on government subsidies for survival. So promoting a healthy industry to recycle waste cooking oil for non -edible use may be a good practice in other countries, but not so practical in China. What we should learn from the countries that have laws or regulations on recycling used cooking oil to pre-empt public health hazards is stricter supervision and detection. Instead of passing laws for collecting of waste cooking oil from restaurants, the government should strengthen supervision over the oil they use to prevent waste cooking oil from returning to the dinner table. That would be more effective and more convenient both. No less important than detecting waste cooking oil is curtailing over-ordering, given people's consumption habit in China. That would require consumers to change their habits. Every consumer should bear in mind that each morsel or bit of food he/she leaves on the table could be used to reprocess cooking oil - that's why he/she should take away the uneaten food instead of wasting it. Perhaps the government should introduce some measures - fines, for instance - to punish people who waste food. In other words, the problem of waste cooking oil is deep-rooted in China and can be solved only with the help and efforts of all. (The author is a researcher from Institute of Botany, the Chinese Academy of Sciences)
Workshop on European Resource Policies Discussion about the strategy of the European Union in Brussels Around 50 experts of economics, science, media, NGOs and policy makers will get together in a workshop called "Options for future European resource policies" in Brussels on 10 November 2011. The discussion is based on the study "Macroeconomic modelling of sustainable development" which the Wuppertal Institut worked out together with other partners by order of the European Commission of Environment. The workshop will try to answer the questions about the importance of different types of natural resources for the economy and about the risks which are associated with the use of these resources. Registration to this workshop is possible until 3 October by mail to: event@seri.at. The conference will start at 11 o'clock at the Directorate-General for the Envrionment of the European Commission, Avenue de Beaulieu 5, 1160 Brussels. Macmod_Programme_101111.pdf
据 SIR World Report 2011 报道，中科院在世界排名、亚洲排名以及国内排名均列榜首，清华大学世界排名11，亚洲排名第3，国内排名第2；浙江大学（14-4-3）、上海交通大学（23-6-4）、北京大学（43-9-5）、哈尔滨工业大学（45-10-6）、华中科技大学（50-12-7）、台湾大学（62-14-8）、西安交通大学（92-19-9）、复旦大学（98-22-10）、武汉大学（99-23-11）、四川大学（108-26-12）、吉林大学（113-27-13）、天津大学（121-28-14）、同济大学（126-29-15）、大连理工大学（133-30-16）、中南大学（136-31-16），上述括号内数字表示世界排名（WR）-亚洲排名（RR)-国内排名（CR),其他单位排名结果见附件。 sir_2011_world_report_asia.pdf The most comprehensive Research Ranking of worldwide universities and research-focused institutions. This 3rd edition includes 3,042 institutions from all over the world grouped into five Institutional Sectors and classified by World Regions. The ranking adds two new performance indicators (to the previous four ones) to evaluate institutions' research outcomes: Specialization Index and Excellence Rate. 详细信息请浏览： http://www.scimagoir.com/
2011年11月02日 联合国艾滋病规划署11月2日发表媒体公报宣布，将今年12月1日“世界艾滋病日”的主题确定为“实现零（Getting to Zero）”；同时，在2011至2015年期间的“世界艾滋病运动（World AIDS Campaign）”也将以此为主题，以呼应联合国所倡导的“零新增感染、零歧视和零死亡”三大全球抗艾目标。 艾滋病规划署表示，“实现零”这个宣传主题的选择与确定是与艾滋病毒携带者、卫生保健活动家以及公民社会广泛磋商的结果。它是推动所有人更好地获得治疗的标志；也是使各国政府立即采取行动的一个号召。 艾滋病规划署强调，对于“实现零”这个主题的解读，不同地区、国家和社区拥有极大的灵活性，可根据实地情况选择侧重点。例如，在非洲，今后五年防治艾滋病运动的焦点将是“零死亡”，即减少与艾滋病相关死亡病例的数量。然而，在世界其他地区，抗艾行动的优先工作则可能是“零歧视”，以确保受艾滋病影响者的人权受到尊重和保护，并可平等获得能够拯救生命的信息、预防措施和治疗。 艾滋病规划署同时指出，今年的“世界艾滋病日”恰逢世界首次确诊艾滋病病例３０周年。联合国方面将借助这一平台，向全球各地多年来不懈努力应对这一顽症的“艾滋斗士”致敬，并进一步加强公众对世界艾滋病运动的关注、了解和参与，为将于明年７月在美国华盛顿召开的第１９届世界艾滋病大会的成功奠定基础。 世界卫生组织于１９８８年将每年的１２月１日确定为“世界艾滋病日”，号召世界各国和国际组织在这一天举办相关活动，宣传和普及预防艾滋病的知识，以此唤起人们对艾滋病病毒感染者的理解，并鼓励全球人民共同行动起来支持防治艾滋病的规划与行动。之所以选择这一天，是因为世界首例艾滋病病例是在１９８１年１２月１日被确诊的。来源：联合国新闻网
一直很粉欧洲建构主义传统的STS，所以一有机会就拿着这个东西分析这分析那。自在《科学学研究》2011（3）的文章“政策学习与全球化时代的话语权力”中首次尝试用boundary object的概念进行分析之后，这次算是做了一个大规模的案例研究。去年12月份的时候在南开大学朱旭峰教授组织的研讨会上进行了首次汇报，2011年年初也在清华做了小规模的讨论，结果大家普遍反应信息量过大，一时难以理解。后面的投稿也几乎遇到了相同的问题，还好《公共管理学报》再次接受了我这篇2万字的文章，并以极快的速度刊出。再次感谢学报编辑的辛勤工作，也感谢两位匿名审稿人所提出的宝贵意见。 原文请参见：王程韡. “政策否决的社会建构：以我国几次立法禁止“人肉搜索”的失败为例”. 公共管理学报. 2011(4): 11-21. 政策否决的社会建构_以我国几次立法禁止_人肉搜索_的失败为例.pdf 政策否决的社会建构：以我国几次立法禁止“人肉搜索”的失败为例 王程韡 （清华大学科技与社会研究中心，北京，100084） 摘 要 ：针对传统的政策否决理论无法对我国立法禁止“人肉搜索”失败的现象做出完满解释的问题，本文通过引入建构主义社会学中边界物的概念认为：作为边界物的“人肉搜索”由于其解释的灵活性，存在着技术、权利和适用三个层面的划界。如果说从依靠人的“人机互动”中衍生出针对人的“人际互动”具有偶然性的因素，在其立法禁止的多方尝试中却是隐私权和“监督权-批评权”相对于另外一种隐私权和言论自由权划界方式的胜利。虽然中央和地方都试图在“监督权-批评权”的指涉对象上做出社会一般失范和官员腐败的划分，结果也只是带来规制性政策的流产或是象征性通过，即便趋利避害地利用“人肉搜索”已经得到了社会各界的广泛认同。文章还进一步指出，“人肉搜索”现象的出现和政策应对上的两难源于国家和公民社会之间的张力，只有对其进行有效分流才能真正阻止“网络暴力”的产生。而且在信息社会等生成性的制度与境下，打开政策问题内容的黑箱也是十分必要的。 关键词：人肉搜索；政策否决；权利；边界物；社会建构 中图分类号：D621 文章标识码：A 在一个技术变迁的速度令人炫目的世界里，没有人可以想象如果当初没有某一项技术今天的生活将会怎样。作为人类社会20世纪最伟大的发明之一，网络社会的出现带来了一种新的社会形态和社会模式的根本性重构 ：互联网不但给人类社会的生产、生活带来了极大的便利，也对社会的经济、政治和文化等诸多方面造成了强烈的冲击。2010年11月7日23点44分，著名童话作家郑渊洁在微博上发出“搜索令”，希望网友帮助他找到15年前给他寄信的读者。结果在网友的帮助下，一位名为章懿哲的读者仅在32分钟后就被锁定 。在惊异于技术伟大的同时，也有不少人表示担心“人肉搜索”被别有用心的人利用，可能会造成当事人隐私泄露甚至人身财产安全的隐患，最终上升为某种“网络暴力”。其实自21世纪初“人肉搜索”这一新兴网络技术一经诞生开始，就不断引发着社会的关注和争议。 2009年1月，徐州曾第一次尝试通过立法禁止“人肉搜索”，但遭逾九成网民反对，最后当局让步表示“揭示官员贪腐不在此限” 。事实上“人肉搜索第一法”前后，中央以及各地方政府也几次试图立法对“人肉搜索”的权利边界予以划定，但都由于种种原因而遭到事实（de facto）或者法定（de jure）上的政策否决而以失败告终。那么在中国特殊的政治与境之下，对于立法禁止“人肉搜索”的政策否决（即维持现状的主张）是如何达成的？这一现象又是否意味着中国网民这个松散群体的胜利，甚至标志着互联网已然为中国的民主化道路提供了另外一种可能呢？ 1. 生成性制度与社会建构主义视野下的政策否定 所谓政策否决，一般是指政治主体行使否决权，促使决策者放弃或改变议题、决定的现象。正如很多学者所指出的那样：和西方式的民主社会体制有所不同，我国政治最重要的特点是坚持中国共产党的领导，并长期采取权力相对集中的决策体制。但在政策过程中，意见不一、争论乃至重大修改、否定、否决等均不可避免。特别是改革开放以后，普通民众借助“外压模式”成为否决者，发起否决行动并形成实质性否决的事例也屡见不鲜 。然而如何界定政策议程中的否决权，特别是在判别民众在何种情况下才会拥有这种权力，成为了理论本身所面临的一个难题。 按照否决者理论（veto theory）的表述，不管是在何种政权、政党和议会体制下，某一项政策变迁（改革）若要实现都必须征得所有否决者的同意。而且否决者的数目越多，否决者之间的政策主张（偏好）距离越大，否决者的内部凝聚力越强，政策的稳定性就越高，或者说改革就越困难 。在这样的解释框架之下，是否拥有否决权取决于能否成为政治体制中的否决者，而且否决者的否决行为得以实现的关键在于尽可能的增衍否决者的数量，提出并坚持截然不同的政策偏好，以及形成强有力的政策联盟甚至组织。除了提出不同政见的第二个条件能够得到“天然”满足以外，我们似乎从来无法预期网民这一群体可以同时保持数量的增加和内部凝聚力的增强。更或者说把有着不同诉求的异质性的网民当作是“团结”的、具有统一偏好的统一整体本身就存在很多操作性和切实性的问题——特别是看似满足上述条件的诸多来自网络上的“抗议”并不能构成事实上的政策否决，就已经对理论的有效性做出了有力的证伪。实际上，这样一种解释的失败（抑或只能说是“后验”解释的成功），缘于福利经济学的理论源出决定了否决者理论本身所不可避免的四种倾向：第一，是制度先验的倾向，即理论认为是作为博弈规则（rules of game）的制度决定了谁是否决者；第二，是理性选择的倾向，即提案者可以视其他否决者的政策主张（偏好），进而提出一个对他自己有利的方案；第三，是轻内容的倾向，即认为否决者对于政策议程程序的控制来得更为重要；第四，是期望共识的倾向，即认为政策变迁的关键是所有否决者的一致同意。 对此，首先虽然技术治理（technology governance）已然成为我国改革发展的一个总体趋势，然而对于互联网这一新生的社会建构性力量而言，由相关的社会-技术秩序所构成的制度显然是生成性（即作为一种“结果”）而非先验性的 。在这样一种情况下，网络社会的崛起并不是决定了民众一定可以成为政策的否决者，而只是为其参与政策过程提供了必要的条件；其次由于身份、知识和技能的局限，普通民众很难相时而动地提出甚至知晓所谓的有利方案；再次在中国政策过程的与境之下，对于公众参与而言同样具有着异质性的政策内容往往比事实上“不可控”的程序更加重要，特别是在网民参与尚未在程序上走入政策否决点（veto point）的情况下；最后特别是对于诸如“怒江建坝”等复杂性政策决策而言，争论之下的非共识状态同样可以实现政策否决。从这个意义上讲，否决者理论所倡导的通过制度环境、政治权力和偏好确定否决者，并进一步利用吸收法则（absorption rule）合并否决者均不可能达成。也可以由此认定，既有的理论无法对“人肉搜索”的政策否决现象做出完满的解释。究其本质而言，是由于否决者（包括否决点）理论的制度性视角将政策否决的诸多方面，特别是政策的相关问题“黑箱化”了。因此，本文所提出的应对策略自然是打开政策问题的“黑箱”。 如果将目光向前延伸到政策议程（policy agenda）阶段，我们知道：之所以仅有某些政策问题可以引起决策者的注意，是因为政策系统中存在着问题流、政策流和政治流三种互相区别的动力和规则，只有三者在需要决策的关键深刻结合起来，才能大大提高政策制定者关注的可能性 。然而后来也有学者发现，各源流之间并不是完全的相互独立 。相反在很多情况下，由于政策相关的问题本身就是一个复杂的演化过程，对问题的界定和争论也就预设着相应的政策解决方案。其实，这样一种机理的解释同样适用于政策否决：一方面，行动者可以通过对复杂问题的转译（translation，即将其意愿通过自己的语言来表达）尽可能多的征募和动员同盟，另一方面，如果争论还是能够始终围绕着某项“核心”而不至于流散，即有所保留地打开黑箱而使得政策问题保持一种“灰箱化”的状态，前文所说的非共识性否决就可能实现。这样一来，对于政策否决分析的关键并不在于制度环境、政治权力和偏好。相反，政策否决者和政策倡导者之间的角力，也取决于异质性的行动者对问题进行的有效收敛情况 。 但需指出的是，如果政策相关的问题过于复杂，完全的打开“黑箱”也是不可能的。为了表征不同立场对政策问题“灰箱”诠释的张力，这里拟引入社会建构主义社会学中边界物（boundary objects）的概念。所谓边界物是指存在于不同社会领域交界面上的，可供不同行动者施展转译策略但又足以维持一种跨越不同“生活世界”的“共识”的一切事物（包括人和组织） 。在边界被最终划定之前，每一组行动者都认为作为边界物的术语是被唯一理解的。这也就为即便是不同归因，但仍可以就某些条件达成一致提供了发展舞台 。边界物的本质在于一种限定了实践范围的解释的灵活性（explanatory flexibility）：过于松散根本不可能吸引相互分歧的世界；而过于严格和牢固则只会维持内在的相容性或是活力。在政策形成的场域中，很多活跃在技术和社会交界面之上的复杂性事物，比如“人肉搜索”就很容易充当边界物的角色。政治流当中的每一方都希望凭借对问题的重新界定对整个网络进行转译，同时边界物的性质也容许了其他行动者反抗甚至否定这种转译。从这个意义上讲，在生成性制度环境下的每一个行动者都可以成为政策的否决者，我们也没有必要去试图简化或者合并否决者——因为否定者和制度本身一样，都是随着对问题本身的收敛而后验的建构的。 总之在建构性的视角之下，预先决定社会-技术秩序的制度和洞悉自身偏好的理性都不复存在。具有着边界物意味（即“灰箱化”而不是“黑箱化”）的内容而不是程序，争论而不是共识，成为了主导政策否决过程的核心。所以在回答对于“人肉搜索”立法禁止的政策否决又是如何实现的问题之前，还是首先要回到“人肉搜索”的界定上来。 2. 若隐若现的技术边界：作为一种边界物的“人肉搜索” 就广义而言，“人肉搜索”是指利用人工参与来“提纯”搜索引擎（自动算法）提供信息的一种机制。从这个意义上讲，我们所熟知的“百度知道”、“新浪爱问”等互联网问答社区都属于“人肉搜索”之列。作为本土企业应对谷歌（Google）进入中国的一种积极竞争策略，新浪和百度两大国内互联网公司于2005年6月分别发布了“爱问搜索”和“百度知道”产品，开创了中文智慧型互动搜索引擎的发展模式。所谓智慧型互动搜索引擎，是指“除保留了传统算法技术在常规网页搜索的强大功能外，以一个独有的互动问答平台，弥补了传统算法技术在搜索界面上智慧性和互动性的先天不足。通过调动网民参与提问与回答，能汇集千万网民的智慧，让用户彼此分享知识与经验”；并“通过用户和搜索引擎的相互作用，实现搜索引擎的社区化” 。事实上，这种问答互动的形式早在其他BBS性质的社区网站中就已见雏形——2001年，有网民在猫扑网贴出一张美女照片，并声称该女子是自己的女朋友。可是，立时就有明眼人指出，此照片女主人的真实身份是微软公司的女代言人陈自瑶，并贴出了她的大部分个人资料。“陈自瑶事件”也被广大网友推崇为“人肉搜索”的开端 。一方面，无论是早期的社区互动问答还是后来的互动搜索引擎，都采用了“社区币”或积分等看板式（如排行榜）激励机制，吸引更多的“志愿者”关注并帮助发掘真相。而虚拟奖励机制的设立不仅极大的激励了广大网友（在猫扑上称为“赏金猎人”）的参与热情，也旨在通过某种市场环境创造一个相对良好的竞争氛围：在充分参与的情况下，网友会争先提供准确、全面的信息给提问者，并在搜索实践中形成自身的职业道德和行为准则。而另一方面，由于基于互联网的交流保留着良好的匿名性，从而避免了现实生活中很多私密问题所可能带来的污名困扰 。于是在这种独特的小生境中，供求关系达到了一个几近完美的平衡。 相比之下，狭义也是备受争议的“人肉搜索”则是在上述社会-技术体制（socio-technical regime）下所随机涌现出来的一种行为模式。如果说广义的“人肉搜索”是依靠人的一种“人机互动”，而狭义的“人肉搜索”则是针对人本身的“人际互动”。也许是非常偶然地诞生，但这种“搜人”模式一经在原有的平台上分流，就逐渐收敛成独特的“人找人，人问人，人碰人，人挤人、人挨人”， 而且专门定位于“搜人”的关系型网络社区活动 ——而改变原有技术发展轨迹的转捩点，就是发生于2006年2月的著名的“虐猫事件” 。由于在一定程度上超越了现实生活中的执法机构而成为整个社会的“卫道士”，网络中的志愿者们在追踪失范（Anomie）的过程中找到了比虚拟激励机制所营造的利他主义情结更大的满足感，甚至可以说是一种“疲惫生活中的英雄梦想”。特别是我国法律环境尚未健全的与境，为公民权从民事权向政治权、社会权的延伸更是提供了可能，抑或说是发泄途径 。然而我们也不得不承认：在网络空间中，人们几乎可以呆着某种激情为所欲为；互联网所构建的赛博世界也被认为是现实世界的虚饰和异化，甚至是对真实东西的糟糕替代 。虽然“搜人”行为依然是以追寻事实为终极目标，但在情感的源头上却有着对于“错的是别人，而不是我”的直接投射（projection），以及不愿意一些“不好的事情”发生在自己身上的移情（empathy）。在陈述的方式上，每一个事件都被毫不留情的标签化（如“虐猫女”），使得更多的潜在志愿者能够迅速关注并感同身受。同时往往还是只有原帖和最新的跟帖成为了第一认知对象，大量的简化（如网友所极力推崇的事件“摘要”）、强化（即对“摘要化”事件的路径依赖）和同化（即对事件本身的情感激化过程）使得大多数人只是更加关注与事件中的某些细节——尽管互联网本身的搜索功能为回溯事件提供了可能。在“人肉搜索”的过程中难以避免地，认知的认同和情感的认同混合在一起，或者说事实和价值判断混合在一起。于是，超越理性的群体无意识甚至网络暴力便成为了事实建构过程中的伴生品 。 因此虽然自“虐猫事件”后 “人肉搜索”已然呈现出一种新的态势，从其发展的历史脉络来看，网友群体并没有自发地意识到广义和狭义两种“人肉搜索”的界限——即从一开始“人肉搜索”这个概念就被“灰箱化”了。但需要指出的是，一方面对“依靠人”还是“针对人”搜索的不同解释，还是给后来的进一步转译提供了空间和可能。另一方面，“人肉搜索”在作为一种“灰箱化”的脚本建构社会的同时，权利的边界却也同时被建构起来了：除了体现为社会权（或者说为达到社会公正目的）的监督权和批评权，问答双方也通过匿名性对隐私权给予了肯定；只是在“搜人”的“远方在场”（absent present）中唯一真正缺席的被搜索人的隐私权 ，却被法律意识淡薄下的自我赋予的权利，或者说是道德上的“优越感”无情地剥夺 。 3. 两种重塑权利边界的尝试：中央和地方立法的政策否决 让“人肉搜索”真正走入政策议程的是著名的“死亡博客”事件以及随后而来的中国“网络暴力第一案” 。2008年1月9日，天涯论坛一位网友在浏览到姜岩的MSN空间后，在天涯八卦义愤发帖，标题为《看到一个MM自杀前的博客 因为小三…她从24楼跳下去了好惨》，帖子全文转载了姜岩自杀前的博文。1月10日晚，一个自称姜岩的朋友的朋友的网络友发了题为《哀莫大于心死，从24楼跳下自杀MM最后的BLOG日记，是我朋友的朋友》的帖子。帖子中写到，“从张美然3377事件，到年底张斌胡紫薇事件，再到自杀的姜岩，小三的话题一次一次出现在视野里。而我们，除了谴责之外，其他，再也无能为力”。事件一经曝光网友便开始了大规模的“人肉搜索”，公布了王菲和第三者的详细资料，并在网上号召其所在行业驱逐他们。激动的网友甚至找到了王菲父母的家，在其门口用油漆写下了“逼死贤妻”等恐吓标语；又闹到当事人的单位，王菲因此遭到辞退。2008年3月18日，王菲请求法院判令大旗网、天涯社区、北飞的候鸟3家网站停止侵害自己的名誉权、消除不良影响，公开赔礼道歉，并承担自己的工资损失、精神损失共计13.5万元 。4 月17 日，该案件在北京市朝阳区人民法院开庭审理。直到2009年12月23日，北京市第二中级人民法院终于裁定北方的候鸟网站管理员张乐奕侵害王菲名誉权的事实成立，判令其对王菲赔礼道歉并赔偿精神损害抚慰金及公证费共计5684 元 。 之所以能够成功地上升为开启政策之窗的“问题流”，是因为这一案件正好击中了我国现行法律两大漏洞：一个涉及公民隐私权保护，另一个涉及公民言论自由界限 。中国青年报社会调查中心的一项调查显示，近八成公众认为应该更好地规范人肉搜索。这表明，越来越多的人开始反思“人肉搜索”容易演变成网上暴力的危害 。在缺乏评判标准的情况下，通过立法来对新兴的社会-技术体制中所产生的失范问题进行约束也显得顺理成章。此时，正值十一届全国人大常委会第四次会议首次审议刑法修正案（七）草案的关键时期。终于在8月25日，全国人大常委会委员、人大常委会预算工作委员会主任朱志刚在分组审议刑法修正案（七）草案时提出：“人肉搜索”“网上通缉”泄露公民姓名、家庭住址、个人电话等基本信息，是严重侵犯公民基本权益的行为，建议将“人肉搜索”行为在刑法中予以规范 。其实关于“人肉搜索”的利弊问题，早就在网络和媒体中引起了争论：比如针对“很黄很暴力”事件，就有人提出了“一个孩子难以承受这样的压力”的反思 。央视2008年9月19日播出的《新闻会客厅》节目，也专门探讨了人肉搜索“罪”与“罚”。刑法修正案（七）草案审议的契机，使得“人肉搜索”的传媒议程和公共议程正式走入政策议程，本来具有解释灵活性的“人肉搜索”开始在狭义即“搜人”的层面收敛。 即便如此，“人肉搜索”的概念依然是作为边界物而存在的——只不过划界的斗争不是技术的手段或是对象，而是更加直接的指向了权利。支持刑法管制的一方认为，“人肉搜索”在当事人未经授权的情况下就公开资料属于典型的侵犯隐私权的行为，个人隐私在网络上被披露以后也有无限传播、永久保存的可能性 。因此也可以认为，网络中的隐私权是“一经侵权，永久侵权”。参与“人肉搜索”的网友有言论自由的权利 。但其权利的边界就是他人的合法权利，即发表言论的同时必须要承担起相应的责任，“道德审判”必须止步于法律的尊严和个人合法权益的维护 。反对的一方并没有按照隐私权和言论自由权的划界和对手进行正面冲突。相反，他们把边界划在了隐私权和“监督权-批评权”的一边。他们认为：“人肉搜索”不仅可以在最短时间内揭露事件真相，维护社会道德秩序，还可延伸到网络无法触及的领域。特别是“人肉搜索”可以时刻警醒位高权重者约束、规范自己的言行——甚至有专家指出，网络揭露腐败、参与反腐败是中国反腐败最主要的形式之一，不能因噎废食 。类似地，隐私权的维护也不应该超过“监督权-批评权”的边界 。 抛出这样一种政治话语，也就将“人肉搜索”的立法问题转译到共产党作为唯一执政党的合法性问题。共产党一直强调是人民的政党。党章中明确规定，每个党员都必须“接受党内外群众的监督”。2008年6月胡锦涛总书记在登录人民网强国论坛与网友交流时更是指出：执政党和政府“强调以人为本、执政为民，因此想问题、做决策、办事情，都需要广泛听取人民群众的意见，集中人民群众的智慧。通过互联网来了解民情、汇聚民智，也是一个重要的渠道”。如何能在保证接受监督不受阻的情况下对“人肉搜索”所可能带来的“网络暴力”行为加以限制，就出现了政策工具上的两难：一方面按照我国的立法原则和大陆法系的特点，一般无法规避“个别问题取向”而对法律实施中可能出现的某个规范（比如专门针对“人肉搜索”所可能带来的负面影响）进行立法或者给出具体的司法解释 。而且“入刑”本身也意味着庞大的执法成本问题。另一方面，即使是通过网络实名制对“网络暴力”的主因匿名性进行限制，但面对社区论坛等庞大的注册用户数量，信息核实是网络服务商不可能完成的任务 。何况如果侵权已经上升到需要动用公安机关采用IP追踪等技术进行网上缉凶，已有的法律框架已然能够提供足够的支持了。此外，“人肉搜索”这一现象已经引起了国外媒体的大力关注，强行禁止不但会“有违民意”，还会有损“国际形象” 。更为重要的是，在现有中央-地方分权的体制下（特别是“分税制改革”以后），中央对于地方信息的掌握基本上只能依赖于地方的层层汇报。网络舆情的监督作用实际上是帮助中央（实际上是与网民形成了同盟）限制了地方权力不至于过大，甚至可以说是达到了某种程度上的技术治理的作用 。在“技术不可行、国际形象不可损、权力流散不可由”的三重考虑下，中央对于“人肉搜索”的立法禁止活动夭折了——广大网民和反对派专家被塑造成了政策的否决者 。 中央重视网络舆情为由对“人肉搜索”的默许相当于把球传给了地方。作为地方立法机构，一个选择是在倾听网民呼声的基础上完全遵从上位法（或者更直白的说是“顺天命、承民意”） ，而同样选择保持现有政策的稳定；当然另外一条选择就是“因地制宜”进行区域立法。第一个吃螃蟹的是徐州。2009年1月18日，《徐州市计算机信息系统安全保护条例》经江苏省十一届人大常委会第七次会议通过，将于6月1日起生效。该条例规定，未经允许，擅自散布他人隐私，在网上提供或公开他人的信息资料，对发布者、传播者等违法行为人，最多可罚款5000元；情节严重的，半年内禁止计算机上网或停机；一些违法的单位，还可能面临吊销经营许可证或取消联网资格的处罚。由于中央在“人肉搜索”问题上向“监督权-批评权”的转译，加之前不久轰动一时的“天价烟事件” ，以及就是发生在徐州本地的“全国最荒淫无耻的区委书记事件”之惯例 ，让网民很快警觉到一旦禁止“人肉搜索”，会削弱网民对社会丑恶现象、违法犯罪、不文明行为的监督权利，更会堵塞一条反腐败的新渠道。需要注意的是作为代表中央态度的网络第一媒体人民网当天做了一项调查：“徐州立法禁止人肉搜索，你怎么看？”有超过 90%的网民表示反对，认为“不利于草根监督”。只有4%的网民表示赞同，认为“人肉搜索弊大于利”。在多方压力之下，徐州立法部门相关负责人也马上出来澄清，“人肉搜索第一法”旨在保障个人信息安全，并未提及“人肉搜索” 。在已经被设立好政策否决者的情况下，5月25日由浙江省政府提交省人大常委会初审的《浙江省信息化促进条例（草案）》中第39条“任何单位和个人不得在网络与信息系统擅自发布、传播、删除、修改信息权利人的相关信息”，由于涉嫌通过立法控制“人肉搜索”一经出台马上受到网友和部分法律专家的质疑。在澄清“误读”后，浙江则是依靠座谈、调研的组织程序，以“容易被群众误解的内容应该搁置起来”为由在7月30日正式通过该条例时去掉了疑似禁止“人肉搜索”的表述，反倒成为“开门立法”的典范。 4. 囚徒困境：政策真空中的“公共领域民主” 从我国立法禁止“人肉搜索”的几次失败的尝试不难看出，政策否决的社会建构其实包含了“人肉搜索”技术边界的建构，所关涉权利边界的建构，以及技术-社会体制适用的建构三方面内容。而建构性的视角与此前制度性视角的最大不同就是对一切先验的政策否定者和否定点的否定，以及对具有复杂性、解释的灵活性的政策问题的内容及其收敛进行了重新的认识和发现。 本文的主旨也便在于展示打开“人肉搜索”黑箱后的另外一种理解和解释的可能（如图1所示）：如果说从最早的依靠人的“人机互动”中衍生出针对人的“人际互动”（第一轮划界），包括“人肉搜索第一案”的出现有很大的偶然性因素，“人肉搜索”立法禁止的多方尝试中却是隐私权和“监督权-批评权”相对于另外一种隐私权和言论自由权划界方式的胜利（第二轮划界）。虽然中央和地方都试图在“监督权-批评权”的指涉对象上做出社会一般失范和官员腐败的划分（第三轮划界），但是在在技术不可行、国际形象不可损、以及权力流散不可由的三重考量下，中央立法先是在刑法修正案中排除了“人肉搜索”的相关内容。又在庞大的现实压力下“各打五十大板”，在民法中对互联网所可能造成的侵权行为做出象征性的威慑。更为重要的是在“监督权-批评权”的与境下，地方政府陷入了政策议程的两难，只能“顺天承民”不颁布有关禁令，或是象征性地通过技术不可行性的法条。即便广大网民和各级政府看到了切实存在的网络暴力和以“人肉搜索”为代表的网络反腐的弊端，收敛在“监督权-批评权”的问题上始终对政策工具的创新形成了掣肘。于是只能像很多学者所倡导的那样，相信“人肉搜索”的技术中立，相信这种新兴的社会-技术体制可以被用作好的方面，也可以被用作坏的方面，最后相信某种自治或是市场的力量会把“人肉搜索”引向正确的道路。 图1 “人肉搜素”灰箱中的三轮划界和问题收敛 然而建构主义社会学的理论早就告诉我们，新兴技术的出现只是为社会的结构化提供了一种脚本 。社会究竟会呈现出怎样的状态，还要看行动者对于包括技术在内的一切人工物的转译 。在立法禁止“人肉搜索”政策否决的问题上，我们看到了重新打开内容“黑箱”，或者至少是变“黑箱”为“灰箱”的必要——因为在现实的政治生活中，特别是中国公共政策的与境下，社会-技术的秩序构成就是如此运作的。也只有如此，才会发现掩藏在生成的社会-技术体制（或者说制度）中的争议与非理性、问题与危机。无疑，“人肉搜索”出现在一个民众话语权的缺失的时代：一方面在民意情绪宣泄渠道狭窄，抗议表达受限或无效的情况下，被政治上边缘化的人们需要一种他们可能成为主导的媒介来建构身份或者表达不满 ；另一方面，日益增长的网友也对“上网能够使人们有更多机会评论政府工作、使人们更加了解政治、促进政府官员更多了解群众看法和使政府更好服务人民”有了更多的认同 。国家和公民社会的张力，无法在一党制的“监督权-批评权”之与境下得到有效的化解，政策上的两难是必然的 。从这个意义上讲，“人肉搜索”良性发展的症结并不限于对该行为的法律规范，更为重要的是在互联网之外开辟更多的空间让民众拥有更多的话语权。 事实上，传统政策否定理论的一个出发点是帕累托最优，即强调政策已经达到了不可能再改善某些人的境况，而不使任何其他人受损的均衡状况。然而将“人肉搜索”在“监督权-批评权”的涵义上急剧收敛，却造成了任由“人肉搜索”弊端泛滥的另外一个博弈结果——囚徒困境。 一方面，网民群体已经开始从“人肉搜索第一案”的判决中吸取教训。比如作为“人肉搜索”大本营的猫扑网于2008年8月发表了一篇题为“善用网络利剑——人肉搜索！”的帖子。帖子中强调按照我国《计算机信息网络国际联网安全保护管理办法》第7条规定“用户的通信自由和通信秘密受法律保护。任何单位和个人不得违反法律规定，利用国际联网侵犯用户的通信自由和通信秘密”。第18条规定“不得擅自进行未经许可的计算机学校，篡改他人信息，冒用他人名义发出信息，侵犯他人隐私”。猫扑明确表示，“对于那种牵涉到侵犯个人隐私的内容，一律做删除和屏蔽处理。猫扑认为现在可行的约束办法就是加强内容的管理和正面的引导，让人肉搜索这种特殊的互联网互助行为为更多的网友提供有效的帮助”。帖子中还强调了“人肉搜索”的本质是知识问答，还交代了“如何防止被人肉搜索”等“技术问题” 。2009年1月，一些网站几乎同步出现了一条名为“人肉搜索公约1.0Beta版”的帖子。发帖者称此公约的制定是为了加强网络公民的网络道德意识，加深人们对人肉搜索正确定义的理解，使人肉搜索向正确的方向发展 。由此可见，随着网络暴力的事实出现和隐私权观念的日益深入人心，至少部分网民已经自觉的认识到通过某种方式约束“人肉搜索”趋利避害的必要——但弥漫在网络之间的无理性和虚假民意，这种自觉的声音和力量始终还是太弱小了。 另一方面为了填补法律漏洞，我国于2009年12月26日通过了《中华人民共和国侵权责任法》（将于2010年7月1日起施行） 。《侵权责任法》第三十六条明确规定：网络用户、网络服务提供者利用网络侵害他人民事权益的，应当承担侵权责任。 网络用户利用网络服务实施侵权行为的，被侵权人有权通知网络服务提供者采取删除、屏蔽、断开链接等必要措施。网络服务提供者接到通知后未及时采取必要措施的，对损害的扩大部分与该网络用户承担连带责任。在司法解释上，《侵权责任法》也强调了会保护“人肉搜索”搜索“问题”（而不是“搜人”），但对于隐私权相关的信息特别是与公共权益无关的信息（如“被人肉者”及其亲威的住所地址、手机号等）的有意泄露却属违法。虽然法令的出台也引起了网友的不少争议，但此时“人肉搜索”的话题本身早已不是公众和媒体关注的“热点”。更为重要的是，按照民法的“谁举报谁举证”的原则在“人肉搜索”如此之快的搜寻周期内，“被人肉者”实际上很难在事实侵权之前提起诉讼或者向网络服务提供商提出抗议。加之网络匿名性的现状没有改变，法律的可执行性大打折扣，本质上只是起到了“知道”和“威慑”的作用。从这个意义上讲，中央在“人肉搜索”政策设定的问题上偏重支持“监督权-批评权”的立场并没有改变——这从中纪委书记贺国强在全国反腐倡廉建设创新经验交流会上的讲话时还强调，要“提高反腐科技含量，探索新办法新手段，要加强反腐倡廉舆情的收集、分析和研判”就可见一斑。事实上，地方规制“人肉搜索”的立法（如前文提到的徐州和后来的宁夏）也有着强烈的“技术不可行性”之特点：除了和《侵权责任法》所共同面临的问题以外，跨区执法实际上也不可操作。从这个意义上讲，上述立法的通过对于制止“人肉搜索”所可能带来的网络暴力而言（而不是禁止“人肉搜索”本身），更多只具有象征性的意义。换言之在“监督权-批评权”的与境下，对于狭义“人肉搜索”的立法规制还是事实上被几乎不存在的否决者，在一个未知程序的否决点给否决了。 接下来让我们回到篇首所提出的问题：既然社会在“监督权-批评权”的问题上已经达成了某种程度的共识，那么广大网民又能否通过诸如“人肉搜索”等形式实现网络反腐从而引领中国的民主化进程呢？ 诚然“网民已成为推动社会主义民主政治建设的有生力量”，但这种日益增加的参与性只是民主化的一个必要而非充分条件。事实上除了由部分网友“失控”而造成的“网络暴力”以外，这种新兴的社会-技术体制的弊端也开始暴露。如2009年7月，《南都周刊》直指名噪一时的“天价烟事件”中，最早揭露周久耕“天价烟”的帖子点击率和回复率比例并不正常，看的少、回复的多。而且，有人连续发布带“天价烟”图片的帖子，有人则在同一时段频繁回复，有人披着新注册的“马甲”直奔这张帖子而来。热心网友是否只是在房地产商或是房管部门内部人员的恶意报复中担当了“推手”也不得而知 。对于以“人肉搜索”为代表的网络反腐现象一位网友说，网络舆论就像猴子掰玉米，丢掉一个，再掰一个，我们拭目以待，下一个轮到谁？另一位网友则宣称，网络能够救人，但救人也只能救少数幸运儿；网络能够反贪，但反贪也只能反少数倒霉蛋。多少网络事件，多少抛出雷人言论的官员，最终都不了了之：比如郑州市规划局副局长逯军质问记者“替党说话还是替百姓说话”，被“停止工作，深刻反思、接受调查”。直到现在，此事也没任何进一步的消息。再比如，被网民质疑的最年轻市长周森锋，被网民用确凿证据证明他的清华大学硕士毕业论文抄袭，有关部门也称正在进行调查，如今也彻底没了消息，想必调查是无疾而终了，还有多少网民关心呢？ 互联网不能自发的带来民主，新兴的信息技术只有通过和社会的结合才能打开公共领域的大门。更具体的说，有关技术如何被使用及其所承载的信息如何被解释的“接受与境”（receiving context）是至关重要的 。无疑，中国的草根政治运动在网络空间兴起是社会转型时期贫富分化的结果，也是网络时代权力重新分配的结果 。抑或更加直接的说：正是那些挂在墙上、写在法律文本中的制度沟通渠道长期不给力，才客观上逼出了互联网的“反腐神奇” 。所以即便是在极力倡导“汇聚民智”和“舆论控制”的双重“接受与境”下 ，类似于“人肉搜索”及其政策争论这样的技术划界、权利划界和适用划界仍将持续相当长的一段时间。也只有从本质上分流国家和公民社会之间的张力，才能从根本上阻止狭义的“人肉搜索”演变为“网络暴力”。 信息时代中无处不在的信息洪流已经摧毁了我们独立思考所需的时间和空间，批判本身也难逃厄运 。其实所谓的基因时代和纳米时代也是如此，社会-技术的秩序构成已经不容许我们进行“事后”以及“事外”的总结——相反不管是作为政策的制定者还是建议者，都有责任通过对从过去到现在的生成的学习中向公众展示和探讨未来的各种可能，从而和他们一起去共同引导和形塑未来发展的方向——而不是去把所有的问题都归咎和埋没于制度的铁笼或是转型期的特殊性的黑箱当中。也许完全的打开黑箱只是一个奢望，正如我们无法从一开始就知道“人肉搜索”的技术、权利和适用划界一样。但是起码避免让这些在历史的长河中也许只是暂时性的概念蒙蔽了潜伏在社会-技术体制中的问题症结，去探究这些被我们接受为约定俗成的东西何以为是却是十分必要的。 参考文献 Castells M. 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London; Thousand Oaks, Calif.: SAGE, 2002. 注释： 王程韡（1982年- ），吉林省公主岭人，清华大学科技与社会研究中心博士，清华大学深圳研究生院博士后、助理研究员，德国慕尼黑工业大学卡尔·林德学会访问学者；研究方向：科技的社会研究理论，比较科技政策与技术治理。本研究得到国家自然科学基金项目（71103105）以及中国博士后基金第四批特别资助项目（201104122）的资助。作者感谢两位匿名审稿人所提出的宝贵意见，但文责自负。 搜索行动缘于郑渊洁所筹划的“郑在寻找”计划。郑渊洁表示，在互联网还没出现并普及的时候，他收到过10余万封读者来信，这些信被他“装满一套房子，珍藏到今天”。“由于最近看到众多博友说给我写过信，我就到房子里去看，百感交集，就想通过微博找出几位当年的小读者”。参见：吴战朝. “童话大王郑渊洁‘人肉’河南粉丝”. http://news.sina.com.cn/o/2010-11-11/054518352914s.shtml , 2010-11-11. 参见：汪晓东. “徐州立法禁止‘人肉搜索’？省市两级人大法工委予以澄清”. 人民日报, 2009-01-20日（第 011 版）. 参见：蒋隽. “新浪推出搜索引擎“爱问””. 民营经济报, 2005-07-01（第A04 版）. 以及：“百度百科”对于“百度知道”产品的介绍 http://baike.baidu.com/view/402.htm 。需要指出的是，这种互动搜索引擎的模式早在2003年6月就由雅虎公司在韩国进行推介，取名“知识堂”。而这一服务登录中国大陆，则是在2005年12月，稍晚于新浪和百度。作为世界搜索引擎的领跑者，谷歌也终于在2010年7月推出类似的“谷歌问答”产品，但由于种种原因在10月就对其停止了运营。 参见：猫扑人肉搜索引擎版. “人肉搜索历年重大事件(2001-2008)”. http://dzh2.mop.com/topic/readQues_8456523_0_0.html 。 这样一个定义出自于2008年4月1日谷歌向中国网民开的一个玩笑。谷歌甚至指出，“人肉搜索追求的最高目标是：不求最好，但求最肉”。参见： http://www.google.com/intl/zh-CN/renrou/index.html 。 2月28日，网民“碎玻璃渣子”在网上公布了一组虐猫视频截图。不久，网友“12ookie_hz”把有关“踩猫”事件的网址放在猫扑网，网友“黑暗执政官”在天涯社区上贴出了踩猫女人的照片，做成一张“宇宙通缉令”，让天下网友举报。不少网友发愿捐出猫币、人民币悬赏捉拿凶手，连猫扑网官方也将赏金从1000元涨到5000元。3月2日上午10点20分，网友“我不是沙漠天使”在猫扑上发帖：“这个女人是在黑龙江的一个小城……”，他的帖子让事件出现关键性转变。4日中午12点，虐猫事件的三个嫌疑人基本确定，距离“碎玻璃渣子”在网上贴虐猫组图不过6天时间，其效率之高可能不亚于警方的办案速度。 这里的法律环境不健全具有着双重含义，一方面是指对于某些社会失范行为缺乏相应地法律手段进行规范，另一方面对于狭义的“人肉搜索”本身也没有成文的法条予以限制。对于公民权三种形式的划分来自于马歇尔的开创性工作。对于转型的中国社会而言，作为公民权一部分的民事权逐渐获得较大发展，政治权仍成长缓慢，而社会权则受到严重的削弱是一个不争的事实。参见参考文献： ， 。 在网络中，由于网友对事件的陈述无法核实或者来不及核实，很多甚至带有了谣言的性质。如在著名的“闸北袭警案”中就有人造谣称“犯罪嫌疑人杨佳去年10月5日在民警执法过程中曾被殴打致残，丧失生育能力”，在社会中造成了极坏的影响，也误导了参与“人肉”的部分网友。 按照我国法律规定，民法上的隐私权是指个人独处不受（国家机关和国家权力）干扰、隐私不受侵害的权利，也可以说是“独处的权利”。参见：王泽鉴. 侵权行为法（第一册）. 北京: 中国政法大学出版社, 2001: 133. 据一位黄金猎人讲述，志愿者参与“人肉搜索”是在针对法律能够惩处的不道德之外寻求一种正义。“尤其是看到很多网友发帖纷纷称赞‘楼主真牛’的时候，那种感觉，很棒！至少是平淡的现实生活没法给我的。当然不可否认的是，也有一种偷窥到别人隐私的莫名兴奋感”。 参见： 王晓雁. “‘猎人’称‘人肉’能揭露社会不道德行为弥补法律缺憾——赏金猎人讲述人肉搜索生涯”. 法制日报, 2008-07-14（第006版）. 博客主人姜岩是某公司售后部的员工，31岁。2007年10月，姜岩关闭了自己的MSN SPACE公共浏览权限，两个月后突然打开。空间里记载了丈夫王菲的出轨及自己欲挽回而不得、欲弃之而不舍的煎熬，隐晦地表达了轻生的念头。2007年12月29日，在试图挽回丈夫未果后，姜岩从自家24层一跃而下，“死亡博客”由此得名。 其中北方的候鸟是为了介绍和祭奠姜岩的非营利性网站，成立于2008年1月11日；而大旗网则属于营利性网站，于1月14日将该事件制作为专题而涉案。 初审和二审的判决分别参见：北京市朝阳区人民法院(2008) 朝民初字第 10930号民事判决，以及：北京市第二中级人民法院(2009)二中民终字第 5603号民事判决。 参见：李克杰. “‘人肉搜索第一案’击中我国两大立法软肋”. 民主与法制时报, 2008-07-28（第A11版）. 需要指出的是，在2009年6月《中华人民共和国侵权责任法》出台以前，我国现行的法律中仅在《中华人民共和国宪法》第二章第四十条中规定：“中华人民共和国公民的通信自由和通信秘密受法律的保护。” 并未提及隐私权；无论是《民法通则》还是《民法通则》的司法解释中，也均未提及隐私权。1993年公布的《最高人民法院关于审理名誉权案件若干问题的解答》第七条第3款规定：“对未经他人同意，擅自公布他人的隐私材料或者以书面、口头形式宣扬他人隐私，致他人名誉受到损害的，按照侵害他人名誉权处理”。该款规定虽然提到了隐私，但却没有规定隐私权，而且也没有解释什么是隐私。将隐私权划归在名誉权（《民法通则》第101条）下，也在一定程度上增加了理解隐私权的困难。在网络侵权方面，现有的法律依据只有国务院《信息网络传播权保护条例》和最高人民法院《关于审理涉及计算机网络著作权纠纷案件适用法律若干问题的解释》 。但基本都是对网络服务提供者涉嫌侵犯当事人作品、表演、录音录像制品等著作权的规定，而并未对网络服务提供者侵犯当事人名誉权、隐私权等合法权益作出具体规定。 参见：操秀英, 范辉军. “‘人肉搜索’刑法伺候？”. 科技日报, 2008-09-11（第 006 版）. 参见：宋识径. “追究网络‘人肉搜索’者的刑事责任”. 检察日报, 2008-08-26（聚焦刑法修正案（七）草案专版）. 朱志刚还曾任财政部副部长，后因涉嫌违纪而于2008年10月被“双规”。 2007年12月27日，CCTV播出一则新闻《净化网络视听环境迫在眉睫》，报道中提到，“截止目前，我国提供视听节目服务的网站已达6万多家，在传播健康思想文化的同时，一些低俗不健康的内容也在蔓延……主要问题有：淫秽色情节目泛滥；暴力视频日渐增长；恶搞泛滥等等”。此处正好采访了北京市学生张殊凡，张殊凡在镜头里说道：“上次我查资料，突然蹦出一个窗口，很黄很暴力，我赶快给关了。”不过是短短几秒钟的出镜，张殊凡自己可能也没想到，会引起轩然大波。新闻一经播出，猫扑网站随即出现了多个帖子来攻击“很黄很暴力”这5个字，还有人像张殊凡父母信中提到的那样，制作了色情漫画图来影射张殊凡。 网络言论一经发布，除非被网络服务商特意屏蔽、删除或遭遇特殊情况（如服务器损毁等），否则其信息将持久的被存储于服务器内，并随时处于公布状态。 在《中华人民共和国宪法》第二章第三十五条中有规定“中华人民共和国公民有言论、出版、集会、结社、游行、示威的自由”。但却也没有明确的指出，言论自由中是否包含了涉及到他人隐私的自由。 参见：林淼, 南连伟. “向左？向右？人肉搜索立法的方向选择”. 人民法院报, 2010-06-14（第6版）. 在他们眼里，公众人物（包括成为“人肉”对象的被公众人物）由于涉及到公共领域而有必要对其隐私权进行一定的限制，对舆论监督的过程中可能造成的轻微损害应当予以容忍与理解。事实上，这样的观点也是得到了我国司法实践的认同的。比如在著名的“范志毅涉嫌赌球案”中，上海市静安区人民法院也于2002年12月18日作出了“不予支持”原告范志毅的诉讼请求的一审判决。 从法系（law system）的角度来看，中国属于成文法系（legislation），即由立法机关经过法定程序制定法律，与以从法院判词内所列出的理论所推论并产生的原则和规范的判例法系（case law）在哲学基础等诸多方面都有着比较大的不同。相比之下，后者往往采用非整体的渐进技术（piecemeal），采纳知识的分散性原理，强调特殊时空情境下个案判例的正当性和不可替代性。但在我国，判例仍然具有一定的参照作用。 2008年1月，我国网络实名制立法进程启动。8月，国家工业和信息化部正式答复网络实名制立法提案，虽未获通过，但表示，“实现有限网络实名制管理”将是未来互联网健康发展的方向。然而此前很多局部网络实名制的尝试，如2004年教育部发布的《关于进一步加强高等学校校园网络管理工作的意见》，以及后来规定“发帖、写博、网游要提供有效身份证明”的《杭州市计算机信息网络安全保护管理条例》（2009年5月1日起实施）也遭到了相当大的抵制。这也在另外一个方面说明了政策的不可行性。 如英国《泰晤士报》指出，“人肉搜索对于这个数字时代而言，是一个独特的中国现象”。在美国，媒体则为之专门创造了一个短语“Chinese Style Internet Man Hunt”（中国特色的网上追捕）。美国《洛杉矶时报》还曾指出，这种方法融合了最先进和最古老的战术，而且正在吸引越来越多的网络义务警员参与进来。参见：林淼, 南连伟. “向左？向右？人肉搜索立法的方向选择”. 人民法院报, 2010-06-14（第6版）. 2009年2月28日《中华人民共和国刑法修正案（七）》获得通过时，并没有“人肉搜索”相关的限制条款。甚至在立法时更加向保护“监督权-批评权”一方倾斜，如《修正案（七）》规定：“国家机关或者金融、电信、交通、教育、医疗等单位的工作人员，违反国家规定，将本单位在履行职责或者提供服务过程中获得的公民个人信息，出售或者非法提供给他人”。官方的解释是，修正主要针对的是要保障公民的信息安全。人肉搜索的问题很复杂，涉及方方面面。其概念如何确定，这些都还在研究和讨论过程中。上海市人民检察院第—分院检察员曹坚甚至认为，这恰恰体现了刑事立法审慎的精髓。需要指出的是，这里采用了“中央”这一相对“黑箱化”的说法原因是，在我国的决策体制下包括法律在内的很多政策出台都体现为一种“集体决策”。 多年来，人肉搜索在一般意义的寻人方面（即所谓的“托人打听”）也着实发挥了重要作用。特别是在汶川地震期间，人肉搜索甚至成了一条专门的群亲热线。其中最著名的就是“搜救军嫂事件”：2008年5月13日，一名救灾军人身在汶川，而他已有7个月身孕的妻子在江油无人援助，于是临行前，他发贴求助网友给妻子送点吃的。帖子被热心网友纷纷转载到各大网站，展开了一场“万千网友搜救军嫂——王琢”的行动。2天后，军嫂被救治的消息就得到了确证。 2008年12月10日，南京江宁区房管局局长周久耕在接受记者采访时表示，要就开发商降价售楼问题和物价部门一起对其进行查处，以防止烂尾楼的出现，“对老百姓负责”。12月14日某网友在在天涯论坛发帖“赞一下那个要处罚低价房局长了，看人家抽的烟”（该烟是是曾以“厅局级的享受”为广告词，售价高达1500元至1800元一条的南京“九五至尊”）。网友迅速跟帖并“深入挖掘”，后来媒体也逐渐介入报道。2008年12月29日，周久耕被免职，2009年2月13日，江宁区纪委决定对周久耕立案调查。2009年10月10日下午，江苏省南京市中级人民法院作出一审判决：原南京江宁区房产局长周久耕犯受贿罪，判处有期徒刑11年，没收财产人民币120万元，受贿所得赃款予以追缴并上交国库。 2008年初，徐州某业主委员会主任王培荣获得了董锋妻子提供的董锋经济和作风问题的部分证据，进行核实后，他从5月11日开始，先后快递了11份举报材料给纪委机关和领导，然而近两个月时间并未收到回应。于是在7月6日，他开始在各大论坛发帖。中除了描述董锋的种种劣迹，还公布了此前寄出的举报快件号码供网友查询。8日，徐州市纪委秘书长赵兴友等人前往王培荣处做笔录。7月9日，董锋被停职，17日被正式“双规”，后被判13年有期徒刑。 参见：汪晓东. “徐州立法禁止‘人肉搜索’？省市两级人大法工委予以澄清”. 人民日报, 2009-01-20日（第 011 版）. 其实早在2003年，最高人民检察院开始建立网络举报平台。两年后，中央纪委、监察部首次开通中央纪委信访室、监察部举报中心网站（ www.12388.gov.cn ），标志着网上举报正式纳入了官方权威反腐渠道。2009年，“网络反腐”一词正式被收录在中央党校出版社出版发行的《中共党建辞典》当中。虽然在中央纪委举报中心网站开通半年内，就创造了月均2700件的举报受理量，但由于官方平台所一贯秉承的“不张扬”特征（按照要求必须对网上举报强调保密），以及效率低、查处缺乏监督等弊端等切实存在的问题，民众更想寻求一种制度平台掌握反腐的主动权，以民意压力促使官方作为。事实上，中国第一个民间网络监督平台“中国舆论监督网”甚至早于最高人民检察院的官方平台2个月上线。 参见中国社科院所参与组织的“中国互联网项目”2003、2005以及2007年的报告成果， http://www.wipchina.org/ 。 例如同属于属于大陆法系的台湾地区就在2010年4月修正的《个人资料保护法》中将“人肉搜索”合法化，“人肉搜索”的侵权行为排除了新闻报道以及公众利益相关的情况（包括了揭露官员腐败和虐待动物以及破坏物品等等）。然而台湾地区和大陆“人肉是搜索”最大的不同在于，台湾地区的“搜人”行为更加针对于一般性的社会失范而非官员腐败。相比之下，公民有更多的途径对官员的腐败行为进行披露。参见：兰荣杰. “人肉搜索，在‘孩子’与‘脏水’之间”. 方圆.http://www.fangyuanfazhi.com/fangyuanguancha/201006/t20100618_376541.html。 参见： http://dzh2.mop.com/topic/readQues_8465409_0_0.html 。 参见： http://www.douban.com/group/topic/5032183/ 。 随着科学技术和社会的发展，网络侵权等许多新的侵权类型屡屡出现，以往法律中对此没有规定或者规定很少，造成法院判决难度较大。 参见： http://www.tianya.cn/publicforum/content/free/1/1708018.shtml 。 参见：南方社论. “互联网的‘反腐神奇’更需制度保障”. 南方都市报, 2010-11-21（第A02版）. 2008年6月，胡锦涛在视察《人民网》时指出，互联网已成为思想文化信息的集散地和社会舆论的放大器，通过互联网来了解民情、汇聚民智，也是一个重要的渠道。参见：胡锦涛. “在人民日报社考察工作时的讲话”. 人民日报海外版, 2008-06-21(第1版).
Physics Today Online editor's picks 25 October 2011 SEE THIS AS A WEBPAGE • 25 October 2011 SCIENCE AND THE MEDIA: Media downplay climate-debate development Climate skeptic’s Berkeley study refutes assertions that the planet is not really warming. SINGULARITIES: A peek at dark energy between the pages Books editor Jermey Matthews looks back at the reviews of five books on dark energy that have appeared in the pages of Physics Today since 2000. THE DAYSIDE: A physicist tackles the evolution of word order Murray Gell-Mann was awarded the 1969 Nobel Prize in Physics for explaining the diversity of baryons and mesons in terms of quarks. His latest paper, written with Stanford University linguist Merritt Ruhlen, is about language. JOBS: Find your next job or hire Hundreds of new science, engineering, and computing jobs posted each month. You are currently subscribed to receive the Physics Today Online editor's picks by email. You can unsubscribe at any time by visiting http://www.physicstoday.org/alerts . Please read our privacy policy .
Processing Flows of Information: From Data Stream to Complex Event Processing GIANPAOLO CUGOLA and ALESSANDRO MARGARA ACM Computing Surveys, Vol. 44, No. 3, Article 15, Publication date: June 2012. abstract: A large number of distributed applications requires continuous and timely processing of information as it flows from the periphery to the center of the system. Examples include intrusion detection systems which analyze network traffic in real-time to identify possible attacks; environmental monitoring applications which process rawdata coming from sensor networks to identify critical situations; or applications performing online analysis of stock prices to identify trends and forecast future values. Traditional DBMSs, which need to store and index data before processing it, can hardly fulfill the requirements of timeliness coming from such domains. Accordingly, during the last decade, different research communities developed a number of tools, which we collectively call Information flow processing (IFP) systems, to support these scenarios. They differ in their system architecture, data model, rule model, and rule language. In this article, we survey these systems to help researchers, who often come from different backgrounds, in understanding how the various approaches they adopt may complement each other. In particular, we propose a general, unifying model to capture the different aspects of an IFP system and use it to provide a complete and precise classification of the systems and mechanisms proposed so far. Keywords: Complex event processing, publish-subscribe, stream processing 1. INTRODUCTION information flow processing (IFP) domain the organization of this paper: 1) Section 2 describes the IFP domain, provides an initial description of the different relative technologies, and explains the need for combining the best of different worlds to fully support IFP applications. 2) Section 3 describes a framework to model and analyze the different aspects that are relevant for an IFP engine 3) Section 4 use this frameworkto describe and compare the state of the art in the field 4) Section 5discuss the results of such classification 5) Finally, Section 6 reviews related work 6)Section 7 provides some conclusive remarks and a list of open issues. 2. BACKGROUND AND MOTIVATION 2.1. The IFP Domain Processing flows of information From data stream to complex event processing.pdf
Taste Identification in Adults with Autism Spectrum Conditions. J Autism Dev Disord. 2011 Oct 18; Authors: Tavassoli T, Baron-Cohen S 只有摘要，看不到全文。 不抱希望，但也不绝望。
it was a big event of 5000+ people, hundreds of CEOs, a dozen Chinese mayors and all the Chinese American politicians, plus high-profile businesses, investors, entrepreneurs and technologists are gethering together in Santa Clara for three days to promote the innovation and cooperation between China and US. Said that the Chinese business sponsors were more than happy to pay for the appearance fee $150,000 for the former president Bill Clinton who gave the keynote speech in the opening yesterday. Bill, as usual, was a great speaker. He mentioned during the QA that China's entry into WTO marked a great turning point for China to be an integrated part of the world economy and he personally made a big effort for that. A big applause from the crowd, of course, because indeed, without WTO membership, China's economy would not have developed this far. Funny thing is that only a few days ago, Mrs. Clinton made some very harsh remarks on China's trade and currency policy and even called for allies to join the efforts to force China to behave better. There is lots of tension there in the bilateral trade right now. That is perhaps why Bill Clinton had to say at the very beginning of his speech something to the effect that we have many issues, even conflicts between our two countries, but, he continued, it is a win-win we should sit and talk to resolve the issues and promote the trade. He promoted his foundation and his engagement with the foundation to get involved in some poorest areas of the world to help develop the economy while protecting the environment. In answering the questions, which international leaders impressed him the most. Before he praised, as expected, the then Chinese president Jiang Zeming and premier Zhu Rongji, who are the best partners to lead China at its best, he went on with a long list of the leaders whom he admires and was close friends with: Mandela, Yeltsin, Yitzhak Rabin, etc. it was fun. Here is my short video for the news: 中文版： http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9P3g36b9gds 国内土豆： http://www.tudou.com/programs/view/9AiyApHBmHo/ 英文版： youTube: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hz0z3Jm51_c 国内土豆网： http://www.tudou.com/programs/view/UJQiz-Q1Iv4/ http://home.99people.com/space.php?uid=142746do=blogid=8288 由于有规定克林顿演讲不得录像（其实还是很多人在录），所以 只剪了几个镜头（不含现场声音）意思意思。 两分钟的 trailer 帮助宣传一下这次活动而已。
1. In the morning, have your hair cut. 2. Read the self-therapy for the stutterer. 3. Go to City of Hope for lunch. 4. Go to Nina's home for learning English. 5. Learn how to gavage mice from Wei. 6. Eat less in the night. Do more exercise. 7. Sleep before 10:30 pm.
王应宽 Wang Yingkuan Beijing, China October 20, 2011 ASABE Introductory and Congratulatory Address at the Opening Ceremony of CSAE 2011 Darrin Drollinger , ASABE Executive Director Good morning. We are deeply honored to join you here at the CSAE Bi-annual meeting. Based on the program and quality of speakers, this promises to be an excellent meeting and networking opportunity. I am Darrin Drollinger, Executive Director with the American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers or ASABE. I have had the pleasure to travel to China several times in the past; however, this is my first trip to the intriguing city of Chongqing. I am looking forward to learning more about this great city as well as gaining a deeper understanding and impression of agriculture in China. I am joined by the elected ASABE President and ask that she provide introductory remarks at this time. Sonia Jacobsen , ASABE President Thank you, Darrin. I am Sonia Maassel Jacobsen. I began to serve as ASABE President in August 2011. It is my privilege to be here with Darrin representing ASABE. Later in the program, we will be giving an overview of who we are and potential areas for expanded cooperation. The United States and China are both large nations seeking to provide food, fiber, and fuel within our borders and beyond. As world population grows, so does the challenge. Collaborative research between the Chinese and Americans can use the best of both cultures to devise innovative solutions to meet a range of economic, environmental, and social needs. ASABE was delighted to welcome about 50 professors and researchers from China to the annual international meeting of ASABE in Louisville, Kentucky, in August 2011. We are grateful to the efforts of Dr. Wang Yingkuan who organized th e CSAE delegation with 34 members to Kentucky , and grateful to CSAE President and CAAE President Prof. Zhu Ming who led the delegation. Other k ey leaders attending the meeting included honorary president Prof. Wang Maohua China Agricultural University, who is an Academic member of the Chinese Academy of Engineering; CSAE standing vice president Prof. Luo Xiwen, who is an Academic member of the Chinese Academy of Engineering and on the faculty at the South China Agricultural University; Prof. Li Pingping, CSAE Vice President and vice chair of the CSAE delegation to Kentucky, and vice President of Nanjing Forestry University; and CSAE Section Chair of Agricultural Soil and Water Engineering, Distinguished Yangtze Scholar, also vice chair of the CSAE delegation to Kentucky, Prof . Kang Shaozhong from China Agricultural University, and so on . It was an honor to have these distinguished individuals come to Louisville to attend the ASABE meeting. The conference provided a unique way for Chinese, American, and Canadian engineers to come together to share ideas that will benefit agricultural industries and education. ASABE and CSAE have a well-established history of working together in the publications area and we are excited to grow this relationship. We see potential for expanded partnership in areas such as publications and technical journals, sharing proven technologies --which have been well documented by ASABE, standards collaboration, student competitions, meetings and education, and exchange of information on professional engineer licensure. This past summer, ASABE was pleased to participate in the 10 th anniversary meeting of the Association of Overseas Chinese Agricultural, Biological and Food Engineers or AOC meeting in Louisville, KY. Dr. Ning Wang was elected president and this is especially exciting for me, since I am the first female president in ASABE’s 104 year history. It is noteworthy to point out that Ning is already the third female to serve as president of AOC. Ning is the daughter of Prof. Wang Maohua. Prof. Luo Xiwen, Prof. Zhu Ming , Dr. Wang Yingkuan, and the entire Chinese delegation to Louisville for the ASABE meeting exemplified the mutual desire of ASABE and CSAE to increase cooperation between China and the United States in the area of agricultural engineering and production of food, fiber and fuel. In closing, ASABE would like to thank you again for inviting our participation in the CSAE Biennial meeting. We look forward to increasing the already well established and excellent relationship which exists between our two organizations. We wish much success on the meeting and related discussions. We congratulate you on providing this excellent forum for discussion of ideas and the exchange of information. Thank you . Drollinger and Jacobsen – present congratulatory letter to Conference Chair or CSAE President or group of leaders SJ 10/17/2011
NASA10月17日的消息。之前的版本是2009年6月发布的；在其基础上增加了26万幅立体像对以提高空间分辨率和三维精度。数据是FREE的，免费下载。 http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.cfm?release=2011-320 NASA, Japan Release Improved Topographic Map of Earth October 17, 2011 PASADENA, Calif. - NASA and Japan released a significantly improved version of the most complete digital topographic map of Earth on Monday, produced with detailed measurements from NASA's Terra spacecraft. The map, known as a global digital elevation model, was created from images collected by the Japanese Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer, or ASTER, instrument aboard Terra. So-called stereo-pair images are produced by merging two slightly offset two-dimensional images to create the three-dimensional effect of depth. The first version of the map was released by NASA and Japan's Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry (METI) in June 2009. "The ASTER global digital elevation model was already the most complete, consistent global topographic map in the world," said Woody Turner, ASTER program scientist at NASA Headquarters in Washington. "With these enhancements, its resolution is in many respects comparable to the U.S. data from NASA's Shuttle Radar Topography Mission, while covering more of the globe." The improved version of the map adds 260,000 additional stereo-pair images to improve coverage. It features improved spatial resolution, increased horizontal and vertical accuracy, more realistic coverage over water bodies and the ability to identify lakes as small as 0.6 miles (1 kilometer) in diameter. The map is available online to users everywhere at no cost. "This updated version of the ASTER global digital elevation model provides civilian users with the highest-resolution global topography data available," said Mike Abrams, ASTER science team leader at NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Pasadena, Calif. "These data can be used for a broad range of applications, from planning highways and protecting lands with cultural or environmental significance, to searching for natural resources." The ASTER data cover 99 percent of Earth's landmass and span from 83 degrees north latitude to 83 degrees south. Each elevation measurement point in the data is 98 feet (30 meters) apart. NASA and METI are jointly contributing the data for the ASTER topographic map to the Group on Earth Observations, an international partnership headquartered at the World Meteorological Organization in Geneva, Switzerland, for use in its Global Earth Observation System of Systems. This "system of systems" is a collaborative, international effort to share and integrate Earth observation data from many different instruments and systems to help monitor and forecast global environmental changes. ASTER is one of five instruments launched on Terra in 1999. ASTER acquires images from visible to thermal infrared wavelengths, with spatial resolutions ranging from about 50 to 300 feet (15 to 90 meters). A joint science team from the United States and Japan validates and calibrates the instrument and data products. The U.S. science team is located at JPL. NASA, METI, Japan's Earth Remote Sensing Data Analysis Center (ERSDAC), and the U.S. Geological Survey validated the data, with support from the U.S. National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency and other collaborators. The data are distributed by NASA's Land Processes Distributed Active Archive Center at the U.S. Geological Survey's Earth Resources Observation and Science Center in Sioux Falls, S.D., and by ERSDAC in Tokyo. Users of the new version of the ASTER data products are advised that while improved, the data still contain anomalies and artifacts that will affect its usefulness for certain applications. Data users can download the ASTER global digital elevation model at: https://lpdaac.usgs.gov/ or http://www.ersdac.or.jp/GDEM/E/4.html . For more information about ASTER, visit: http://asterweb.jpl.nasa.gov/ . For more information on NASA's Terra mission, visit: http://www.nasa.gov/terra .
博士生论坛报告PPT-唐长兵.pptx Perceptron Implementation of Triple-Valued Logic Operation Abstract—This brief focuses on the perceptron implementation of triple-valued logic functions (TVLFs). Based on the concept of the multiple-valued DNA-like sequence, the weight-threshold values of TVLFs can be formulated with a perceptron. Particularly, the TVLF perceptron implementation of “XOR” and a half-adder are realized successfully with multithreshold activation functions.
Fungus could wipe out Philippine bananas By Agence France-Presse Monday, October 10, 2011 A disease that has ravaged banana plantations across Southeast Asia could wipe out the Philippine industry in three years unless the government finds a cure, a growers’ group warned Monday. The disease, called Fusarium wilt, is caused by a fast-spreading fungus that kills the plant, said Stephen Antig, executive director of the Pilipino Banana Growers and Exporters Association. “So far, it has already infected 1,200 hectares (2,950 acres) of banana plantations locally, although that figure can go higher,” Antig told AFP. “If we can not contain this and it remains unchecked, then in less than three years our banana industry will die.” The Philippines is the second biggest exporter of bananas in the world behind Ecuador with about 70,000 hectares of plantations, according to the association. The banana sector is also the country’s fifth largest export industry, directly employing 280,000 people, it said. “Losing this industry will have a huge impact on our economy,” Antig said. The Philippines exports the Cavendish variety of banana, which is the most popular type around the world, according to Antig. He said the disease wiped out the then-popular Gros Michel bananas in Central America and the Caribbean in the 1960s. The disease also destroyed Cavendish plantations in Indonesia and Malaysia in the 1990s. Traces of the fungus were found in controllable levels in the Philippines five years ago, Antig said. But a more virulent type of the fungus emerged last month and quickly began spreading through plantations in the southern region of Mindanao, where most of the country’s banana exports come from, he said. Antig urged the government to fast-track the creation of a research institute to enable local growers to develop a fruit variety that is resistant to the disease.
Banana threat averted? Not quite yet by Jeremy on October 10, 2011 Strange news from Scidev.net , which reports that: esults of a field study in Davao City, on the island of Mindanao in the Philippines, show that two Cavendish varieties are highly resistant to Panama disease. These varieties, he said, were produced in Taiwan by selecting improved mutants from the Cavendish variety. Why strange? For one thing, because Cavendish bananas have long been resistant to Panama disease. That’s why they are so widespread, because they replaced Gros Michel, the previous dominant variety, which was wiped out commercially by Panama disease in the 1950s and 1960s. To give credit, Scidev.net explains that the threat is a new form of Panama disease, which is caused by the fungus Fusarium oxysporum , known as Tropical Race 4. Cavendish was resistant to race 1 of Fusarium wilt, to which Gros Michel was susceptible. Tropical Race 4 attacks Cavendish too. But not, according to the report, all Cavendish plants. Some clones, like those ones from Taiwan, are showing resistance. Strange too because the thrust of the Scidev.net piece is that Filipino scientists are calling on the government to establish a National Research, Development and Extension Center for Banana. But hang on. Tropical Race 4 is a global menace. The very fact that Taiwanese selections are showing promise on Mindanao in the Philippines should give pause. Wouldn’t it be much more efficient for all governments in the region and beyond to contribute to a global effort? The big banana concerns were to some extent to blame for the demise of Gros Michel and the march of Panama disease, as they abandoned infected plantations and brought new areas into cultivation until there was nowhere left to run and they had to switch. This time around, they could support a globally co-ordinated effort to find and distribute more resistant varieties.
我本人主要使用linux和c/c++，Unix用的少一些，以前用过indigo2... =========================== 丹尼斯·麦卡利斯泰尔·里奇 （ Dennis MacAlistair Ritchie ，1941年9月9日－2011年10月8日 ），出生于 美国 纽约 。著名的美国计算机科学家，对 C语言 和其他编程语言、 Multics 和 Unix 等操作系统的发展做出了巨大贡献。 里奇在 哈佛大学 学习 物理学 和 应用数学 毕业， 1967年 他进入 贝尔实验室 ，他曾是朗讯技术公司系统软件研究部门的领导人（2007年退休）。 1983年 他与 肯·汤普逊 一起获得了 图灵奖 。理由是他们“研究发展了通用的 操作系统 理论，尤其是实现了UNIX操作系统”。 1999年 两人为发展C语言和Unix操作系统一起获得了 美国国家技术奖章 。 发信人: RoBa269 (弱吧), 信区: CProgramming 标 题: Dennis Ritchie去世 发信站: 水木社区 (Thu Oct 13 10:02:58 2011), 站内 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dennis_Ritchie https://plus.google.com/101960720994009339267/posts/ENuEDDYfvKP Rob Pike - 9:02 AM - Public I just heard that, after a long illness, Dennis Ritchie (dmr) died at home this weekend. I have no more information. I trust there are people here who will appreciate the reach of his contributions and mourn his passing appropriately. He was a quiet and mostly private man, but he was also my friend, colleague, and collaborator, and the world has lost a truly great mind. -- “只要有你在，只要你微笑，那就是幸福。明明感到不安，却能够安心。只要有你在，光是 并肩走路，我都觉得高兴。 只是短短的时间。因为林缝间的阳光似乎很暖和而停下脚步。你笑着说，总有一天我们能站 在同样的地方。” ……我一直希望，有某人能这样跟我说。 ※ 来源:·水木社区 http://newsmth.net·
2012 MeSH（医学主题词表)发布了，美国的情报就是快！ 美国每年10月就将下一年的医学主题词表公布了，将增、删、改的主题词告诉全世界的用户，这才叫情报超前呢，而我国的主题词表，很多单位需要多少年才修订一次，远远滞后了，这对检索数据库文献信息的影响是很大的，有的人还用主题词做文献计量分析，就更不准确了。 我们单位的医学主题词表是跟着美国走的，可是翻译更新太慢，用户意见很大。 中国知网CNKI的动作就很快，他们与美国是基本同步的，新的词表用到了CHKD数据库，检索效果好，用户很高兴。 2012 MeSH 请进 http://www.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/2012/mesh_browser/MBrowser.html MeSH Browser (2012 MeSH): The files are updated every week on Sunday. Go to 2011 MeSH 2012 MeSH 医学主题词表.docx http://www.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/filelist.html
留着备用，赶紧挤时间看看~~ http://bioinformatics.oxfordjournals.org/reports/most-cited Most-Cited Articles as of October 1, 2011 Rankings based on citations to online articles from HighWire-hosted articles. D Posada and K A Crandall MODELTEST: testing the model of DNA substitution. Bioinformatics ( 1998 ) 14 ( 9 ): 817 - 818 doi: 10.1093/bioinformatics/14.9.817 Abstract Full Text (PDF) APPLICATIONS NOTE : Roderic D.M. Page Tree View: An application to display phylogenetic trees on personal computers Comput Appl Biosci ( 1996 ) 12 ( 4 ): 357 - 358 doi: 10.1093/bioinformatics/12.4.357 Full Text (PDF) Applications Note : John P. Huelsenbeck and Fredrik Ronquist MRBAYES: Bayesian inference of phylogenetic trees Bioinformatics ( 2001 ) 17 ( 8 ): 754 - 755 doi: 10.1093/bioinformatics/17.8.754 Abstract Full Text (PDF) Applications Note : Fredrik Ronquist and John P. Huelsenbeck MrBayes 3: Bayesian phylogenetic inference under mixed models Bioinformatics ( 2003 ) 19 ( 12 ): 1572 - 1574 doi: 10.1093/bioinformatics/btg180 Abstract Full Text (PDF) APPLICATIONS NOTE - Genetics and population analysis : J. C. Barrett , B. Fry , J. Maller , and M. J. Daly Haploview: analysis and visualization of LD and haplotype maps Bioinformatics ( 2005 ) 21 ( 2 ): 263 - 265 first published online August 5, 2004 doi: 10.1093/bioinformatics/bth457 Abstract Full Text (HTML) Full Text (PDF)
Both BRCA1 and BRCA2 germ-line mutations are associated with early ovarian cancer, but new observational data suggest that each might require different treatment strategies, according to a report published in the October12 issue of JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association. The study found that women with high-grade ovarian cancer live longer and respond better to platinum-based chemotherapy when their tumors have BRCA2 genetic mutations than when they have wild-type BRCA. The same does not hold true for BRCA1 mutations. The analysis looked at 316 cases of high-grade serous ovarian cancer; 29 tumors had BRCA2 mutations and 37 had BRCA1 mutations. This suggests that stratification according to BRCA status will become more important in ovarian cancer clinical trials, senior author Wei Zhang, PhD, from the University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center in Houston, told Medscape Medical News. The findings also suggest that combining drugs that damage DNA (such as platinum) with newer drugs that block DNA repair might be particularly effective in these cancers, said Dr. Zhang. However, an expert not involved with the study questioned the findings because of the small number of patients with BRCA mutations. "It is fundamentally unsound to evaluate clinical epidemiology with sample sizes of 35 and 27 (BRCA1 and BRCA2) — or 37 and 29, depending on whether one looks at abstract or table — and draw firm conclusions. The power is low," said Paul Pharoah, MD, senior clinical research fellow at Cambridge Cancer Center in the United Kingdom, in an email. He reviewed the study for Medscape Medical News. The study is also partly in error, said Dr. Pharoah, who has conducted a similar study in these patients but with much a larger sample size. "I know from our dataset (over 10 times the sample size) that both BRCA1 and BRCA2 are associated with improved survival . This was statistically robust. So Yang's conclusion is partly wrong," he said, referring to study lead author Da Yang, PhD, who is also from M.D. Anderson Cancer Center. Lack of Statistical Significance With Overall Survival Differences According to the authors, BRCA2 and BRCA1 are both tumor-suppressing genes that affect DNA repair, but in different ways. BRCA2 mutations change the RAD51 protein, which is required for the repair of double-strand DNA breaks by homologous recombination. Without RAD51, the tumor cell cannot repair DNA damaged by antitumor treatment. In contrast, BRCA1 is involved in multiple functions (including DNA damage response and checkpoint control). A mutant BRCA1 can cause failure in a function and set the cell up for tumorigenesis without making it more vulnerable to drugs such as cisplatin. "Uncovering the separate potential effects of BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations takes us a step toward a more personalized approach to treating ovarian cancer, and perhaps other cancers," Dr. Zhang said in a press statement. "This paper suggests that those 2 genes, and the many others involved in DNA repair, are prime targets for further research." This teasing apart of BRCA1 and BRCA2 roles in ovarian cancer is possible because of The Cancer Genome Atlas project (TCGA). TCGA reported more than 400 high-grade serous ovarian cancer cases in which an exhaustive analysis of each tumor's genome and comprehensive clinical data on each patient were combined. "TCGA gave us enough analytical power to differentiate between BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations and to conduct a survival analysis," said Dr. Yang. The outcome measures in the study were overall survival, progression-free survival, and chemotherapy response. The analysis showed 5-year survival of 61% with BRCA2 mutations and 25% with wild-type BRCA. Three-year progression-free survival was 44% with BRCA2 mutations and 16% with wild-type BRCA2. Overall survival was not significantly different between BRCA2 and BRCA1 mutations (P= .17), but the progression-free survival difference was (P=.05). BRCA1 mutations did not affect either overall survival or progression-free survival. The response rate to platinum chemotherapy was 100% in patients with BRCA2 mutations, 82% in those with wild-type BRCA2, and 80% in those with BRCA1 mutations. Response duration was 18 months with BRCA2 mutations, 11.7 months with wild-type BRCA2, and 12.5 months for BRCA1 mutations. In an accompanying editorial, VictorR. Grann, MD, MPH, and RamonE. Parsons, MD, PhD, from the Columbia University Medical Center in New York City, write that the study "provides a major advance in the understanding of the use of new treatments for ovarian cancer among patients with BRCA mutations by demonstrating a difference in the response among patients with BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations diagnosed with ovarian cancer." They and the study authors all say that the next step is to enroll these patients in randomized clinical trials to test whether BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutation carriers respond differently to treatment. However, Dr. Pharoah's research represents a challenge to this opinion. He and his group have investigated BRCA mutations and clinical outcomes using the same TCGA data plus additional cases collected worldwide — producing a much larger dataset of more than 1100 BRCA1 mutation carriers, 300 BRCA2 mutation carriers, and 2000 noncarriers. They reported their data at the 2011 meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research. That study has been submitted for publication. Dr. Pharoah also emphasized the fact that the overall survival differences between the 2 mutation types in the study by Dr. Yang and colleagues was not statistically significant. "There is no significant difference between BRCA1 and BRCA2 (which is not highlighted in the abstract or press release). Thus, it is not a sound conclusion that BRCA2 but not BRCA1 is associated with improved survival. This apparent contradiction is all a problem with sample size and an overestimation of statistical significance. With just 35 BRCA1 cases, the power to detect a difference with noncarriers is limited, so the conclusion is not sound." Dr. Pharoah added that "even where a result is statistically significant, it is more likely to be wrong when the sample size is small than when it is large — a fact that is very rarely appreciated." The authors have disclosed no relevant financial relationships. JAMA. 2011;306:1557-1565, 1597-1598. 来源 ： http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/751334
Int. J. Materials and Structural Integrity, Vol. 5, No. 1, 2011 Contents 1 Radar investigation as a complementary tool for the diagnosis of historic masonry buildings Luigia Binda, Maurizio Lualdi, Antonella Saisi and Luigi Zanzi 26 Numerical investigation on the thermal conductive characteristics of the TiO2/ZnO bilayer films Yongsheng Wu, Ping Yang, Haifeng Xu and Xianxin Xu 36 A study on the surface integrity aspects of superalloy Inconel 718 under minimum quantity lubrication in high speed turning D.G. Thakur, B. Ramamoorthy and L. Vijayaraghavan 46 Performance of pre-tensioned concrete member and the level of deterioration due to acid rain exposure A.K. Parande, M.S. Karthikeyan, K. Kumar, V. Deepthi and N. Palaniswamy 58 Investigations on flexural characteristics of functionally graded alumina and alumina-titania ceramic composite coatings Sundaram Rajakumar, L. Vijayaraghavan, M.M. Mayuram and R. Krishnamurthy 77 Characterisation and photocatalytic activity of Ag-modified BiVO4 catalyst under visible light irradiation Sheng Yin, Hua-ming Li, Ling Liu, Hui Xu, Yuan-guo Xu and Cheng-tang Liu 90 Life prediction of a self-propelled steel bridge based on co-analysis technology of finite element and fatigue simulation Peng Weiping, Wei Yanhong, Liu Zhao and Peng Min 109 Recent development in modelling and simulation of interfacial heat transfer Ningbo Liao, Miao Zhang and Wei Xue
Saul Perlmutter, who led one of two teams that simultaneously discovered the accelerating expansion of the universe, has been awarded the 2011 Nobel Prize in Physics, to be shared with two members of the rival team. Perlmutter, 52, a professor of physics at the University of California, Berkeley, and a faculty senior scientist at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL), led the Supernova Cosmology Project that, in 1998, discovered that galaxies are receding from one another faster now than they were billions of years ago. He will share the prize with Adam G. Riess, 41, of The Johns Hopkins University and Brian Schmidt, 44, of Australian National University’s Mount Stromlo and Siding Spring Observatories, two members of the competing High-Z Supernova Search team. When the discovery was made, Riess was a postdoctoral fellow at UC Berkeley working with astronomer Alex Filippenko, who at different times was a member of both teams. Perlmutter is the fifth Nobel winner for UC Berkeley in the past 11 years, and the 22nd Nobelist overall. This is the ninth Nobel in Physics awarded to a UC Berkeley faculty member, the most recent winner being George Smoot in 2006. The most recent National Research Council nationwide rankings identify the Department of Physics as among the best in the nation. The accelerating expansion means that the universe could expand forever until, in the distant future, it is cold and dark. The teams’ discovery led to speculation that there is a “dark energy” that is pushing the universe apart. Though dark energy theoretically makes up 73 percent of the matter and energy of the universe, astronomers and physicists have so far failed to discover the nature of this strange, repulsive force. In recent years, Perlmutter has been working with NASA and the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) to build and launch the first space-based observatory designed specifically to understand the nature of dark energy. A dark-energy mission was named the top telescope-building priority in an August 2010 report from a blue-ribbon committee of the National Academy of Sciences. Using supernovae as cosmic yardsticks Perlmutter was a postdoctoral fellow at LBNL when he decided to focus on Type Ia supernovae as yardsticks to measure the geometry of the universe. Astronomers knew that the universe was expanding, but the main question at the time was whether the universe was open, and thus destined to expand forever, or closed, meaning that the expansion would eventually stop and the universe would collapse back on itself. He and his LBNL team were puzzled by initial results in 1997 indicating that, not only was the universe’s expansion not slowing down, it was speeding up, contrary to all cosmological theories. “The chain of analysis was so long that at first we were reluctant to believe our result,” Perlmutter said. “But the more we analyzed it, the more it wouldn’t go away.” The High-Z team came to the same conclusion at the same time, based on an independent set of Type Ia supernovae. “There was no hint of this when we started the project,” Riess said in 1998 while still a Miller Postdoctoral Research Fellow at UC Berkeley. “We expected to see the universe slowing down, but instead, all the data fit a universe that is speeding up.” The discovery, reported by both teams in 1998, has since been bolstered by independent measurements. The earliest and most important of these confirmations were by the Millimeter Anisotropy eXperiment IMaging Array (MAXIMA), a balloon-borne experiment led by UC Berkeley physicist Paul Richards, and the Balloon Observations Of Millimetric Extragalactic Radiation and Geophysics (BOOMERanG) experiment, led by the late Andrew Lange, a former UC Berkeley post-doctoral fellow, and Paolo De Bernardis. Team effort “This discovery was very much a team effort,” Perlmutter stressed, citing the efforts of the Supernova Cosmology Project’s individual members in theoretical studies of supernova dynamics, the detection of supernovae near and far, data analysis and interpretation, and other research components. Perlmutter graduated magna cum laude in physics from Harvard University in 1981 and began graduate work at the UC Berkeley, where he gravitated toward the study of astrophysics. He completed his Ph.D. with Richard Muller, UC Berkeley professor of physics, in 1986. While still a post-doctoral fellow, Perlmutter teamed up with fellow post-doc Carl Pennypacker to develop the technology to use Type Ia supernovae – which are bright enough to be seen across the universe – to measure cosmological distances. Other astronomers had observational data suggesting that Type Ias were all about the same intrinsic brightness, so that their apparent brightness from Earth could be used to calculate their distance. With observing time on several telescopes around the world, the Supernova Cosmology Project was able to test and improve its techniques. When the team eventually sat down with new data on Type Ia supernovae to calculate the basic parameters of the universe, however, the results were too bizarre to be believed. “The most striking part of the project was the huge skepticism,” recalled Pennypacker, now with UC Berkeley’s Space Sciences Laboratory and a guest in LBNL’s Physics Division. The skepticism was not only about proposed techniques, but about the underlying science. “Nobody believed we could do it,” he said, “and it was an enormous challenge to get things done.” Perlmutter, a member of the National Academy of Sciences and a fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, has received numerous honors, including the 2006 Shaw Prize, shared with Schmidt and Riess; the 2007 Gruber Cosmology Prize, which he shared with his entire Supernova Cosmology Project team and the High-Z Supernova Search team; the 2003 California Scientist of the Year award; and the 2002 E. O. Lawrence Award in physics from the Department of Energy. He lives in Berkeley with his wife and daughter. 原文见 http://www.berkeleydailyplanet.com/issue/2011-10-04/article/38511?headline=UC-Berkeley-s-Saul-Perlmutter-awarded-2011-Nobel-Prize-in-Physics
关注的PPG出了一期关注的ES专辑，激动一下，放在这里分享！可惜没有自己的contribution。 progress in physical geography October 2011; 35 (5) Special Issue: Ecosystem Services Editorial Select this article Marion Potschin and Roy Haines-Young Introduction to the Special Issue : Ecosystem Services Progress in Physical Geography October 2011 35 : 571 - 574 , doi: 10.1177/0309133311422976 Full Text (PDF) References Request Permissions Articles Select this article Marion B. Potschin and Roy H. Haines-Young Ecosystem services : Exploring a geographical perspective Progress in Physical Geography October 2011 35 : 575 - 594 , doi: 10.1177/0309133311423172 Abstract Full Text (PDF) References Request Permissions Select this article Brendan Fisher , R. Kerry Turner , Neil D. Burgess , Ruth D. Swetnam , Jonathan Green , Rhys E. Green , George Kajembe , Kassim Kulindwa , Simon L. Lewis , Rob Marchant , Andrew R. Marshall , Seif Madoffe , P.K.T. Munishi , Sian Morse-Jones , Shadrack Mwakalila , Jouni Paavola , Robin Naidoo , Taylor Ricketts , Mathieu Rouget , Simon Willcock , Sue White , and Andrew Balmford Measuring, modeling and mapping ecosystem services in the Eastern Arc Mountains of Tanzania Progress in Physical Geography October 2011 35 : 595 - 611 , doi: 10.1177/0309133311422968 Abstract Full Text (PDF) References Request Permissions Select this article Erik Gómez-Baggethun and Manuel Ruiz-Pérez Economic valuation and the commodification of ecosystem services Progress in Physical Geography October 2011 35 : 613 - 628 , doi: 10.1177/0309133311421708 Abstract Full Text (PDF) References Request Permissions Select this article Paul Ekins Environmental sustainability : From environmental valuation to the sustainability gap Progress in Physical Geography October 2011 35 : 629 - 651 , doi: 10.1177/0309133311423186 Abstract Full Text (PDF) References Request Permissions Select this article L. Lundy and R. Wade Integrating sciences to sustain urban ecosystem services Progress in Physical Geography October 2011 35 : 653 - 669 , doi: 10.1177/0309133311422464 Abstract Full Text (PDF) References Request Permissions Select this article Rob D. Fish Environmental decision making and an ecosystems approach : Some challenges from the perspective of social science Progress in Physical Geography October 2011 35 : 671 - 680 , doi: 10.1177/0309133311420941 Abstract Full Text (PDF) References Request Permissions Select this article Roy Haines-Young Exploring ecosystem service issues across diverse knowledge domains using Bayesian Belief Networks Progress in Physical Geography October 2011 35 : 681 - 699 , doi: 10.1177/0309133311422977 Abstract Full Text (PDF) References Request Permissions
世界標準日 World Standards Day 2011 International Standards — Creating Confidence Globally World Standards Day Message 14 October 2011 Dr. Klaus WUCHERER,IEC President Dr. Boris ALESHIN, ISO President Dr. Hamadoun TOUR, ITU Secretary-General In today’s world we need to have a high level of expectation that things will work the way we expect them to work. We expect that when we pick up the phone we will be able to instantly connect to any other phone on the planet. We expect to be able to connect to the Internet and be provided with news and information… instantly. When we fall ill, we rely on the healthcare equipment used to treat us. When we drive our cars, we have confidence that the engine management, steering and braking, and child safety systems are reliable. We expect to be protected against electrical power failure and the harmful effects of pollution. International standards give us this confidence globally. Indeed one of the key objectives of standardization is to provide this confidence. Systems, products and services perform as we expect them to because of the essential features specified in international standards. International standards for products and services underpin quality, ecology, safety, reliability, interoperability, efficiency and effectiveness. They do all of this while giving manufacturers confidence in their ability to reach out to global markets safe in the knowledge that their product will perform globally. Interoperability creates economies of scale and ensures users can obtain equal service wherever they travel. So international standards benefit consumers, manufacturers and service providers alike. Importantly, in developing countries this accelerates the deployment of new products and services and encourages economic development. International standards create this confidence by being developed in an environment of openness and transparency, where every stakeholder can contribute. It is the stated aim of the WSC partners – IEC, ISO and ITU – to facilitate and augment this confidence globally, so as to connect the world with international standards. 國際標準樹立全球信心 IEC 、 ISO 、 ITU 世界標準日祝詞 2011 年 10 月 14 日 IEC 主席 克勞斯 烏赫勒博士 ISO 主席 伯里斯 埃裡森博士 ITU 秘書長 哈馬德 圖爾博士 當今世界，我們越來越強烈地期待，世間萬物都能像我們希望的那樣可靠地工作和運轉。 撥打電話時，我們希望可以立刻接通全球任何一部電話。登陸互聯網時，我們希望可以快速地獲取新聞和資訊。身患疾病時，我們希望可以依賴可靠的醫療器械來治癒疾病。駕駛車輛時，我們希望汽車的發動機、轉向、刹車以及兒童安全系統都是可靠的。我們還希望能遠離電力故障和污染的有害影響。 國際標準正好契合了人們的期待，幫助我們樹立信心。事實上，標準化活動的關鍵目標之一就是為人們提供這種信心。正是由於國際標準明確了系統、產品和服務的關鍵指標，才能保證它們能夠按照我們期望的那樣可靠地運轉。 國際標準提高了產品和服務的品質和環保水準，提高了產品和服務的安全性、可靠性、相容性，以及效率和效能，並因此賦予製造商信心，使其產品在全球市場流通和使用。 國際標準的相容性促進了規模經濟的發展，確保使用者在任何地方都能享受到同等的服務，使消費者、製造商和服務提供方受益匪淺。更重要的是，在發展中國家，國際標準加速了新產品和服務的流通，促進了經濟的發展。 國際標準是在公開和透明的環境下制定的，任何利益相關方都有權利參與國際標準的制定工作，這也是國際標準幫助我們樹立信心的有效保證。 “ 提升和增強全球信心，用國際標準連接全世界 ” ，這是世界標準合作組織 - 國際電子電機委員會（ IEC ）、國際標準組織（ ISO ）和國際電信聯盟（ ITU ）的共同目標。 http://www.iso.org/iso/wsd2011/bio_of_caterina_fiorani.htm
Students Sponsored to Attend GNSS Meeting A s part of the ION GNSS 2011 technical program, the Satellite Division awarded nine students ION GNSS STUDENT PAPER AWARDS. These award recipients, who will be recognized during the Friday Awards Luncheon, were selected by recognized industry and academic experts in their field. Only those papers of superior technical quality for acceptance as a primary paper in the session were included in the program. To qualify, students must have been full-time undergraduate or graduate students in engineering, science, mathematics, or other related fields at the time their papers were written. Groups of student authors were accepted, but the submitted paper could not be co-authored by a working professional or a faculty member. Only the primary author making the presentation was eligible for the award. Student award winners received a full complimentary conference registration and a travel stipend. The following students received an ION GNSS Student Paper Award this year: Nima Alam, University of New South Wales , Australia Three Dimensional Positioning with Two GNSS Satellites and DSRC for Vehicles in Urban Canyons Kuan Yun Chen, National Cheng Kung University , Taiwan The Performance Evaluation of Low Cost MEMS IMU/GPS Integrated Positioning and Orientation Systems Using Novel DBPNNs Embedded Fusion Algorithms Joon Wayn, Cheong, University of New South Wales , Australia Towards Multi-Constellation Collective Detection for Weak Signals:A Comparative Experimental Analysis Shuang Du, University of Calgary , Canada An Inertial Aided Cycle Slip Detection and Identification Method for Integrated PPP GPS/MEMS IMU System Okuary Osechas, Tufts University , USA GPS Satellite Clock Excessive Acceleration Detection for DCPS Users of GBAS Seyed Nima Sadrieh, University of Calgary , Canada Spatial Antenna Diversity Performance for Indoor GNSS Applications Qianxin Wang, Central South University , China Integrated Carrier Phase and Doppler Observations of GPS and GLONASS for Precise Velocity Determination Xing Zhao, University of Calgary ,Canada Multi-Sensors Observability Analysis on Pedestrian Navigation System Junchuan Zhou, University of Siegen , Germany Applying Quaternion-based Unscented Particle Filter on INS/GPS with Field Experiments
MilitaryandSecurityDevelopmentsInvolvingChina_2011.pdf 《中国军力报告》，英文全称为Annual Report to Congress: Military Power of the People's Republic of China. 具体承办单位是 美国国防部 ,是美国自2000年始至今的一年一次（除2001年外）对中国军力的“披露”。作为每年众多报告的一部分，其主要目的是 美国军队 针对中国军队的战略分析，以游说国会，为其决策提供依据。.
Steve Jobs , Founder and CEO, APPLE, 2011 at age of 56 Ralph Steinman , Nobel laureate 2011, at age of 68 Patrick Swayze , Actor (“ Dirty Dancing" and "Roadhouse" ), 2009 at age 57 Michael Landon , Actor (“ Little House on the Prarie ”), 1991 at age of 55 Dizzy Gillespie , jazz trumpet virtuoso, 1993 at age 75 Randy Pausch , a computer science professor and author (last lecture), 2008 at 47 Donna Reed , the actress ( "It's a Wonderful Life" ), 1986 at age of 64 Luciano Pavarotti , the famous Italian opera singer , 2007 at the age of 71 Melvin Simon , chairman emeritus of Simon Property Group Inc., 2009 at age of 82 Myles Brand , President of NCAA and Indiana University, 2009 at age of 67
2011年10月6日英国《泰晤士报高等教育副刊》发布2011－2012世界大学排行榜，我查看了一下，我的母校——意大利摩德纳-雷焦艾米利亚大学竟然能排到327位，出乎我预料。以前，我曾看到国际学术竞争力排名，摩德纳大学排到390多位。 但是，我看了一下意大利大学的排名情况，以我长期对意大利国内自己评选大学排行榜的跟踪和了解，不得不说，这个英国《泰晤士报高等教育副刊》排行榜可信度不高。在意大利公立大学中，一般米兰理工大学都认为是最好的，而且一直排名在前三前五，甚至第一，类似中国大陆的清华大学地位。在泰晤士报2011世界大学排行榜中，比米理前面的意大利公立大学有很多，这实在不可思议。 中国的北京大学和清华大学跻身百强，北京大学和清华大学分别位居第49和第71位，这更使我对该排行榜表示深度怀疑。我和很多专业的各国博士聊过天，中国大陆的优秀大学在他们所在专业领域大都知道一些，但他们都认为中国大陆水平还不错，但也没有说是很好或领先，当然，我也了解不够全面，但我个人认为北大、清华不可能取得如此好的成绩。另外，对于中国大陆大学的排名已经彻底颠覆我的认知，博友可以点击下面链接自己去查阅。 博主 吴锦宇 http://www.timeshighereducation.co.uk/world-university-rankings/2011-2012/301-350.html World Rank Institution Country / Region Overall score 301-350 Aalborg University Denmark Data withheld by THE 19 75 36 20 27 301-350 Aalto University Finland Data withheld by THE 26 49 62 22 38 301-350 Alexandria University Egypt Data withheld by THE 15 32 34 8 61 301-350 Aveiro University Portugal Data withheld by THE 17 48 35 16 41 301-350 Bar-Ilan University Israel Data withheld by THE 28 47 28 32 16 301-350 Binghamton University, State University of New York United States Data withheld by THE 19 31 30 20 46 301-350 Boğazii University Turkey Data withheld by THE 24 36 35 20 46 301-350 University of Canterbury New Zealand Data withheld by THE 17 76 27 24 30 301-350 Charles Darwin University Australia Data withheld by THE 16 47 31 19 53 301-350 University College Cork Republic of Ireland Data withheld by THE 21 77 37 19 29 301-350 University of Eastern Finland Finland Data withheld by THE 23 34 30 16 51 301-350 University of Ferrara Italy Data withheld by THE 16 37 34 14 59 301-350 George Mason University United States Data withheld by THE 29 24 25 18 43 301-350 University of Hertfordshire United Kingdom Data withheld by THE 12 76 27 8 56 301-350 University of Houston United States Data withheld by THE 36 28 31 24 24 301-350 University of Hull United Kingdom Data withheld by THE 14 66 28 17 40 301-350 Indian Institute of Technology, Bombay India Data withheld by THE 44 14 24 16 39 301-350 Jagiellonian University Poland Data withheld by THE 25 40 26 16 43 301-350 Keele University United Kingdom Data withheld by THE 18 63 28 18 40 301-350 Keio University Japan Data withheld by THE 32 18 40 22 26 301-350 Kent State University United States Data withheld by THE 16 27 25 14 58 301-350 Lehigh University United States Data withheld by THE 20 26 39 18 45 301-350 Université de Liège Belgium Data withheld by THE 24 69 65 16 39 301-350 Linkping University Sweden Data withheld by THE 20 49 32 19 43 301-350 University of Manitoba Canada Data withheld by THE 30 40 41 32 28 301-350 University of Maryland, Baltimore County United States Data withheld by THE 18 19 30 14 53 301-350 University of Modena and Reggio Emilia Italy Data withheld by THE 14 27 28 16 51 301-350 National Taiwan University of Science and Technology Taiwan Data withheld by THE 24 16 43 37 19 301-350 University of Oklahoma United States Data withheld by THE 34 21 32 16 32 301-350 University of Pisa Italy Data withheld by THE 18 26 35 18 51 301-350 Plymouth University United Kingdom Data withheld by THE 13 49 26 14 58 301-350 Polytechnic University of Milan Italy Data withheld by THE 24 34 70 18 34 301-350 University of Porto Portugal Data withheld by THE 18 42 34 13 44 301-350 Charles University in Prague Czech Republic Data withheld by THE 32 51 24 25 31 301-350 Sapienza University of Rome Italy Data withheld by THE 30 32 33 27 29 301-350 Shanghai Jiao Tong University China Data withheld by THE 39 20 85 30 19 301-350 Sharif University of Technology Iran Data withheld by THE 28 13 93 30 19 301-350 University of South Florida United States Data withheld by THE 22 15 94 30 37 301-350 University of Stirling United Kingdom Data withheld by THE 18 70 27 22 42 301-350 Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU) Republic of Korea Data withheld by THE 31 27 99 32 24 301-350 University of Surrey United Kingdom Data withheld by THE 33 82 47 25 12 301-350 University of Tampere Finland Data withheld by THE 22 38 55 22 44 301-350 University of Tasmania Australia Data withheld by THE 18 70 42 15 35 301-350 University of Valencia Spain Data withheld by THE 16 36 32 10 64 301-350 Vienna University of Technology Austria Data withheld by THE 26 82 35 14 24 301-350 Vrije Universiteit Brussel Belgium Data withheld by THE 23 49 66 21 37 301-350 University of Waikato New Zealand Data withheld by THE 13 87 24 14 48 301-350 University of Warsaw Poland Data withheld by THE 22 36 Data withheld by THE 16 44 301-350 Washington State University United States Data withheld by THE 29 31 34 24 34 301-350 Zhejiang University China Data withheld by THE
瑞典 作家、诗人和翻译家 现代主义、表现派和超现实主义作家、诗人和翻译家 文学家 Tomas Transtrmer 1931年4月15日出生于瑞典斯德哥尔摩 现年80岁 1956年毕业于斯德哥尔摩大学心理科学专业 此君13岁开始写作生涯，1954年(时年23岁）出版第一本诗歌集《十七首诗》 其后陆续出版有： 《路上的秘密》(1958)、《完成一半的天堂》(1962)、《钟声与辙迹》(1966)、《在黑暗中观看》(1970)、《路径》(1973)、《真理障碍物》(1978)及《狂野的市场》(1983)、《给生者与死者》(1989)、《悲哀的威尼斯平底船》(1996)等多卷 代表作： The Great Enigma New Collected Poems,等 特朗斯特罗默（TomasTranstromer)至今共发表163首诗。1990年患脑溢血导致右半身瘫痪后，仍坚持纯诗写作。他善于从日常生活入手，把有机物和科学结合到诗中，把激烈的情感寄于平静的文字里。他被誉为当代欧洲诗坛最杰出的象征主义和超现实主义大师。 The Nobel Prize in Literature 2011 was awarded to him (Tomas Transtrmer) "because, through his condensed, transluscent images, he gives us fresh access to reality" . 现实主义文学家
The Nobel Prize in Physics 2011 was divided, one half awarded to Saul Perlmutter, the other half jointly to Brian P. Schmidt and Adam G. Riess "for the discovery of the accelerating expansion of the Universe through observations of distant supernovae" .
Steve Jobs 走了！ Steve 是这个时代的英雄。 Steve 是几代人的英雄。 他用五十六年的生命， 谱写了光辉的传奇。 他走了， 他的精神永存！ "My third story is about death. When I was 17, I read a quote that went something like: " If you live each day as if it was your last, someday you'll most certainly be right. " It made an impression on me, and since then, for the past 33 years, I have looked in the mirror every morning and asked myself: "If today were the last day of my life, would I want to do what I am about to do today?" And whenever the answer has been "No" for too many days in a row, I know I need to change something. Remembering that I'll be dead soon is the most important tool I've ever encountered to help me make the big choices in life. Because almost everything — all external expectations, all pride, all fear of embarrassment or failure - these things just fall away in the face of death, leaving only what is truly important. Remembering that you are going to die is the best way I know to avoid the trap of thinking you have something to lose. You are already naked. There is no reason not to follow your heart. About a year ago I was diagnosed with cancer. I had a scan at 7:30 in the morning, and it clearly showed a tumor on my pancreas. I didn't even know what a pancreas was. The doctors told me this was almost certainly a type of cancer that is incurable, and that I should expect to live no longer than three to six months. My doctor advised me to go home and get my affairs in order, which is doctor's code for prepare to die. It means to try to tell your kids everything you thought you'd have the next 10 years to tell them in just a few months. It means to make sure everything is buttoned up so that it will be as easy as possible for your family. It means to say your goodbyes. I lived with that diagnosis all day. Later that evening I had a biopsy, where they stuck an endoscope down my throat, through my stomach and into my intestines, put a needle into my pancreas and got a few cells from the tumor. I was sedated, but my wife, who was there, told me that when they viewed the cells under a microscope the doctors started crying because it turned out to be a very rare form of pancreatic cancer that is curable with surgery. I had the surgery and I'm fine now. This was the closest I've been to facing death, and I hope it's the closest I get for a few more decades. Having lived through it, I can now say this to you with a bit more certainty than when death was a useful but purely intellectual concept: No one wants to die. Even people who want to go to heaven don't want to die to get there. And yet death is the destination we all share. No one has ever escaped it. And that is as it should be, because Death is very likely the single best invention of Life. It is Life's change agent. It clears out the old to make way for the new. Right now the new is you, but someday not too long from now, you will gradually become the old and be cleared away. Sorry to be so dramatic, but it is quite true. Your time is limited, so don't waste it living someone else's life. Don't be trapped by dogma — which is living with the results of other people's thinking. Don't let the noise of others' opinions drown out your own inner voice. And most important, have the courage to follow your heart and intuition. They somehow already know what you truly want to become. Everything else is secondary. " ----- Steve Jobs ( http://news.stanford.edu/news/2005/june15/jobs-061505.html )
Adam Guy Riess (born December 1969, Washington, D.C. ) is an American astrophysicist at Johns Hopkins University and the Space Telescope Science Institute and is widely known for his research in using supernovae as Cosmological Probes. Riess shared both the 2006 Shaw Prize in Astronomy and the 2011 Nobel Prize in Physics with Saul Perlmutter and Brian P. Schmidt for providing evidence that the expansion of the universe is accelerating ..( http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Riess ) Riess graduated from The Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1992 where he was a member of the Phi Delta Theta fraternity. He received his PhD from Harvard University in 1996. Riess' PhD thesis was supervised by Robert Kirshner and resulted in measurements of over twenty new type Ia supernovae and a method to make Type Ia supernovae into accurate distance indicators by correcting for intervening dust and intrinsic inhomogeneities.( http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Riess ) Riess, now a professor of astronomy and physics at Johns Hopkins University, shares the prize with Brian Schmidt and Saul Perlmutter. Perlmutter and Schmidt each headed research teams that in 1998 presented evidence that expansion of the universe was accelerating. Riess was part of Schmidt’s international High-z Supernova Search Team. ( http://web.mit.edu/newsoffice/2011/riess-nobel-prize.html ) For almost a century, the universe had been known to be expanding as a consequence of the Big Bang about 14 billion years ago. However, the discovery that this expansion is accelerating was “astounding,” according to the Nobel committee.( http://web.mit.edu/newsoffice/2011/riess-nobel-prize.html Riess, Perlmutter and Schmidt also shared the $1 million Shaw Prize in Astronomy for discovering the acceleration of the universe’s expansion. Reiss, who was born in Washington, D.C., earned his PhD from Harvard in 1996, and was awarded a MacArthur “genius” grant in 2008. Riess is the 77th MIT-connected winner of the Nobel Prize. See all of MIT's winners at http://web.mit.edu/ir/pop/awards/nobel.html . He will also be on campus on Oct. 20 to deliver the Department of Physics's Pappalardo Distinguished Lecture .http://web.mit.edu/newsoffice/2011/riess-nobel-prize.html Curriculum Vitae–Adam Guy Riess( http://www.stsci.edu/~ariess/Awards.htm ) Office Johns Hopkins University 3400 North Charles Street Baltimore, MD 21218 (410) 516-4474 ariess@stsci.edu Education Harvard University, Ph.D., Astrophysics, 1996 Harvard University, A.M., Astrophysics, 1994 Massachusetts Institute of Technology, B.S, Physics, Minor in History 1992 Positions Held Johns Hopkins University, Professor of Physics and Astronomy, 2006 Space Telescope Science Institute, Assistant Astronomer 1999, Full Astronomer 2004 U.C. Berkeley, Miller Fellow, 1996-1999 Harvard University, Doctoral Student, 1992-1996 Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Research Associate, Summer 1992 Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Undergraduate Research Assistant, 1990-1992 Honors and Awards– Recognition by Peers Einstein Medal, 2011 Gilman Scholor, Johns Hopkins University, 2011 Thomson Reuters Citation Laureate, 2010 National Academy of Sciences, 2009 MacArthur Fellow, 2008 American Academy of Arts and Sciences, 2008 Kavli Frontier of Science Fellow, 2007 Gruber Prize in Cosmology, 2007 Shaw Prize, Hong Kong, 2006 Townes Prize in Cosmology, UC Berkeley, 2005 Raymond and Beverly Sackler Prize, Tel-Aviv University, 2004 International Academy of Astronautics, Laurels for Achievement Award, 2004 Helen B. Warner Prize, American Astronomical Society, 2003 Bok Prize, Harvard University, 2001 AURA Science Award, 2000 STScI Science Merit Award, 2000, 2001 Trumpler Award, Astronomical Society of the Pacific, 1999 Harvard GSAS Merit Fellow, 1995 Harvard Distinction in Teaching Award, 1994 Margaret Weyerhaeuser Jewett Memorial Fellowship, 1993 Phi Beta Kappa at MIT, GPA: 4.94/5.00 Honors and Awards– Public Recognition Discover Magazine “Twenty under 40”, 2008 Esquire Magazine “Best and Brightest” Award, 2003 Discover Magazine Innovator Award, Finalist, 2003 Time Magazine Innovator Award, 2000 Science Magazine’s Research “Breakthrough of the Year”, 1998 Supervised Students and Postdocs Dr. Steve Rodney, Postdoctoral Fellow, JHU, 2010-present Mr. Dan Scolnic, Graduate Student, JHU, 2007-present Dr. Mark Huber, Postdoctoral Fellow, JHU, 2007-present Dr. Andre Martel, Postdoctoral Fellow, JHU, 2006-present Miss. Bridget Faulk, Graduate Student, JHU, 2006-present Dr. Joao Souza, Postdoctoral Fellow, STScI, 2005-present Dr. Hubert Lampeitl, Postdoctoral Fellow, STScI, 2005-present Dr. Louis Strolger, Postdoctoral Fellow, STScI, 2002-2005 Mr. Josh Younger, Undergraduate Research Assistant, STScI, 2005 Mr. Chris Carpenter, Undergraduate Research Assistant, Harvard, 1996 Teaching, Communication, Service Johns Hopkins University, taught Physics 171.118, Spring 2008, 2009,2010,2011 Johns Hopkins University, taught Physics 171.112, Spring 2007 Scientific American Magazine, “From Slowdown to Speedup”, by A. G. Riess and M. S. Turner, February 2004 Decadal Survey Program Prioritization Panel, 2009 Johns Hopkins Astrophysics Faculty Search, Chair 2009 Johns Hopkins Discovery Working Group, co-chair, 2008 The Universe, NHK Japan, 2010 400 Years of The Telescope, NPR 2008 Hubbles Amazing Universe, National Geographic 2008 “Scientific American Frontiers”, Guest, PBS, 2004 “60 Minutes”, Guest, CBS, 2003 “Science Friday”, Guest, NPR, 2001 “NOVA”, Guest, PBS, 2000,2005 “Jim Lehrer News Hour”, Guest, PBS, 1998 “Headline News”, Guest, CNN, 1998 “Science Friday”, Guest, NPR, 1998 Most Important Publications Riess, A. G. et al. 1998, “Observational Evidence from Supernovae for an Accelerating Universe and a Cosmological Constant”, AJ, 116, 1009 Riess, A. G., et al. 2004, “Type Ia Supernova Discoveries at z 1 From the Hubble Space Telescope: Past Deceleration and Constraints on Dark Energy Evolution”, ApJ, 607, 665 Riess, A. G., Press, W. H., Kirshner, R. P. 1996, “A Precise Distance Indicator: Type Ia Supernova Multicolor Light Curve Shapes” ApJ, 473, 88 Riess, A. G., et al. 2007, “New Hubble Space Telescope Discoveries of Type Ia Supernovae at z 1: Narrowing Constraints on the Early Behavior of Dark Energy”, ApJ, 659, 98 Riess, A. G. et al., 2001, “The Farthest Known Supernova: Support for an Accelerating Universe and a Glimpse of the Epoch of Deceleration”, ApJ, 560, 49 Riess, A. G., Macri, L., Casertano, S., Sosey, M., Lampeitl, H., Ferguson, H. C., Filippenko, A. V., Jha, S. W., et al., A Redetermination of the Hubble Constant with the Hubble Space Telescope from a Differential Distance Ladder, 2009, ApJ, 699, 539 Riess, A. G., Macri, L., Casertano, S., Lampeitl, H., Ferguson, H. C., Filippenko, A. V., Jha, S. W., Li, W., et al., A 3% Solution: Determination of the Hubble Constant with the Hubble Space Telescope and Wide Field Camera 3, 2011, ApJ, 730, 119 Riess, A. G. et al., 1999, “BVRI Photometry of 22 Distant Type Ia Supernovae”, AJ, 117, 707
祝贺！ 大家可能还对 2006 年获得诺贝尔奖的伯克利劳伦斯伯克利国家实验室（ LBNL ） George Fitzgerald Smoot III 记忆犹新，现在又有一位劳伦斯伯克利国家实验室（ LBNL ）的诺奖获得者产生，他就是 Saul Perlmutter 教授 。 Saul Perlmutter 教授现在成为伯克利近 11 年的第 15 位诺奖获得者、第 9 位物理奖获得者！牛！ 伯克利的庆祝奖励你能猜到吗？ Saul Perlmutter 教授将在伯克利拥有专属的、永久的、蓝色的、只有诺贝尔奖获得者才有资格停车的停车位！ 二十一世纪伯克利什么最贵？停车位！ 伯克利主页上的官方介绍。 Saul Perlmutter awarded 2011 Nobel Prize in Physics By Robert Sanders , Media Relations | October 4, 2011 BERKELEY — Saul Perlmutter, who led one of two teams that simultaneously discovered the accelerating expansion of the universe, has been awarded the 2011 Nobel Prize in Physics, to be shared with two members of the rival team. UC Berkeley and LBNL physicist Saul Perlmutter (Roy Kaltschmidt, LBNL) Perlmutter, 52, a professor of physics at the University of California, Berkeley, and a faculty senior scientist at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL), led the Supernova Cosmology Project that, in 1998, discovered that galaxies are receding from one another faster now than they were billions of years ago. He will share the prize with Adam G. Riess, 41, of The Johns Hopkins University and Brian Schmidt, 44, of Australian National University’s Mount Stromlo and Siding Spring Observatories, two members of the competing High-Z Supernova Search team. When the discovery was made, Riess was a postdoctoral fellow at UC Berkeley working with astronomer Alex Filippenko, who at different times was a member of both teams. Perlmutter is the fifth Nobel winner for UC Berkeley in the past 11 years, and the 22nd Nobelist overall. This is the ninth Nobel in Physics awarded to a UC Berkeley faculty member, the most recent winner being George Smoot in 2006. The most recent National Research Council nationwide rankings identify the Department of Physics as among the best in the nation. The accelerating expansion means that the universe could expand forever until, in the distant future, it is cold and dark. The teams’ discovery led to speculation that there is a “dark energy” that is pushing the universe apart. Though dark energy theoretically makes up 73 percent of the matter and energy of the universe, astronomers and physicists have so far failed to discover the nature of this strange, repulsive force. In recent years, Perlmutter has been working with NASA and the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) to build and launch the first space-based observatory designed specifically to understand the nature of dark energy. A dark-energy mission was named the top telescope-building priority in an August 2010 report from a blue-ribbon committee of the National Academy of Sciences. Using supernovae as cosmic yardsticks Perlmutter was a postdoctoral fellow at LBNL when he decided to focus on Type Ia supernovae as yardsticks to measure the geometry of the universe. Astronomers knew that the universe was expanding, but the main question at the time was whether the universe was open, and thus destined to expand forever, or closed, meaning that the expansion would eventually stop and the universe would collapse back on itself. He and his LBNL team were puzzled by initial results in 1997 indicating that, not only was the universe’s expansion not slowing down, it was speeding up, contrary to all cosmological theories. “The chain of analysis was so long that at first we were reluctant to believe our result,” Perlmutter said. “But the more we analyzed it, the more it wouldn’t go away.” The High-Z team came to the same conclusion at the same time, based on an independent set of Type Ia supernovae. “There was no hint of this when we started the project,” Riess said in 1998 while still a Miller Postdoctoral Research Fellow at UC Berkeley. “We expected to see the universe slowing down, but instead, all the data fit a universe that is speeding up.” The discovery, reported by both teams in 1998, has since been bolstered by independent measurements. The earliest and most important of these confirmations were by the Millimeter Anisotropy eXperiment IMaging Array (MAXIMA), a balloon-borne experiment led by UC Berkeley physicist Paul Richards, and the Balloon Observations Of Millimetric Extragalactic Radiation and Geophysics (BOOMERanG) experiment, led by the late Andrew Lange, a former UC Berkeley post-doctoral fellow, and Paolo De Bernardis. Team effort “This discovery was very much a team effort,” Perlmutter stressed, citing the efforts of the Supernova Cosmology Project’s individual members in theoretical studies of supernova dynamics, the detection of supernovae near and far, data analysis and interpretation, and other research components. Perlmutter graduated magna cum laude in physics from Harvard University in 1981 and began graduate work at the UC Berkeley, where he gravitated toward the study of astrophysics. He completed his Ph.D. with Richard Muller, UC Berkeley professor of physics, in 1986. While still a postdoctoral fellow, Perlmutter teamed up with fellow post-doc Carl Pennypacker to develop the technology to use Type Ia supernovae –which are bright enough to be seen across the universe – to measure cosmological distances. Other astronomers had observational data suggesting that Type Ias were all about the same intrinsic brightness, so that their apparent brightness from Earth could be used to calculate their distance. With observing time on several telescopes around the world, the Supernova Cosmology Project was able to test and improve its techniques. When the team eventually sat down with new data on Type Ia supernovae to calculate the basic parameters of the universe, however, the results were too bizarre to be believed. “The most striking part of the project was the huge skepticism,” recalled Pennypacker, now with UC Berkeley’s Space Sciences Laboratory and a guest in LBNL’s Physics Division. The skepticism was not only about proposed techniques, but about the underlying science. “Nobody believed we could do it,” he said,“and it was an enormous challenge to get things done.” Perlmutter, a member of the National Academy of Sciences and a fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, has received numerous honors, including the 2006 Shaw Prize, shared with Schmidt and Riess; the 2007 Gruber Cosmology Prize, which he shared with his entire Supernova Cosmology Project team and the High-Z Supernova Search team; the 2003 California Scientist of the Year award; and the 2002 E. O. Lawrence Award in physics from the Department of Energy. He lives in Berkeley with his wife and daughter. Further information: Nobel Foundation announcement Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory press release 美国 劳伦斯伯克利国家实验室（ LBNL ） 中文介绍，来自中科院： http://www.lssf.cas.cn/kpzt/gwyjjg/201105/t20110506_3128474.html The Johns Hopkins University press release 以下来自网上其他摘抄。 所属：沪江英语 来源： nobelprize.org The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences has decided to award the Nobel Prize in Physics for 2011 with one half to Saul Perlmutter, and the other half jointly to Brian P. Schmidt and Adam G. Riess, for the discovery of the accelerating expansion of the Universe through observations of distant supernovae. 瑞典皇家科学院决定将 2011 年诺贝尔物理学奖，一半授予萨尔 · 波尔马特，另一半授予布莱恩 · 施密特和亚当 · 里斯，以表彰他们通过观测遥远超新星发现宇宙的膨胀速度正在加快。 "Some say the world will end in fire, some say in ice..." 有人说世界将终于火海，有人说世界将终于冰川 …… What will be the final destiny of the Universe? Probably it will end in ice, if we are to believe this year's Nobel Laureates in Physics. They have studied several dozen exploding stars, called supernovae, and discovered that the Universe is expanding at an ever-accelerating rate. The discovery came as a complete surprise even to the Laureates themselves. 宇宙最终的命运究竟会何去何从？如果我们相信今年诺贝尔物理学奖得住的研究结果，那么宇宙恐怕会终于冰川。他们研究了几十颗爆炸星（也被称为超新星）发现，宇宙的膨胀速度正在不断加快。这个发现让获奖者自己都大为惊讶。 In 1998, cosmology was shaken at its foundations as two research teams presented their findings. Headed by Saul Perlmutter, one of the teams had set to work in 1988. Brian Schmidt headed another team, launched at the end of 1994, where Adam Riess was to play a crucial role. 1998 年，两只研究小队所展示的成果让宇宙学的根基发生了动摇。其中一支队伍由萨尔 · 波尔马特领衔，从 1988 年开始研究工作；另一支由布莱恩 · 施密特领衔，从 1994 年年底开始工作，亚当 · 里斯在其中扮演了重要角色。 The research teams raced to map the Universe by locating the most distant supernovae. More sophisticated telescopes on the ground and in space, as well as more powerful computers and new digital imaging sensors (CCD, Nobel Prize in Physics in 2009), opened the possibility in the 1990s to add more pieces to the cosmological puzzle. 研究队伍用定位距离地球最远的超新星的办法来绘制宇宙地图。到了 20 世纪 90 年代，更精密的陆地和太空望眼镜装置、更强大的计算机系统以及全新的数字成像传感器（ CCD, 2009 年获得了诺贝尔物理学奖），为人类拼制宇宙这副拼图提供了可能性。 The teams used a particular kind of supernova, called type Ia supernova. It is an explosion of an old compact star that is as heavy as the Sun but as small as the Earth. A single such supernova can emit as much light as a whole galaxy. All in all, the two research teams found over 50 distant supernovae whose light was weaker than expected - this was a sign that the expansion of the Universe was accelerating. The potential pitfalls had been numerous, and the scientists found reassurance in the fact that both groups had reached the same astonishing conclusion. 研究队伍用一种 Ia 型超新星做研究。 Ia 型超新星是由像太阳一样重却像地球一样小的致密星爆炸而成，这样一颗超新星所发射出的光和整个银河系一样多。总而言之，两支队伍发现了超过 50 颗遥远超新星，它们所发射出的光不如预计的那么明亮，这就意味着宇宙的膨胀速度正在加快。研究过程中存在很多潜在的缺陷，但是两支队伍得出了同样惊人的结论，这让科学家们对自己的研究结果比较放心。 For almost a century, the Universe has been known to be expanding as a consequence of the Big Bang about 14 billion years ago. However, the discovery that this expansion is accelerating is astounding. If the expansion will continue to speed up the Universe will end in ice. 近一个世纪以来，人类知道宇宙因为 140 亿年左右前的那次大爆炸而在膨胀。然后，宇宙膨胀速度正在加快的发现让世人震惊。如果膨胀速度持续加快，那么宇宙将会终结于冰川。 The acceleration is thought to be driven by dark energy, but what that dark energy is remains an enigma - perhaps the greatest in physics today. What is known is that dark energy constitutes about three quarters of the Universe. Therefore the findings of the 2011 Nobel Laureates in Physics have helped to unveil a Universe that to a large extent is unknown to science. And everything is possible again. 研究者们认为是暗能量推动宇宙膨胀速度加快，但是暗能量究竟是什么仍然是个未知数 —— 也许这是当今物理学界的最大难题。我们唯一知道的是宇宙的四分之三由暗能量所组成。所以说， 2011 年诺贝尔物理学奖的研究结果最大程度上揭示了一个科学界所不知道的宇宙。而今，一切又皆有可能。 宇宙论：从宏观到精密—— 2006 年诺贝尔物理学奖简介 2006 年 10 月 3 日，瑞典皇家科学院宣布，将本年度诺贝尔物理学奖授予美国宇航局哥达德空间飞行中心的约翰·马瑟和加州大学伯克利分校的乔治·斯穆特，以表彰他们发现了宇宙微波背景辐射的黑体谱形状及其温度在不同方向上的微小变化。他们利用 COBE （宇宙微波背景探索者）卫星进行的非常细致的观测，被誉为现代宇宙论发展成一门精密科学的起点。 首次发现宇宙微波背景辐射是在 1964 年。美国贝尔电话实验室的两位科学家阿罗·彭齐亚斯和罗伯特·威尔逊为此获得 1978 年诺贝尔物理学奖。他们起初曾将这种辐射误为是自己的接收机上不相关的噪声 ( 实际上 , 宇宙微波背景是每当我们的电视机正常传输中断时接受到的那种“雪花”噪声的一部分 ) 。但是 , 早在 1940 年代，伽莫夫、阿尔弗和赫尔曼就做出了微波背景的理论预言，对后来关于宇宙起源的持续讨论作出了重要贡献。 当时主要有两种宇宙学理论在互相竞争 : 或者宇宙在最初的大爆炸中诞生然后继续膨胀 , 或者它总是处于在一种稳恒状态。大爆炸图景实际上预言了微波背景辐射的存在 , 因此，彭齐亚斯和威尔逊的发现自然让那种理论格外令人可信。 宇宙的起源 根据大爆炸图景 , 我们的宇宙是从一种极热的状态发展而来。关于宇宙的这种原初条件迄今尚无完善的理论 , 但看起来不久之后它就被密集得难以置信的辐射所充满。由这样一种发光“体”发出的辐射以特定方式分布于不同的波长，就像恒星一样，其发光的颜色（能谱 ) 只取决于温度：温度低时，颜色发红；温度高时，颜色发蓝。除温度之外，我们对这种辐射一无所知，但是可以确切地预言它的能谱看起来像什么样子。这种被称为黑体辐射的能谱也可以在实验室产生 , 德国科学家普朗克第一个描述了它们的特殊形状。我们自己的太阳实际上是“黑体” , 尽管它的光谱没有宇宙微波背景辐射那么完美。 根据大爆炸图景 , 背景辐射随宇宙膨胀逐渐变冷。然而能谱的原初黑体形状被保存下来。当辐射发出的时候 , 后来形成我们宇宙的混沌物质仍然是非常热的 , 温度大约在 3000 ℃左右。然而我们今天测量到的背景辐射已显著变冷 , 现在对应于一个温度仅为绝对零度之上 2.7 度的物体散发的辐射。这意味着辐射的峰值波长增加了 ( 黑体辐射的规律是温度越低 , 峰值波长越长 ) 。所以现在发现的背景辐射波长落到了毫米至厘米之间的微波区域。 离开地球 宇宙微波背景的第一批测量是在高山、火箭和气球上做的。地球大气吸收了许多辐射 , 因此测量需要在非常高的地方进行。但即使在这样的高处，可能实际上被测量的也只有属于背景辐射能谱的一小部分。能谱内一大部分波长的辐射被大气如此高效地吸收 , 以至测量必须在地球大气之外进行。因为首先，地面测量 ( 包括由彭齐亚斯和威尔逊所做的测量 ) 不能充分显示出辐射的黑体性质。这就使人们难于知道背景辐射是否真正是大爆炸图景预言的那种类型。此外 , 局限于地面的仪器不容易探查宇宙的所有方向，使它难以证明这种辐射的确是各向同性的真实背景。从卫星上进行测量能同时解决这两个问题——仪器可能置于大气之上，并且测量可容易地及于四面八方。 1974 年，美国宇航局邀请天文学家和宇宙学家为新的空基实验递交提案。这导致了 COBE 项目的启动。马瑟是这个庞大合作体（包含 1000 名科学家、工程师和其他人士）的真正动力。他也负责一台星载仪器（远红外绝对分光光度计） , 用于探查背景辐射的黑体谱。斯穆特则负责另一台重要的仪器（较差微波辐射计） , 用以寻找不同方向背景辐射温度的微小变化。 美国宇航局原来打算由一架航天飞机发射 COBE 。但是 , 在 1986 年挑战者号爆炸的悲剧事故以后 , 航天飞机的运作被中断了几年。这意味着 COBE 的未来处于危险之中。圆熟的交涉最后使马瑟及其合作者为 COBE 获得了专用的火箭 , 卫星最后在 1989 年 11 月 18 日发射。 仅 9 分钟观察以后就得到第一批结果 : COBE 记录了一条完美的黑体谱 ! 当这条曲线后来在 1990 年 1 月举行的一次会议上展示时引起了全场起立欢呼。 COBE 曲线是曾经测量过的最完美的黑体谱之一。 星系的诞生 但这只是 COBE 的部分结果。斯穆特负责的实验，其设计目标是寻找微波背景不同方向的微小变化。宇宙不同部分微波背景温度的微小变化，可以提供关于星系和恒星如何形成的新线索，说明物质为什么不是像均匀的泥浆那样散开，而是这样集中于宇宙中特定的位置。微小的温度变化能显示物质在何处开始聚集。这个过程一旦开始 , 剩下的事就由万有引力主导 : 物质吸引物质 , 导致恒星和星系形成。然而若没有一个开始的机制 , 不论银河系，太阳，或是地球都不会存在。 试图解释物质的聚集如何开始的理论，与原初宇宙中的量子涨落有关。同样类型的量子涨落产生于物质和反物质粒子不断的产生和湮灭。今天宇宙中测量到的温度变化，可以认为是这些量子涨落的结果，而且根据大爆炸理论，恒星、行星、最后生命能够演化出来也要归因于此。没有这些量子涨落 , 构成我们的物质会以完全另外的形式均匀散布于宇宙之中。 可见物质和暗物质 当科学家们计划 COBE 实验时最初的想法是：为解释星系形成需要的微波背景温度变化，大约会是千分之一摄氏度。这已经很小了 , 但后来发现情况更糟 : 当 COBE 还在建造时 , 有研究者报告说，暗物质 ( 我们不能看见的宇宙中的大部分物质 ) 的影响意味着，要寻找的温度变化可能是在十万分之一度的范围。暗物质本身实际上是物质凝聚的一个重要动因 , 这意味着为解释这个过程的启动所需要的温度变化比早先设想的更小。 发现这样极小的温度变化是一个巨大挑战。即使重新设计仪器 , 从 COBE 得到的结果仍然变得比期望更加不确定和难于解释。这种变化是如此之小 , 以致它们很难与不相关的噪声区别开——那怎么能知道它们的确是真实的呢 ? 当结果最终在 1992 年发表时，发现它们能与地面测量关联起来：尽管地面测量比 COBE 的测量更加不确定，但两者记录到温度变化的空间方向却是完全一致的。 1992 年 4 月 29 日，英国物理学家斯蒂芬·霍金在一次采访中说， COBE 的结果“即使不是所有时代，也是本世纪最伟大的发现” 。 宇宙论从猜想变为精确科学 在 COBE 的成功的鼓舞下，第二代宇宙背景各向异性探测卫星（ WMAP ）于 2001 年升空。由于 WMAP 的空间分辨率从其前辈 COBE 的 7 °提高到了 0.2 °，使得人们可以通过比较不同角度内测量到的温度变化，以前所未有（约 1 ％）的精度测定宇宙中可见物质、暗物质以及暗能量的比例（分别约为 4 ％， 23 ％和 73 ％）。因此 , COBE 项目可以并且已被看作为宇宙论成为精确科学的起点：宇宙学的计算第一次能与真实测量数据进行比较，这使得现代宇宙论成为一门真正的科学。 COBE 和 WMAP 的测量为评估宇宙的基本形状提供了依据。 COBE 实验也开创了几个宇宙论和微粒物理学的新领域。新宇宙学测量目的在于更好的理解在背景辐射发出之前时刻发生的过程。在粒子物理学方面，目标是了解暗物质由什么构成。这是很快将在欧洲核研究中心使用的新 LHC 加速器 ( 大型强子对撞机 ) 的任务之一。 （资料来自瑞典皇家科学院网站信息） 宇宙的诞生 宇宙是如何诞生并且演化到今天的？其未来又将走向何方？这个科学命题 —— 或者说哲学命题，数千年来一直困扰着人类。 大约 14 年前，人们一度以为有了完美的答案：通过对于宇宙背景微波辐射的观测，天文学家最终验证了 1929 年爱德文哈勃 (Edwin Hubble) 的猜想，即宇宙诞生于大约 137 亿年前的大爆炸 (Big Bang) 。之后，随着宇宙的演化，银河系、太阳系、地球，乃至我们人类自身，都陆续登场。 2006 年 10 月，正是凭借这一重要成就，美国科学家乔治斯穆特 (George F Smoot) 、约翰马瑟 (John C Mather) 分享了该年度的诺贝尔物理学奖。 但我们对宇宙的了解，显然也还刚刚开始。就在此一个月后，美国航空航天局 (NASA) 公布的最新研究结果表明：至少在 90 亿年前，一种被称为 “ 暗能量 ”(dark energy) 的神秘力量已经存在。 也就是说，在整个宇宙诞生后不到 50 亿年时，就开始受到暗能量影响。而此前，科学家普遍认为，在宇宙的早期，或许这种力量并不存在，因为那个时候主宰一切的还是我们熟悉的引力。 尽管这一结果仍不能确定地告诉我们宇宙的未来是怎样的，但显然，它为我们彻底理解宇宙的运行规律带来了新的曙光。相关的论文也将发表在 2007 年 2 月美国《天体物理学报》 (The Astrophysical Journal) 上。 这一研究小组的负责人、美国约翰霍普金斯大学 (John Hopkins) 教授阿德姆瑞斯 (Adam Riess) 在接受《财经》记者采访时表示： “ 我们距离真正了解暗能量仍然很远。但很显然，这是非常重要的一步，因为它给出了更多的 ‘ 线索 ’(clue) 。 ” 宇宙为什么加速膨胀？ 暗能量的发现过程极富戏剧性。按照宇宙大爆炸理论，在大爆炸发生之后，随着时间的推移，宇宙的膨胀速度将因为物质之间的引力作用而逐渐减慢，就像缓慢踩了刹车的汽车一样。也就是说，距离地球相对遥远的星系，其膨胀速度应该比那些近的星系慢一些。 但 1998 年，美国加州大学伯克利分校 (UC Berkeley) 物理学教授、劳伦斯伯克利国家实验室 (LBNL) 高级科学家索尔皮尔姆特 (Saul Perlmutter) ，以及澳大利亚国立大学布赖恩施密特 (Brian Schmidt) 分别领导的两个小组，通过观测发现，那些遥远的星系正在以越来越快的速度远离我们。 换句话说，宇宙是在加速膨胀，仿佛一辆不断踩油门的汽车，而不是像此前科学家所预测的那样处于减速膨胀状态。 这样一个完全出乎意料的观测结果，从根本上动摇了对宇宙的传统理解。那么到底是什么样的力量，在促使所有的星系或者其他物质加速远离呢？ 科学家们将这种与引力相反的斥力来源，称为 “ 暗能量 ” 。但 “ 暗能量 ” 到底意味着什么？至今我们能够给出的，只是一个十分粗略的宇宙结构 “ 金字塔图景 ” ： 我们所熟悉的世界，即由普通的原子构成的一草一木、山河星月，仅占整个宇宙的 4% ，相当于金字塔顶的那一块。 下面的 22% ，则为暗物质。这种物质由仍然未知的粒子构成，它们不参与电磁作用，无法用肉眼看到。但其和普通物质一样，参与引力作用，因此仍可能探测到。作为塔基的 74% ，则由最为神秘的暗能量构成。它无处不在，无时不在，由于我们对其性质知之甚少，所以科学家还不清楚如何在实验室中验证其存在。惟一的手段，仍然是通过天文观测这种间接手段来了解其奥秘。对 Ia 类型超新星 (supernova) 的爆发进行观测，则是目前最主要观测手段。这种超新星是由双星系统中的白矮星 (white dwarf) 爆炸形成的，亮度几乎恒定。这样，通过测量其亮度，就可以知道其和地球之间的距离，进而了解其速度。 借助哈勃这样灵敏的天文仪器的帮助，我们至少可以观测到 90 亿光年之外，即了解宇宙在 90 亿年前的信息。 霍普金斯大学教授阿德姆瑞斯给我们展示的最新 “ 暗能量 ” 场景如下： 在大爆炸后的初期，宇宙经历了一个急速膨胀阶段。此后，由于暗物质以及物质之间的距离非常接近，在引力作用下，宇宙的膨胀速度开始减速。 然而，至少在 90 亿年前，宇宙中另外一种力量 —— 表现为排斥力量的暗能量已经出现，并且开始逐步抵消引力作用。 随着宇宙的膨胀，不断增长的暗能量终于在大约 50 亿至 60 亿年前超越引力。此后，宇宙从减速膨胀，转变为加速膨胀状态，并且一直持续至今。 爱因斯坦的遗产 中国科学技术大学物理学教授李淼曾经半开玩笑地表示： “ 有多少暗能量专家，就有多少暗能量模型。 ” 也许这种说法不无夸张之处，但暗能量在理论方面的混沌状况，从中也可见一斑。 其中，最具戏剧性的理论，则是复活爱因斯坦当年提出的 “ 宇宙常数 ”(cosmological constant) 。 1917 年，被认为是整个 20 世纪最伟大的科学家阿尔伯特爱因斯坦 (Albert Einstein) ，为了建立一个稳态宇宙模型，最早提出了这个概念。不过，后来就连他本人也承认， “ 宇宙常数 ” 只是一个错误的概念。 但暗能量的存在，则为宇宙常数提供了新的可能性。如果暗能量就是这个宇宙常数的话，那么它的力量强弱将只和宇宙的大小有关。随着宇宙的膨胀，其体积逐渐增大，因而暗能量也将逐渐增大。最终，它会达到一个临界点，使得宇宙从减速状态变成加速状态，并且一直加速下去。上海市第 54 中学 预一（ 1 ）叶梓 暗能量（ Dark energy ） 臺中縣立中港高級中學物理科王尊信老師 / 國立彰化師範大學洪連輝教授責任編輯 所謂暗能量是就指在宇宙中，不發射光子也不吸收光子的能量，占整個宇宙的三分之二，是組成宇宙最重要的成員，但是因為它均勻分布在宇宙中，所以無法界由堆聚或欠缺而測出它的存在，另外它也無法藉由發射或吸收電磁波加以觀測，因此目前我們對這種能量所知非常有限。 根據愛因斯坦廣義相對論 (general relativity) ，宇宙的膨脹速度與宇宙的能量密度及壓力有關，因此為了能夠解釋目前所觀測到的宇宙加速膨脹的暴漲理論 (inflationary theory) ，我們需要引入暗能量，方能提供足夠的負壓力。 所謂暴漲理論是說 : 在宇宙尺度中，四大基本力：重力、電磁力、強作用力與弱作用力，我們只需考慮重力，因此根據重力相吸的特性，使宇宙在發生大霹靂爆炸後，一方面因為爆炸而膨脹，但另一方面，則受到重力吸引，因此目前宇宙膨脹，應是減速膨脹，即未來的膨脹速度應小於過去的膨脹速度，甚至將來有一天膨脹會停止而開始收縮，就好像簡諧振盪 (simple harmonic oscillation ，簡稱為 SHO) 一樣。然而目前種種觀測都不利於這種減速膨脹的模形，從 1998 年美國勞倫茲伯克萊國家實驗室 (Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory) 的超新星 (supernova) 爆炸，到宇宙微波背景輻射 (cosmic microwave background radiation ，簡稱為 CMB 、 CMBR 、 CBR 或 MBR) ，種種證據都顯示宇宙正在作加速膨脹，因此暗物質的模型正式被提出。 除了上述的暴脹理論的宇宙能量密度，暗能量另一項有利的模型就是宇宙常數。所謂宇宙常數 (cosmological constant) 是愛因斯坦在 1917 年推導重力場的膨脹與收縮解時，為了維持靜態宇宙觀所引入的一個常數，然而在 1929 年哈伯提出宇宙膨脹理論以後，愛因斯坦非常懊惱提出宇宙常數這個概念，並宣稱這是他一輩子所犯下最大的錯誤。所謂宇宙常數是指如果宇宙中只存在一般物質，則宇宙膨脹加速度小於零，亦即宇宙應作減速膨脹，此時宇宙常數等於零，顯示宇宙因為重力吸引影響最大。反之，如果宇宙膨脹加速度大於零，意即宇宙作加速膨脹，此時宇宙常數大於零，顯示另外看不見的因子大於重力吸引的影響，因為這種能量與物質目前無法偵測，因此命名為暗能量與暗物質 (dark matter) 。 暗能量模型對於宇宙未來的影響最大，因為如果宇宙作減速膨脹，則宇宙未來有可能回到大霹靂的條件，但是如果宇宙是加速膨脹，則宇宙的未來，可能是因為星際間距離太過遙遠，而使得彼此相互作用過於微弱，而使宇宙未來變成沉寂而冰冷的世界。
2011年度诺贝尔生理学或医学奖授予Bruce A. Beutler, Jules A. Hoffmann an和Ralph M. Steinman. Bruce A. Beutle(布鲁斯·比尤特勒)r和Jules A. Hoffmann(朱尔斯-霍夫曼)因为“他们在先天免疫活化方面的发现”而获此殊荣；另一半奖金给了Ralph M. Steinman(拉尔夫·斯坦曼)，因为他发现了树突状细胞在过激免疫中的作用。 “今年的诺贝尔医学奖获得者发现了免疫活化的关键原理，这彻底改变了我们对于免疫系统的理解。”诺贝尔官方称。 布鲁斯·比尤特勒1957年出生于美国芝加哥，是美国免疫学家和遗传学者。他目前是加州拉霍亚斯克利普斯研究所遗传学学系主任。 朱尔斯-霍夫曼1941年生于卢森堡埃希特纳赫，1969年在法国斯特拉斯堡大学获得生物学博士学位，从1993年-2005年期间，他出任斯特拉斯堡的法国科学研究中心下属分子和细胞生物学学院负责人。他还在多个法国和国际科学委员会中任职。 拉尔夫·斯坦曼生于1943年，是一位来自洛克菲勒大学的免疫学家和细胞生物学家，他在1973年提出了树突状细胞的概念，其时他在赞威尔-A-科恩的实验室做博士后。他因对树突状细胞的研究获得一系列奖项，他还是美国医学会和美国国家科学院会员。
本人有幸于2011年1月参加过Ralph M. Steinman的seminar，其当时的状态很好，惊闻其去世还是有些吃惊，沉痛悼念。当时感觉其在树突状细胞的研究非常的系统，但树突状细胞的发现者好像为其所在实验室的前辈，做报告的功力很强，居然我这个免疫学的菜鸟也基本上听懂了，团队很大，分成不同的team，发了很多牛文，还介绍了Rochefeller大学以及他的实验室。听完后还感叹不已，这样的工作应该能获诺贝尔奖吧！！！ Vaccines that target dendritic cells Date Wednesday, January 26, 2011 Time 12:00 PM - 1:00 PM Location Oborowsky Degner Hall (1-040 Health Research Innovation Facility - East) Details Speaker: Dr. Ralph M. Steinman, Christopher H. Browne Center for Immunology and Immune Diseases, The Rockefeller University Distinguished Immunologist Category General Events Calendar Medical Microbiology Immunology, Department of
Three scientists won the Nobel Prize in medicine on Monday for discoveries about the immune system that opened new avenues for the treatment and prevention of infectious illnesses and cancer. However, Rockefeller University in New York says Ralph Steinman, co-winner of this year's Nobel Prize in medicine, has died. It says Steinman was diagnosed with pancreatic cancer four years ago and died on Sept. 30, three days before the announcement. 可惜 诺贝尔奖是不发给去世的人的。 诺贝尔委员会不知如何处理奖金的分发
1.1933年，摩尔根从果蝇白眼突变染色体的基因之谜，获诺贝尔生理学及医学奖。 The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1933 was awarded to Thomas H. Morgan "for his discoveries concerning the role played by the chromosome in heredity" . 2.1946年，摩尔根的学生米勒，证明了X射线能使果蝇的突变率提高150倍，同时，辐射也会引起染色体畸变，获诺贝尔奖和“果蝇的突变大师”称号。 The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1946 was awarded to Hermann J. Muller "for the discovery of the production of mutations by means of X-ray irradiation" . 3.1995年，美国生物学家刘易斯和发育遗传学家维绍斯以及德国发育遗传学家尼斯莱因、福尔哈德一起分享了当年的诺贝尔生理学和医学奖。他们发现了果蝇中的特定基因，并且表明了果蝇基因在染色体上与人类的相似之处。 The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1995 was awarded jointly to Edward B. Lewis, Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard and Eric F. Wieschaus "for their discoveries concerning the genetic control of early embryonic development" . 4.2004年，美国科学家理查德·阿克塞尔和琳达·巴克发现了果蝇在嗅觉功能上有个特定的大脑区域，获得当年的诺贝尔生理学和医学奖。 The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2004 was awarded jointly to Richard Axel and Linda B. Buck "for their discoveries of odorant receptors and the organization of the olfactory system" 5.2011年诺贝尔生理学或医学奖揭晓，美国、法国三位科学家因在免疫学方面的发现获奖。其中一半的奖金归于 Bruce A. Beutler 和 Jules A. Hoffmann ，获奖理由是“先天免疫激活方面的发现”； The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2011 was divided, one half jointly to Bruce A. Beutler and Jules A. Hoffmann "for their discoveries concerning the activation of innate immunity" http://www-ibmc.u-strasbg.fr/ridi/profil.php?equipe_id=10lang=en
大家关于预测诺奖有什么想法，不妨说说。。。 化学奖 1.Allen J. Bard 2.Martin Karplus 3.Jean M. J. FrechetDonald A. TomaliaFritz Vogtle 候选人简介 Allen J. Bard 美国德州大学奥斯丁分校(University of Texas at Austin)之化学与生物化学学院，化学系Hackerman-Welch Regents教授兼电化学中心主任 获奖成就：扫瞄电化学显微术的发展与应用 (英文原文：For the development and application of scanning electrochemical microscopy) Martin Karplus 美国麻州剑桥哈佛大学(Harvard University, Cambridge)化学暨化学生物系Theodore William Richards化学荣誉教授、法国史特拉斯堡路易巴斯德大学(Louis Pasteur University)科学与超分子工程研究院(ISIS)生物物理化学实验室主任 获奖成就：生物分子的分子动态先驱模拟 (英文原文：For pioneering simulations of the molecular dynamics of biomolecules) Jean M. J. Frechet 美国加州柏克莱大学(University of California Berkeley,)化学系化学及化工教授兼Henry Rapoport有机化学教授、沙乌地阿拉伯图沃阿布都拉国王科技大学(King Abdullah University of Science and Technology)研究副校长 Donald A. Tomalia 美国密西根州欢喜山中密西根大学(Central Michigan University)化学系杰出教授兼研究科学家及国家树状分子与奈米科技中心(National Dendrimer and Nanotechnology Center)主任、同时也是美国密西根州欢喜山(Dendritic Nanotechnologies, Inc)科学长 Fritz Vogtle 德国波昂市波昂大学(Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universitat Bonn)有机化学与生物化学科库尔研究院(Kekule Institute for Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry)荣誉教授 获奖成就：树形聚合物的发明与发展 生理医学奖 1.Brian J. DrukerNicholas B. LydonCharles L. Sawyers 2.Robert S. LangerJoseph P. Vacanti 3.Jacques F. A. P. Miller 4.Robert L. CoffmanTimothy R. Mosmann 5.屠呦呦 候选人简介： Brian J. Druker 美国奥勒冈州波特兰市奥勒冈健康暨科学大学(Oregon Health Science University)医学教授、JELD-WEN血癌研究教授及奈特癌症研究所(OHSU Knight Cancer Institute)主任、同时也是霍尔休斯医学研究所(Howard Hughes Medical Institute)研究人员 Nicholas B. Lydon 美国怀俄明州杰克森洞(Jackson Hole, WY)Granite ***a, LLC创办人；美国加州圣地牙哥AnaptysBio共同创办人兼总监；及美国麻州剑桥Blueprint Medicines共同创办人兼总监 Charles L. Sawyers 美国纽约州纽约市Memorial Sloan-Kettering癌症中心人类肿瘤学及病因Marie-Josee and Henry R. Kravis教授、同时也是霍尔休斯医学研究所(Howard Hughes Medical Institute)研究人员 获奖成就：他们发展出性慢性骨髓性白血病治疗药物imatinib 及 dasatinib。 (英文原文：For their development of imatinib and dasatinib, revolutionary, targeted treatments for chronic myeloid leukemia) Robert S. Langer 美国麻州剑桥麻省理工学院(Massachusetts Institute of Technology)化工系David H. Koch Institute教授 Joseph P. Vacanti 哈佛医学院(Harvard Medical School)John Homans外科教授；美国麻州波士顿麻州综合医院(Massachusetts General Hospital)首席外科医师兼小儿外科主任及组织工程暨器官构造实验室主任 获奖成就：他们在组织工程及再生医学方面的先驱研究。 (英文原文：For their pioneering research in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine) Jacques F. A. P. Miller 澳洲墨尔本帕克维尔墨尔本大学医学研究所(Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research)暨墨尔本大学(University of Melbourne)荣誉教授 获奖成就：发现胸腺的功能并在哺乳类动物身上找到T细胞与B细胞。 (英文原文：For his discovery of the function of the thymus and the identification of T cells and B cells in mammalian species) Robert L. Coffman 美国加州柏克莱Dynavax Technologies副总兼科学长。 Timothy R. Mosmann 美国纽约州罗彻斯特市罗彻斯特大学(University of Rochester)微生物学与免疫学系教授、及罗彻斯特大学医学中心疫苗生物学与免疫学David H. Smith中心Michael and Angela Pichichero主任 获奖成就：他们发现TH1及TH2两种T淋巴细胞、以及它们在调节宿主免疫应答上的角色。 屠呦呦：发现了青蒿素——一种治疗疟疾的药物，在全球特别是发展中国家挽救了数百万人的生命
Group photo-1 Group photo-2 Hans Herrmann (ETHZ, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich) Prof. Yi-Cheng Zhang and Jianwei Zhang Prof. Zhang Jianwei talk Self introduction by Li Xin-Ye Self introduction by Liu Yi-min Self introduction by Yang Hui-Jie Sept 16 Afternoon Meeting a Sept 16 Afternoon Meeting b Lunch Sept 16 a Lunch Sept 16 b
2011 AMBER Tutorial with Biotin and Streptavidin http://ringo.ams.sunysb.edu/index.php/2011_AMBER_Tutorial_with_Biotin_and_Streptavidin#Visualization: For additional Rizzo Lab tutorials see AMBER Tutorials . In this tutorial, we will learn how to run a molecular dynamics simulation of a protein-ligand complex. We will then post-process that simulation by calculating structural fluctuations (with RMSD) and free energies of binding (MM-GBSA). Contents 1 Biotin Notes 2 Streptavidin Notes 3 What is AMBER? 3.1 AMBER Notes 4 Unix tips 5 Structure Preparation 6 TLEAP 6.1 Visualization: 7 Minimization and equilibration 7.1 sander input parameters 7.2 Sander Flags 7.3 Check results 8 ptraj - Analyzing Your Data 8.1 Making xmgrace plots 8.1.1 Hydrogen bond distance 9 MMGBSA 9.1 Data extraction and calculation Biotin Notes Biotin is also called vitamin H. And it takes part in multiple processes inside the cell. It's a B-complex vitamin (coenzyme) that's involved in gluconeogenesis, citric acid cycle, and various carboxylation reactions. Streptavidin Notes Download PDB Here and view it's details Here . Streptavidin has an incredibly strong affinity for biotin; the dissociation constant for the streptavidin-biotin complex is on the order of femtomolar. .... .... What is AMBER? Amber - A ssisted M odel B uilding with E nergy R efinement - is a suite of about 50 programs that can be used to simulate, study and analyze macromolecular systems such as proteins dissolved in water at physiological conditions. Amber10, the current version (Amber11 soon to be released) of Amber, is extremely advanced, powerful and fast. PMEMD, particle mesh Ewald MD (boundary condition treatment / parallelized code) can churn out 314 ps/day of data for the system dihydrofolate reductase (159 residue protein) in TIP3P water (23,558 total atoms). However, because PMEMD lacks the ability to restrain the atoms we need properly, we will be using SANDER to perform most of our simulations. AMBER Notes The Amber 10 Manual is the primary resource when trying to learn what variables and keywords mean and what they do. Using Adobe Acrobat to view the file, you can simply search the document for keywords, which saves much time. Keywords for preparatory programs: LEaP : creates or modifies systems in Amber. It consists of the functions of prep, link, edit, and parm. ANTECHAMBER : the main Antechamber suite program that helps prepare input files for nucleic acids and proteins for LEaP. Keywords for simulating programs: SANDER : according to the Amber 10 manual, it is 'a basic energy minimizer and molecular dynamics program. This program relaxes the structure by iteratively moving the atoms down the energy gradient until a sufficiently low average gradient is obtained. The molecular dynamics portion generates configurations of the system by integrating Newtonian equations of motion. MD will sample more configurational space than minimization, and will allow the structure to cross over small potential energy barriers. Configurations may be saved at regular intervals during the simulation for later analysis, and basic free energy calculations using thermodynamic integration may be performed. More elaborate conformational searching and modeling MD studies can also be carried out using the SANDER module. This allows a variety of constraints to be added to the basic force field, and has been designed especially for the types of calculations involved in NMR structure refinement'. PMEMD : verison of SANDER that allows parallel scaling and optimized speed. There is a mailing list you could sign-up for, as an additional resource. Unix tips This is specific to our cluster (seawulf) and desktop (mathlab) environments. See Activating your Seawulf Account for details of sw short cut. Download Files from SeaWulf to Herbie: ssh compute.mathlab.sunysb.edu Login in to Herbie mkdir sw_dir make a directory "sw_dir" for which to download files and be organized cd to sw_dir so when you scp files or directories back to Herbie, it copies them to a specific directory - "sw_dir" cd sw_dir scp -r sw:/location_of_files_or_directory/ . Safely Copy, Recursively, /location_of_files_or_directory/ run.sander.MPI.csh include these lines before mpirun command to know which nodes mpi is running on echo "Queue is giving this nodes:" cat \$PBS_NODEFILE echo "MPI is running on:" mpirun -n 8 hostname Structure Preparation To begin with, create the directories in seawulf you will work in, using the commands here: mkdir AMBER_Tutorial cd AMBER_Tutorial cd ~rizzo/AMBER_Tutorial/000.AMBERFILES . mkdir 001.CHIMERA.MOL.PREP mkdir 002.TLEAP mkdir 003.SANDER mkdir 004.ptraj Copy the commands above to your terminal and hit enter one at a time. Our next step will be to process a pdb file into receptor, ligand, and complex so that we have will separate files which will eventually be used to setup a molecular dynamics simulation. Open Chimera, choose File - Fetch by ID, then type in "1df8". Now you will see your protein and ligand in Chimera. 1. It is a dimer, but you need only a monomer. Click Select - chain - B, you would see chain B is highlighted. Then click Action - Atoms/Bonds - delete. Now only a receptor, a ligand and several water molecules are left. 2. Now you need to separate the ligand and receptor. First, Select - residue - HOH, then delete it. File - Save PDB, save this pdb as "1df8.rec.lig.pdb", then Select - residue - BTN, delete it. Save PDB as "1df8.rec.noh.pdb." Second, open the 1df8.rec.lig.pdb, select the receptor and delete it (Tips: you can invert your selection.) Then Tools - structure editing - Add H, press OK. Then Tools - structure editing - Add Charge, press OK (use any charge model at this point). Then Select AM1-BCC charge model and hit OK. This will assign to your ligand the AM1-BCC charge model. File - Save mol2, save it as "1df8.lig.chimera.mol2". Open up 1df8.lig.chimera.mol2 with your favorite text editor (i.e vim). Manually change atom names to be unique. The simplest way is to append a number after each atom label. Save the new file as 1df8.lig.mol2. This has to be done because tleap only uses the first 3 characters as the name and each atom in a given residue must be unique. 1df8.lig.chimera.mol2: 1 C11 32.5640 18.1390 14.0710 C.2 1 BTN1 0.9079 2 O11 33.4260 17.4630 13.4730 O.co2 1 BTN1 -0.8596 3 O12 32.5320 19.3920 13.9660 O.co2 1 BTN1 -0.8472 4 C10 31.5990 17.4500 14.9620 C.3 1 BTN1 -0.1966 5 C9 31.2260 16.0460 14.5600 C.3 1 BTN1 -0.0459 6 C8 30.5160 16.0360 13.2000 C.3 1 BTN1 -0.0920 7 C7 30.0160 14.6260 12.8220 C.3 1 BTN1 -0.0683 8 C2 29.2080 14.5510 11.5450 C.3 1 BTN1 -0.0028 9 S1 27.5110 15.2280 11.7030 S.3 1 BTN1 -0.2811 10 C6 27.1670 14.6500 10.0230 C.3 1 BTN1 -0.0520 11 C5 27.7360 13.2480 9.9740 C.3 1 BTN1 0.0662 12 N1 26.8850 12.1810 10.4970 N.pl3 1 BTN1 -0.4731 1df8.lig.mol2 1 C1 32.5640 18.1390 14.0710 C.2 1 BTN1 0.9079 2 O2 33.4260 17.4630 13.4730 O.co2 1 BTN1 -0.8596 3 O3 32.5320 19.3920 13.9660 O.co2 1 BTN1 -0.8472 4 C4 31.5990 17.4500 14.9620 C.3 1 BTN1 -0.1966 5 C5 31.2260 16.0460 14.5600 C.3 1 BTN1 -0.0459 6 C6 30.5160 16.0360 13.2000 C.3 1 BTN1 -0.0920 7 C7 30.0160 14.6260 12.8220 C.3 1 BTN1 -0.0683 8 C8 29.2080 14.5510 11.5450 C.3 1 BTN1 -0.0028 9 S9 27.5110 15.2280 11.7030 S.3 1 BTN1 -0.2811 10 C10 27.1670 14.6500 10.0230 C.3 1 BTN1 -0.0520 11 C11 27.7360 13.2480 9.9740 C.3 1 BTN1 0.0662 12 N12 26.8850 12.1810 10.4970 N.pl3 1 BTN1 -0.4731 3. At this point we will copy over the contents of AMBER_Tutorial to the Seawulf cluster to run antechamber, tleap, and sander programs. Note that to copy files you must be on a portal to seawulf (i.e. silver, herbie or ringo). If user is on a MATHLAB machine then files are accessible from herbie (also called compute). Therefore login to herbie and copy the files over using: scp -r AMBER_Tutorial sw: This copies the entire folder AMBER_Tutorial (and subfolders) from herbie to your top directory on seawulf Note that these commands only apply to the AMS536 class at Stony Brook (or Rizzo lab rotation students) and is specific for our computer setups. Users outside the University, on other systems, will need to use use slightly different commands TLEAP Class please add in a Tleap section here. Class I've gotten a section started please improve this section. Thanks. describe our protocol and give example input files. Note: The following sections should be done on while you are on the Seawulf cluster. Go to the 002.TLEAP directory cd ~/AMBER_Tutorial/002.TLEAP Next we will use vi to make three input files which will be used by TLEAP to create parameter/topology files and initial coordinate files for (1) the ligand, (2) the receptor, and (3) the complex. Lets make file #1. Use vi and make a file called "tleap.lig.in". Cut and paste the following into the file and save it. set default PBradii mbondi2 source leaprc.ff99SB loadoff ions.lib loadamberparams ions.frcmod source leaprc.gaff loadamberparams gaff.dat.rizzo loadamberparams 1df8.lig.ante.frcmod loadamberprep 1df8.lig.ante.prep lig = loadpdb 1df8.lig.ante.pdb saveamberparm lig 1df8.lig.gas.leap.prm7 1df8.lig.gas.leap.rst7 solvateBox lig TIP3PBOX 10.0 saveamberparm lig 1df8.lig.wat.leap.prm7 1df8.lig.wat.leap.rst7 charge lig quit Repeat this process for file#2 called "tleap.rec.in" set default PBradii mbondi2 source leaprc.ff99SB loadoff ions.lib loadamberparams ions.frcmod REC = loadpdb ../001.CHIMERA.MOL.PREP/1df8.rec.noh.pdb saveamberparm REC 1df8.rec.gas.leap.prm7 1df8.rec.gas.leap.rst7 solvateBox REC TIP3PBOX 10.0 saveamberparm REC 1df8.rec.wat.leap.prm7 1df8.rec.wat.leap.rst7 charge REC quit Do the same for a file#3 called "tleap.com.in" set default PBradii mbondi2 source leaprc.ff99SB loadoff ions.lib loadamberparams ions.frcmod source leaprc.gaff loadamberparams gaff.dat.rizzo REC = loadpdb ../001.CHIMERA.MOL.PREP/1df8.rec.noh.pdb loadamberparams 1df8.lig.ante.frcmod loadamberprep 1df8.lig.ante.prep LIG = loadpdb 1df8.lig.ante.pdb COM = combine {REC LIG} saveamberparm COM 1df8.com.gas.leap.prm7 1df8.com.gas.leap.rst7 solvateBox COM TIP3PBOX 10.0 saveamberparm COM 1df8.com.wat.leap.prm7 1df8.com.wat.leap.rst7 charge COM quit Now we will make a csh script (also called a shell script) which is used to setup all necessary files used for molecular dynamics calculations. Note that many commands in so-called shell scripts can be performed manually on the command line but we use scripts to makes the process easier. Note that the csh script will use the three files we mmade above. make a file called "run.TLEAP.csh" and cut and paste the following into the file and save it. #! /bin/tcsh set workdir = "~/AMBER_Tutorial/002.TLEAP" cd $workdir rm 1df8.* ANTECHAMBER* *.out ATOMTYPE.INF leap.log NEWPDB.PDB PREP.INF cp ../000.AMBERFILES/* . antechamber -i ../001.CHIMERA.MOL.PREP/1df8.lig.mol2 -fi mol2 -o 1df8.lig.ante.pdb -fo pdb antechamber -i ../001.CHIMERA.MOL.PREP/1df8.lig.mol2 -fi mol2 -o 1df8.lig.ante.prep -fo prepi parmchk -i 1df8.lig.ante.prep -f prepi -o 1df8.lig.ante.frcmod tleap -s -f tleap.lig.in tleap.lig.out tleap -s -f tleap.rec.in tleap.rec.out tleap -s -f tleap.com.in tleap.com.out ambpdb -p 1df8.com.gas.leap.prm7 -tit "pdb" 1df8.com.gas.leap.rst7 1df8.com.gas.leap.pdb exit Make sure that the three programs you want to run are accessible by your environment by using the "which" command: which antechamber which tleap If the programs are not found please let your TA know. To run this script you will issue the following command: csh run.TLEAP.csh It is essential that you fully understand the various commands performed when you execute the above shell script. For example, making directories, copying files, running executables, etc. The primary purpose of the script is to assign force field parameters to each of the three species. For example, antechamber is run first to create a pdb and then a prepi file, which contains the internal coordinates of the ligand. Then parmchk is run to create a frcmod file, which contains additional parameters not in GAFF and needed by tleap. Look at your input and output files for ALL tleap calculations with your favorite text editor (eg. vim) to be sure you understand what is being done. Note that for the receptor processing four residues (22, 27, 40, and 57) have two possible conformers, when tleap builds your parameter/topology and coordinate files only the first occurrence of each residue is retained. See section below and leap output. To insure that TLEAP ran correctly and generated all necessary files issue the following: ls You should have all of the following files: 1df8.com.gas.leap.prm7 1df8.rec.gas.leap.rst7 ions.lib 1df8.com.gas.leap.rst7 1df8.rec.wat.leap.prm7 leap.log 1df8.com.wat.leap.prm7 1df8.rec.wat.leap.rst7 NEWPDB.PDB 1df8.com.wat.leap.rst7 ANTECHAMBER_AC.AC parm.e16.dat 1df8.lig.ante.frcmod ANTECHAMBER_AC.AC0 PREP.INF 1df8.lig.ante.pdb ANTECHAMBER_BOND_TYPE.AC run.TLEAP.csh 1df8.lig.ante.prep ANTECHAMBER_BOND_TYPE.AC0 tleap.com.in 1df8.lig.gas.leap.prm7 ANTECHAMBER_PREP.AC tleap.com.out 1df8.lig.gas.leap.rst7 ANTECHAMBER_PREP.AC0 tleap.lig.in 1df8.lig.wat.leap.prm7 ATOMTYPE.INF tleap.lig.out 1df8.lig.wat.leap.rst7 gaff.dat.rizzo tleap.rec.in 1df8.rec.gas.leap.prm7 ions.frcmod tleap.rec.out Visualization: On Herbie, copy the prmtop and rst files from seawulf to Herbie: cd ~/AMBERTutorial/002.TLEAP/ scp sw:~/AMBERTutorial/002.TLEAP/\*.rst7 . scp sw:~/AMBERTutorial/002.TLEAP/\*.prm7 . Note that we had to escaping the "*" with "\*". This is because the "*" has a function which stands for wild card on the current machine (herbie). The "\*" is the escaping the function and is just the passing the character the the other machine (seawulf). run VMD on your desktop. Main window File-New Molecule load prm7 solvated complex then load rst7 solvated complex LETS INSERT SOME FIGURES HERE. Minimization and equilibration In order to adjust our structures to the force field and remove any model building artifacts, we first perform a several-step equilibration protocol. Several iterations of minimization and molecular dynamics will be preformed with decreasing restraints. The first step: Relaxing the experimental or silico structure Write the following to file 01mi.in: 01mi.in: equilibration cntrl imin = 1, maxcyc = 1000, ntmin = 2, ntx = 1, ntc = 1, ntf = 1, ntb = 1, ntp = 0, ntwx = 1000, ntwe = 0, ntpr = 1000, scee = 1.2, cut = 8.0, ntr = 1, restraintmask = ':1-119 !@H=', restraint_wt=5.0, / lets try and run a minimization 1. request a processor (on a node) to run your jobs on from the queue (i.e. log onto a node interactively). qsub -I -l nodes=1:ppn=1 2. next you will run a serial version of sander on the processor by performing the following command on the command line. sander -O -i 01mi.in -o 01mi.out -p ../002.TLEAP/1df8.com.wat.leap.prm7 \ -c ../002.TLEAP/1df8.com.wat.leap.rst7 -ref ../002.TLEAP/1df8.com.wat.leap.rst7 \ -x 01mi.trj -inf 01mi.info -r 01mi.rst 3. exit the node. 4. Now lets submit this same job remotely by doing the following: Write the tcsh file test1.qsub.csh #! /bin/tcsh #PBS -l nodes=1:ppn=1 #PBS -l walltime=720:00:00 #PBS -o zzz.qsub.out #PBS -e zzz.qsub.err #PBS -V set workdir = "~/AMBER_Tutorial/003.SANDER" cd ${workdir} cat $PBS_NODEFILE | sort | uniq sander -O -i 01mi.in -o 01mi.out -p ../002.TLEAP/1df8.com.wat.leap.prm7 \ -c ../002.TLEAP/1df8.com.wat.leap.rst7 -ref ../002.TLEAP/1df8.com.wat.leap.rst7 \ -x 01mi.trj -inf 01mi.info -r 01mi.rst exit Make this file executable by doing the following: chmod +x test1.qsub.csh Now submit the job to the queue qsub test1.qsub.csh 5. Now lets run perellel sander: Write the tcsh file test2.qsub.csh #! /bin/tcsh #PBS -l nodes=2:ppn=2 #PBS -l walltime=720:00:00 #PBS -o zzz.qsub.out #PBS -e zzz.qsub.err #PBS -V set workdir = "~/AMBER_Tutorial/003.SANDER" cd ${workdir} cat $PBS_NODEFILE | sort | uniq mpirun -n 4 sander.MPI -O -i 01mi.in -o 01mi.out -p ../002.TLEAP/1df8.com.wat.leap.prm7 \ -c ../002.TLEAP/1df8.com.wat.leap.rst7 -ref ../002.TLEAP/1df8.com.wat.leap.rst7 \ -x 01mi.trj -inf 01mi.info -r 01mi.rst7 exit Make this file executable by doing the following: chmod +x test2.qsub.csh Now submit the job to the queue qsub test2.qsub.csh Write the following to file 10md.in: 10md.in: production (500000 = 1ns) cntrl imin = 0, ntx = 5, irest = 1, nstlim = 500000, temp0 = 298.15, tempi = 298.15, ig = 71287, ntc = 2, ntf = 1, ntt = 1, dt = 0.002, ntb = 2, ntp = 1, tautp = 1.0, taup = 1.0, ntwx = 500, ntwe = 0, ntwr = 500, ntpr = 500, scee = 1.2, cut = 8.0, iwrap = 1, ntr = 1, nscm = 100, restraintmask = ':1-118@CA,C,N', restraint_wt = 0.1, / The following are our exacted equilibration and production protocols. equilibration: 01mi.in: maxcyc = 1000, restraintmask = ':1-119 !@H=', restraint_wt = 5.0, 02md.in: ntx = 1, irest = 0, nstlim = 50000, restraintmask = ':1-119 !@H=', restraint_wt = 5.0, dt = 0.001, 03mi.in: maxcyc = 1000, restraintmask = ':1-119 !@H=', restraint_wt = 2.0, 04mi.in: maxcyc = 1000, restraintmask = ':1-119 !@H=', restraint_wt = 0.1, 05mi.in: maxcyc = 1000, restraintmask = ':1-119 !@H=', restraint_wt = 0.05, 06md.in: ntx = 1, irest = 0, nstlim = 50000, restraintmask = ':1-119 !@H=', restraint_wt = 1.0, dt = 0.001, ntwx = 1000, ntwr = 1000, ntpr = 1000, 07md.in: nstlim = 50000, restraintmask = ':1-119 !@H=', restraint_wt = 0.5, dt = 0.001, ntwx = 1000, ntwr = 1000, ntpr = 1000, 08md.in: nstlim = 50000, restraintmask = ':1-118@CA,C,N', restraint_wt = 0.1, dt = 0.001, ntwx = 1000, ntwr = 1000, ntpr = 1000, 09md.in: nstlim = 50000, restraintmask = ':1-118@CA,C,N', restraint_wt = 0.1, dt = 0.001, ntwx = 1000, ntwr = 1000, ntpr = 1000, production: 10md.in: nstlim = 500000, restraintmask = ':1-118@CA,C,N', restraint_wt = 0.1, dt = 0.002, 11md.in: nstlim = 500000, restraintmask = ':1-118@CA,C,N', restraint_wt = 0.1, dt = 0.002, Note that the other parameters not specified should be the same as those in the above two files for minimization and molecular dynamics, respectively. copy and modify 01mi.in for the minimization inputs and 10md.in for the Molecular Dynamics inputs. Now, lets run the equilibration and production. Write the tcsh file equil.produc.qsub.csh #! /bin/tcsh #PBS -l nodes=4:ppn=2 #PBS -l walltime=720:00:00 #PBS -o zzz.qsub.out #PBS -e zzz.qsub.err #PBS -V set workdir = "~/AMBER_Tutorial/003.SANDER" cd ${workdir} cat $PBS_NODEFILE | sort | uniq mpirun -n 8 sander.MPI -O -i 01mi.in -o 01mi.out -p ../002.TLEAP/1df8.com.wat.leap.prm7 \ -c ../002.TLEAP/1df8.com.wat.leap.rst7 -ref ../002.TLEAP/1df8.com.wat.leap.rst7 \ -x 01mi.trj -inf 01mi.info -r 01mi.rst7 mpirun -n 8 sander.MPI -O -i 02md.in -o 02md.out -p ../002.TLEAP/1df8.com.wat.leap.prm7 \ -c 01mi.rst7 -ref 01mi.rst7 -x 02md.trj -inf 02md.info -r 02md.rst7 mpirun -n 8 sander.MPI -O -i 03mi.in -o 03mi.out -p ../002.TLEAP/1df8.com.wat.leap.prm7 \ -c 02md.rst7 -ref 02md.rst7 -x 03mi.trj -inf 03mi.info -r 03mi.rst7 mpirun -n 8 sander.MPI -O -i 04mi.in -o 04mi.out -p ../002.TLEAP/1df8.com.wat.leap.prm7 \ -c 03mi.rst7 -ref 03mi.rst7 -x 04mi.trj -inf 04mi.info -r 04mi.rst7 mpirun -n 8 sander.MPI -O -i 05mi.in -o 05mi.out -p ../002.TLEAP/1df8.com.wat.leap.prm7 \ -c 04mi.rst7 -ref 04mi.rst7 -x 05mi.trj -inf 05mi.info -r 05mi.rst7 mpirun -n 8 sander.MPI -O -i 06md.in -o 06md.out -p ../002.TLEAP/1df8.com.wat.leap.prm7 \ -c 05mi.rst7 -ref 05mi.rst7 -x 06md.trj -inf 06md.info -r 06md.rst7 mpirun -n 8 sander.MPI -O -i 07md.in -o 07md.out -p ../002.TLEAP/1df8.com.wat.leap.prm7 \ -c 06md.rst7 -ref 05mi.rst7 -x 07md.trj -inf 07md.info -r 07md.rst7 mpirun -n 8 sander.MPI -O -i 08md.in -o 08md.out -p ../002.TLEAP/1df8.com.wat.leap.prm7 \ -c 07md.rst7 -ref 05mi.rst7 -x 08md.trj -inf 08md.info -r 08md.rst7 mpirun -n 8 sander.MPI -O -i 09md.in -o 09md.out -p ../002.TLEAP/1df8.com.wat.leap.prm7 \ -c 08md.rst7 -ref 05mi.rst7 -x 09md.trj -inf 09md.info -r 09md.rst7 mpirun -n 8 sander.MPI -O -i 10md.in -o 10md.out -p ../002.TLEAP/1df8.com.wat.leap.prm7 \ -c 09md.rst7 -ref 05mi.rst7 -x 10md.trj -inf 10md.info -r 10md.rst7 mpirun -n 8 sander.MPI -O -i 11md.in -o 11md.out -p ../002.TLEAP/1df8.com.wat.leap.prm7 \ -c 10md.rst7 -ref 05mi.rst7 -x 11md.trj -inf 11md.info -r 11md.rst7 exit Make this file executable by doing the following: chmod +x equil.produc.qsub.csh Now submit the job to the queue qsub equil.produc.qsub.csh To see that you have successfully submitted your job and monitor its progress uses the following: qstat or qstat -u username sander input parameters cntrl - Tells SANDER that what follows are control variables. imin=1 - Perform Minimization maxcyc=1000 - Perform 1000 Minimization Steps ntmin=2 - Steepest Descent Method of Minimization ntx=1 - Initial Coordinates Lack Velocity - it's a restart file (See VMD) ntc=1 - "SHAKE" Posititional Restraints OFF (Default) ntf=1 - Calculate All types of Forces (bonds, angles, dihedrals, non-bonded) ntb=1 - Constant Volume Boundary Periodicity ntp=0 - No Pressure Regulation ntwx=1000 - Print Coordinates Frequency ntwe=0 - Print Energy to "mden" Frequency ntpr=1000 - Print Readable Energy Information to "mdout" and "mdinfo" scee' - 1-4 Coulombic Forces are Divided (Default=1.2) cut=8.0 - Coulombic Force Cutoff distance in Angstroms restraintmask = ':1-119 !@H=', - restraint the residues matching the mask':1-119 !@H='. Here, we're restraining residues 1 through 119 and everything that isn't hydrogen. Essentially, onlt Hydrogen atoms move free of restraint. restraint_wt=5.0 is the Force Constant assigned to the restrained atoms. Each atom "sits" in a potential-energy well characterized by a "5.0" kcal/mol wall. / is used to the machine to stop the job when it's done. Sander Flags A Production simulation is the final simulation to be performed. Once the structure is built (See tLeap section), minimized and equilibrated (See Minimization and equilibration section) and only essential restraints retained, production dynamics produce the data used to answer the scientific question at hand. The previous steps were just preparatory. The important instructions are the 18th and 19th lines - mpirun. mpirun - Instructs SeaWulf (SW) to use an mpi regime. -n - Denotes number of processors (Here 8) sander.MPI - Is the actual MPI code to be run. This is the heart of the whole course. The text after this and on this line will be instructions for sander. -O Overwrite previous output files with the new ones (to be produced by this job). This is useful in that if you have to run this script more than once, then something must have gone wrong. Thus, this will simply overwrite the files that are erroneous anyways. Don't use this if you really know what your doing and have a reasonable reason for doing so. -i Points sander to the input file (10md.in then 11md.in). -o Instructs sander to write the output file (10md.out then 11md.out), which contains the energies written by sander during dynamics. The various variables within the input file will determine the nature of the output: How frequently are the energies printed? How detailed is the information? What types of energies are being printed? -p Points sander to the topology (aka p arameter file). See Amber10 manual if you don't know what this is. -c Points sander to the coordinates (corresponding to the topology file from above) for which you want the production dynamics to begin from. In this case, we're starting with the final (snapshot - single frame) frame from the previous (equilibration) run, 9md.rst. The .rst at the end of a file means "restart". "restart" files are single frames. They can contain subtle information in addition to simply the number of atoms in the file (first line) and the x, y and z coordinates for each atom (which is why you need the topology file to give those x,y,z's meaning - what atom has what coordinates) so check the Amber10 manual if you're curious. -ref Specifies for sander which file you would like the restraints (if not using restraints, then -ref is not used) to be centered on. The reference is a snapshot-set of coordinates which you have carefully chosen to represent the "ideal" structure you would like the dynamics (sander) to use as a "reference"; using the restrain_wt option in the input file, you're telling sander how much like the reference structure you want your dynamical system to be. The restraint_wt option acts like a spring, where harmonically the reference coordinates and coordinates of the dynamical system are "psuedo-connected." Thus, it is imperative that the reference structure be realistic (say the coordinates of the crystal structure) and be the same system (i.e. same number of atoms). -x Instructs sander to print the trajectory (position of each atom along with its velocity) every ntwx steps. This is the "Big" file. When your simulation is complete, zip the trajectories: gzip 10md.trj gzip 11md.trj The trajectories are, in my opinion, the most important component of a MD experiment. So, read the Amber10 Manual. You could notice that ptraj uses the trajectory files to perform the bulk of the data analysis like RMSD, H-bonding evolution, radius of gyration, pi-stacking, etc., etc. -info Gives the results of the interactions between the supercomputer and sander: How did the calculation proceed? Did everything work properly? Did the simulation run to completion? This flag can be useful in debugging failed jobs....hk... -r Instructs sander to write a restart file. The frequency this is done is specified is ntwr in the 10md.in / 11md.in files. Usually ntwr=500 . A restart file will be written at the end of the simulation - the final snapshot of the simulation will be the restart file if and when the simulation has run successfully to completion. During the simulation, however, this file is continuously re-written as a fail-safe - say the supercomputer crashes during your 10ns simulation, which has been running for 3 weeks. Well, the restart file is printed every ntwr steps so you could, as the name of the flag implies, simply restart the simulation (with minor modification to the input file and above runsander.csh script) from the last snapshot before the crash. Check results When your simulations have finished, you ought to check the stability and realism of results. Use the script E_asis to analyze the the mdout files. This ought to also be used to check the validity and stability of your production runs. Download E_asis onto your local machine (the one you're using right now). Once saved onto local machine, transfer it to you working directory on Herbie, Seawulf, etc. Follow usual protocols to do this. This script will extract the energy, temperature, pressure and volume (and averages thereof) from the mdout file. To execute, do the following (it may be a good idea to make a separate directory just for this analysis, as many files are created): chmod +x E_asis ./E_asis Filename.out Filenames, as per this tutorial ought to be 01min, 02md, 03md, etc. To analyze the whole equilibration experiment (i.e. 01min to 09md), the following may work. Please check the results to be sure it worked properly. There are various ways to coordinate the analysis of these output files.. ./E_asis *.out ptraj - Analyzing Your Data We will use ptraj, a program that is distributed with AMBER Tools, for our analysis. It is simple to do the same analysis with VMD, and you may wish to do so and include it in the tutorial. You will want to create a directory called 004.PTRAJ mkdir 004.PTRAJ Then go the directory you just created cd 004.PTRAJ In that directory, you will need to create the following input file called ptraj.1.in containing the following lines: trajin ../003.SANDER/10md.trj 1 1000 1 trajin ../003.SANDER/11md.trj 1 1000 1 trajout 1df8.trj.strip nobox strip:WAT This will concatenate your two 1ns trajectories together, strip off the waters, and output it as a new file called 1df8.trj.strip. To execute, in the command line write: ptraj ../002.TLEAP/1df8.com.wat.leap.prm7 ptraj.1.in ptraj.1.log Note: Because we are piping the ptraj output in the .log file, always check this file afterwards to ensure everything when smoothly. If something isn.t found, check your paths, and if something wasn.t executed correctly, check your commands. Now create a new file called ptraj.2.in containing the following lines: trajin 1df8.trj.strip 1 2000 1 trajout 1df8.com.trj.stripfit reference ../002.TLEAP/1df8.com.gas.leap.rst7 rms reference out 1df8.rmsd.CA.txt:1-118@CA To execute, in the command line write: ptraj ../002.TLEAP/1df8.com.gas.leap.prm7 ptraj.2.in ptraj.2.log This will align your trajectory using the positions of the receptor.s alpha carbons, and output a file containing the rmsd of the alpha carbons, and new trajectory fit aligned using those atoms. . If you open the text file, you will see two columns of data, the frame in the first column and the rmsd in the second. You can use any graphing software to create a plot of the rmsd of the alpha carbons. This should be very stable, because we restrained these in our simulation (see 10md.in and 11md.in). For our final rmsd analysis, create a file called ptraj.3.in containing: trajin 1df8.com.trj.stripfit 1 2000 1 reference ../002.TLEAP/1df8.com.gas.leap.rst7 rms reference out 1df8.lig.rmsd.txt:119@C*,N*,O*,S* nofit To execute: ptraj ../002.TLEAP/1df8.com.gas.leap.prm7 ptraj.3.in ptraj.3.log This will create a txt file containing the rmsd of the ligand to the original crystal structure (as represented by our reference, 1df8.com.gas.leap.rst7). Again, graph it, and look for deviations in the rmsd. Visualize the trajectory using vmd (loading in the stripfit trajectory as an AMBER coordinate file using the 1df8.com.gas.leap.prm7 file would be the most expeditious route) and identify what the major changes are. You may wish to do further analysis about distances between certain atoms or the presence of hydrogen bonds using VMD or ptraj (see link below). Finally, we will want to perform MMGBSA analysis on our trajectories. To do this, we will need a trajectory with our complex and no waters (which we created above called 1df8.com.trj.stripfit), and will want to create two more trajectories containing just the receptor and just the ligand. To do so, we.ll need two more ptraj inputs: ptraj.4.in containing: trajin 1df8.com.trj.stripfit 1 2000 1 trajout 1df8.rec.trj.stripfit strip:119 and ptraj.5.in containing: trajin 1df8.com.trj.stripfit 1 2000 1 trajout 1df8.lig.trj.stripfit strip:1-118 To execute, type in the following commands: ptraj ../002.TLEAP/1df8.com.gas.leap.prm7 ptraj.4.in ptraj.4.log ptraj ../002.TLEAP/1df8.com.gas.leap.prm7 ptraj.5.in ptraj.5.log Also, you can write a csh file to go through the procedure above. Make a file analy.1.csh in your AMBER_tutorial directory as follows: #! /bin/tcsh mkdir 004.PTRAJ cd ./004.PTRAJ cat EOF ptraj.1.in trajin ../003.SANDER/10md.trj 1 1000 1 trajin ../003.SANDER/11md.trj 1 1000 1 trajout 1df8.trj.strip nobox strip:WAT EOF ptraj ../002.TLEAP/1df8.com.wat.leap.prm7 ptraj.1.in ptraj.1.log cat EOF ptraj.2.in trajin 1df8.trj.strip trajout 1df8.com.trj.stripfit reference ../002.TLEAP/1df8.com.gas.leap.rst7 rms reference out 1df8.rmsd.CA.txt:1-118@CA EOF ptraj ../002.TLEAP/1df8.com.gas.leap.prm7 ptraj.2.in ptraj.2.log cat EOF ptraj.3.in trajin 1df8.com.trj.stripfit reference ../002.TLEAP/1df8.com.gas.leap.rst7 rms reference out 1df8.lig.rmsd.txt:119@C*,N*,O*,S* nofit EOF ptraj ../002.TLEAP/1df8.com.gas.leap.prm7 ptraj.3.in ptraj.3.log cat EOF ptraj.4.in trajin 1df8.com.trj.stripfit trajout 1df8.rec.trj.stripfit strip:119 EOF cat EOF ptraj.5.in trajin 1df8.com.trj.stripfit trajout 1df8.lig.trj.stripfit strip:1-118 EOF ptraj ../002.TLEAP/1df8.com.gas.leap.prm7 ptraj.4.in ptraj.4.log ptraj ../002.TLEAP/1df8.com.gas.leap.prm7 ptraj.5.in ptraj.5.log cd .. Then use "csh" command to execute the file analy.1.in in your AMBER_tutorial directory. Making xmgrace plots Write out a tcsh script to run xmgrace foreach distance (28OH_119O14 12OG_119O14) cat EOF $distance.grace.in READ NXY "$distance.out" s0 legend "$distance" title "Hbond Distance" xaxis label "time (ps)" yaxis label "Hbond distance (angstroms)" PRINT TO "$distance.eps" DEVICE "EPS" OP "level2" PRINT EOF xmgrace -batch $distance.grace.in -nosafe -hardcopy end This will generate two eps plots for the hydrogen bond distances. Hydrogen bond distance Before using ptraj to measure the H-bond distance, it's better to know which atoms we want to put in the ptraj script. VMD can automatically draws these H-bonds. First, select the ligand and residues around the ligand. Second, change the Drawing Method to HBonds . After we know the atom name, we use distance command to measure the distance between two atoms. Here is the sample script ptraj ../002.TLEAP/1df8.com.gas.leap.prm7 EOF trajin ../004.PTRAJ/1df8.com.trj.stripfit distance 34N_119O2:34@N:119@O2 out 34N_119O2.out distance 73OG_119O3:73@OG:119@O3 out 73OG_119O3.out distance 12OG_119O14:12@OG:119@O14 out 12OG_119O14.out distance 28OH_119O14:28@OH:119@O14 out 28OH_119O14.out EOF Plot the result. Here is the sample. It will be a good way to compare the H-bond distance with the binding free energy from MM-GBSA. MMGBSA Move up one directory and create the following directory: mkdir 005.MMGBSA In this new directory, you will want to create this final file called “gb.rescore.in” containing: Single point GB energy calc cntrl ntf = 1, ntb = 0, ntc = 2, idecomp= 0, igb = 5, saltcon= 0.00, gbsa = 2, surften= 1.0, offset = 0.09, extdiel= 78.5, cut = 99999.0, nsnb = 99999, scnb = 2.0, scee = 1.2, imin = 5, maxcyc = 1, ncyc = 0, / You will then want to create a csh script that contains the following lines of command (called run.sander.rescore.csh) #! /bin/tcsh #PBS -l nodes=1:ppn=2 #PBS -l walltime=24:00:00 #PBS -o zzz.qsub.out #PBS -e zzz.qsub.err #PBS -V set workdir = “${HOME}/AMBER_Tutorial/005.MMGBSA” cd ${workdir} sander -O -i gb.rescore.in \ -o gb.rescore.out.com \ -p ../002.TLEAP/1df8.com.gas.leap.prm7 \ -c ../002.TLEAP/1df8.com.gas.leap.rst7 \ -y ../004.PTRAJ/1df8.com.trj.stripfit \ -r restrt.com \ -ref ../002.TLEAP/1df8.com.gas.leap.rst7 \ -x mdcrd.com \ -inf mdinfo.com sander -O -i gb.rescore.in \ -o gb.rescore.out.lig \ -p ../002.TLEAP/1df8.lig.gas.leap.prm7 \ -c ../002.TLEAP/1df8.lig.gas.leap.rst7 \ -y ../004.PTRAJ/1df8.lig.trj.stripfit \ -r restrt.lig \ -ref ../002.TLEAP/1df8.lig.gas.leap.rst7 \ -x mdcrd.lig \ -inf mdinfo.lig sander -O -i gb.rescore.in \ -o gb.rescore.out.rec \ -p ../002.TLEAP/1df8.rec.gas.leap.prm7 \ -c ../002.TLEAP/1df8.rec.gas.leap.rst7 \ -y ../004.PTRAJ/1df8.rec.trj.stripfit \ -r restrt.rec \ -ref ../002.TLEAP/1df8.rec.gas.leap.rst7 \ -x mdcrd.rec \ -inf mdinfo.rec exit Then you should qsub this script: chmod +x run.sander.rescore.csh qsub run.sander.rescore.csh After this job has run, you will obtain your output files: gb.rescore.out.com, gb.rescore.out.lig, and gb.rescore.out.rec. In these files, the single point energy calculation results will be written out for each individual frame. It can be found in the results section and should look like this: FINAL RESULTS NSTEP ENERGY RMS GMAX NAME NUMBER 1 7.9662E+03 1.9504E+01 1.3272E+02 C 3403 BOND = 836.7674 ANGLE = 2343.1208 DIHED = 2917.9356 VDWAALS = -2299.0570 EEL = -19265.6215 EGB = -3539.4050 1-4 VDW = 1071.1234 1-4 EEL = 11631.2887 RESTRAINT = 0.0000 ESURF = 14270.0746 minimization completed, ENE= 0.79662270E+04 RMS= 0.195036E+02 minimizing coord set # 2 You will need to obtain the necessary results and perform simple calculations on them. First, to easily obtain the results (without doing a LOT of copying or deleting) is to use the grep command. Note, if you are familiar with python or perl, it would be simplest to write a little program to read in these files and obtain these values. For the following set of commands, you’ll need to do this for com, lig, and rec. In the command line, type grep VDWAALS gb.rescore.out.com vdw.com.txt grep ESURF gb.rescore.out.com surf.com.txt You can take these text files, import them into excel, and do the rest of your modifications there. Remember that to obtain the Gvdw term, you need to take the SASA (which is ESURF) and input into equation 1: ΔGnonpolar = SASA*0.00542 + 0.92 Also, the mmgbsa of a given system can be determined by equation 2: ΔGmmgbsa = ΔGvdw + ΔGcoul + ΔGpolar + ΔGnonpolar From the output file: VDWAALS = ΔGvdw EELS = ΔGcoul EGB = ΔGpolar You can then easily calculate the ΔΔGbind by using equation 3: ΔΔGbind = ΔGmmgbsa,complex – (ΔGmmgbsa,lig + ΔGmmgbsa,rec) You will want to careful when doing your analysis that the results from frame 1 for the receptor and ligand are subtracted from the results from frame 1 for your complex. By doing this in excel, you should have 2000 frames for each, and the values should cleanly line up. Finally, you will want to plot your ΔΔGbind and examine if you see corresponding changes in the ligand position and the ΔΔGbind. Also, you should determine the mean and standard deviation for your ΔΔGbind. Please remember, you are required to post your analysis and the process by which you obtained your results on the wiki. If you use different programs or a different approach or do any further analysis, please share with your peers. When posting, be clear, and concise but thorough. Change "run.sander.rescore.csh" into an executable chmod +x run.sander.rescore.csh Submit the run.sander.rescore.csh to the queue qsub run.sander.rescore.csh Monitor your job qstat -u YourUserName Data extraction and calculation When your restoring calculation finishes, you have the following three output files: "gb.rescore.out.com", "gb.rescore.out.lig", and "gb.rescore.out.rec". Use the following script, entitled get.mmgbsa.bash, to extract data and calculate MMGBSA energy for each snap shot. #! /bin/bash # by Haoquan echo com lig rec namelist LIST=`cat namelist` for i in $LIST; do grep VDWAALS gb.rescore.out.$i | awk '{print $3}' $i.vdw grep VDWAALS gb.rescore.out.$i | awk '{print $9}' $i.polar grep VDWAALS gb.rescore.out.$i | awk '{print $6}' $i.coul grep ESURF gb.rescore.out.$i | awk '{print $3 * 0.00542 + 0.92}' $i.surf paste -d " " $i.vdw $i.polar $i.surf $i.coul | awk '{print $1 + $2 + $3 + $4}' data.$i rm $i.* done paste -d " " data.com data.lig data.rec | awk '{print $1 - $2 - $3}' data.all for ((j=1; j=`wc -l data.all | awk '{print $1}'`; j+=1)) do echo $j , time done paste -d " " time data.all MMGBSA_vs_time rm namelist time data.* Run this script: bash get.mmgbsa.bash Now you have the final data sheet: MMGBSA_vs_time. Copy them to excel or Origin and separate two columns by comma.
Dawn Journal September 27, 2011 Dear Dawnniversaries, Dawn’s fourth anniversary of being in space is very different from its previous ones. Indeed, those days all were devoted to reaching the distant destination the ship is now exploring. Celebrating its anniversary of leaving Earth, Dawn is in orbit around a kindred terrestrial-type world , the ancient protoplanet Vesta. The adventurer spent August on Vesta’s shores and now it's ready to dive in. Dawn devoted most of this month to working its way down from the 2,700-kilometer (1,700-mile) survey orbit to its current altitude of about 680 kilometers (420 miles) and changing the orientation of the orbit . (For a more detailed discussion of the altitude, go here or continue reading patiently for another six paragraphs.) The sensationally successful observing campaign in survey orbit produced captivating views, revealing a complex, fascinating landscape. Now four times closer to the surface, the probe is nearly ready for an even more comprehensive exploration from the high altitude mapping orbit (HAMO). The plans for HAMO have changed very little since it was described on the third anniversary of Dawn’s launch. Dawn’s spiral descent went extremely well. We have seen before that bodies travel at higher velocities in lower altitude orbits, where the force of gravity is greater. For example, Mercury hurtles around the sun faster than Earth in order to balance the stronger pull of gravity, and Earth’s speed is greater than that of more remote Vesta. Similarly, satellites in close orbits around Earth, such as the International Space Station, race around faster than the much more distant moon. When it began its spiral on August 31 , Dawn’s orbital speed high above Vesta was 76 meters per second (170 mph), and each revolution took nearly 69 hours. Under the gentle thrust of its ion propulsion system, the spacecraft completed 18 revolutions of Vesta, the loops getting tighter and faster as the orbital altitude gradually decreased, until it arrived at its new orbit on schedule on Sept. 18. In HAMO, Dawn orbits at 135 meters per second (302 mph), circling the world beneath it every 12.3 hours. When Dawn’s itinerary called for it to stop thrusting, it was very close to HAMO but not quite there yet. As mission planners had recognized long beforehand, small differences between the planned and the actual flight profiles were inevitable . Extensive and sophisticated analysis has been undertaken in recent years to estimate the size of such discrepancies so the intricate plans for completing all the work at Vesta could account for the time and the work needed to deliver the robotic explorer to the intended destination. In order to accomplish the intensive program of observations with its scientific instruments, the spacecraft must follow an orbital path carefully matched to the sequences of commands already developed with painstaking attention to detail. The beauty of Dawn’s artistically choreographed pas de deux with Vesta depends on the music and the movements being well synchronized. During its descent, Dawn paused frequently to allow controllers to update the flight profile, accounting for some of the variances in its course along the way. Following the completion of thrusting, navigators tracked the ship more extensively as it sailed around Vesta, measuring its orbit with great accuracy. This revealed not only the details of the orbital parameters (such as size, shape, and orientation) but also more about the character of Vesta’s gravity field than could be detected at higher altitudes. With the new information, the team designed two short maneuvers to adjust the orbit. The first, lasting four hours, was executed last night, and the second, half an hour shorter, will be completed tonight. After further measurements to verify the final orbit, the month of HAMO observations will begin on Sept. 29. When the main portion of the thrusting was finished on Sept. 18, there was still more for Dawn to do than let navigators determine its exact orbit. It trained its sensors on Vesta, acquiring more exciting and valuable data. Although these observations are not part of the meticulously orchestrated and systematic mapping in HAMO, they contribute to the overall effort to squeeze as much as possible out of the precious time at Vesta. Engineers also performed more tests with the visible and infrared mapping spectrometer. In addition, they acquired images with the backup science camera , confirming that it is still fully functional and ready for action should its perfectly healthy twin ever become infirm. Following instructions loaded earlier, on Sept. 21 the spacecraft reconfigured its memory to prepare for the great volume of data it will collect in HAMO. One of the software functions took longer than expected, causing the main computer to reset. The robot is designed to enter safe mode after a reboot, so it dutifully powered off nonessential systems, turned to point at the sun (the only celestial reference easily detectable anywhere along Dawn’s long route through the solar system), and waited for further instructions. Controllers detected the condition late that night and quickly identified the cause. With calm professionalism they swiftly executed all the steps necessary to return Dawn to its normal flight configuration less than two days later, and operations have continued smoothly. As the spacecraft flies around Vesta, its altitude is constantly changing. Indeed, it would vary even if the orbit were a perfect circle, because Vesta is not a perfect sphere. This is similar to flying in a plane over Earth. If the plane maintains a constant altitude above sea level, the distance above the ground can change because the elevation of the ground itself varies, coming closer to the aircraft on mountains and farther in valleys. The topography on Vesta is even more pronounced, reflecting the tortured history it has experienced during 4.5 billion years in the rough and tumble asteroid belt. The event that created the huge gouge centered near the south pole, now officially known as Rheasilvia (after the vestal virgin who was the mythical mother of Romulus and Remus, a weird story unlikely to be clarified by Dawn’s investigations), has left Vesta not only with astounding and jumbled terrain but also with an overall shape that is very peculiar. Indeed, although this world is smaller than Earth, it displays some of the most extreme topography in the solar system. The tremendous mountain in the center of Rheasilvia towers almost twice as high above the surrounding plains as Mt. Everest does above sea level. Despite their being widely separated, the difference in elevation between the highest features near the equator and the lowest points deep in craters punched into Rheasilvia is more than 60 kilometers (37 miles). Even if we imagined Dawn as being stationary while Vesta rotated underneath it, the altitude would change as the misshapen surface surges and subsides. In addition, the craft’s path is not a perfect circle, and the lower the orbit, the more it will deviate, as the irregular gravity field tugs on it with changing strength depending on where in that complex field the spacecraft is. When Dawn pushes down to closer orbits, we will discuss more about the actual height above the surface. In the meantime, for simplicity, these logs will continue to present the altitude as an average value, measured with respect to the average distance from the center of Vesta to its rocky surface. This is analogous to using sea level on Earth for the reference to describe altitude for aircraft and satellites. It is on that basis that the altitude in HAMO is given as 680 kilometers (420 miles). On the last three September 27s, we have summarized Dawn’s progress on its journey. Now that it is at its first destination, the best measure of its progress is the stunning images and other scientific results it has transmitted to Earth. In addition to special announcements at press conferences in the coming months, beautiful and intriguing views continue to be posted here every day. For those who would like to track the probe’s progress in the same terms used on previous (and, we boldly predict, subsequent) anniversaries, we present here the fourth annual summary, reusing the text from last year with updates where appropriate. Readers who wish to cogitate about the extraordinary nature of this deep-space expedition may find it helpful to compare this material with the first parts of the logs from its first , second , and third anniversaries. (On this special day, members of the operations team will further reflect upon the mission with the help of cupcakes decorated with the Dawn/Vesta logo.) In its four years of interplanetary travels, the spacecraft has thrust for a total of about 988 days, or 68% of the time (and about 0.000000020% of the time since the Big Bang). While for most spacecraft, firing a thruster to change course is a special event, it is Dawn’s wont. All this thrusting has cost the craft only 254 kilograms (561 pounds) of its supply of xenon propellant, which was 425 kilograms (937 pounds) on September 27, 2007. The thrusting so far in the mission has achieved the equivalent of accelerating the probe by 6.85 kilometers per second (15,300 miles per hour). As previous logs have described (see here for one of the more extensive discussions), because of the principles of motion for orbital flight, whether around the sun or any other gravitating body, Dawn is not actually traveling this much faster than when it launched. But the effective change in speed remains a useful measure of the effect of any spacecraft’s propulsive work. Having accomplished barely half of the thrust time planned for its entire mission, Dawn has already far exceeded the velocity change achieved by any other spacecraft under its own power . (For a comparison with probes that enter orbit around Mars, refer to this earlier log .) Since launch, our readers who have remained on or near Earth have completed four revolutions around the sun, covering about 25.1 AU (3.76 billion kilometers or 2.34 billion miles). Orbiting farther from the sun, and thus moving at a more leisurely pace, Dawn has traveled 19.4 AU (2.91 billion kilometers or 1.81 billion miles). As it climbed away from the sun to match its orbit to that of Vesta, it continued to slow down to Vesta’s speed. Since Dawn’s launch, Vesta has traveled only 16.4 AU (2.46 billion kilometers or 1.53 billion miles). Another way to investigate the progress of the mission is to chart how Dawn’s orbit around the sun has changed. This discussion will culminate with a few more numbers than we usually include, and readers who prefer not to indulge may skip this material , leaving that much more for the grateful Numerivores . In order to make the table below comprehensible (and to fulfill our commitment of environmental responsibility), we recycle some more text here on the nature of orbits. Orbits are ellipses (like flattened circles, or ovals in which the ends are of equal size). So as members of the solar system family follow their paths around the sun, they sometimes move closer and sometimes move farther from it. In addition to orbits being characterized by shape, or equivalently by the amount of flattening (that is, the deviation from being a perfect circle), and by size, they may be described in part by how they are oriented in space. Using the bias of terrestrial astronomers, the plane of Earth’s orbit around the sun (known as the ecliptic ) is a good reference. Other planets and interplanetary spacecraft travel in orbits that are tipped at some angle to that. The angle between the ecliptic and the plane of another body’s orbit around the sun is the inclination of that orbit. Vesta and Ceres do not orbit the sun in the same plane that Earth does, and Dawn must match its orbit to that of its targets. (The major planets orbit closer to the ecliptic, and no spacecraft has ventured as far out of that plane in order to achieve orbit around another body as Dawn has.) Now we can see how Dawn has been doing by considering the size and shape (together expressed by the minimum and maximum distances from the sun) and inclination of its orbit on each of its anniversaries. (Experts readily recognize that there is more to describing an orbit than these parameters. Our policy remains that we link to the experts’ websites when their readership extends to one more elliptical galaxy than ours does.) The table below shows what the orbit would have been if the spacecraft had terminated thrusting on its anniversaries; the orbits of its destinations, Vesta and Ceres, are included for comparison. Of course, when Dawn was on the launch pad on September 27, 2007, its orbit around the sun was exactly Earth’s orbit. After launch, it was in its own solar orbit. Earth's orbit 0.98 1.02 0.0° Dawn's orbit on Sept. 27, 2007 (before launch) 0.98 1.02 0.0° Dawn's orbit on Sept. 27, 2007 (after launch) 1.00 1.62 0.6° Dawn's orbit on Sept. 27, 2008 1.21 1.68 1.4° Dawn's orbit on Sept. 27, 2009 1.42 1.87 6.2° Dawn's orbit on Sept. 27, 2010 1.89 2.13 6.8° Dawn's orbit on Sept. 27, 2011 2.15 2.57 7.1° Vesta's orbit 2.15 2.57 7.1° Ceres's orbit 2.54 2.99 10.6° For readers who are not overwhelmed by the number of numbers, the table may help to demonstrate how Dawn has transformed its orbit during the course of its mission. Note that now the spacecraft's orbit around the sun is the same as Vesta’s. Achieving that was, of course, the objective of the long flight that started in the same solar orbit as Earth. While simply flying by Vesta would have been far easier , matching orbits with it has required the extraordinary capability of the ion propulsion system. Without it, NASA’s Discovery Program would not have been able to afford a mission to explore this fascinating world, and a mission to both Vesta and Ceres would be impossible. Amazing and inspiring as its extraordinary trek has been, climbing the solar system hill atop a blue-green pillar of xenon ions, gently reshaping its orbit with the finesse of a sculptor creating a cosmic masterpiece, traveling far from its home planet through the forbidding and lonely depths of interplanetary space, it is the destination, and not the journey, that provides the grand prize. For most of the two centuries prior to Dawn’s arrival, Vesta was known as little more than a small fuzzy patch of light amidst the stars. The sharply focused picture that we are developing now of a complex alien world, with a dramatic history and a truly unique character, is the great reward for the long years and the billions of kilometers (miles) to get there. As the expedition continues, how can anyone not thrill to the experience of Vesta simultaneously becoming both more familiar and yet more mysterious? Now as the operations team completes preparations for the next phase of its scrutiny of Vesta, Dawn embarks on its fifth year of spaceflight doing what it was designed to do. At the limits of human ingenuity, powered by the zeal of those who seek to perceive and to understand the beauty of the cosmos, the stalwart ship forges ahead with its exploration of a relic from the dawn of the solar system. Dawn is 680 kilometers (420 miles) from Vesta. It is also 1.59 AU (238 million kilometers or 148 million miles) from Earth, or 665 times as far as the moon and 1.59 times as far as the sun today. Radio signals, traveling at the universal limit of the speed of light, take 26 minutes to make the round trip. 原文见 http://dawn.jpl.nasa.gov/mission/journal_09_27_11.asp
今天收到了欧盟驻中国代表团的来信，说他们的科学技术办公室会有两位同事来参加我们的START 2011研讨会。慕尼黑工业大学的常务副校长也来信表示，我们这样对话的尝试非常有意义，并为更为深入的合作提供了宝贵的资源……也许START只是一个蹒跚学步的孩子，但正是有了你的支持我们才可以不断向前！ 还做完了参会代表证和志愿者的证件设计，其中代表证偷了个懒，只需要把自己的名片放进去就OK啦~不过很可惜，贴上来图片就变形了…… 英文日程和中文日程大同小异，但是就是这样的工作也花费了我不少的时间： Science and Technology for a Remarkable Tomorrow: Dialogue between East and West We don’t need any example to show how science and technology do affect our society and daily life, sometimes we can just think about the world without them. It is accordingly, very stupid to separate them from each other, since science and technology are so embedded in the society. Isn’t it? On the one hand, each of their application is a kind of what we expected. On the other hand however, the development of science and technology is shaped by lots of social aspects from the behavior of individual to the settings and values of the society. Then we should and will always ask does this embeddedness happen in a “good” way? Or what is to be considered “good”? And further, does this “good” mean we should never fetter the step of science and technology forward, or we should prevent any risk like the out-of-control in “The Matrix” after the Pandora Box was opened? We are sure anyway, each of the interpretation of the “good” is a conscious or unconscious reflection of the co-evolutional order of science, technology and society in some sense. Why do we care about this? The intention is not to control or to over-regulate something, since even a pure crowd or swarm of people could enforce the society onto a path they would not take normally. And to some extent, this order constructed by science, technology and society is not the projection of human being’s mind. Or we should say, it would direct the society without people’s intention. For example, we have to rethink the concept of individual mobility. Everyone would agree that individual mobility is, or should be the best way to connect two remote points. But, on the other hand, we know a lot about its negative effects on health, environment, resources and other risks. Besides, the final destiny of mobility (actual or virtual) is to reappear the “present” which is somehow “immobility”. There are many other effects on our reasoning concerning the question on how to “integrate” something into our society or the opposite, which we will be never aware of if we take them separately. Such as the role of institutions, laws and their anticipation of changes in our social settings including science and technologies; and our measures of evaluation and measures of distribution, for example our understanding and interpretation of human values like justice, fairness, and the distribution of services and goods will be affected too, under the flagship of so-called scientism. As on the special forms of socio-technical orders, innovations were regarded as an important source for our industrialized societies’ tomorrow. And is this sure, like always? At least from Schumpeter’s original definition we should say, innovation could be both “good” and “bad”. The history of since and technology is also repeatedly telling us, most of the time so called felt innovations are a regress in many properties and a progress only in a single dimension. Then how shall we evaluate something like this or something related to the progress in the “cutting-edge” technologies like information, gene and nano technologies? How shall we communicate to the people with only lay knowledge about science, technology and its social order? And is there a way in which we can educate them to both, to creative scientists and engineers reflecting the social and philosophical outcomes? Thus in such a times, we should have a more comprehensive understanding the epistemic, normative, and social dimensions of a world profoundly shaped by our science and technology. Especially in our age of information technology, global warming, and bioengineering, such an on-going reflection is necessary since the order pattern nowadays does not allow us to do that “afterwards” or “outside”. As a public spokesman or sometimes as a policy advisor, how to make a remarkable contribution for the future and how to play a more active role in establishing a more diverse and alternative imaginary for tomorrow are still something our STSers should deal with. For some historical and cultural reason, we have different contexts and routines to answer these questions in East and West. But still, we share some similarity in the path of development and also in the arena of globalization. The purpose of this meeting accordingly, is to bridge up the gap by some fruitful dialogue concerning the remarkable tomorrow. The topics of this meeting will cover (but not limited in): Thinking in Complexity in the Natural and Social System Public Understanding and Awareness of Science and Technology Science and Innovation Policy in a Multi-Polar World Center for Science, Technology and Society, Tsinghua University (THU) is the host of this event and Carl von Linde-Akademie, Technische Universität München (TUM) will co-organize this meeting at Lecture Hall, Building Liuqing and Room 353, Building Xinzhai, Tsinghua University on Oct. 10-11, 2011 , as a first step of this communication and for further studies. Map for Building Liuqing (Please go through the East Gate of Tsinghua University, and follow the instruction of this map, Building Liuqing is just on the right-rear hand side of the Main Building in Tsinghua Campus) Program for the START Meeting: Oct. 10 (Mon) Building Liuqing, Lecture Hall 9:30-9:50 Opening Ceremony Host Dean of School of Humanity and Social Science, Tsinghua University ( To be confirmed ) Guest Director of International Cooperation Department, Ministry of Science and Technology, PRC ( To be confirmed ) 9:50-10:00 Photographing, Long-term cooperation agreement and release ceremony of “Thinking in Complexity” new Chinese version Host Prof. ZENG Guoping Chair of Center for Science, Technology and Society, Tsinghua University, Director of Social Science and Management Division, Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University 10:15-12:00 Section I: Thinking in Complexity in the Natural and Social System Chair Dr. Rainhard Zvi Bengez Doctor of Mathematics and Medicine, Senior researcher in Carl von Linde-Akademie, TU Munich Keynote Speakers Prof. ZENG Guoping Chair of Center for Science, Technology and Society, Tsinghua University, Director of Social Science and Management Division, Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University A Review of Three STS Handbooks and A Discussion of the Core Field of STS Prof. Dr. Klaus Mainzer Director of the Carl von Linde-Akademie, TU Munich ; President of the German Society of Complex Systems and Nonlinear Dynamics, president of the Japanese-German Society of Integrative Science Risks and Chances of the Global Earth System: From Complexity Research to Science and Technology Studies Dr. Lucia Siu Assistant Professor of Lingnan University, Hong Kong Applying the Normal Accident Theory on Financial Markets Dr. YU Jinlong Lecturer of the school of political sciences, director of research center of transculture and innovation development, Beihang University The Paradigm of Complexity Thinking: From the perspective of cognitive metaphor strategies 12:00-14:00 Lunch Buffet (Zhilan Restaurant) 14:00-15:45 Section II: Public Understanding and Awareness of Science and Technology Chair Dr. Lucia Siu Assistant Professor of Lingnan University, Hong Kong, Ph. D. from the University of Edinburgh, Co-editor of Do Economists Make Markets? On the Performativity of Economics (with Donald MacKenzie and Fabian Muniesa, 2007, Princeton University Press) Keynote Speakers Prof. Dr. LIU Bing Deputy Director of Center for Science Communication and Popularization of CAST and Tsinghua University Mongolian Public Understanding of Khii: A Qualitative Case Study on Public Understanding of Science related to Mongolian Medicine Dr. Rainhard Zvi Bengez Doctor of Mathematics and Medicine, Senior researcher in Carl von Linde-Akademie, TU Munich Public Understanding of Science: Case from the Science and Technology Cognition from Children (TBC) Dr. ZHU Xiaomin Vice Director of Center for Science Communication, PKU, Associate Professor of Center for Social Studies of Science, PKU, Vice Director of Philosophy of ST Section, Philosophy Department, PKU, To be confirmed Dr. FANG Xiang Lecture of School of Sociology and Anthropology, Ph. D. from the University of Edinburgh Social Construction of Nuclear Risk: Perspective from Sociology and Anthropology 15:45-16:00 Tea Break 16:00-17:45 Section III: Science and Innovation Policy in a Multi-Polar World Chair Dr. WANG Chengwei Associate Research Fellow, Center for Science, Technology and Society, Tsinghua University; Visiting Scholar, Carl von Linde-Akademie, TUM Keynote Speakers Dr. LIU Li Associate Professor of Center for Science, Technology and Society, Tsinghua University Functional approach to innovation systems Prof. Dr. Ulrich Wengenroth Chair for history of technology, TUM; Acatech (German Academy of Science and Engineering) Innovation Culture in Germany. Frameworks of Science and Technology Policies Prof. Dr. Kazuyuki Motohashi Head of Department of Technology Management for Innovation (TMI), The University of Tokyo; Faculty Fellow at Research Institute of Economy Trade and Industry (RIETI) Globalization of innovation system: implications on science and technology policy of China and Japan Dr. YU Jiang Associate Research Fellow of Institute of Policy and Management, Chinese Academy of Science The Feature and Practice of Innovation Policy in China (TBC) 17:45-18:00 Concluding Remarks 18:30 Banquet (Hall 1, Building Jiasuo, Invited Only ) Note: All the speech and discussion will be made in English, each keynote speaker will have about 20 min to report, and the chair of each section will organize the discussion between speakers and audiences with the rest of the time. Oct. 11 (Tue) Building Xinzhai 15:00-17:00 Professional Salon for Philosophy of Science and Technology (Room 346) Host Dr. WANG Wei Associate Professor of Center for Science, Technology and Society, Tsinghua University Guest Prof. Dr. Klaus Mainzer Director of the Carl von Linde-Akademie, TU Munich ; President of the German Society of Complex Systems and Nonlinear Dynamics, president of the Japanese-German Society of Integrative Science Risks and Chances of the Global Earth System: From Complexity Research to Science and Technology Studies 19:00-21:00 Professional Salon for Sociology of Science and ST Policy (Room 104) Host Dr. WANG Chengwei Associate Research Fellow, Center for Science, Technology and Society, Tsinghua University; Visiting Scholar, Carl von Linde-Akademie, TUM Guest Prof. Dr. Ulrich Wengenroth Chair for history of technology, TUM; Acatech (German Academy of Science and Engineering) Culture, Rationality, and Semiotics in Consumer Goods 背景介绍是写给领导们的，希望能得到点滴的关注哈： “为了卓越明天的科学和技术：东西方之间的对话” 清华大学·慕尼黑工业大学联合 STS 研讨会 （背景介绍） 2011 年初，德国总理默克尔宣布：对于任何自然科学、技术与工程的资助，必须伴有相应的社会研究。自此，德国的科技政策和科技与社会的协调发展走入了新的时代。 2011 年 6 月，中德政府在柏林举行首轮磋商。在温家宝总理和默克尔总理的共同见证下，中德创新政策平台的合作机制正式启动。本次研讨会旨在响应上述号召，在清华大学和慕尼黑工业大学长久以来紧密合作的基础上，进一步推进两个传统工科院校之间对于科学技术与社会（ STS ）问题的深入探讨。 作为公众的代言人和政策的建议者，如何在建构明天更加多元化的、可选择的想象中发挥更加积极的作用，是全世界 STS 学者时不我与的责任。探讨会题为“为了卓越明天的科学和技术”（ Science and Technology for A Remarkable Tomorrow ，简称 START ），喻意为立足当下作为起点对未来科学技术的可持续发展进行展望，描绘由科学、技术和社会所共同构成的秩序和愿景。 START 2011 研讨会将聚焦在对“明天”的对话之上，搭建起一个共同理解和共同实践的桥梁。内容将涵盖思考自然和社会系统中的复杂性、公众对科学和技术的理解和知晓、多极化世界中的科学和创新政策等内容。研讨会的消息一经刊出，就得到了北京大学、香港岭南大学、中科院政策所等国内院校和科研机构，美国加州大学圣湾分校、英国爱丁堡大学、日本东京大学等国际知名院校，以及中华人民共和国科学技术部、欧盟驻华代表团等政府机构的积极响应。由此我们也有理由相信，本次研讨会将取得圆满的成功。 慕尼黑工业大学（ TUM ）建于 1868 年，位于巴伐利亚州。现有学生 23000 名，是第一批入选德国高校精英计划的大学之一。其常务副校长孟立秋教授曾多次造访清华大学，并推动两校之间在多个领域的深入合作。其中，卡尔·林德学会（ Carl von Linde-Akademie ）是慕尼黑工业大学重要的跨学科研究机构，一直以来也紧密保持着和清华大学科学技术与社会研究中心的互访和交流。
2011年被ieee退回的国际会议名录(138个)。科学网上的会议要注意了。 2010 2nd Asia-Pacific Conference on Information Processing (APCIP) 2010 2nd International Asia Symposium on Intelligent Interaction and Affective Computing 2010 2nd International on Innovation Management (ASIA-ICIM) 2010 2nd International Conference on Future Computer and Communication (FCC) 2010 2nd International Conference on Information and Multimedia Technology (ICIMT) 2010 2nd International Conference on Intellectual Technique in Industrial Practice (ITIP 2010) 2010 2nd International Conference on Multimedia and Computational Intelligence (ICMCI) 2010 2nd International Conference on Research Challenges in Computer Science (ICRCCS) 2010 2nd International Symposium on Computer Network and Multimedia Technology (CNMT 2010) 2010 3rd International Conference on Computational Intelligence and Industrial Application (PACIIA) 2010 3rd International Conference on Environmental and Computer Science (ICECS) 2010 3rd International Conference on Machine 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2011 EU-China Workshop on Complexity Science Talk Abstract TAIPEX —An Online ExperimentalPlatform to Study Market Behavior Sai-Ping Li Institute of Physics, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan The TAIPEX , which is one of the existing prediction market platforms in the world, was first set up in early 2004 in Taiwan as an experimental toolto study the voting behavior of the people in Taiwan. After the first successful experimental launchon this platform, it was soon realized that one couldin fact study financial market behaviors by using this platform. In subsequent years, that is, from early 2004 till theend of 2010, eight experiments have been carried out onthis prediction market platform. These include: three presidential elections (2 from Taiwan and one from the US), one parliamentary election, three city mayor elections and one on bird flu. From the results of these experiments, we have observed many stylized facts that are known to exist in everyday financial markets. For example, Figure 1 shows the probability density of normalized price returns of TAIPEX in the 2004 Taiwan parliamentary election with different time lagsequal to 55(red), 148(black), 403(yellow), 1097(green) and 8103(blue) minutes. The figure illustrates two interesting features. The firstfeature is the heavy tails onthe two ends ofthe curves. One can see this easily when compared to a Gaussian distribution as shown in the figure. Heavy tails of price returns in financial markets arestylized facts that are knownto market practitionersfor a long timeand our experiments also exhibitsuch a feature. Another feature that we can observe in this figure is the universality of different time lag curves. One can see that the different time lag curves can indeed be represented by a single distribution curve. We also observe that other well known stylized facts also appear in our prediction mark Figure 1. Probability density of normalized price returns with time lag equal to 55(red), 148(black), 403(yellow), 1097(green) and 8103(blue) minutes. The dashed line was obtained from a Cauchy distribution and the dotted line is a Gaussian distribution of unit variance. Aside from the already well known stylized facts, we have further uncovered many features that are likely to exist but are unable to be detected in financial markets. Take, for example, we can construct a trading network of the traders from the data of the experiment on this prediction market platform . The same kind of networkis unlikely to be constructed due to the lack of data availabilityin real financial markets. Figure 2 is an illustration of a trading network among traders of our experiment on the 2006 Taipei Mayor Election. The network is based on the data from Day 3. The number of traders and the trading network grew sincetherewere more registered players to do trading on the platformas the experiment continueduntil the dayof the election. Figure 2. The trading network on Day 3 of the 2006 Taipei Mayor Election experiment. The network consists of 40 interconnected nodes. isolated nodes are not shown here . In this talk, we will first give abrief introduction of the historical development and the current status ofprediction markets. As an example of how prediction markets work, we will give details of doingtrading on our prediction market platform. Results of our previous experiments will be summarized and presented, including the most recent experiment done by the end of 2010. Possible future work will beproposed and discussed. Most importantly, collaborations on this prediction market platform are welcome. References: http://socioecono.phys.sinica.edu.tw/ K.J. Arrow et.al., Science 320(2008)877-8 G. Tziralis and I. Tatsiopoulos, “Prediction Markets: An Extended Literature Review”, TheJournal of Prediction Markets 1(2007)75-91. S.C. Wang et.al., “Statistical Properties of an Experimental Political Futures Market”, Quantitative Finance 9(2009)9-16. S.C. Wang et.al., “Network Topology of an Experimental Futures Exchange”, European Physical Journal B62(2008)105-111. Piecewise Smooth Lyapunov Function for a Nonlinear Dynamical System Yan Gao Business School, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China email:gaoyan@usst.edu.cn In this paper, stability and attraction for a nonlinear dynamical system with nonsmooth Lyapunov function are studied. The previous results on stability and attraction with a max-type Lyapunov function are extended to the case where Lyapunov function is piecewise smooth. A condition, under which stability and attraction is guaranteed with a piecewise smooth Lyapunov function, is proposed. Taking two certain classes of piecewise smooth functions as Lyapunov functions, related conditions for stability and attraction are developed. Key Words. Nonlinear dynamical system, stability, region of attraction, Lyapnov functions, nonsmooth analysis, piecewise smooth function. Hurst Exponents for Short Time Series 短时间序列的分形指数 Jingchao Qi, and Huijie Yang Biz School, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, A new concept, called balanced estimator of diffusion entropy, is proposed to detect scaling in short time series. The effectiveness of the method is verified by means of a large number of artificial fractional Brownian motions. It is used also to detect scaling properties and structural breaks in stock price series of Shanghai Stock market. PACS ： 05.45.T, 89.75.D, 05.40.F, 05.40 Keyword(s); short time series; scaling; diffusion entropy Global Compact Representation of Continuous Piecewise Linear Functions and Its Application Xin-Ye Li Business School, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China Critical point and critical cluster distribution of explosive site percolation in random network Yu-gang Ma 1) and Ding-ding Han 2) 1 Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201800, China 2 School of Information Science and Technology, East China Normal University, Shanghai 2000241, China Recently a new kind of percolation, named explosive percolation was proposed. By introducing a proper competitive mechanism, it was first found by Achlioptas, D'Souza, and Spencer and was subsequently studied intensely by other scientists that the bond percolation in random networks became discontinuous. Such kind of percolation has a delayed transition point but still maintain a power-law critical cluster distribution with yet the exponent different from the classical one, indicating the absence of universality in sense of different percolation strategies. However further numerical and theoretical studies have provided evidences that the bond explosive percolation in random network is actually continuous in the thermodynamics limit except for the global competitive case in which all the links in network participate in the selection. Although the argument still exists, explosive percolation has brought new insights to the percolation theory. However the two most important properties, namely the location of the critical point and the critical cluster distribution have not been studied systematically. Previous studies presented the related results only for their special models, which neither provide any general conclusions nor help to understand the possible universal behavior. In this letter, we focus on this problem instead of just studying the continuity of explosive percolation. By introducing a best-of-m competitive rule the explosive site percolation in ER network is studied. We prove that the critical point tc(m, k) has a nontrivial limitation Tc(k) 1 as m = N →∞. By developing a finite size scaling method, Tc(k) is found to scale asymptotically as . The result is further generalized by for all m with approximated by an arctan function. The critical cluster distribution is found to be power law with exponent about -2.5 regardless of m, leading to a conjecture that the universality remains in sense of different percolation strategy. The continuity of the percolation is also discussed. The present results basically generalize the classical conclusion to adapt to a large class of explosive percolation. Key words: explosive percolation, random network, critical point, critical cluster distribution Fluctuation scaling in complex networks Ding-ding Han School of Information Science and Technology, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China Fluctuation is a universal phenomenon in complex networks. Since L.R.Taylor’s influential paper on natural populations was published in 1961, a scaling relationship has been observed in a wide range of disciplines, ranging from population dynamics through the Internet to the stock market. The original law exhibits that for any fixed species there is a power-law scaling between fluctuations in the size of a population (characterized by standard deviation) and the average population, namely In this paper, brief introduction about fluctuation scaling is given. The fluctuation can be divided into temporal fluctuation scaling and ensemble fluctuation scaling. Besides, we have investigated the evolution of the download network for the rank-ordered papers which were listed in Zhang’s Econophysics web page. From 2004 to 2007, the download distribution shows the change of the exponents even though the rank-ordered distribution still keeps scale-free feature, reflecting the change of traffic on nodes which represent the given downloaded papers. Further, we give a quantitative analysis for the average download rates per day, which shows day-by-day fluctuation. The average flux shows a fast exponential decay as a function of the rank, while the dispersion does not show an obvious dependence of the rank. Interestingly, the dispersion of the download rate distributions shows power-law scaling behavior with its average flux, namely . In different time windows ranging from about 6.5 months to 31 months in which the download distributions are accumulated, the scaling parameter changes with the time windows, namely from 0.60 to 0.89. The origins are qualitatively interpreted by two models. Future work on quantitative model simulation and a possible -scaling of network fluctuation is in progress. Key words: Fluctuation scaling; complex netwrks; random walker model; fluctuation exponent; time window Long division unites - long union divides, A model for cultural evolution J. Jiang, R. Wang, Michel Pezeril, and Q.A. Wang One of the historical phenomena in the time evolution of cultural, national and economic systems is the transition between union and division of one or several entities. In this work, we propose a union-division model based on the maxim "long union divides and long division unites" in order to investigate the long time behaviors of the networks composed of nodes representing the above mentioned entities. Each node is characterized by several quantities such as identity, ingredient, richness, and age. The time evolution of the network is probabilistic depending on the above quantities and on the interaction between the neighboring n nodes. This work offers a long term view on the apparently periodic dynamics of an ensemble of cultural entities. Self-organization and Preconditions of Efficient Markets You-Gui Wang Department of Systems Science, School of Management, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China, Email: ygwang@bnu.edu.cn Most of economists have devoted themselves into proving the existence of “invisible hand” in marketing systems. Traditional approaches claim that an efficient market lies on three presuppositions: rationality of individual market participants, complete information and equilibrium of the market. These presumptions result from the static postulations of mainstream economics. In this talk, I will show that from dynamic perspective a market can achieve an efficient state without those strong assumptions. The patterns of self-organization of an evolutionary market are displayed where the premises of individual rationality, single price as well as equilibrium are abandoned. Keywords: Market efficiency, Self-organization, Rationality, Market equilibrium, Dynamic structure. Accelerating growth and size-dependent distribution of human online activities Zhang Jiang Department of Systems Science, School of Management, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China, Research on human online activities usually assumes that total activity T increases linearly with active population P, that is, T ∝ P^γ (γ = 1). However, we find examples of systems where total activity grows faster than active population. Our study shows that the power law relationship T ∝ P^γ (γ 1) is in fact ubiquitous in online activities such as microblogging, news voting, and photo tagging. We call the pattern “accelerating growth” and find it relates to a type of distribution that changes with system size. We show both analytically and empirically how the growth rate γ associates with a scaling parameter b in the size-dependent distribution. As most previous studies explain accelerating growth by power law distribution, the model of size-dependent distribution is worth further exploration. Statistics and Evolution of Donations for 2008 Wenchuan Earthquake Qinghua Chen ( 陈清华 ), Yajing Wu ( 吴亚晶 ), Jinzhong Guo( 郭金忠 ), Yougui Wang( 王有贵 ) Department of Systems Science, School of Management, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, People's Republic of China qinghuachen@bnu.edu.cn (86-10-58802732) Based on the data of individual donations from Chinese Red Cross Foundation , this paper analyzes and discusses the distribution of individual donations and evolutions of some statistical properties over time. The results show: 1) individual donations distribution has shown some power law characters, and some donation numbers are preferred; 2) the growths of person times and total donations obey Logistic growth, and the growth of person times is ahead of another; 3) the trend of average donations amount is that, firstly decreases and then increase, with large donations coming at a subsequent time or stage . This paper proposes a multi-agent model to simulate donations’ evolution based information diffusion. Figure 1. Zipf’s plot of donations Figure 2. Pareto’s plot of donation Figure 3. The growths of donations amount and person times, and the fitting of Logistic curve Figure 4. The daily average of the accumulated donations amount Keywords : individual donations, power law, logistic growth Perspectives of several directions in recent complex system research Bing-Hong Wang Department of Modern Physics, University of Science and Technology of China Hefei, 230026, China and The Research Center for Complex Systems, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200093, China bhwang@ustc.edu.cn Study of the evolutionary games on complex networks We study the evolutionary games on complex networks, including the prisoner's dilemma game and the public goods game. Our research focus is how the clustering structure, social diversity and aspiration-induced migration affect the cooperative behavior. We find that the higher clustering coefficient enhances the cooperation in spatial public goods game. Due to the existence of social diversity, the influence of different individuals is different. The influence of an individual is defined as the power of its degree, where the power exponent is an adjustable parameter. During the evolutionary process, every individual chooses one of its neighbors as a reference with a probability proportional to the influence of the neighbor. It is found that for the fixed value of the temptation to defect, there exists an optimal value of , leading to the highest level of cooperation. We propose an aspiration-induced migration in which individuals will migrate to new sites provided that their payoffs are below some aspiration level. It is found that moderate aspiration level can best favor cooperative behavior. Cooperation percolation in spatial evolutionary games is specially considered. We study the dynamical organization of cooperator clusters in prisoner’s dilemma game on regular and complex networks. It has been found that when the initial concentration of cooperators in the systems exceeds a threshold, there is a phase transition characterized by the emergence of a giant spanning cooperative cluster of the order of network size. Depending on the network structure and the temptation to defect, the phase transition appears to belong to different universality classes of percolation, including regular percolation, invasion percolation and other unreported classes. Transportation Dynamics on Mobile Node Network Most existing works on transportation dynamics focus on the networks of a fixed structure, but networks whose nodes are mobile have become widespread, such as cell-phone networks. We introduce a model to explore the basic physics of transportation on mobile networks. Of particular interest are the dependence of the throughput on speed of agent movement and communication range. Our computations reveal a hierarchical dependence for the former, while for the latter we find an algebraic power law between the throughput and the communication range with an exponent determined by the speed. We develop a physical theory based on the Fokker-Planck equation to explain these phenomena. Our findings provide insights into complex transportation dynamics arising commonly in natural and engineering systems. Reference: Phys.Rev.E 83.016102(2011) Newsbag, an adaptive model for news recommendation Dott. Giulio Cimini Uni Fribourg and Univ. Rome, Italy We propose an adaptive recommendation model which combines similarities in users' rating patterns with epidemic-like spreading of news on an evolving social network. Our system has high filtering efficiency and robustness against malicious behavior, and outperforms other widely adopted recommendation methods. The model also sheds light on who people do follow in social communities and where they do search for good information sources. Agenetic perspective on citation networks Dott. Stanislao Gualdi Uni Fribourg and Univ. Rome, Italy we develop an analytical framework to asses genetic relations between papers. We show that such framework can be used both to highlight papers which play a fundamental role in the development of a research field both to build a recommender system which filters relevant literature for a given interest. The spectral analysis for biology networks Jiao Gu （ 辜姣） Central China Normal University ， Wuhan ， P.R.China We constructed the protein network and domain networks from the database. Baced on the analysis ofspectrumof normalized Laplacian matrix, we could classify the networks and find phylogenetic information from these networks. Statistical Mechanics of Social Tagging Networks: Structure, Dynamics and Function Zike Zhang （张子柯） University of Fribourg, Switzerland In this talk, I would introduce our recent progress on the study of social tagging netowks, including the structure of how to describe and measure it, the dynamics of how it evolves and it application in recommender systems. It is expected to give a general picture of Social Tagging Networks and possible research topics, as well as challenges. Potentials of sino-european cooperations in complexity sciences Jian-Wei Zhang University of Hamburg ， Hamburg ， German European and China cooperation opportunities in Complexity Sciences Jeff Johnson Open University, London, UK Complexity of systems with respect to the economy and society Dr. Fred von Gunten International Strategy and Competition University of Fribourg ， Switzerland “Complexity research as an interdisciplinary undertaking is concerned with the question how orders, structures, chaos and break downs can be created by the relationships of many elements of a complex system… The object of complexity research is to identify and understand chaos, tensions and conflicts in complex systems (molecules in materials, cellules in organisms or human beings in markets and organisations) so as to acquire new knowledge for the potential of establishing new orders.” Mainzer, 2008, Komplexitt, p. 10). When this definition is applied to the economy and society then a number of difficulties have to be overcome. In this contribution one attempts to explain how three basic propositions contribute to improving the situation. First, market or state capitalism must be identified as organised socio-economic systems. Second, these systems must be presented as three level economies instead of only two level economies. Third, in the end, “pure analysis” in the economic and social sciences must be integrated with the other sub-systems of the nation-state, at the international level with international organisations. That way the degree of complexity of systems with respect to the economy and society can be positively influenced
2011年世界大学排行榜(latest QS World University Rankings )初步揭晓 北京大学（第46名）和清华大学（第47名）入选世界50强，有8所大陸高校入围全球200强,较2010年多了一所。世界前5强被英美包揽，剑桥大学是连续第二年排名榜首，领先于哈佛大学、麻省理工学院、耶鲁大学和牛津大学。美国有13所大学入选前20名，70所大学进入前300名。北大、清华的排名落后于香港大学(第22名),香港中文大学（37名）和香港科大(第40名)。更为详细的排名结果请浏览 http://www.topuniversities.com/ 最新信息。 Chinese MAINLAND universities in the top 300 of the 2011 QS World University Rankings 2011 2010 Institution Name RANK RANK rank display rank display2 institution 46 47 Peking University 47 54 Tsinghua University 91 105 Fudan University 124 151 Shanghai Jiao Tong University 186= 177 Nanjing University 188= 154 University of Science and Technology of China 191 218 Zhejiang University 300= - Beijing Normal University Taiwanese universities in the top 300 of the 2011/2012 QS World University Rankings 2011 2010 Institution Name RANK RANK rank display rank display2 institution 87 94 National Taiwan University (NTU) 213= 196 National Tsing Hua University 285= 283 National Cheng Kung University Top Five Universities in the World Ranking University 1 University of Cambridge 2 Harvard University 3 Yale University 4 UCL (University College London) 5 Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) Top Five Universities in Asia Ranking University 1 The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology 2 University of Hong Kong 3 National University of Singapore (NUS) 4 The University of Tokyo 5 The Chinese University of Hong Kong Top 50 universities in the 2011/2012 QS World University Rankings Rank Institution Country /Region 1 University of Cambridge United Kingdom 2 Harvard University United States 3 Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) United States 4 Yale University United States 5 University of Oxford United Kingdom 6 Imperial College London United Kingdom 7 UCL (University College London) United Kingdom 8 University of Chicago United States 9 University of Pennsylvania United States 10 Columbia University United States 11 Stanford University United States 12 California Institute of Technology (Caltech) United States 13 Princeton University United States 14 University of Michigan United States 15 Cornell University United States 16 Johns Hopkins University United States 17 McGill University Canada 18 ETH Zurich (Swiss Federal Institute of Technology) Switzerland 19 Duke University United States 20 University of Edinburgh United Kingdom 21 University of California, Berkeley (UCB) United States 22 University of Hong Kong Hong Kong 23 University of Toronto Canada 24 Northwestern University United States 25 The University of Tokyo Japan 26 Australian National University Australia 27 King?s College London (University of London) United Kingdom 28 National University of Singapore (NUS) Singapore 29 The University of Manchester United Kingdom 30 University of Bristol United Kingdom 31 The University of Melbourne Australia 32 Kyoto University Japan 33 cole Normale Supérieure, Paris France 34 University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) United States 35 Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne Switzerland 36 cole Polytechnique France 37 The Chinese University of Hong Kong Hong Kong 38 The University of Sydney Australia 39 Brown University United States 40 The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Hong Kong 41 University of Wisconsin-Madison United States 42 Seoul National University Korea, South 43 Carnegie Mellon University United States 44 New York University (NYU) United States 45 Osaka University Japan 46 Peking University China 47 Tsinghua University China 48 The University of Queensland Australia 49 The University of New South Wales Australia 50 The University of Warwick United Kingdom Asian University Rankings Results Rank School Name Region Classification Score 1 The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Hong Kong M|CO| 100.00 2 University of Hong Kong Hong Kong L|FC| 99.80 3 National University of Singapore (NUS) Singapore XL|FC 99.30 4 The University of Tokyo Japan L|FC| 97.40 5 The Chinese University of Hong Kong Hong Kong L|FC| 97.20 6 Seoul National University Korea, South L|FC| 96.90 7 Kyoto University Japan L|FC| 96.30 8 Osaka University Japan L|FC| 96.09 9= Tohoku University Japan L|FC| 94.30 9= Tokyo Institute of Technology Japan M|CO| 94.30 11 KAIST - Korea Advanced Institute of Science Technology Korea, South M|CO| 94.20 12 Pohang University of Science And Technology (POSTECH) Korea, South S|FO| 93.59 13 Peking University China L|FC| 93.30 14 Nagoya University Japan L|FC| 92.80 15 City University of Hong Kong Hong Kong M|CO| 91.20 16 Tsinghua University China XL|FC 90.20 17 Nanyang Technological University (NTU) Singapore L|CO| 89.40 18= Yonsei University Korea, South XL|FC 86.90 18= Kyushu University Japan L|FC| 86.90 20 Hokkaido University Japan L|FC| 85.80 21= Fudan University China L|FC| 85.09 21= National Taiwan University (NTU) XL|FC 85.09 23 University of Tsukuba Japan L|FC| 82.30 24= Keio University Japan XL|FC 81.90 24= University of Science and Technology of China China L|CO| 81.90 26 Korea University Korea, South XL|FC 80.80 27= Sungkyunkwan University Korea, South L|FC| 79.59 27= Zhejiang University China XL|FC 79.59 29 Nanjing University China L|FC| 79.20 30 The Hong Kong Polytechnic University Hong Kong L|CO| 79.09 31 National Tsing Hua University Taiwan M|CO| 77.80 32 National Cheng Kung University Taiwan L|FC| 77.59 33 Shanghai Jiao Tong University China XL|FC 77.50 34 Mahidol University Thailand L|FC| 77.09 35 Kobe University Japan L|FC| 75.80 36 Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur (IITK) India S|CO| 74.90 37 Indian Institute of Technology Delhi (IITD) India M|CO| 74.70 38 Indian Institute of Technology Bombay (IITB) India M|CO| 74.30 39 Universiti Malaya (UM) Malaysia L|FC| 73.70 40 National Yang Ming University Taiwan S|FC| 73.50 41 Hiroshima University Japan L|FC| 72.80 42 Kyung Hee University Korea, South L|FC| 71.90 43 Indian Institute of Technology Madras (IITM) India M|CO| 71.40 44 Hanyang University Korea, South L|FC| 71.09 45 Ewha Womans University Korea, South L|FC| 70.70 46 Waseda University Japan XL|CO 70.30 47 Chulalongkorn University Thailand XL|FC 69.90 48 Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur (IITKGP) India M|FO| 69.30 49 Hong Kong Baptist University Hong Kong M|FC| 68.70 50 University of Indonesia Indonesia XL|FC 67.80 Rank School Name Region Classification Score 51 Chiba University Japan L|FC| 67.59 52 National Chiao Tung University Taiwan M|CO| 66.50 53 Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM) Malaysia L|FC| 64.09 54 Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM) Malaysia L|FC| 63.40 55 Sogang University Korea, South M|CO| 63.30 56 Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee (IITR) India S|FO| 61.20 57 Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM) L|FC| 60.40 58 Osaka City University Japan M|FC| 60.10 59= Tokyo University of Science (TUS) Japan L|FO| 59.60 59= National Central University Taiwan M|CO| 59.60 61 Kyungpook National University Korea, South L|FC| 58.60 62= National Taiwan University of Science And Technology (formerly National Taiwan Institute of Technology) Taiwan M|FO| 58.10 62= University of the Philippines Philippines XL|FC 58.10 64 Beijing Normal University China L|CO| 58.00 65 Ateneo de Manila University Philippines M|FC| 57.20 66 Pusan National University Korea, South L|FC| 57.00 67= Chiang Mai University Thailand XL|FC 56.70 67= Tongji University China XL|FC 56.70 69 Kumamoto University Japan M|FC| 56.40 70 National Sun Yat-sen University Taiwan M|CO| 56.30 71 Nagasaki University Japan M|FO| 56.20 72 Xi'an Jiaotong University China L|FC| 55.80 73 Nankai University China L|FC| 55.50 74= Tokyo Metropolitan University Japan M|CO| 55.30 74= Tianjin University China L|CO| 55.30 76 Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM) Malaysia L|CO| 55.10 77= University of Delhi India XL|FC 55.00 77= Kanazawa University Japan M|FC| 55.00 79 Okayama University Japan L|FC| 54.70 80 Universitas Gadjah Mada Indonesia XL|FC 54.40 81 Yokohama National University Japan M|CO| 53.80 82 Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati (IITG) India S|CO| 53.70 83 Tokyo Medical and Dental University Japan S|FO| 53.60 84 National University of Sciences And Technology (NUST) Islamabad Pakistan M|CO| 52.90 85 Sun Yat-sen University China XL|FC 52.20 86 Airlangga University Indonesia L|FC| 52.10 87 Inha University Korea, South L|FC| 51.70 88 Thammasat University Thailand XL|FC 51.60 89= The Catholic University of Korea M|FC| 50.50 89= Taipei Medical University Taiwan 50.50 89= Chang Gung University Taiwan M|FO| 50.50 92 Yokohama City University Japan S|FO| 50.30 93 Chung-Ang University Korea, South L|FC| 50.10 94 Gifu University Japan M|FC| 49.40 95 Prince of Songkla University Thailand XL|FC 48.90 96 Shandong University China XL|FC 48.80 97 Chonnam National University Korea, South L|FC| 48.60 98 Bandung Institute of Technology (ITB) Indonesia L|CO| 47.80 99= National Chung Hsing University Taiwan L|CO| 47.60 99= Gunma University Japan M|FO| 47.60
World Standards Day 2011—14 October 2011 International standards – Creating confidence globally Message from IEC, ISO and ITU Dr. Klaus WUCHERER ， IEC President Dr. Boris ALESHIN ， ISO President Dr. Hamadoun TOURé ， ITU Secretary-General In today’s world we need to have a high level of expectation that things will work the way we expect them to work. We expect that when we pick up the phone we will be able to instantly connect to any other phone on the planet. We expect to be able to connect to the Internet and be provided with news and information… instantly. When we fall ill, we rely on the healthcare equipment used to treat us. When we drive our cars, we have confidence that the engine management, steering and braking, and child safety systems are reliable. We expect to be protected against electrical power failure and the harmful effects of pollution. International standards give us this confidence globally. Indeed one of the key objectives of standardization is to provide this confidence. Systems, products and services perform as we expect them to because of the essential features specified in international standards. International standards for products and services underpin quality, ecology, safety, reliability, interoperability, efficiency and effectiveness. They do all of this while giving manufacturers confidence in their ability to reach out to global markets safe in the knowledge that their product will perform globally. Interoperability creates economies of scale and ensures users can obtain equal service wherever they travel. So international standards benefit consumers, manufacturers and service providers alike. Importantly, in developing countries this accelerates the deployment of new products and services and encourages economic development. International standards create this confidence by being developed in an environment of openness and transparency, where every stakeholder can contribute. It is the stated aim of the WSC partners – IEC, ISO and ITU – to facilitate and augment this confidence globally, so as to connect the world with international standards.
目录： 1 代亚非建议 2 2011年8月博士研究计划 3 2011年10月前博士研究计划 4 2011年10月武大计算机博士生论坛 5 2011年11月博士论文研究计划 1 代亚非建议 选自 代亚非 文章 CCF通讯 在每一个科研课题的研究中，都离不开一些核心学生的作用。通过他们对问题的把握，确定研究 点，形成一个合力，在博士生的带动下硕士生的工作围绕一个较为集中的目标开展。 每周的小组讨论会是博士生们交流学术思想的平台。 讨论内容 包括， （1）研读经典文章或者跟踪会议文章； （2）博士生文章发表之前的预审（通常是提出意见）； （3）介绍本领域领军人物的动态和重要的国际会议动态； （4）跟踪投稿目标； （5）点评别人的论文。学生们慢慢了解了哪些会议重要，哪些人重要，哪些文章重要，也了解 哪些会议适合什么样风格的文章。 2 2011年8月博士研究计划 此报告是2011年3月份关于协议的PPT 协议.ppt 2011-8-28 《Web服务,事务,安全性与可信性》 昨天实验室做个“ Web服务,事务,安全性与可信性”，许多地方不足，准备扩展与充实，写出两份技术报告，暂定题目分别是： A Survey on Qos-Driven Web Services Composition A Survey on Web Services Transaction and Trust Computing beamer_Service_Protocol_Security_Trust_August_2011.pdf beamer_Service_Protocol_Security_Trust_August_2011.tex 32011年11月前博士研究计划 博士学位学习计划（谢武平）.doc 攻读博士学位研究学习计划_江东明.pdf 攻读博士学位研究学习计划_江东明.tex 以下是我在2011年初一个设想，主要感觉Aspect of Programming 更多是编程应用而已，在思路上创新度不够，并且题目设想太大，可行性有问题，没有继续。 基于Aspect的协议设计与验证 构思.ppt 这是我大约在6-7月份的设想，现在看野心挺大的，但是博士论文是 小题大做， 一定要找到一个较小的切入点，聚焦。 beamer_PHD_dissertation_draft.pdf beamer_PHD_dissertation_draft.tex 4 2011年10月武大计算机博士生论坛 2011-10-26 今昨两天参加 2011年软工所 2010级博士论坛,其他人进步极大,很多人都发了数篇文章,要努力. 以下是我的PPT: beamer_博士论坛2011.pdf beamer_博士论坛2011.tex PPT报告形式: 目前工作展开 -- 研究问题 -- 文献 (综述和重要文章) -- 综论 -- 分析 --在哪几点上突破?(= 3) --提出什么方法? -- 解决什么问题? （ 1 ）项目意义 （ 2 ）研究内容: 独创性 （ 3 ）研究方法、方案：方法是否合理，方法是否先进、新颖或具有独创性。 （ 4 ）可行性： 一、开题报告应包括下列主要内容： 1. 课题来源及研究的目的和意义； 2. 国内外在该方向的研究现状及分析（文献综述）； 3. 前期的理论研究与试验论证工作的结果； 4. 学位论文的主要研究内容、实施方案及其可行性论证； 5. 论文进度安排，预期达到的目标； 6. 为完成课题已具备和所需的条件、外协计划及经费； 7. 预计研究过程中可能遇到的困难、问题，以及解决的途径； 8. 主要参考文献（应在50篇以上，其中外文资料不少于二分之一，参考文献中近五年内发表 的文献一般不少于三分之一，且必须有近二年内发表的文献资料）。 二、开题报告字数应不少于1.5万字。 对于博士论坛2011的ppt,我请 冯在文博士 提了一下意见: 冯在文comments.txt 在其建议下,再作修改! 2011-11-28 research project for my phd dissertation: research project for PHD.rar I plan to research in two phase 1) Firstly, I will study the risk evaluation intrust model from the following perspective: i) mathematical model ii) group decision making iii) learning iv) optimize 2) Secondly, I will apply the trust model in various fields: i) web service ii) P2P iii) WSN (now delete WSN, I should more focus on web service and P2P) 我2010-2011年论文初稿集: 2010: essay 2010.rar 2011: essay 2011.rar phd dissertation draft: research project for my phd dissertation III.tex research project for my phd dissertation III.pdf 原来博士论文构思的一点想法： 思路.ppt
转自： http://www.cvchina.info/2011/06/26/cvpr2011-bes/ CVPR 2011委员会宣布了以下奖项： Longuet-Higgins Prize（ 介绍 ） Rapid Object Detection using a Boosted Cascade of Simple Features,（ 连接 ） Paul A. Viola, Michael J. Jones. Sponsored by Microsoft 经典的viola-jones算法,用过opencv的都知道 Best Paper Real-time Human Pose Recognition in Parts from Single Depth Images, Jamie Shotton, Andrew FItzgibbon, Mat Cook, Toby Sharp, Mark Finocchio, Richard Moore, Alex Kipman, Andrew Blake. Sponsored by Google 不出火炉童鞋所料呀。。。。附上当初预计的 连接 ，论文的 连接 Best Paper Honorable Mention Discrete-Continuous Optimization for Large-scale Structure from Motion,（ 链接 ） David Crandall, Andrew Owens, Noah Snavely, Daniel Huttenlocher Sponsored by Google Best Student Paper Recognition Using Visual Phrases,（ 链接 ） Ali Farhadi, Mohammad Amin Sadeghi Sponsored by United Technologies Research Center Best Student Paper Honorable Mention Separating Reflective and Fluorescent Components of An Image,(木链接) Cherry Zhang, Imari Sato. Sponsored by Springer 祝贺以上童鞋 wistone童鞋居然没最佳学生论文,表示惊讶下…. Related posts Global Contrast based Salient Region Detection (49) CVPR论文认领活动 (27) cvpr周 (6) cvpr2010 paper awards (9) cvpapers-cvpr2011 (0)
Congress on Nanotechnologies 2011 Technical Program August 23, 2011 Tuesday 09.00-09.30 Late registration of participants at the Conference Venue (Congress Hall) 09.30-10.00 Opening of the Congress 10.00-12.30 Plenary reports of the Congress Changes in the program: 10.00-10.20 Introductory report On the development of nanotechnologies in the regions of the Russian Federation S . V . Kalyuzhny OJSC Rusnano, Moscow, Russia 10.20-10.40 Introductory report Nanomaterials in energy H.Hahn Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe, Germany Joint Research Laboratory Nanomaterials, Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe and Technische Universitt Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany Changes in the program: 10.40-11.00 Introductory report Nanotechnologies in medicine O.Dontsova Chemical department of MSU, Moscow, Russia 11.00-11.30 Coffee-break and conference photo 11.30-12.30 BNM ATBNM 2011: Plenary reports Chairmen of the session: H. Hahn and I.V. Alexandrov 11.30-11.50 Introductory report Bulk Nanostructured Metals: Current Status and Future Opportunities T.G.Langdon Departments of Aerospace Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, U.S.A., Materials Research Group, School of Engineering Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, U.K. Changes in the program: 11.50-12.10 Key-note report Functional nanomaterials E.V.Antipov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia 12.10-12.30 Key-note report Severe plastic deformation processing: new trends and approaches to grain refinement R.Z.Valiev Ufa State Aviation Technical University, Institute of Physics of Advanced Materials, Ufa, Russia 12.30-14.00 break for lunch 14.00-17.50 BNM-2011. Round-table: Innovation trends and mechanisms. Commercialization of BNM Chairmen of the session: T.G. Langdon and S.V. Dobatkin 14.00-14.20 Invited report Markets for bulk nanostructured metals T.C. Lowe Manhattan Scientifics Incorporated, New York, NY, USA 14.20-14.40 Invited report Biomedical evaluation of bulk nanocrystalline metals fabricated by s evere plastic deformation F.L.Nie and Y.F.Zheng a State Key Laboratory for Turbulence and Complex System and Department of Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, China b Center for Biomedical Materials and Tissue Engineering, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing , China 14.40-15.00 Invited report Innovative trends in production of bulk nanostructured products by SPD G.A.Salishchev Belgorod State University, Belgorod, Russia 15.00-15.15 Oral report Enhanced irradiation resistance of nanocrystalline alloys A . R . Kilmametov a ,b , A . G . Balogh , M . Ghafari , R.Z.Valiev, H.Hahn a Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany b Institute of Physics of Advanced Materials, Ufa State Aviation Technical University, Ufa, Russia 15.15-15.30 Oral report High-strength ultra-fine grained titanium alloys for technical and medical applications E.V.Naydenkin , G.P.Grabovetskaya, I.V.Ratochka Institute of Strength Physics and Materials Science, SB RAS, Tomsk, Russia 15.30-15.45 Oral report Production of LIKO- М system medical items made of nanostructured titanium V.Kulikchan, А .Smolyakov , V. Solodkyi, А .Drozdov STE “Innovatsionnye technologii, Sarov, Russia 15.45-16.00 Oral report Biomedical application of nanostructured Ti G.Salimgareeva, I.Sharifullina, A.Polyakov, R.Valiev, F.Kaumov Institute of Physics of Advanced Materials, Ufa State Aviation Technical University, Ufa, Russia 16.00-16.30 coffee-break Chairmen of the session: T.C. Lowe and B.B. Straumal Changes in the program: 16.30-16.50 Invited report Thin UFG plates of titanium and aluminum by pack compression A.A. Zisman , R.E. Saznov CRISM “Prometey”, St.-Petersburg, Russia 16.50-17.05 Oral report Development of nanostructured high-strength aluminum alloys by high-energy milling U.Krupp , G.Kaupp, H.U.Benz, H.Zoz Faculty of Engineering and Computer Science, University of Applied Sciences Osnabrück, Osnabrück, Germany 17.05-17.20 Oral report Nanostructured titanium alloys for innovative applications in mechanical engineering I.P.Semenova , N.F.Izmailova, S.P.Pavlinich, G.I.Raab, R.Z.Valiev Institute of Physics of Advanced Materials, Ufa State Aviation Technical University, Ufa, Russia 17.20-17.35 Oral report On efficiency of continuous SPD processes for producing of UFG materials G.I.Raab Institute of Physics of Advanced Materials, Ufa State Aviation Technical University, Ufa, Russia 17.35-17.50 Oral report Friction and wear mechanisms of coarse-grained and ultrafine-grained titanium O.A. Kashin , K.V.Krukovski, A.I. Lotkov Institute of strength physics and materials science SB RAS, Tomsk, Russia 17.50-18.05 Oral report Influence of Heat Treatment to Achieve Refining Structure of Low Carbon Steel with use DRECE Process S.Rusz , L.Cizek, T.Donic, J.Kedron, S.Tylsar and K.Malanik VSB – Technical University of Ostrava, Dept. of Mechanical Technology, Ostrava – Poruba, Czech Republic August 24, 2011 Wednesday 09.00-12.25 The Russian-French-German workshop Atomic transport in BNM related unique properties (ATBNM-2011) Chairmen of the session: X. Sauvage and A.A. Zisman 09.00-09.20 Invited report Grain boundary allotropy in severely deformed metals and alloys G.Wilde , H.Rsner, G.Reglitz, J.Fiebig, M.Wegner, J.Leuthold, S.Divinski Institute of Materials Physics, University of Münster, Münster, Germany 09.20-09.40 Invited report Effective temperature of severe plastic deformation B.B.Straumal , A.Mazilkin, S.Protasova, E.Rabkin, B.Baretzky, R.Valiev, S.V.Dobatkin Institute of Solid State Physics RAS, Chernogolovka, Russia 09.40-10.00 Invited report Cu/Nb nanocomposite wires processed by severe plastic deformation: effects of the nanostructure on the resistance to extreme environment (high strain, high stress, high temperature) L . Thilly , J . B . Dubois , P . O . Renault , F . Lecouturier Institut Pprime, CNRS-University of Poitiers-ENSMA, SP2MI, 86962 Futuroscope, France 10.00-10.15 Oral report Theoretical strength of nanomaterials and elastic strain engineering S.V. Dmitriev Institute for Metals Superplasticity Problems of RAS, Ufa, Russia 10.15-10.30 Oral report Analysis of the deformation process of NiTi discs using different cross sections of high-pressure torsion discs M.Peterlechner , G.Wilde, T.Waitz Institute of Materials Physics, Westphalian Wilhelms-University Münster, Münster, Germany 10.30-10.45 Oral report Grain boundary diffusion in ultra fine grained copper processed by high pressure torsion straining M . Wegner , J . Leuthold , M . Peterlechner , D . Setman , M . Zehetbauer , S . Divinski, G . Wilde University of Münster, Institut für Materialphysik, Münster, Germany 10.45-11.00 Oral report Self-diffusion in ultrafine-grained Ag and Ti produced by equal channel angular pressing J.Fiebig , S.V.Divinski, M.Peterlechner, W.Skrotzki, R.Valiev, G.Wilde Westflische Wilhelms-Universitt, Institute of Materials Physics , Münster, Germany 11.00-11.30 coffee-break Chairmen of the session: L. Thilly and N.A. Enikeev 11.30-11.50 Invited report Structure-phase states and properties of an austenitic stainless steel after severe plastic deformation S.V.Dobatkin A.A. Baikov Institute of Metallurgy and Materials Science, RAS, Moscow, Russia 11.50-12.10 Invited report Atomistic investigation of the grain boundary segregations Y.N.Gornostyrev a,b , A.R.Kuznetsov, I.K.Razumov, I.N.Karkin, L.E.Karkina a Institute of Metal physics of the Ural Branch of RAS, Ekaterinburg, Russia b CJSC Institute of Quantum Materials Science, Ekaterinburg, Russia 12.10-12.25 Oral report Mesoscopic grain boundary sliding in nanocrystalline metals and their alloys: On the interplay of grain boundary sliding, coupled grain boundary motion and segregating solutes J.Schfer , K.Albe TU Darmstadt, Petersenstr. 32, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany 12.25-14.00 break for lunch 14.00-18.10 BNM-2011: Processing of BNM. Deformation mechanisms, transformations and effects Chairmen of the session: J.Zrnik and O.B. Naimark 14.00-14.20 Invited report Principles for friction driven severe plastic deformation J.T.Wang , Z.Li, J.Wang University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, P. R. China 14.20-14.40 Invited report Deformation behavio u r of copper during the compression stage of high-pressure torsion Y.Song, E.Y.Yoon, D.J.Lee, C.S.Lee , H.S.Kim Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang , Korea Changes in the program: 14.40-14.55 Oral report Strengthening of low-alloyed steel by fragmentation of deformed austenite and nano-precipitation E.A.Yashina , S.A.Golosienko, E.I.Khlusova, G.D.Motovilina FSUE CRISM Prometey, St-Petersburg, Russia 14.55-15.10 Oral report Impact toughness of ultra-fine grained interstitial-free steel G. Purcek , O. Saray, I. Karaman Department of Mechanical Engineering, Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon, Turkey 15.10-15.25 Oral report Shear banding and grain boundary sliding in ultrafine-grained aluminum under tension at room temperature K.V.Ivanov and E.V.Naydenkin Institute of Strength Physics and Materials Science SB RAS, Tomsk, Russia 15.25-15.40 Oral report Creep in Al single crystal processed by equal-channel angular pressing P.Král , J.Dvořák, P.Šedá, A.Jger, V.Sklenička Institute of Physics of Materials, AS CR, Brno, Czech Republic 15.40-15.55 Oral report Direct and reverse martensitic transformation and nanostructured states formation during severe plastic deformation of metastable austenitic stainless steel I.Litovchenko , A.Tyumentsev, M.Zahojeva and A.Korznikov Institute of Strength Physics and Material Science SB RAS, Tomsk, Russia 15.55-16.10 Oral report H ydrofluoric acid treatment effect on surface condition of commercially pure titanium Grade 4 D.M.Korotin, S.Bartkowski, E.Z.Kurmaev, M.Neumann, E.B.Yakushina , R.Z.Valiev, S.O.Cholakh Advanced Forming Research Centre, University of Strathclyde, PA4 9LJ, Inchinnan, Renfrew, Scotland 16.10-16.30 coffee-break Chairmen of the session: J.T. Wang and Y.N. Gornastyrev 16.30-16.50 Invited report Respond of structural changes on deformation behaviour of ECAP processed aluminium alloy AA7075 J.Zrnik, M.Fujda, P.Slama, L.Kraus COMTES FHT Inc., Dobrany, Czech Republic 16.50-17.10 Invited report Structural-scaling transitions, thermodynamic and mechanical behavior of bulk submicrocrystalline materials . O.B.Naimark Institute of Continuous Media Mechanics of the Urals Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Perm, Russia 17.10-17.25 Oral report Processing strip and wire specimens by continuous high-pressure torsion K.Edalati and Z.Horita Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Kyushu University, Fukuoka Japan 17.25-17.40 Oral report Degree of strain and grain refinement during plastic deformation F.Z.Utyashev Institute for Metals Superplasticity Problems RAS, Ufa, Russia 17.40-17.55 Oral report Cycling stability of martensitic transformation in shape memory TiNi alloys subjected to ECAP Y.X.Tong , B.Guo, Z.Li, F.Chen, L.Li, E.Prokofiev, Y.F.Zheng Center for Biomedical Materials and Engineering, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin, China 17.55-18.10 Oral report Effect of reversible hydrogen alloying on nanostructure formation in a -titanium alloys M.Murzinova Institute for Metals Superplasticity Problems Russian Academy of Sciences, Ufa, Russia August 25, 2011 Thursday 09.00-12.35 The Russian-French-German workshop: Atomic transport in BNM related unique properties (ATBNM-2011) Chairmen of the session: G. Wilde and A.P. Zhilyaev 09.00-09.20 Invited report Grain boundary diffusion in SPD materials: characteristics, oddity and mechanisms S.V.Divinski and G.Wilde Institute of Materials Physics, University of Münster, Münster, Germany 09.20-09.35 Oral report Role of grain boundary sliding, texture and activation energy in understanding creep flow in HPT-processed ultrafine grained copper J.Leuthold , M.Wegner, S.Divinski, K.Anantha Padmanabhan, D.Setman, M.Zehetbauer, G.Wilde Institute of Materials Physics, University of Münster, Münster, Germany 09.35-09.50 Oral report Microstructure and Texture of IF Steel processed by High Pressure Tube Twisting (HPTT) A.Pougis , J.J.Fundenberger, R.Arruffat, L.S.Toth, M.Arzaghi, O.Bouaziz, D.Barbier, L. Faure Laboratoire d’Etude des Microstructures et de Mécanique des Matériaux (LEM3), UMR CNRS 7239, Université Paul Verlaine-Metz, Metz, France 09.50-10.05 Oral report Texture evolution in nanocrystalline Ni subjected to high pressure torsion N.Enikeev , V.Kazykhanov, E.Schafler, M.Zehetbauer, X.Sauvage Institute of Physics of Advanced Materials, Ufa State Aviation Technical University, Ufa, Russia Changes in the program: 10.05-10.20 Oral report Nanostructures and magnetic properties of FePd alloys processed by severe plastic deformation A.Chbihi, X.Sauvage , D.Blavette, D.V.Gunderov, A.G.Popov University of Rouen, CNRS UMR 6634, Groupe de Physique des Matériaux, Faculté des Sciences, Saint Etienne du Rouvray, France 10.20-10.35 Oral report Radiation resistance of ultrafine-grained austenitic stainless steels A.Etienne , B.Radiguet, P.Pareige, N.Cunningham, G.Odette and R.Valiev Groupe de Physique des Matériaux, UMR CNRS 6634, Université et INSA de Rouen, Saint Etienne du Rouvray, France Changes in the program: 10.35.10-50 Oral report Cooperative grain boundary sliding at high strains in ufg and nc Pd Alloys L.Kurmanaeva , C.Kuebel, A.Weis, Y.Ivanisenko Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany 10.50-11.30 coffee-break Chairmen of session: S. Divinski and L. Toth 11.30-11.50 Invited report Mg segregations along grain boundaries in an aluminium alloy processed by SPD X.Sauvage , N.Enikeev, M.Murashkin University of Rouen, CNRS UMR 6634, Groupe de Physique des Matériaux, Faculté des Sciences, Saint Etienne du Rouvray, France 11.50-12.05 Oral report Mechanical properties and nanoscale features in a severely deformed steel alloyed with Si and Ti A.Fillon , X.Sauvage, C.Genevois, O.Bouaziz, D.Barbier, A.Pougis, L.Toth, J-J. Fundenberger, R.Arruffat-Massion University of Rouen, CNRS UMR 6634, Groupe de Physique des Matériaux, Faculté des Sciences, Saint Etienne du Rouvray, France Changes in the program: 12.05-12.20 Oral report Mechanical properties and fracture of nanostructured TiNi alloys during tensile test at various temperatures D.V.Gunderov , A.V.Lukyanov , E.A.Prokofiev, L.R.Muftieva Ufa State Aviation Technical University, Ufa, Russia 12.20-12.35 Oral report The influence of material purity and deformation temperature on the microstructure and diffusion in UFG Nickel produced by ECAP G.Reglitz , H.Rsner, S.Divinski, G.Wilde Institute of Materials Physics, University of Münster, Münster , Germany 12.35-14.00 break for lunch 14.00-17.00 BNM-2011: Computer simulation. Texture analysis and X-ray studies Chairmen of the session: H.S. Kim and S. Dmitriev Changes in the program: 14.00-14.20 Invited report New process configurations for ECAP A. Rosochowski , L. Olejnik Design, Manufacture and Engineering Management, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G1 1XJ, UK 14.20-14.35 Oral report Influence of texture evolution on nanocrystalline Ni-Fe alloys plasticity M.Settem, S.B.Sant, S.Chakraborti, A.L.Kolesnikova, A.E.Romanov Ioffe Physico-Technical Institute, RAS, St. Petersburg, Russia. 14.35-14.50 Oral report The role of grain boundaries in BNM properties’ formation I.V.Alexandrov , R.G.Chembarisova Ufa State Aviation Technical University, Ufa, Russia 14.50-15.05 Oral report In-situ X-ray line profile analysis of the tensile deformation of nanocrystalline palladium films M.Kerber , P . Gruber, E.Schafler, R.Baumbusch, O.Kraft, M.Zehetbauer University of Vienna, Faculty of Physics, Research Group Physics of Nanostructured Materials, Vienna, Austria 15.05-15.20 Oral report FEM modelling of continuous extrusion of high-strength metals using commercial conform (TM) machine M.Zemko , J.Hodek COMTES FHT a.s., Dobrany, Czech Republic 15.20-15.35 Oral report Analytical modeling of flow stress of metals and alloys processed by severe plastic deformation R.G.Chembarisova , M.I.Latypov, I.V.Alexandrov Ufa State Aviation Technical University, Ufa, Russia Changes in the program: 15.35-15.50 Oral report Modeling results for grain refinement in severe plastic deformation L.S. Toth , C.Gu Laboratoire d’Etude des Microstructure et de Mécanique des Matériaux (LEM3), CNRS UMR 7239 Université Paul Verlaine Metz, Ile du Saulcy, 57045 Metz, France 15.50-16.00 Y/Oral report Dislocation density -based finite element analysis for plastic deformation behavior of high pressure torsion D.J.Lee , E.Y.Yoon, C.S. Lee , H.S.Kim Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, Korea 16.00-16.30 coffee-break Changes in the program: 16.00-16.10 Y/Oral report Molecular dynamics simulation of cooperative grain boundary sliding in 2D polycrystal J . A . Baimova , S . V . Dmitriev , V . V . Astanin, A . I . Pshenichnyuk Institute for Metals Superplasticity Problems, Ufa, Russia Changes in the program: 16.10-16.20 Y/Oral report DSC investigations on lattice defects in hydrogenated Pd deformed by high pressure torsion at different temperatures D.Setman , M.Krystian, M.Bnisch, G.Krexner, M.Zehetbauer Research Group Physics of Nanostructured Materials, Faculty of Physics, University of Vienna, Wien, Austria Changes in the program: 16.20-16.30 Y/Oral report On the absence of the role of discrete breathers in thermally activated nucleation of point defects in a 2D crystal L.Z.Khadeeva, S.V.Dmitriev Institute for Metals Superplasticity Problems, Russian Academy of Sciences, Ufa, Russia Changes in the program: 16.30-18.30 Poster session of BNM ATBNM-2011* Chairmen of the session: B.B. Straumal and T.G. Langdon 19.00-22.30 Conference dinner. Awarding of best posters August 26, 2011 Friday 09.00-16.30 Round tables/discussions for participants of ATBNM-2011 09.00-12.30 BNM-2011: Microstructure evolution and nanostructuring Chairmen а the session: Y. Zheng and. E.V. Naydenkin 09.00-09.20 Invited report Electroplastic effect in nanostructured titanium alloys V.Stolyarov Mechanical Engineering Research Institute, Moscow, Russia Changes in the program: 09.20-09.40 Invited report Microstructure and microtexture evolution in pure metals after ultra-high straining A.P.Zhilyaev Institute for Metals Superplasticity Problems, Russian Academy of Science, Ufa, Russia Changes in the program: 09.40-10.00 Invited report The grain refinement, superelasticity and shape memory in TiNi based alloys A.I.Lotkov , V.N.Grishkov, A.A.Baturin , N.V.Girsova, D.Y.Zhapova Institute of Strength Physics and Materials Science SB RAS, Tomsk, Russia 10.00-10.15 Oral report Formation of fine grain structure in high-softening-temperature-materials during friction-stir processing Y.S. Sato , S.Mironov, H.Kokawa Department of Materials Processing, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan 10.15-10.30 Oral report Effect of temperature and strain path on the microstructure formation of commercial pure titanium S.Zherebtsov, G.Dyakonov, E.Kudrjavtsev, G.Salishchev Belgorod State University, Laboratory of Bulk Nanostructured Materials, Belgorod, Russia 10.30-10.45 Oral report Grain refinement in light metals by friction stir processing S. Mironov, Y. Sato, H.Kokawa Department of Materials Processing, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University Sendai, Japan 10.45-11.00 Oral report Mechanisms of structure fragmentation in certain metals under pulsed pressure and shear V.I.Zeldovich , I.G.Brodova, I . V . Khomskaya , N.Y.Frolova, A.E.Kheifets, I.G.Shirinkina, A.N.Petrova, E.V.Shorokhov , P.A.Nasonov, N.P.Oglezneva Russian Federal Nuclear Center - Zababakhin All-Russia Research Institute of Technical Physics , Snezhinsk, Shelyabinsk Region, Russia 11.0 0 -11 . 15 Oral report Ductile to brittle transition of ultrafine-grained iron C.Kammerhofer , A.Hohenwarter, R.Pippan Erich Schmid Institute of Materials Science – Austrian Academy of Science, Leoben, Austria 11.15-11.30 coffee-break Chairmen of the session: Y.X. Tong and A.R. Kilmametov 11.30-11.40 Y/Oral report Effect of post ECAP aging on the thermal stability and subgrain structure of 2024 Al alloy G.Kotan , E.Tan, Y.E.Kalay, C.H.Gür Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey 11.40-11.50 Y/Oral report Characterization of severe plastically deformed CuCr alloy in the deformed and annealed state G.B.Rathmayr , M.Bartosik, J.Keckes, R.Pippan Erich Schmid Institute of Materials Science, Austrian Academy of Science, Leoben, Austria 11.50-12.00 Y/Oral report The effect of loading conditions on the structure formation in A3003 alloy upon dynamic channel angular pressing A.Petrova, P.Nasonov, E.Shorokhov, I.Brodova, I. Shirinkina, V.Astafjev Institute of Metal Physics, Ural Division, Russian Academy of Sciences, Yekaterinburg , Russia Changes in the program: 12.00-12.10 Y/Oral report Microstructure and Processing Ability of Cast Intermetallic Alloy Ti-43Al-5Nb-2Mo-0.2B T.Khismatullin , V.Imayev and R.Imayev Advanced Forming Research Centre, Strathclyde University, Renfrew, PA4 9LJ, Scotland United Kingdom Changes in the program: 12.10-12.20 Y/Oral report Strengthening mechanism of the nanostructured microcomposites contain the filaments of BCC metals produced by arc-melting and heavy plastic deformation V.Pantsyrny, N.Khlebova, N.Beliakov, S.Sudjev, V.Drobishev, N.Gudinova, O.Kukina, I.Potapenko, P.Lukjanov , M.Polikarpova Bochvar Institute of Inorganic Materials, VNIINM, Moscow, Russia 12.20-12.30 Y/Oral report Explosively welded materials bond zone: morphology and crystallography V.V. Rybin, E.A.Ushanova , S.N.Petrov, S.V. Kuzmin Central research institute of structural materials Prometey, St. Petersburg , Russia 12.30-14.00 break for lunch 14.00-17.40 BNM-2011: Physical and mechanical properties of BNM Chairmen of the session: A. Rosochowski and G.A. Salischev 14.00-14.20 Invited report Consolidated nanopowder materials M.I.Alymov IMET RAS , Moscow , Russia Changes in the program: 14.20-14.40 Invited report Enhanced Thermal Stability and Mechanical Properties of Ultrafine-Grained Aluminium Alloy R.K.Islamgaliev , E.D.Huzina Institute of Physics of Advanced Materials, Ufa State Aviation Technical University, Ufa, Russia 14.40-14.55 Oral report Effect of HPT processing temperature on strength of a Mg-Al-Zn alloy Y.Huang, R.B.Figueiredo, T.G.Langdon Advanced Forming Research Centre, University of Strathclyde Inchinnan Business Park, Inchinnan, Renfrew PA4 9LJ, U.K. 14.55-15.10 Oral report On the influence of isochronal annealing on defect structure parameters, physical and mechanical properties of high purity submicrocrystalline Ni deformed by high pressure torsion E.Korznikova , I.Ditenberg, A.Tyumentsev Institute for Metals Superplasticity Problems RAS, Ufa, Russia 15.10-15.25 Oral report Effect of severe plastic deformation on the mechanical and tribological properties of Cu-based alloys Y. Alemdag , G. Purcek, M. Akgün Department of Mechanical Engineering, Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon, Turkey 15. 2 5-15.40 Oral report The effect of high-pressure torsion on structure and mechanical properties of single-crystalline high-carbon Fe-Mn-Al-C austenitic steels E.Astafurova , M.Tukeeva, G.Zakharova, E.Melnikov Institute of Strength Physics and Materials Science, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Tomsk, Russia 15.40-15.55 Oral report Microstructure of Nickel Alloy 718 subjected to equal-channel angular extrusion S.Mukhtarov , P.R.Subramanian, M.Gigliotti , R.Mulyukov, O.Ruano Institute of Metals Superplasticity Problems RAS; Ufa , Russia 15.55-16.10 Oral report Low temperature superplasticity and processing properties of titanium sheet alloy Ti-6Al-4V R.V.Safiullin Institute for Metals Superplasticity Problems Russian Academy of Sciences, Ufa, Russia 16.10-16.30 coffee break Chairmen of the session: M. Zemko and V.V. Stolyarov 16.30-16.40 Y/Oral report Structure formation in cold worked and annealed Ti-Nb-based shape memory alloys S.Prokoshkin, V.Brailovski, A.Korotitskiy, K.Inaekyan, S.Dubinskiy , V.Sheremetev, M.Filonov, M.Petrzhik, Y.Zhukova a National University of Science and Technology “MISIS”, 4, Leninsky prosp., Moscow, 119049, Russia b Ecole de Technologie Superieure, 1100, rue Notre-Dame Ouest, Montreal, H3C 1K3, Canada 16.40-16.50 Y/Oral report Effect of temperature-strain rate conditions of equal-channel angular pressing on the UFG structure formation and mechanical properties of the Ti-6Al-4V alloy V.Polyakova , I.Semenova, G.Raab, G.McIntosh Ufa State Aviation Technical University, Institute of Physics of Advanced Materials, Ufa, Russia 16.50-17.00 Y/Oral report Effect of High Pressure Torsion Temperature on Structure and Properties of Stainless Steel AISI 316 M.M.Abramova , M.V.Karavaeva, I.V.Alexandrov, N.A.Enikeev Ufa State Aviation Technical University, Ufa, Russia 17.00-17.10 Y/Oral report High strength and ductility of ultrafine-grained pure copper processed by d ynamic plastic deformation Y.C.Dong a,b , I.V.Alexandrov, Y.Zhang, J.T.Wang a The Department of Physics, Ufa State Aviation Technical University, Ufa, Russia b School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, Jiangsu, PR China 1 7 .10-1 7 .20 Y/Oral report Features of the influence of nanoparticles on mechanical and tribological properties of metal-matrix composites A.Zaitsev , D.Sidorenko, E.Levashov, V.Kurbatkina, S.Rupasov, V.Andreev National University of Science and Technology "MISIS", Scientific-Educational Center of Self-Propagating High-Temperature Synthesis, Moscow, Russia 17.20-17.30 Y/Oral report Effect of severe plastic deformation on properties of high-carbon steels R.R.Gallyamova , R.R.Akbashev, M.V.Karavaeva, N.G.Zaripov, I.V.Alexandrov Ufa State Aviation Technical University, Ufa, Russia 17.30-17.40 Y/Oral report Temperature effect on theoretical strength of nanomaterials A.M.Iskandarov a,b , Y.Umeno, S.V.Dmitriev a Institute of Industrial Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 153-8505, Japan b Institute for Metals Superplasticity Problems of RAS, Ufa, Russia 17.40-18.00 Closing of the symposium. Awarding of best young sessions’ presentations of BNM ATBNM-2011 Poster session of BNM ATBNM-2011* P1. Modelling of superplastic forming of hollow three-layered structures made of VT6 titanium alloy to find rational geometry parameters A.K.Akhunova , S.V.Dmitriev, A.A.Kruglov, R.V.Safiullin Institute for Metals Superplasticity Problems RAS, Ufa, Russia P2. Homogenization of structure and properties of rods made from chromium bronze with a welded joint by equal-channel angular processing technique D.A.Aksenov , G.I.Raab, S.N.Faizova, N.V.Mazhitova Ufa State Aviation Technical University, Ufa, Russia P3. Superplasticity of Al-Mg-Sc alloy produced by ECAP and subsequent rolling E.Avtokratova , O.Sitdikov Institute for Metals Superplasticity Problems RAS, Ufa, Russia P4. Integrable maps of a class of two-dimensional and three-dimensional discrete models S.V.Suchkov , S.V.Dmitriev, A.Khare Institute for Metals Superplasticity Problems RAS, Ufa, Russia P5. Ageing behavior and mechanical properties of ultrafine-grained aluminum 6060 alloy E.V.Bobruk , M.Y.Murashkin, V.U.Kazykhnov, R.Z.Valiev Institute of Physics of Advanced Materials, Ufa State Aviation Technical University, Ufa, Russia P6. Computer simulation of metal flow during ECAP-Conform process A.V. Botkin , E.P. Volkova Ufa State Aviation Technical University, Ufa, Russia P7. Deformation and load-bearing parameters of equal channel angular pressing of a cylindrical metal billet А .V.Botkin , R.Z.Valiev, S.V. Dubinina, Е .V.Varenik Ufa State Aviation Technical University, Ufa, Russia P8. Fracture mechanisms of ultra-finegrained aluminum alloys after dynamic pressing I.Brodova , A. Petrova, I. Shirinkina, E. Lyapunova, O. Naimark Institute of Metal Physics, Ural Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Yekaterinburg, Russia P9. Changes in the program: Influence of structure on tribological properties of commercially pure copper V.Semenov , S.J. Huang, L.Shuster, S.Faizova Institute of Physics of Advanced Materials, Ufa State Aviation Technical University, Ufa, Russia P10. Two-level structure states features formed in BCC metals and alloys after severe plastic deformation I.Ditenberg a,b, A.Tyumentsev, S.Malakhova, A.Korznikov a Institute of Strength Physics and Materials Science of the Siberian Branch of RAS, Tomsk, Russia b Tomsk State University, Tomsk, Russia P11. Formation of nanostructure in CP titanium by means of sheet rolling at room and cryogenic temperatures G.Dyakonov , S.Zherebtsov, V.I.Sokolenko, G.A. Salishchev Belgorod State University, Laboratory of Bulk Nanostructured Materials, Belgorod, Russia P12. Phase transformations in the Cu-Cr alloys during high pressure torsion S.N.Faizova , G.I. Raab, N.V. М azhitova Ufa State Aviation Technical University, Ufa, Russia P13. Metal-insulator transition in semiconductors with magnetic nano-inclusions R.M.Farzetdinova , E.Z. Meilikhov Kurchatov Institute, 123182 Moscow, Russia P14. Changes in the program: Ultrafine-grained copper alloy with enhanced strength and electrical conductivity K.M.Nesterov , R.K.Islamgaliev, R.Z.Valiev Institute of Physics of Advanced Materials, Ufa State Aviation Technical University, Ufa, Russia P15. Fracture strength of layered material based on titanium alloy A.A. Ganeeva Institute for Metals Superplasticity Problems, RAS, Ufa , Russia P16. The pressure welding of VT6 titanium alloy through ultra-fine grained pad A.A.Ganeeva , A.A. Kruglov, R.Ya. Lutfullin Institute for Metals Superplasticity Problems, RAS, Ufa , Russia P17. Microstructural evolution in an Al-Cu-Mg-Ag alloy during ECAP at 250°C M.Gazizov , R.Kaibyshev Laboratory of Mechanical Properties of Nanostructured Materials and Superalloys, Department of Materials Science, Belgorod State University, Belgorod, Russia P18. Changes in the program: The influence of neuron radiation on the mechanical and corrosion properties of the austenite steel, subjected to equal channel angular pressing V.Shamardin , Y.Goncharenko, T.Bulanova, A.Karsakov , I.V . Alexandrov , M.M . Abramova , M.V . Karavaeva JSC “State Scientific Center Research Institute of Atomic Reactors”, Dimitrovgrad , Russia P19. Changes in the program: Structure formation of dispersion hardening ceramic SHS- materials in system Ti-Zr-C with binder О .S.Manakova , Е . А .Levashov, В . В .Kurbatkina NUST “MISIS”, Moscow, Russia P20. Influence of thermal cycling on microhardness and microstructure of NC TiNi alloys D.V.Gunderov , A.V.Lukyanov, E.A.Prokofiev, A.Churakova Ufa State Aviation Technical University, Ufa, Russia P21. Deformation and cold resistance of ultrafine-grained steels A.M. Ivanov , E.S.Lukin The Institution of the Russian Academy of Sciences, “V.P. Larionov Institute of the Physical-Technical Problems of the North of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences” Yakutsk, Russia P22. Structural and phase transformations during the severe plastic deformation and heat treatment of steels A.M. Ivanov , A.A.Platonov, N.D.Petrova, P.P.Petrov The Institution of the Russian Academy of Sciences, “V.P. Larionov Institute of the Physical-Technical Problems of the North of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences” , Yakutsk, Russia P23. Atomistic simulation of order-disorder phase transition in binary alloys driven by vacancy diffusion mechanism A.A.Kistanov, A.M.Iskandarov, S.V.Dmitriev Institute for Metals Superplasticity Problems of RAS, Ufa, Russia P24. Gradient microstructure in Fe-Cr-Co system hard magnetic alloy subjected to tension combined with torsion A.Korznikov , A.Korneva, K.Sztwiertnia and G.Korznikova Institute of Superplasticity Problems RAS, Ufa Russia P25. The microstructure of the Ni-Al-V alloys prepared by levitation, rapid quenching and high pressure torsion G.Korznikova , T.Czeppe, A . Korznikov Institute of Superplasticity Problems RAS, Ufa Russia P26. Investigation of the deformation mechanisms in 2024 Al-alloy during ECAP G.Kotan , E.Tan, Y.E.Kalay, C.H.Gür Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey P27. Changes in the program: Grain refinement in copper via cryogenic deformation T. Konkova , S. Mironov, A. Korznikov Institute for Metals Superplasticity Problems RAS, Ufa, Russia P28. On tensile strength of cryorolled commercial heat hardenable aluminum alloy with multilevel nanostructure S.Krymskiy , O.Sitdikov, E.Avtokratova, M.Murashkin, M.Markushev Institute for Metals Superplasticity Problems RAS, Ufa, Russia P29. Changes in the program: X-Ray analysis of ω – phase of Ti, subjected to high pressure torsion V . Sitdikov , I . Alexandrov Ufa State Aviation Technical University , 450000 K. Marx 12, Ufa, Russia P30. Generation of non-equilibrium point defects and anomalous diffusion in nanostructures of metals and alloys during mechanical alloying L.S.Vasil’ev and I.L.Lomayev Institute of Quantum Materials Science, Yekaterinburg, Russia P31. On the Theory of Grain-Boundary Diffusion in Nanostructured Materials produced by SPD A.G.Kesarev, V.V.Kondrat’ev, I.L.Lomaev a Institute of Metal Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Yekaterinburg, Russia b Institute of Quantum Materials Science, Yekaterinburg, Russia P32. Effect of rolling scheme on structure and properties of copper sheets N.Lopatin Laboratory of Bulk Nanostructured Materials, Belgorod State University, Belgorod, Russia P33. Effect of further deformation treatment on structure and properties of nanostructured nickel thin strip N.Lopatin Laboratory of Bulk Nanostructured Materials, Belgorod State University, Belgorod, Russia P34. Defect structure features of nanocrystalline Ta obtained by high pressure torsion S.Malakhova , I.Ditenberg, A.Tyumentsev, A.Korznikov Institute of Strength Physics and Materials Science of the Siberian Branch of RAS, Tomsk, Russia P35. Changes in the program: Textural investigation of 8090 Al-Li alloy fabricated by ECAP M.H.Tahmasebi , M.Meratian, M.R.Toroghinejad, M.Shayan Isfahan University of Technology, Department of Materials Engineering, Isfahan, Iran P36. Influence of the deformation and heat treatment on structure and mechanical properties of titanium alloy Ti-6Al-4V S.Malysheva Institute for Metals Superplasticity Problems RAS, Ufa , Russia P37. Effect of precipitates on nanostructuring and tensile strength of severely deformed 1965 aluminum alloy M.Markushev , S.Krymskiy, D.Nikiforova, M.Murashkin Institute for Metals Superplasticity Problems RAS, Ufa, Russia P38. Microstructure and orientation analysis of 111 nickel single crystal subjected to hydrostatic extrusion J.Zdunek, J.Mizera a,b a Warsaw University of Technology, Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, Poland b Functional Materials Research Centre, Warsaw University of Technology, Poland P39. Effect of ECAP on mechanical properties of an Al-Mg-Sc-Zr alloy A.Mogucheva , R.Kaibyshev Laboratory of Mechanical Properties of Nanostructured Materials and Superalloys, Belgorod State University, Belgorod , Russia P40. The influence of surface roughness of VT6 alloy processed sheets on quality of solid state joining under conditions of low temperature superplasticity M.K.Mukhametrakhimov Institute for Metals Superplasticity Problems Russian Academy of Sciences, Ufa, Russia P41. The influence of severe plastic deformation and heat treatment on structure and mechanical properties of nickel-iron superalloy S. Mukhtarov, A. Ermachenko Institute of Metals Superplasticity Problems RAS; Ufa , 450001, Russia P42. The Effect of Grain Boundary on Strain Characteristics of Nanostructured Metals Produced by SPD Techniques E.V.Naydenkin , G.P.Grabovetskaya, K.V.Ivanov Institute of Strength Physics and Materials Science, SB RAS, Tomsk, Russia P43. Effect of prior-SPD aging on tensile strength of nanocrystalline D16 aluminum alloy D.Nikiforova , S.Krymskiy, M.Murashkin , M.Markushev Institute for Metals Superplasticity Problems RAS, Ufa, Russia P44. Corrosion damage in the aggressive environment of the Zr‑2,5%Nb alloy processed by equal-channel angular pressing S.Rogachev , S.Nikulin , A.Rozhnov, S.Dobatkin , V.Kopylov The National University of Science and Technology “MISIS”, Moscow, Russia P45. The texture strengthening effect in a magnesium alloy subjected to severe plastic deformation D.R.Nugmanov , R.K.Islamgaliev Institute for Metals Superplasticity Problems, Russian Academy of Science, Ufa , Russia P46. Thermal stability of 5483 Al alloy processed by ECAP Z.Pakiela , L.Jarosz, L.Olejnik Faculty of Materials Science Engineering, Warsaw University of Technology, Warsaw, Poland P47. Effect of the severe plastic deformation on magnetic properties of amorphous alloys A.Glezer, M.Plotnikova I.P. Bardin Central Research Institute for Ferrous Metallurgy, Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia P48. Increase of ultimate tensile strength of ECAP-processed titanium Grade-4 during drawing А .V.Polyakov , D.V.Gunderov, G.I.Raab, I.P.Semenova Institute of Physics of Advanced Materials, Ufa State Aviation Technical University, Ufa, Russia P49. Investigation of promising SPD technique for producing of high-strength semi-items A.G.Raab , M.V.Chukin Ufa State Aviation Technical University, Ufa, Russia P50. Effect of Severe Plastic Deformation on Decomposition of Supersaturated Solid Solution in Magnesium Alloys L.Rokhlin , S.Dobatkin, T.Dobatkina , I. Tarytina Baikov Institute of Metallurgy and Materials Science, Moscow, Russia P51. The structure features and mechanical properties of low carbon steels processed by severe warm deformation I.M.Safarov , A.V.Korznikov Institute for Metals Superplasticity Problems of the Russian academy of sciences, Ufa, Russia P52. Finite element method simulation of the diffusion bonding and superplastic forming processes to produce three-layered structures of vt6 titanium alloy A.R.Safiullin , A.K.Akhunova, R.V . Safiullin, S.V.Dmitriev Institute for Metals Superplasticity Problems, Ufa, Russia P53. Deformation of the alloy Ti 50 Ni 25 Cu 25 in Bridgman chamber R.V.Sundeev, A.V. Shalimova, A.M. Glezer I.P.Bardin Central Research Institute for Ferrous Metallurgy, Moscow, Russia P54. Microstructure Evolution in Cu-Cr-Zr alloy During Extensive Cold Rolling I.Shakhova , A.Belyakov, R.Kaibyshev Belgorod State University, Belgorod, Russia P55. Atomic level investigation of initiation of accommodation processes at triple junctions in nanocrystalline materials A.V. Sisanbaev , R.T. Murzaev, J.A. Baimova, S.V. Dmitriev Institute for Metals Superplasticity Problems of Russian Academy of Science, Ufa, Russia P56. Fracture surface morphology of titanium alloy with different prehistory of structure А . А .Ganeeva, А .V.Sisanbaev , А . А .Kruglov, R.Y.Lutfullin Institute for Metals Superplasticity Problems of Russian Academy of Science, Ufa, Russia P57. Effect of heat treatment on nanostructuring in high-strength aluminum alloy by severe plastic deformation O.Sitdikov , S.Krymskiy, M.Markushev, E.Avtokratova and T . Sakai Institute for Metals Superplasticity Problems RAS, Ufa, Russia P58. Microstructure and mechanical properties of copper after ECAP and cold rolling N.D.Stepanov , A.V.Kuznetsov, G.A.Salishchev, R.Z.Valiev, G.I.Raab Laboratory of Bulk Nanostructured Materials, Belgorod State University, Belgorod, Russia P59. Structure and properties of ultra-fine grained Cu-Cr-Hf alloys prepared by severe plastic deformation D.V.Shangina , N.R.Bochvar, S.V.Dobatkin Baikov Institute of Metallurgy and Materials Science, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia P60. Nanocrystalline S304H austenitic stainless steel subjected to multiple forging M.Tikhonova , Y.Kuzminova, A . Belyakov, R . Kaibyshev Belgorod State University, Belgorod, Russia P61. Influence of alumina particles on grain size in nanostructured composite manufactured by ARB process R. Jamaati, M.R.Toroghinejad Department of Materials Engineering, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan, Iran P62. The evolution of structure and mechanical properties of Hadfield steel single crystals under cold rolling M.S. Tukeeva , E.V. Melnikov, G.G. Zakharova, E.G. Astafurova Institute of Strength Physics and Materials Science, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Tomsk, Russia P63. Protective coatings on samples made of ultrafine-grained titanium alloy R.R.Valiev, A.V.Ganeev Institute of Physics of Advanced Materials, Ufa State Aviation Technical University, Ufa, 450000, Russia P64. Acoustic emission (AE) source location methods based on wavelet transform I.O.Valiakhmetova , V.V.Astanin Institute for Metal Superplasticity Problems of RAS, Ufa, Russia P65. The effect of equal channel angular pressing on structure and mechanical properties of low-carbon Fe-Mn-Ti-V-C and Fe-Mo-Nb-V-C steels G.G.Zakharova , E.G.Astafurova, M.S.Tukeeva, E.V.Naydenkin, G.I.Raab, S.V.Dobatkin Institute of Strength Physics and Materials Science, SB RAS, Tomsk, Russia P66. Thermal stability of ultrafine-grained structure processing of 18-10 stainless steel using high-pressure torsion А . А .Zakirova a , R.G.Zaripova b a Institute for Metals Superplasticity Problems of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Ufa, Russia b Ufa State Aviation Technical University, Ufa, Russia P67. Consolidation of 2 vol.% carbon nanotube reinforced Al matrix nanocomposites via equal channel angular pressing H.Zare , M.R.Toroghinejad, M.Meratian Department of material engineering, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan, Iran P68. Internal friction and Young's modulus of submicrocrystalline commercially pure titanium in the temperature range 20-600 ° C I.N.Kuzmenko , Y.R.Kolobov, E.A.Korneeva, A.A.Goryaynov REC Nanostructured Materials and Nanotechnologies, Belgorod State University, 308015, Belgorod, Russia P69. Influence of surface modification by micro-arc oxidation method of non-alloyed titanium in submicrocrystalline state on it's mechanical properties A.N.Skomorokhov , Y.R.Kolobov, I.N.Kuzmenko, E.A.Korneeva, G.V.Khramov REC Nanostructured Materials and Nanotechnologies, Belgorod State University, Belgorod, Russia P70. Thermal stability of ultra-fine grained interstitial-free (IF) steel O.Saray , G.Purcek , I.Karaman, H.J.Maier Karadeniz Technical University, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Trabzon, Turkey
IEEE/ACM Program Committee看见一位中国成员：梅宏---北京大学信息科学技术学院院长、软件研究所所长 A utomated reasoning techniques Component-based systems Computer-supported cooperative work Configuration management Domain modelling and meta-modelling Empirical software engineering Human-computer interaction Knowledge acquisition and management Maintenance and evolution Model-based software development Model-driven engineering and model transformation Modelling language semantics Open systems development Product line architectures Program understanding Program synthesis Program transformation Re-engineering Requirements engineering Specification languages Software architecture and design Software visualization Testing, verification, and validation Tutoring, help, and documentation systems Software analysis 主页
In May, one month before my son's graduation, I received a letter addressed to me by the president of my son's high school. May 2011 Dr. Zuojun Yu (home address) Dear Dr. Yu: At their graduation on Saturday June 4th we will celebrate the achievement of Punahou Class of 2011 ... ... One meaningful tradition at Punahou is the creation of the Punahou Class Fund at graduation. Each graduating class creates the legacy of an endowed fund to honor the class, and to help educate future generations of Punahou students... ... Mahalo for your consideration. With my heartfelt aloha and best wishes always, James K. Scott With such a heartfelt letter, how can I say no? This is one of the reasons why Punahou is more than just a private school. It is a family. ps. Obama is probably still writing a check to Punahou each year.
... a stunningly beautiful Commencement ceremony... ... and the newest Punahou alumni class did their part to add to the magnificence! (Note: Balloons are not allowed, but they appear year after year... It's part of Punahou.) June 04, 2011 will be forever a special day for the 428 young men and women, and their parents... It will be double special for me, because I will always think about those parents who lost their children on this day many, many years ago... CONGRATULATIONS! WE (including the parents) did it!!! Together, the parents of the Class of 2011 helped to create a stunningly beautiful Commencement ceremony, and the newest Punahou alumni class did their part to add to the magnificence! It was a magical Seussical " Oh, the Places You'll Go! " Post-Grad Party. Absolutely amazingly fantastical! The Grad Team wanted to share with you that your children were absolutely wonderful on every Graduation occasion. From Oahuan Signing to Baccalaureate to Commencement and finally to the Post-Grad Party, they behaved responsibly and respectfully throughout. Pretty amazing for a Class of 428 students! We can truly be so proud of them! Thank you to all of the 2011 parents for your wonderful kokua and support in making this entire graduation journey heartwarming and FUN! Take good care of yourselves. Our best wishes and aloha to your 2011 graduate! With deep gratitude, Grad Team 2011 Commencement Decorations: Terry and Derek Akiyoshi (Ashley), Rachel and Malcolm Haruno (Lauren), Sandra and Russell Uyeno (Naomi) Post-Grad Party: Marjie Beaton (Alex), Tim Bostock and Melanie Holt (Kai), Sono Hirose-Hulbert (Brailey and Chauncey), LIa Howe (Brody) Baccalaureate Decorations: Melissa Benjamin (Emma), Lori Inouye-Yamashita (Jamie) Boys and Girls Attire: Gail Grief (Mari), Susan Ing (Colby), Mika Kanazawa (Tyler), Jane Kikawa (Wendiann Yamasaki) Chaperones: Howard Ishizuka (Cody), Tom Kiyabu (Robin) Clothing: Carey Deer (LillyBelle), Kathy Uyeda (Ian Yoon) Decorations Breakdown: Brian and Debra Yahata (Jayce) Invitations: Lisa Kosasa (Ian), Cynthia Wo (Kelsey) Oahuan Signing: Laurie Chang (Alex), Bonnie Hamilton (Scott) Parent Volunteer: Pat Inada (Scott), Stephanie Laws (Jennifer) Punahou Seal: Dee Ching (Jenny), Monica McLaren (Chris) T-Shirt: Earleen and Al Marter (Alena) 12th Grade Representative: Robin Tokioka (David) Grad Chair: Carolyn Kuriyama (Kimberly Schaefer) Baccalaureate Decorations Committee: Faye Dung (Megan), Mei Mei Engel (Sephra), CindyHong (Colin), Dudley Hulbert (Brailey and Chauncey), Terri Ishii (Sara Ann), Donna Kwock (Megan), Anne Nakama (Rylen),Bobbie Pang (Alex), Carla Pang (Kelly), Pamela Pleus (Alexandra), Valerie Shintaku (Jenna), Robyn Yim-Pang(Samantha) Commencement Decorations Committee: Dina Auyong(Andrew), DoreneChar(Renee),Sharon Ching-Williams (Sarah), Tana and Stuart Feeley(Matthew), Lisa Hanabusa (Kelly), Kathy Ingoglia (Kai), Carolyn Kaichi(Jojo Schmidt), Tina Kaneshiro(Nicole Ogawa-Yukitomo), Iris Kawasaki-Luat (Monica), Trudie Kiessling (Robbie), Kay Komoto (Brett), Laura Lau (Mackenzie), Suzanne Sato (Emily Hawkins), Lois Sullivan (Dani), Cindy and Clayton Tamashiro (Chase), Jane Tonokawa(Matthew), Tracey and Garry Wong(Steven)
Class of 2011's amazing seal (350 fun-filled tissue-planting hours) UPCOMING SENIOR CLASS OF 2011 STUDENT EVENTS: Saturday, June 4 : COMMENCEMENT . Students report to NBC at 9:30 am for rehearsal. In the evening, they should be dropped off at 6:00 pm at Punahou School , Mamiya Science Center. They cannot bring ANYTHING with them. All items will be confiscated and held in the PFA office until pick-up on Monday, June 6 . Students should come dressed in full attire; maile and haku lei will be given to them at Punahou. PRIOR TO COMMENCEMENT: YOU ARE AN AMAZING CLASS OF PARENTS--ALL VOLUNTEER POSITIONS HAVE BEEN FILLED! If you haven't heard from anyone yet with specific instructions for helping on Friday, June 3 with prep work; Saturday morning with Commencement Decorations or Party set-up; and Saturday evening to chaperone or clean up Party--please email: punahougraduation2011@gmail.com . This is a great time to wear your Graduation T-shirt if you have one; Carnival shirts and aprons are also good. Something is better than nothing. :) PARTY WAIVERS : If you haven't sent in your child's waiver form and check for the Party, it's best at this point to drop it off at the PFA office in the Sullivan building. Please get it in, umm... like yesterday! ;) NAME SIGNS : A poster with your child's name on it is allowed in the Exhibition Hall, just not the sticks, poles, etc. You can bring the poster with you into the NBC ceremony if it's smaller than 2' X 2'. If it's bigger, you may want to have someone from the "outside" bring in your sign, or leave it in the car and then send someone to retrieve it after the ceremony. Please remember, however, that the "outside" people will be the last to be let into the Exhibition Hall. Strategy is key. :) TICKETS :Bythetimeyoureceivethis,yourchildshouldhavereceivedtheassistedseatingpassthatyourequestedandany previous requests for extra tickets. If not, or if there are changes to your situation, please have your child speak to Lynn Kunishige. All requests will be taken ONLY through your senior child. Please do NOT call or email the school, including Mrs. Kunishige. She will work ONLY through the students.Thank you, everyone! COMMENCEMENT MORNING: 1. We have over 300 amazing Class of 2011 parents and relatives volunteering to help on Commencement morning. Excitement builds! 2. Report time is 7am for Commencement Decoration volunteers at the NBC Arena. 3. If you have volunteered to bring snacks for Party, please drop it off at the volunteer sign-in desk when you check in at 7:00 am. We would still be grateful to receive snack donations , so if you're able, please email me at cknsks@aol.com to let me know. Mahalo. 4. For Party Set-Up volunteers, report time is 8am. Please go straight to the Exhibition Hall (with any snack donations, too). 5. Parking: Buy an all day parking ticket at NBC--it's cheaper than two tickets if you're parking at NBC again that evening. COMMENCEMENT NIGHT: ENTERING THE ARENA :Doors open at 6:30 pm. There are plenty of good seats on the ground floor that will accompany all of us with ground floor tickets. The ground floor doors will close at 7:50 pm and will reopen once the still-seniors have processed through to the stage. PHOTOS : Professional photographs will be taken of the class and of every child as they receive their diploma. Proofs are mailed to your home. EXITING THE ARENA : Please avoid leaving the ceremony early to meet your graduate in the Exhibition Hall. Justfollow the instructions of the Blaisdell ushers. Guests with seating on the ground floor will access the Exhibition Hall first. Then those seated in the balcony will enter the Exhibition Hall. The system works well and will allow you plenty of time to spend with your graduate. EXHIBITIONHALL JUBILANT MADNESS : To enable all your guests, especially those let in last, to find your child more easily, please try to have your graduate stay in his/her lettered-section for forty-five minutes after you've arrived at the meet-and-greet Exhibition Hall. PARENTS, YOU MAY WANT TO BRING WITH YOU : 1. Slippers for your child to change into for the Party (you should take their shoes with you, of course). 2. A bag for ALL their lei--they will not be able to wear any lei to the Party. (I know, it's a shame, but...) 3. Boys will have to give suits and ties to parents before heading to Party. PARTY CALL : At 11:30, the first call will be announced for students to line up for Party. Last call is 11:45. PICKING UP YOUR NEW PUNAHOU ALUM : You can pick up your tired but happy child at 5:30 am on Sunday morning at the Ward Avenue side of the Galleria. And this is it. I'd to thank the 2011 Graduation Team for their incredible work and joyful approach to creating an amazing graduation experience for us all; Wendy Bazemore and Lynn Kunishige for their tireless, deeply appreciated efforts; our deans, Mrs. P-K and Mr. Ouellette for taking such care of our children; and all you wonderful Class of 2011 parents for your generosity of time, pocket-book, heart and spirit.Please open the attachment and take a look at "our" Class of 2011's amazing seal (350 fun-filled tissue-planting hours) that will adorn NBC on Commencement night. It is a beautiful symbol of the journey we have taken as we shared in friendship, laughter and tears. On behalf of the Graduation 2011 Team, it has been such an honor and joy to have worked with all of you this year. May our next journey with our children be safe, happy, and richly rewarding. Take good care. Hug your senior tightly. We're almost there... "Don't cry because it's over...smile because it happened." Dr. Seuss With fond aloha, Graduation 2011 Team Carolyn Kuriyama (Schaefer)
This past Sunday was the Baccalaureate for Punahou seniors. (Next Saturday is the graduation, one of the most well-prepared high school graduations one can expect.) For Baccalaureate service, see http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baccalaureate_service Central Union Church in Honolulu Taking photos before the lineup. Moms get to dress up, too. Zoom in... Zoom in (via cropping)... By the way, all the decorations are made from fresh greens and flowers, by the Seniors' parents, including me. There are three signs like this, one for the church itself and two for the two halls on each side of the church where giant screens were set up for more parents to watch the service... (I helped to prepare one of these signs.) VIPs are getting ready, and the Seniors, too (at the far right side). I hurried to a hall to watch the process on screen, but still missed my son's "walk" because he sat in the 2nd row... Well, I was not going to miss my son again, so I ran toward the "exit." But my camera was too slow to catch my son at the "right moment." That's him, coming out... Never mind, I have this photo to remember the moment...
曲津華 睡眠是個好東西——無論怎樣強調和讚美，都不過分！ 世界睡眠日據說是由 World Association of Sleep Medicine (WASM) 發起的（我翻譯為“世界睡療協會”）。但每年都要慶祝的世界睡眠日，具體是哪一天？有 3 月 21 日版本，也有如下維基百科的多種版本。 YEAR DATE SLOGAN World Sleep Day 2008 14 March Sleep well, live fully awake 睡得好，生活好 World Sleep Day 2009 20 March Drive alert, arrive safe 睡眠質量高，駕車更安全 World Sleep Day 2010 19 March Sleep Well, Stay Healthy 好睡好健康 World Sleep Day 2011 18 March Sleep Well, Grow Healthy 睡得好，更健康 不 管它了，今晚就好好睡一下先——默念口號“睡得好，更健康”，美美地睡…… P.S. 睡療，比水療簡便、綠色、低碳。咱，值得擁有！ 早前有一篇歌頌睡眠的小文 SLEEPING IS NEVER TIME WASTING 供參考。 http://bbs.sciencenet.cn/home.php?mod=spaceuid=247430do=blogid=290123 2011-03-21
2011 Seminar on: The Future of MonitoringSeismic Rock Mass Response to Mining 23 24 May, Arabella Country Estate, Hermanus, South Africa Sunday 22 May 09h30, Arabella Estate: Meeting of the InternationalResearch Advisory Board of the Institute of Mine Seismology Sunday Evening 22 May 18h00 - Ice-breaker Monday 23 May 08h30 - Lectures on Key Issues in Monitoring Modelling Seismic Rock Mass Response to Mining Tuesday 24 May 08h30 - Presentations on Practical Applications ofMonitoring and Modelling Seismic Rock Mass Response to Mining 25 - 27 May, IMS Offices, Stellenbosch, South Africa Wednesday 25 May 08h30 - A Course on Quantification of SeismicSources Processing of Seismological Data Thursday 26 May 08h30 - A Course on Seismic Hazard in Mines Friday 27 May 08h30 - A Course on High Definition Rock MassCharacterization with Active and Passive Seismic Confirmed Presentations as at 07 February 2011 Integration: Seismology and Rock MechanicsGeoRisk and Fault Slip Control in DeepMining, Prof. Peter Kaiser, President and CEO of CEMI, Canada The Use ofMicroseismicMonitoring to Calibrate Numerical Modelsof Rockmass Failure, Dr Richard K. Brummer, Itasca Consulting Canada Observations of Seismicity, Stress, Strain and Strength DuringCave Initiation and Propagation, Dr David Beck, Beck Engineering,Australia Modelling of DeepMine Rock Fracture Processes, Dr John Napier,University of the Witwatersrand, South Africa Functional Specifications for In-stope Support Based on SeismicObservations and Theory, Prof. Ray Durrheim, University of the Witwatersrand,South Africa Self- and Cross-Influence BEMIntegrals of Distributed Dislocationsand Tractions, Dr Assen Ilchev, Institute of Mine Seismology Utility of Material Point Method to Model Seismic Deformation,Dr Assen Ilchev and Gys Basson, Institute of Mine Seismology Results of Seismic Monitoring at Zhelezniy Open Pit at KolaPeninsula, Prof. Anatoliy A. Kozyrev, Mining Institute Apatity, Russia Evolution of Seismicity Driven by Combination ofMining Inducedand Tectonic Stresses at Khibiny, Kola Peninsula, Prof. Nikolay N.Melnikov, Mining Institute Apatity, Russia Seismology Seismic HazardMonitoring the Earth’s Interiors Using Ambient Seismic Noise, Dr Florent Brenguier, Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris Modellingwaveforms of seismic sources induced by room-and-pillarmining and by an underground hydrocarbon storage, Prof. AleksanderS. Voznesenskii, Moscow State Mining University Attenuation of P- and S-wave in the Mining Districts Observedat Surface, and Attenuation as Controlling Factor of Strong Ground2Motion Prediction Model, Dr Artur Cichowicz, Council for Geoscience,South Africa Imaging Direction of Rupture and Inverting Slip Velocity of SeismicEvents in Mines, Dr Ernest Lötter, Institute of Mine Seismology Peculiarity of Seismic Source Mechanisms in Mines Dr DmitriyMalovichko, Institute of Mine Seismology VolumeMined and Seismic Hazard - A case study, Lourens Scheepersand Gerhard Morkel, AngloGoldAshanti Forecasting Seismic Hazard in Time and VolumeMined Domain,Dr Aleksander Mendecki and Cornel du Toit, Institute of Mine Seismology Routine Short TermGroundMotion Hazard Assessment inMines,Dr Gerrie van Aswegen, Institute of Mine Seismology High Resolution Active Seismic Monitoring in Mines; Dr RichardLynch, Institute of Mine Seismology New Technologies for Monitoring Seismic Rock Mass Responseto Mining, Gareth Goldswain, Institute of Mine Seismology Seismology Research and TrainingOn SA Capability for Training and Education in Rock Mechanics and Seismology, Dr Matthew Handley, Hands on Mining, South Africa Growing Seismologists in South Africa, Prof. Ray Durrheim, Universityof the Witwatersrand, South Africa Key Issues inMine Seismology Research, Dr Aleksander Mendecki,Institute of Mine Seismology For registrations please contact Rynelle.Eksteen@IMSeismology.org.
By June I signed up to sell scrips at Punahou’s Carnival at the last minute, because I saw email urging parents to help out two days before the carnival. Scrip selling is hard work, but I would rather work hard than wasting my time there. Why is scrip selling hard work? The booth for selling scrips is small. In fact, it is so small that I could hardly move once I sit down on my stool. There are two people in each booth, with a policeman standing outside. (You will see why shortly.) Each scrip costs 25c, and each sheet is worth $5. One needs scrips for almost everything at the carnival (except for big items, such as a painting that has a sticker price of $5000). I worked the last shift on the last day, starting to sell at 8 pm and stop at 10:30 pm, half an hour before the closing time of the carnival. (To get to Punahou, I had to park at U. Hawaii and walk. So, I had to leave home at 6:30 pm in order to sign in at 7:15 pm, and I didn't get home until 11:30 pm.) The booth has only front windows to sell scrips, so it can be hot, dusty (or smoky depending on its location), and noisy (as mine was this time, surrounded by game stations). I managed to sip some water, but didn’t dare to drink it. Why? I was locked in there, no bathroom breaks! I kept on taking in cash (and cash only), and giving out scrips and changes. It was not super busy, but I managed to sell $5000 worth of scrips. (How did I know that? Well, each bundle is worth $500, and I had 11 bundles in all. So, by looking at the leftover bundles, I knew what I sold in that 2.5 hrs. Whether the cash I collected will match the scrips I sold is not my job; someone will be counting the cash I collected.) Now, you can do the math for Punahou’s Carnival 2011. Each booth has two people. There are about 10 booths in all (maybe more). There are four shifts each day, from 11 am to 10:30 pm. And the carnival lasted for two days, always. What is the total $$$$$$ you get?
On Thursday (Feb. 3rd), the Weather Channel suggested 50% chance of rain in Honolulu on Saturday. I was concerned, because a big rain would be terrible for Punahou’s Carnival . It didn’t rain until 6 pm today (Sunday). In fact, it poured shortly after I got home, and still did not stop after more than 2 hrs. Why do I care, because I cannot take the trash out when it rains like this.
Oil May Reach $117 by Year-End, Auerbach Grayson Says: Technical Analysis By Margot Habiby - Jan 14, 2011 8:08 PM GMT+0800 Crude oil may surge to $117 a barrel by the end of the year if it can break through resistance at $98, according to technical analysis by brokerage Auerbach Grayson. Futures reached highs of about $98 in November 2007 and January 2008, a so-called double top that corresponds to the starting point for a Fibonacci retracement study, said Richard Ross , a technical analyst with the New York brokerage. Ross omitted the spike above $100 to a record $147.27 a barrel in July 2008 from the calculations. I think were going to test that mini double top from 2007 and 2008, he said. If we can take that out, it sets the stage for the next leg up. Oil futures may reach $98 by the end of the first quarter, then test technical resistance at $109.50 and around $117, prices that correspond with Fibonacci levels that are 23.6 percent and 38.2 percent above the initial target, Ross said. Oil has support at about $87, a 23.6 percent retracement from $98, and then at around $84 and $80, he said. Oil for February delivery fell 46 cents, or 0.5 percent, to settle at $91.40 a barrel yesterday on the New York Mercantile Exchange . Prices have risen 15 percent in the past year. Technical analysts use historical chart patterns and tools such as the Fibonacci sequence to predict potential future price movements. To contact the reporter on this story: Margot Habiby in Dallas at mhabiby@bloomberg.net . To contact the editor responsible for this story: Dan Stets at dstets@bloomberg.net .
Best Values in Public Colleges 2011 1. University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Undergraduate Enrollment: 17,981 SAT: 73% scored 600 or higher on verbal/math; ACT: 83% scored 24 or higher Student/Faculty Ratio: 14 Graduation Rate 4-yr./6-yr.: 74%/87% Total In-State Cost: $17,000 Total Out-of-State Cost: $35,614 Average Debt at Graduation: $14,262 This outstanding research institution delivers its education for a total cost in-state of $17,000, only a little more than the average price -- $16,140 -- for public institutions nationally. It also offers generous financial aid to students with need, bringing the average cost after need-based aid to just over $7,000. Founded in 1789, Carolina attracts world-class faculty and leads the pack among public universities for producing Rhodes scholars. 2. University of Florida Undergraduate Enrollment: 33,628 SAT: 61%; ACT: 71% Student/Faculty Ratio: 20 Graduation Rate 4-yr./6-yr.: 58%/83% Total In-State Cost: $14,684 Total Out-of-State Cost: $36,961 Average Debt at Graduation: $15,932 With the lowest in-state cost -- $14,684 -- of our top-10 ranked schools, UF represents a bargain even for families who don't qualify for financial aid. Most in-state students do qualify for assistance, thanks to the merit-based program known as Bright Futures. At $9,759, the cost after non-need-based aid is among the lowest on our list. 3. University of Virginia Undergraduate Enrollment:15,464 SAT: 78% ACT: 84% scored 24 or higher Student/Faculty Ratio: 16 Graduation Rate 4-yr./6-yr.: 85%/93% Total In-State Cost: $20,647 Total Out-of-State Cost: $43,593 Average Debt at Graduation: $19,939 Also known as Mr. Jefferson's Academical Village (as in founder Thomas Jefferson), UVA posts the highest graduation rates in our rankings and offers the most generous need-based financial aid. The average need-based package -- $14,955 -- reduces the price for students who qualify to a bargain-basement $5,692.
早晨打开邮箱，收到一封来自Taylor Francis的邮件。Taylor Francis 是国际知名的学术出版商，每年出版期刊近1000种，图书近1800册。今年是国际化学年，Taylor Francis 积极参与2011国际化学年活动，这封信就是他们向化学工作者投放的宣传材料吧。感兴趣的朋友可以登录他们的网站，查阅他们出版的期刊文献。 Dear Mr. ZHENG 2011 is an exciting year at Taylor Francis, not only are we launching our New Chemistry Arena but we also have monthly and weekly promotions planned in celebration of the International Year of Chemistry! To start the special year off in style is Chemistry Craziness…We’re giving you free access to all current and back content of our Chemistry Journals until 31st January! All the journals in the promotion are listed below, click on the links to take you to the Journal's online contents. Analytical Letters Applied Spectroscopy Reviews Catalysis Reviews Chemical Engineering Communications Chemistry and Ecology Combustion Science and Technology Comments on Inorganic Chemistry Critical Reviews in Analytical Chemistry Crystallography Reviews Drying Technology Environmental Forensics Fullerenes, Nanotubes and Carbon Structures Green Chemistry letters and Reviews High Pressure Research Instrumentation Science and Technology International Journal of Environmental Analytical Chemistry International Journal of Green Nanotechnology International Journal of Green Nanotechnology: Biomedicine International Journal of Green Nanotechnology: Physics Chemistry International Journal of Polymer Analysis and Characterization International Journal of Polymeric Materials International Journal of Smart and Nano Materials International Reviews in Physical Chemistry Isotopes in Environmental and Health Studies Journal of Adhesion Journal of Asian Natural Product Research Journal of Carbohydrate Chemistry Journal of Coordination Chemistry Journal of Dispersion Science and Technology Journal of Energetic Materials Journal of Experimental Nanoscience Journal of Immunoassay and Immunochemistry Journal of Liquid Chromatography and Related Techniques Journal of Macromolecular Science, Part A: Pure and Applied Chemistry Journal of Plant Interactions Journal of Sulfur Chemistry Journal of Wood Chemistry and Technology Liquid Crystals Liquid Crystals Today Molecular Crystals and Liquid Crystals Molecular Physics Molecular Simulation Natural Products Research Nucleosides, Nucleotides and Nucleic Acids Organic Preparations and Procedures International Ozone: Science Engineering Phase Transitions Phosphorus, Sulfur, and Silicon and the Related Elements Physics and Chemistry of Liquids Polycyclic Aromatic Compounds Polymer Reviews Polymer-Plastics Technology and Engineering Preparative Biochemistry and Biotechnology SAR QSAR in Environmental Research Separation and Purification Reviews Separation Science and Technology Soft Materials Solvent Extraction and Ion Exchange Spectroscopy Letters Supramolecular Chemistry Synthesis and Reactivity in Inorganic Metal-Organic, and Nano-Metal Chemistry Synthetic Communications Toxicological and Environmental Chemistry Transaction of the Royal Society of South Africa From the individual journal homepages you will also be able to subscribe to the journal or download a library recommendation form . Taylor Francis Launches New Chemistry Arena! Visit our NEW Chemistry Arena and access all things Chemistry in one place – from high-quality journal reviews and cutting-edge articles to the latest news, conference listings, and interviews with journal editors and experts. WWW.CHEMISTRYARENA.COM Happy New Year! Angela Dickinson Senior Marketing Executive angela.dickinson@tandf.co.uk
International Year of Chemistry Chemistry's understated majesty “There is no shortage of problems to which chemists can contribute solutions.” The International Year of Chemistry is under way. Chemists should celebrate their discipline's past as the foundation of other fields, and face the future with increasing confidence. “Chemistry can be a good and bad thing,” said US comedian Adam Sandler. “Chemistry is good when you make love with it. Chemistry is bad when you make crack with it.” The plentiful good points of chemistry are to be promoted to the public this year. Under the official United Nations banner of the International Year of Chemistry, chemists across the world are to join hands to celebrate their subject. Why 2011? Formally, it is to mark the 100th anniversary of Marie Curie receiving the Nobel Prize in Chemistry, for her discovery of radium and polonium. Informally, chemists are no doubt keen for their time in the sun. Last year was the Year of Biodiversity and 2009 was the Year of Astronomy. The International Polar Year stretched from 2007 into 2008, and 2005 was the Year of Physics. Chemistry's time has surely come — it is 350 years, after all, since Robert Boyle published The Sceptical Chymist and put the discipline firmly on the modern scientific map. It is regrettable for chemistry's champions that its iconic figures have to be shared with other disciplines. In the English-speaking world, Boyle is perhaps most commonly associated with his law relating the pressure and volume of a gas, and so with physics. And he is not the only shared standard bearer. Even the organizers of this year's chemistry extravaganza are trading on the reputation of someone whose fame relies heavily on her fatal fascination with radioactivity, for which Curie was awarded the 1903 Nobel Prize in Physics. This situation is even more acute in modern research. Chemistry is often central, with principles and discoveries that enable work in other subjects. Its ability to react and rearrange matter for applications such as energy storage, new materials and more efficient industrial processes is vital for modern technology. Yet often, other disciplines such as materials science emerge as the public faces of such successes. Unsung heroes Nature drew attention to this syndrome in 2001 (Nature 411, 399; 2001). The “lack of an accurate and identifiable chemistry 'brand' means that the discipline is easily misunderstood”, we wrote, “and those working in it are frequently under-appreciated”. A decade on, this has become a popular cause for those who seek to promote the benefits of the chemical sciences. The organizers of this year's celebration, for example, want to “improve the understanding and appreciation of chemistry by the public” and “promote the role of chemistry in contributing to solutions to global challenges”. There is no question that chemistry's important advances often lack the widespread recognition they deserve. What can be done to change this? Although chemists are right to stress that their work underpins much of modern science, those foundations are rarely acclaimed. But perhaps chemistry has less a problem of public image than a lack of desire to assert itself. For beneath the utilitarian way that chemistry feeds into other disciplines, it has a rare and wonderful majesty on its own terms. Perhaps this is satisfaction enough for many. Witness this week's issue of Nature: alongside varied perspectives about chemistry and its future (see page 23), we publish three important papers across the field, in supramolecular chemistry, organic chemistry and biochemistry (see pages 72, 76 and 116). And as the year unfolds, we intend to publish more outstanding research from the molecular sciences, as well as a series of reviews on some of the most compelling topics in the field. Nevertheless, as science funding becomes more competitive and is judged on visible results, the organizers of the chemistry year are right to seek credit where it is due. Perhaps the spotlight will shift towards chemists as boundaries between fields continue to blur. As biologists, for instance, zoom in on the action of molecules to probe physiological and cellular processes, including how cells communicate, they are effectively working as chemists — albeit chemists who work with oversized molecules. There are other ways to boost the profile of chemistry. In biology papers, and many synthetic-chemistry papers, key basic-chemistry references — descriptions of synthesis and characterization of individual compounds — are often relegated to supplementary information, where they can languish unnoticed and uncredited. Chemists often grumble that citation analysis should be changed to account for this. Global reach One important function of the year of chemistry will be to bring to light hidden contributions to science and society at large. Certainly, there is no shortage of global problems to which chemists can contribute solutions, such as the search for clean energy. And the Royal Society of Chemistry in London claims that some 20% of Britain's gross domestic product is already down to the work of chemists. Chemistry is a mature field, but its exciting, productive and influential days are far from over. In the past few years alone, Nature has published cutting-edge research from chemists across the discipline. Some have probed the properties of the emerging material graphene (see page 14) and experimented with the new tool of DNA nanotechnology to design and assemble molecular machinery. Others have published details of new and improved materials for energy-storage devices. Organic chemists have shown how complex molecules can be made without the need for the sheltering protective groups commonly used to shield fragile molecules from decomposition during reactions. And the use of gold nanoparticles in oxidation reactions has revealed fundamental details of catalysis — the engine of much of chemistry and of life — and bolstered the wider work of chemists who strive to develop cleaner and less polluting industrial processes (see page 18). If chemistry can truly be both good and bad, as Sandler observed, then much the same can be said for all the sciences, as for all human endeavour. But when chemistry is good, it is very, very good. It deserves its celebration.
标签: 2011
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