古植物学的故事（ 24）：关于国际古植物学协会(IOP)的早期历史问题 http://www.sciencenet.cn/blog/user_content.aspx?id=286664 发表于 2010-1-12 23:39:04 Story of Palaeobotany Series (No.24): About the early history of International Organization of Palaeobotany (IOP) (by Qigao Sun) (in Chinese) 关键词：古植物学；国际古植物学协会； IOP；学会公信力 最近，我收到一位学术前辈的来信，谈到国际古植物学协会（ IOP）的早期历史之问题。 关于《古植物学的故事》，我在 2008 年 11 底 --12 月初草拟了一个写作大纲，内容包括学会公信力之问题。尽管我的工作时常出现一些跳跃性，但我一直围绕着写作大纲逐步推进我的工作。 我在《古植物学的故事》（第 15期）介绍了国际古植物学协会 (IOP) 。关于该组织的成立过程，我还需要考证。 ------------- 参见 ---- 古植物学的故事（ 15 ）：介绍国际古植物学协会 (IOP) http://www.sciencenet.cn/blog/user_content.aspx?id=276479 发表于 2009-12-6 12:21:41 ------------- 我在中国基础研究网上看到以下资料介绍 IOP ： 通讯地址及网址 联系人： Gar W. Rothwell( 秘书长 ) 通讯卫星 通讯地址： Dept. of Environ.Plant Biology Ohio University Athens. OH 45701-2979,USA E-mail: Rothwell@ohiou,edu 主页网址： http://oak.cats.ohiou,edu/~rothwell/IOP http://ibs,uel.ac,uk/ibs/palaeo/iop 成立日期及成立过程 1947-1952 年酝酿， 1953 年成立了国际生物科学联合会（ IUBS ）领导下的组织委员会， 1954 年 7 月在巴黎第 8 届国际植物学大会上正式成立。第 1 届国际古植物学大会于 1980 年在英国召开。 http://www.br.gov.cn/international_show.asp?id=63sort=%B9%FA%BC%CA%BF%C6%D1%A7%D7%E9%D6%AF ----------- 我以前登陆过以下网站，但现在难以访问： 主页网址： http://oak.cats.ohiou,edu/~rothwell/IOP http://ibs,uel.ac,uk/ibs/palaeo/iop -------------- 在 IOP NEWSLETTER （第 89 期， 2009 年 7 月 ）刊载了英国皇家学会会员 Bill Chaloner 教授致国际古植物学协会现任主席 Gar Rothwell 教授的一封信。信中提到： 1954 年 Ed Boureau 在巴黎植物大会 提议成立国际古植物学协会（ IOP ）。现将这封信的部分内容抄录如下： Dear Gar, Would you please relay to your Executive Committee my very deep appreciation for the honor and kindness they did me in electing me an honorable member of IOP? It takes me back to the Paris Botanical Conference of 1954, when I still vividly remember Ed Boureau proposing that such an organization should be formed, and the very lukewarm reception that the idea received. I just wish that he could see the body as it is now, as you, Mike Boulter and others have made it. Bill （信件内容参见 ---http://www.palaeobotany.org/newsletter/ ） -------------- 关于 IOP 的早期历史，我判断 Bill Chaloner 教授的回忆是比较可信的。 Bill Chaloner 教授曾参加 1954 年 7 月 214 日在巴黎召开的第 8 届国际植物学大会 (International Botanical Congress) 。 然而，我一直没有见到这次大会的史料和其他记述 IOP 成立过程的 原始文献。 孙启高 2009 年 12 月 28 日写于美国康州， 2010年1月12日修改 -------------------------
古植物学的故事（ 18 ）：关于美国植物学会若干问题的科学通讯 美国植物学会及其古植物学分会 ( 附一则科学通信 ) （第 3 部分 --- 关于美国植物学会若干问题的科学通讯） http://www.sciencenet.cn/blog/user_content.aspx?id=277484 发表于 2009-12-10 5:34:16 Story of Palaeobotany Series (No.18) ：A scientific communication regarding some questions about Botanical Society of America 关键词：美国植物学会；古植物学；分会；科学通信 美国植物学会成立于 1893 年，是几乎涵盖植物学所有研究领域的最大的植物学会 (Botanical Society) 之一。它的会员遍布全球，其通讯会员（ Corresponding Members ）在学界享有崇高的学术声誉。该学会拥有 19 个分会（ sections ），包括古植物学分会（ Palaeobotany Section ）。有人将 XXX section 翻译为 XXX 组，这是比较合适的。考虑到中国植物学会的二级机构名称和便于比较分析，我将美国植物学会所属的 section 译为分会。 美国植物学会古植物学分会（或组）（ Palaeobotany Section ）在 1934--1936 年间成立。它是古植物学领域最早的、正规学会组织。 关于美国植物学的机构选举和商业运作等问题，我与该学会负责人 Bill Dahl 先生（ EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR ）有过通信，他认真回答了我的提问。例如：美国植物学会主席（中国人喜欢称谓理事长）是如何选举产生的？ Bill Dahl 先生回答说： In the case of the President, there is an election each year and the position itself the changes each year of the three year term. It starts as the office of President-elect (a one year learning term), then the office of President (1 year) and then the office of Past-President. 这是一则尚未公开的科学通讯，我现在将它公布于众，期望它对那些关心中国学会（或协会）命运的同仁有所启示和帮助。 特别致谢：感谢美国植物学会 EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR ----- Bill Dahl 先生的热情与坦率交流！ 孙启高 (Qigao Sun) 2009 年 12 月 7 日编写于美国 （下面是第 3 部分） ------------------------------------------- 关于美国植物学会若干问题的科学通讯 ----- Original Message ----- From: Bill Dahl To: 'Qi-Gao Sun' Sent: Thursday, June 29, 2006 4:09 AM Subject: RE: some questions about BSA Dear Sun, Below are the answers I promised. SUN: Is there any FORMALCHARTER for sustaining the activities of your society? Could you send me a copy of the CHARTER, if possible please. Do you think that the document of BSA-COUNCIL-MEETING-IN-1904 is the earliest version of BSA CHARTER? DAHL: We have a Constitution and a governance structure. See http://www.botany.org/newsite/governance/ SUN: Is your Society an independent society?Does your Society have any organizational association with the American Association for the Advancement of ScienceAAAS and other institutions? DAHL: The BSA is an independent Society. We were formed in 1893 as an individual entity from what was then the Botanical Club ofAmerican, a sub group of the Association for the Advancement of Science See http://www.botany.org/aboutbsa/ and http://www.botany.org/aboutbsa/history.php SUN:Who is funding your Society every year? What are the income resources of your Society? Who pays the staff members of your Society? DAHL: We have several sources of income. In the main it comes from the sales of the American Journal of Botany (~70%), Membership and from our endowment fund. SUN:How is the Present of your Society elected? DAHL: We have elections each year for the various positions (President, Secretary, Treasurer, Program Director and Council Representative) that form our Executive Committee (EC).The EC runs the Society on behalf of the BSA Council. The Council members are elected representatives of each of the BSAs sections. All EC positions are for a term of three years, and elections for Secretary, Treasurer and Program Director alternate each year. Three-year terms and alternating years keeps some continuity and knowledge on the EC. In the case of the President, there is an election each year and the position itself the changes each year of the three year term. It starts as the office of President-elect (a one year learning term), then the office of President (1 year) and then the office of Past-President. http://www.botany.org/newsite/governance/officers.php SUN:Is American Journal of Botany an independent unit of your Society although it is sponsored by your Society? DAHL: Yes, it is independent in a way. There is an Editorial Committee that reports to the BSA Council. The Editorial Committee appoints the position of Editor in Chief of the Journal. It is a five-year and oversees the content and direction of the Journal itself. However, BSA staff runs and produces the journal itself.My role (Executive Director) manages the business and production side of the enterprise, all financial reporting goes through the Executive Director to the EC. SUN: Does your Society have an office building? DAHL: The Missouri Botanical Garden currently hosts us. We do not own the space but pay a nominal rent plus an annual contribution to the MBG based on our financial position. Please let me know if I can be of any further assistance. I would still like to talk if possible. Sincerely, Bill William M Dahl Executive Director Botanical Society of America 4475 Castleman Avenue St. Louis, MO 63110 PO Box 299 St. Louis, MO 63166-0299 Ph: 314-577-9566 FAX: 314-577-9515 www.botany.org -----------------------------------------
古植物学的故事（ 17 ）：介绍美国植物学会古植物学分会 美国植物学会及其古植物学分会 ( 附一则科学通信 ) （第 2 部分 --- 介绍美国植物学会古植物学分会） http://www.sciencenet.cn/blog/user_content.aspx?id=277482 发表于 2009-12-10 5:26:02 Story of Palaeobotany Series (No.17) ：Brief introduction to Palaeobotanical Section of the Botanical Society of America 关键词：美国植物学会；古植物学；分会；科学通信 美国植物学会成立于 1893 年，是几乎涵盖植物学所有研究领域的最大的植物学会 (Botanical Society) 之一。它的会员遍布全球，其通讯会员（ Corresponding Members ）在学界享有崇高的学术声誉。该学会拥有 19 个分会（ sections ），包括古植物学分会（ Palaeobotany Section ）。有人将 XXX section 翻译为 XXX 组，这是比较合适的。考虑到中国植物学会的二级机构名称和便于比较分析，我将美国植物学会所属的 section 译为分会。 美国植物学会古植物学分会（或组）（ Palaeobotany Section ）在 1934--1936 年间成立。它是古植物学领域最早的、正规学会组织。 关于美国植物学的机构选举和商业运作等问题，我与该学会负责人 Bill Dahl 先生（ EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR ）有过通信，他认真回答了我的提问。例如：美国植物学会主席（中国人喜欢称谓理事长）是如何选举产生的？ Bill Dahl 先生回答说： In the case of the President, there is an election each year and the position itself the changes each year of the three year term. It starts as the office of President-elect (a one year learning term), then the office of President (1 year) and then the office of Past-President. 这是一则尚未公开的科学通讯，我现在将它公布于众，期望它对那些关心中国学会（或协会）命运的同仁有所启示和帮助。 特别致谢：感谢美国植物学会 EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR ----- Bill Dahl 先生的热情与坦率交流！ 孙启高 (Qigao Sun) 2009 年 12 月 7 日编写于美国 （下文是第 2 部分） -------------------------------------------------------- 二、 介绍 美国植物学会古植物学分会 （一） 网站地址： http://www.botany.org/paleo/ （二） 历史沿革： History of the Paleobotanical Section of BSA The Paleobotanical Section of Botanical Society of America is the oldest organization of Paleobotanists in the world. The founding father of the Section in the years of 1934-1936 was Loren C. Perry, then of Cornell University. Paleobotanical contributions at the Botanical Society of America's meetings had customarily been presented before the General Section. Professor Perry initiated discussions of forming a formal organization of the Paleobotany Section. The idea was enhanced by the visit to the U.S.A. of Dr. H. Hamshaw Thomas during the Pittsburgh meeting of the Botanical Society. The Botanical Society Council minutes for the 30th Annual Meeting, at Washington University, St. Louis, December 31, 1935 - January 2, 1936, include an item: 'The Secretary reported a movement on the part of several of the younger members interested in paleobotany to ask for the formation of a paleobotanical section. The Council informally expressed its hearty approval of such action.' The minutes for the corresponding meeting at Atlantic City, December 29-31, 1936, include an item:'The Secretary reported plans for the organization of a Paleobotanical Section of the Society. The Council voted its approval of the proposal to organize such a Section.' Whether one accepts the initial decision of the paleobotanists to organize in 1934 , or the final acceptance of the proposal in 1936, the Paleobotanical Section of the Botanical Society of America is the oldest formal organization of paleobotanists in the world. Excerpted from Alfred Traverse, 1960, Plant Science Bulletin, vol. 6, number 3, p.1. （三） 分会现任负责人： http://www.botany.org/paleo/officers.html Chair: Alexandru Tomescu Department of Biological Sciences Humboldt State University 1 Harpst St., Arcata, CA 95521 Phone: (707) 826-3229 Email: mihai@humboldt.edu Secretary-Treasurer: Michael Dunn Deptartment of Biology Cameron University Lawton, OK 73505 (580) 581-2287 FAX (580) 591-8003 E-Mail: michaeld@cameron.edu Web Manager: Charles Daghlian 7605 Remsen Dartmouth College Hanover, NH 03755 http://www.dartmouth.edu/~emlab Editor, Bibliography of American Paleobotany: Walter Cressler Francis Harvey Green Library West Chester University 29 West Rosedale Ave West Chester, PA 19383 (610) 436-1072 FAX (610) 436-5521 E-mail: wcressler@wcupa.edu （四）分会前任名单 Section Officers (1937-present) ----- 详见 美国植物学会古植物学分会官方网站。 （五）主要活动 1. Palaeobotany Section Reports http://www.botany.org/paleo/sectionreports/toc.html Starting with reports issued in 1996, we will post copies of the business meeting minutes and report of the Secretary. The Treasurer's report will be mailed to members of the Section. 2. Annual Midcontinental Paleobotany Colloquium http://www.botany.org/paleo/programs.html 3. 设立以下奖项 http://www.botany.org/paleo/paleoawards/awards.html MICHAEL CICHAN AWARD Current awardee History ------ ISABEL COOKSON AWARD Current awardee History -------- REMY AND REMY AWARD Current awardee History ---------- MOSELEY AWARD History Awards 4. 相关服务 Online Bibliography of American Paleobotany Meetings announcements Sales - Publications, buttons, etc. Paleobotany-related links Reports of the Section （六）学会条例 Bylaws ARTICLE I. Purpose The objectives of this organization shall be: 1. To arrange a suitable program on paleobotanical subjects in connection with the annual meetings of the Botanical Society of America, Inc. 2. To promote general interest and encourage research in paleobotany. 3. To stress the importance of fossil plants in relation to botanical and geological problems. 4. To establish closer contacts between botanists and geologists concerned with paleobotanical research and teaching. 5. To assist in the dissemination of paleobotanical knowledge. 6. To cooperate whenever desirable and possible with other organizations in achieving these ends. 7. To act in whatever capacity it may find expedient as an organization of paleobotanists. ARTICLE II. Officers The officers shall be a Chair, a Secretary-Treasurer, a Web Manager and Editor of the Bibliography. The Chair shall preside at all meetings of the Section, shall appoint all committees, and shall perform all other functions customary and prescribed for that office. The term of that office is one year. The Secretary-Treasurer shall keep the records of the Section, carry on all necessary correspondence, and be responsible for the collection of dues and handling of funds belonging to the Section. The Secretary-Treasurer shall arrange the programs of the sectional meetings and represent the Section at the Council meeting of the Botanical Society of America, Inc. The term of that office is three years. The Web Manager shall coordinate with manager(s) of the main BSA web site, and facilitate the maintenance, upgrading, and updating of web pages with content pertinent to the missions of the Paleobotanical Section. The term of that office is three years. The Editor of the Bibliography shall be responsible for collating and preparing for publication citations to be included in the annual Bibliography of American Paleobotany. The term of office is three years and shall be staggered so that the Secretary-Treasurer and the Editor of the Bibliography are not both elected in the same year. Officers shall be elected at a business session of the Section announced as to time and place in the regular printed program. They will assume office at the close of the annual meeting. Each officer must be a member of the Botanical Society of America. Candidates for office shall be presented by a nominating committee of three persons, which shall be appointed by the Chair. In the event of inability of the Chair to perform his/ her duties, or if the Chair vacates the office before expiration of the one-year term, the Secretary-Treasurer shall serve as Chair pro tem until the election of a new Chair at the next regularly scheduled business meeting of the Section. A similar vacancy in the office of Secretary-Treasurer or Editor of the Bibliography shall be filled for the remainder of the unexpired term through appointment by the Chair. ARTICLE III. Special Meetings The section may arrange special meetings or excursions whenever desirable. ARTICLE IV. Membership There shall be two classes of membership in the Section as provided for in Article VIII (paragraph 1) of the Bylaws of the Botanical Society of America, Inc. These are regular members (members of the Botanical Society of America) and associate members (non-Society members). Emeritus members are those who have been members of the Section for 10 years and have retired. Membership in the Section is free to designated honorary members. The Secretary-Treasurer shall keep the membership list of the Section. Associate members shall have the privilege of attending and participating in the programs of the Section. They shall receive the program and other incidental materials, which may be issued through the Secretary-Treasurer of the Section. Associate members may serve on all committees except the nominating committee. They shall not vote for officers or hold office in the Section. Both regular and associate members of the Section shall pay yearly dues, which can be used to defray incidental expenses of the Section, including the expense of publishing and mailing the Bibliography. Changes in the amount of these dues shall be authorized by vote at the annual business meeting of the Section and must be approved by the Council of the Society, as per ARTICLE VIII, paragraph 4 of The Society bylaws. The Secretary-Treasurer shall collect the dues on a calendar-year basis; members in arrears after a period of six months shall again be notified and their names dropped from the list of members until the dues are paid. Members' names may be reinstated to the active membership list at any time by payment of the dues for the current year. ARTICLE V. Amendments These Bylaws may be amended by a three-quarters vote of those voting members present at a scheduled business meeting held during a Sectional meeting at which scheduled papers are presented. 以上资料来自美国植物学会古植物学分会官方 网站： http://www.botany.org/paleo/ -----------------------------------------------------
古植物学的故事（ 16 ）：介绍美国植物学会 美国植物学会及其古植物学分会 ( 附一则科学通信 ) （第 1 部分 ----- 介绍美国植物学会） http://www.sciencenet.cn/blog/user_content.aspx?id=276973 发表于 2009-12-8 11:16:35 Story of Palaeobotany Series (No.16) : Brief introduction to Botanical Society of America 关键词：美国植物学会；古植物学；分会；科学通信 美国植物学会成立于 1893 年，是几乎涵盖植物学所有研究领域的最大的植物学会 (Botanical Society) 之一。它的会员遍布全球，其通讯会员（ Corresponding Members ）在学界享有崇高的学术声誉。该学会拥有 19 个分会（ sections ），包括古植物学分会（ Palaeobotany Section ）。有人将 XXX section 翻译为 XXX 组，这是比较合适的。考虑到中国植物学会的二级机构名称和便于比较分析，我将美国植物学会所属的 section 译为分会。 美国植物学会古植物学分会（或组）（ Palaeobotany Section ）在 1934--1936 年间成立。它是古植物学领域最早的、正规学会组织。 关于美国植物学的机构选举和商业运作等问题，我与该学会负责人 Bill Dahl 先生（ EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR ）有过通信，他认真回答了我的提问。例如：美国植物学会主席（中国人喜欢称谓理事长）是如何选举产生的？ Bill Dahl 先生回答说： In the case of the President, there is an election each year and the position itself the changes each year of the three year term. It starts as the office of President-elect (a one year learning term), then the office of President (1 year) and then the office of Past-President. 这是一则尚未公开的科学通讯，我现在将它公布于众，期望它对那些关心中国学会（或协会）命运的同仁有所启示和帮助。 特别致谢：感谢美国植物学会 EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR ----- Bill Dahl 先生的热情与坦率交流！ 孙启高 (Qigao Sun) 2009 年 12 月 7 日编写于美国 （下面是第 1 部分） 一、美国植物学会简介 1. 英文名称： Botanical Society of America （简称 BSA ） 中文名称： 美国植物学会 2. 官方网站： www.botany.org 提供有关会员、会议、新闻、就业、教育、出版、奖励等方面的信息。 3. 成立时间： 1893 年 http://www.botany.org/about_bsa/history.php 4. 学会宗旨： The Botanical Society of America (BSA) is a not-for-profit 501 (c) (3) membership society whose mission is to: promote botany, the field of basic science dealing with the study and inquiry into the form, function, development, diversity, reproduction, evolution, and uses of plants and their interactions within the biosphere. To accomplish this mission, the objectives of The Society are to: sustain and provide improved formal and informal education about plants; encourage basic plant research; provide expertise, direction, and position statements concerning plants and ecosystems; and foster communication within the professional botanical community, and between botanists and the rest of humankind through publications, meetings, and committees. The breadth of interests of BSA members are reflected in the 15 special interest sections of the Society with which all members have the opportunity to become affiliated. These special interest sections are the Bryological and Lichenological, Developmental and Structural, Ecological, Economic, Genetic, Historical, Microbiological, Paleobotanical, Phycological, Physiological, Phytochemical, Pteridological, Systematic, Teaching and Tropical Biology Sections. There are also four geographic sections (Northeastern, Midcontinent, Southeastern and Pacific). The Botanical Society of America encompasses all areas of plant biology, including development, physiology, reproductive biology, evolution, phycology, genetics, mycology, ecology, systematics, molecular biology, and paleobotany. The BSA is one of the world's largest societies devoted to the study of plants and allied organisms, and functions as an umbrella organization covering all specialties. Since the strength of the botanical profession and its effective voice in world science today is dependent on the combined support of all taxonomic and disciplinary interest groups, all specialists are strongly encouraged to join and become active in the Botanical Society of America. 5. 组织机构 http://www.botany.org/about_bsa/officers.php Botanical Society of America Executive Officers PRESIDENT * Kent Holsinger(2009-2010) Department of Ecology Evolutionary Biology University of Connecticut Storrs, CT 06269-3043 (860) 486-4059 E-mail: kent@darwin.eeb.uconn.edu Web Address: http://darwin.eeb.uconn.edu PRESIDENT Elect * Judith Skog (2009-2010) Professor, Department of Biology George Mason University Fairfax, VA 22030 (607) 255-8727 E-mail: jskog@gmu.edu Web Address: http://mason.gmu.edu/~jskog/ IMMEDIATE PAST PRESIDENT * Karl Niklas (2009-2010) Professor, Department of Plant Biology Cornell University Ithaca, NY 14853-5908 (607) 255-8727 E-mail: kjn2@cornell.edu Web Address: http://www.plantbio.cornell.edu/cals/plbio/directory/faculty.cfm?netId=kjn2 SECRETARY * Pamela Diggle (2009-2012) University of Colorado Boulder, CO 80309-0334 (303) 492-4860 E-mail: Pamela.Diggle@colorado.edu Web Address: http://spot.colorado.edu/~diggle/Diggle_Lab/Diggle_Lab_Homepage.html TREASURER * Laura F. Galloway (2007-2010) Professor, Department of Biology University of Virginia Charlottesville, VA 22904-4328 (434) 982-5010 E-mail: lgalloway@virginia.edu Web Address: http://faculty.virginia.edu/galloway/ EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR * Bill Dahl Botanical Society of America 4475 Castleman Ave. PO Box 299 St. Louis, MO 63166-0299 (314) 577-9566 FAX (314) 577-9515 E-mail: wdahl@botany.org 6. 出版物 美国植物学会的出版物主要有两个，一个是 American Journal of Botany ；另一个是 Plant Science Bulletin 。 American Journal of Botany 的中文名一般译为《美国植物学报》。我要提请中国同仁注意的是：美国植物学会大约 70% 的收入来自《美国植物学报》的销售！ 《美国植物学报》创刊于 1914 年，现为月刊。该杂志享有国际盛誉，属于植物生物学领域内的名牌期刊。当下中国大陆的教育界和科学界非常关心 SCI 。《美国植物学报》属于 SCI 期刊，它的影响因子并不高，经常在 23 之间徘徊，这也许会让那些热衷于影响因子的人们有所失望。 7. 美国植物学会中国籍通讯会员 以下中国学者当选为美国植物学会通讯会员： Hong, De-Yuan （洪德元院士） Lu, Bao-rong Li, Xingxue （古植物学家 --- 李星学院士） Sun, Ge （古植物学家 --- 孙革） Wu, Zheng-yi （吴征镒院士） Tang, Pei Sung （汤佩松院士）（已故） http://www.botany.org/about_bsa/corresponding_members.php 8. 下属分支 目前，美国植物学会有 19 个分会组织。 http://www.botany.org/governance/sections.php The breadth of interests of BSA members are reflected in the 15 special interest sections of the Society with which all members have the opportunity to become affiliated. These special interest sections are the Bryological and Lichenological, Developmental and Structural, Ecological, Economic, Genetic, Historical, Microbiological, Paleobotanical, Phycological, Physiological, Phytochemical, Pteridological, Systematic, Teaching and Tropical Biology Sections. There are also four geographic sections (Northeastern, Midcontinent, Southeastern and Pacific). -------------------
《纪念胡先骕》与《古植物学的故事》（14）： 胡先骕和徐仁与中国科学院植物研究所古植物学研究 Story of Palaeobotany Series (No.14) ： HU Xiansu and XU Ren as pioneers for palaeobotanical studies in Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences (by Qigao Sun) 关键词：胡先骕；徐仁；古植物学 中国科学院植物研究所关于古植物学的早期零星研究可以追溯到上个世纪三十年代中期的静生生物调查所，亦即胡先骕先生（1894-1968）与美国古植物学家RalphWorksChaney（1890-1971）合作研究山东省临朐县境内的山旺中新世植物化石，他们出版了我国新生代植物研究的第一本英文专著。 1958年，已是暮年的胡先骕（65岁）在整风之后写有《此次参加整风运动的思想收获》，罗列了4项工作计划。其中后两项涉及古植物学的研究，现抄录如下：与青年干部合作研究中国木本植物叶脉，以奠定研究新生代古植物学的基础；与青年干部合作研究中国新生代古植物学。此时的胡先骕身患多种疾病，已力不从心。 1959年古植物学家徐仁先生（1910-1992）到中科院植物所创立古植物学研究室，这是我国植物学研究机构内第一个、也是我国植物学研究机构内唯一的古植物学研究室。当时植物所的研究室很少，不可能随随便便就建一个研究室的，能在中科院植物所建立一个专门从事古植物学研究的实验室，一方面是徐仁先生有很高的学术威望，另一方面说明植物所的学术前辈们非常重视化石植物的研究。在徐仁先生的领导下，我们古植物学的研究开始遵循生物学的思想与方法，在不断变幻的社会环境中艰难发展。 孙启高
古植物学的故事（ 13 ） -- 看英伦 英国古植物学的才子与才女 http://www.sciencenet.cn/blog/user_content.aspx?id=269898 发表于 2009-11-10 10:51:34 Story of Palaeobotany Series (No.13): Take a quick look at British palaeobotany: Brief introduction to the talent genlemen and bluestockings in British palaeobotanical community (by Qigao Sun) 关键词：英国；古植物学 纵观古植物学的发展历史，我们不难发现古植物学一直是很冷门的研究领域，好像是男人称雄的研究天地，但有时也是才女们 (bluestockings) 施展才华的学术舞台。英国古植物学的发展历史悠久，涌现了一些引领学科前进方向的国际知名学者，如： Sir Albert Charles Seward 教授 ( 9 Oct 1863---11April 1941) 。 A. C. Seward 教授于 1898 年 6 月 9 日当选为 英国皇家学会会员 (FRS----Fellow of the Royal Society) ，他是现代古植物学的一代宗师。 目前，英国古植物学拥有很强的综合实力和国际竞争力，实力派教授有： Bob Spicer 、 Andrew Scott 、 Margaret Collinson 等。非常重要的是，自 20 世纪 90 年代以来英国古植物学界已培养了一批非常活跃的优秀人才，如： Paul Kenrick 、 Alan Hemsley 、 David Beerling 、 Jason Hilton 、 Ian Glasspool 和 Jenny McElwain 等。他们已成为英国古植物学研究的中坚力量，为 21 世纪国际植物学的发展注入了活力。 据我所知， Jason Hilton 博士 曾于 20 世纪 90 年代中期到中国从事博士后研究，这是有史以来（当然也是改革开放以来）第一位外籍古植物学博士到中国从事博士后研究，对推动中国与英国古植物学交流与合作很有意义。 Ian Glasspool 博士的执著与风趣给我留下了深刻的印象，他的文章通常犹如史诗一般，非常厚重。 Jennifer McElwain 博士是 一位高个子美女 + 才女。她生在爱尔兰，不过她也算英国人。她是著名古植物学家 Bill Chaloner 教授（ William Gilbert Chaloner ， 28 Nov. 1928---- ）的关门弟子。 Jennifer 在英国获得博士学位并从事大约 2 年的博士后研究，然后在芝加哥 Field 自然历史博物馆找到一份正式工作。大概是 2006 年 10 月前后她获得 175 万欧元的欧盟居里杰出基金 EU Marie Curie Excellence Grant ，现在爱尔兰工作。 Bill Chaloner 教授在英国古植物学界具有很高的学术声望和影响力。 Chaloner 教授曾系统学习过化学、植物学和地质学的专业知识。他于 1976 年 3 月 18 日当选为英国皇家学会会员 (FRS) 。在 20 世纪 70 年末至 80 年代初，英国古植物学界只有两个 FRS ，一位 Chaloner 教授；另一位是他的老师 Tom Harris 教授（ ThomasMaxwell Harris ， 8 Jan 1903 ---1 May 1983 ）。 Tom Harris 曾在剑桥师从 A. C. Seward 教授。 Tom Harris 于 1948 年 3 月 18 日当选为英国皇家学会会员。但晚年的 Tom Harris 基本上退居二线，而年富力强的 Chaloner 教授极为活跃。值得一提的是 Bill Chaloner 教授在创建国际古植物学协会 (International Organization of Palaeobotancy---IOP) 的历史过程中发挥了极为出色的灵魂性作用。 IOP 的创立超越了当时的国际冷战，超越了国界，使科学成为真正的世界语。 1981---1987 年 Bill Chaloner 曾担任 IOP 主席。除此之外， Bill Chaloner 还担任过林耐学会主席等重要学术组织的官员，他与英国皇家学会、皇家植物园邱园等学术组织和机构有非常密切的联系。 Tom Harris 教授去世 13 年后，工作极为执着而细腻的才女 ----- 威尔士大学（现改为 Cardiff University ）古植物学家 Dianne Edwards 教授（ 23Feb 1942----- ）于 1996 年 3 月 14 日当选为英国皇家学会会员，这是一个奇迹。同年春，我第一次见到 Dianne Edwards ，她送给我两本书，其中有一本是由植物学教授与英文教授合作编写的达尔文传记。 1997 年夏，我访问了威尔士。 Dianne 好像从来不锁她的办公室，办公桌和地板上几乎全是文献。她手写的某些英文单词对于我来说是很难辨认的 cursives 。 古植学学家 Sir Peter Robert Crane （ 18July 1954------ ）于 1998 年 5 月 14 日当选为英国皇家学会会员， 2001 年被选为美国科学院外籍院士，他还是其他多个科学院的院士或外籍院士（如瑞典皇家科学院）。 Peter Crane 曾是 Chaloner 教授指导的一位博士。 Peter Crane 在英国获得博士学位后，于 1981--1982 年到美国印地安那大学跟随 David Dilcher 教授（ 1936---- ）从事博士后研究。 1982---1999 年 Peter Crane 在芝加哥 Field 自然历史博物馆连续工作了 18 年，其间于 1995 年被任命为该馆馆长。 1999---2006 年 Peter Crane 被任命为英国皇家植物园邱园主任。 2006 年 9 月 ---2009 年 8 月 Peter Crane 任芝加哥大学地球物理系教授 (The John and Marion Sullivan University Professor) 。 Peter Crane 是英国人，他在英国已有很高的学术声望和社会地位。他在美国工作过很长时间，但他在邱园主任的职位上工作了 7 年之后又回到了美国。 Peter Crane 现任耶鲁大学林业与环境研究学院院长。他是否拥有某种归属感在支配着他的工作选择，不得而知。 目前，英国古植学家中有 3 位 FRS ，这在英国古植物学历史上是一个奇迹！不过， Dianne Edwards 说，她是威尔士人！ 毫无疑问， FRS 是很崇高的学术称号，但 FRS 不是神，而是有血有肉的普通人。我记得 Bill Chaloner 教授喜欢对两件事情津津乐道：第一件事情是他与太太 Judy 的巧遇。 1953---1954 年， Bill Chaloner 赴美国跟随 Chester Arnold 教授从事博士后研究。 1954 年夏，他结束了在美国为期一年的博士后研究乘船到法国巴黎参加同年 7 月 214 日召开的第 8 届国际植物学大会 (International Botanical Congress) 。在船上（甲板）举行的一次舞会上，年轻的 Bill 与美丽的 Judy 邂逅相遇，两人一见钟情，终成眷属。我在伦敦访问过 Bill 与 Judy 的温馨 之家， Judy 待人亲切和蔼，似乎永葆青春的活力！ Chaloner 教授说，他喜欢访问美国。也许美利坚的广阔让他充满激情，也许赴美工作给他带来的友情与浪漫让他终生难忘。我认为人类的内心世界像宇宙一样浩瀚无边，人类的情感世界复杂多样。我相信，一见钟情是存在的，也非常美妙。 第二件事情是 Chaloner 教授喜欢讲才女 Marie Carmichael Stopes (15 Oct., 1880----2Oct., 1958) 的故事。 Marie Stopes 应该是 20 世纪世界最杰出的女性之一，她是女权运动和提倡计划生育（ family planning ）的先驱。也许国内计划生育战线上的朋友们非常熟悉这位才女的名字吧。 Marie Stopes 是 20 世纪上半叶英国著名的女学者，她是一位很有天赋和成就的古植物学家。她还是一位多产的诗人和剧作家。 1904 年， Marie Stopes 在德国慕尼黑大学获得古植物学博士学位，也许她是第一位古植物学女博士。 1952 年， Chaloner 教授曾在一次学术会议上有幸与这位神奇的古植物学才女谋面，之后与她有不少学术交往，十分推崇她的学术成就及社会贡献。 2005 年，伦敦地质学会以文集的形式出版了一本有关古植物学历史的书，这是一本很有趣的书。 Chaloner 教授在此书中撰文介绍了才女 Marie Stopes 的生平、学术贡献和社会活动等。 孙启高 2009 年 10 月 19 日写于美国， 11 月 9 日晚修改 ------------------------- 附有关 MarieStopes 的介绍： http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marie_Stopes Marie Carmichael Stopes , D.Sc. , Ph.D. ( October 15 , 1880 October 2 , 1958 ) was a Scottish author, palaeobotanist , campaigner for women's rights and pioneer in the field of family planning . Stopes edited the journal Birth Control News which gave anatomically explicit advice, and in addition to her enthusiasm for protests at places of worship this provoked protest from both the Church of England and the Catholic Church . Her sex manual Married Love , which was written, she claimed, while she was still a virgin, was controversial and influential. The modern organisation that bears her name, Marie Stopes International , works in 38 countries across the world - ranging from the UK, Bolivia, and the Philippines through to Pakistan, Kenya and Papua New Guinea. ----------------------- Chaloner, W. G., 2005, The palaeobotanical work of Marie Stopes. In:Bowden,A.J.,Burek,C.V.Wilding,R.(eds)HistoryofPalaeobotany:SelectedEssay.London: GeologicalSociety,SpecialPublications,241:127--135 http://books.google.com/books?id=ttMUHDRgr6MCpg=PA127lpg=PA127dq=History+of+Palaeobotany++Marie+Stopessource=blots=jl2ZB5cn2gsig=89sl3oaRynbS5OrwZrXdh457Tpshl=enei=I1HeSpTqDcrglAei7oSoAwsa=Xoi=book_resultct=resultresnum=1ved=0CAsQ6AEwAA#v=onepageq=History%20of%20Palaeobotany%20%20Marie%20Stopesf=false （ END ）
古植物学的故事（7） 中国与美国古植物学的交流与合作历史（简述与问题） Story of Palaeobotany Series (No.7): Brief introduction to the history of palaeobotanical communication and co-operation between China and USA (by Qigao Sun) 古植物学；中国；美国；交流与合作 孙启高 2009年9月1日 中国正在快速发展，但总的来说中国在很多领域与美国的差距都很大。中国和美国都是大国，两国之间的学术关系和比较等问题是不能不察的。我对古植物学之外的研究领域没有深入了解。所以，我一般写自己有把握的事情，现在谈谈中美两国在古植物学方面的交流与合作情况。 1949年以前，中美两国的古植物学人员直接往来很少，但很重要。已故著名美国古植物学家R.W.Chaney于1925年、1937年和1948年三次访问中国。1947年中国著名的古植物学家斯行健先生访问美国。 在1949年建国后的30年里，中国与美国古植物学的人员直接往来几乎中断。现在，很少有年轻人知道：1979年中国植物学代表团访问美国，汤佩松、徐仁、李星学、吴征镒等访问美国，这堪称中美外交史上承前启后、富有历史意义的学术交流活动。作为古植物学家的徐仁先生和李星学先生访问了美国若干学术机构。同年，朱为庆、田宝霖等古植物学同仁赴美国参加学术会议，并访问有关学术机构。这是改革开放以来中美两国古植物学界较早的学术交流。 进入20世纪80年代，中国古植物学同行被派往美国进修或工作的人次越来越多。1982年，中国科学院南京地质与古生物学研究所的李浩敏先生到耶鲁大学Peabody自然历史博物馆跟随LeoHickey教授从事博士后研究。几年前，我访问LeoHickey教授实验室的时候，Hickey教授跟我提起这段历史，并特地给我看了当年李浩敏先生在其实验室做的用于叶结构分析的透明叶slides。也是在1982年，中国科学院植物研究所派遣冯秉诚赴美国进修古植物学。自80年代末至90年代初开始，中国大陆地区陆续有学生自费到美国攻读古植物学博士学位，赴美国进行学术交流与合作的中国古植物学同行也越来越多。 与此同时，自20世纪80年代以来，美国古植物学同行陆续访问中国，如DavidDilcher教授于1986年第一次访问中国，他在北京访问了许多中国同行，包括徐仁院士。 问题： （1）中国与美国在古植物学领域的详尽学术交流与合作历史如何？动因何在？ （2）目前中美两国在古植物学领域的差距如何？原因何在？ （3）改革开放以来中美两国古植物学界学术交流与合作的结果与影响如何？在美国获得古植物学博士学位的中国留学生的命运如何？
古植物学的故事（ 6） 残酷的现实与严峻的挑战：看看中国与美国古植物学综合实力的巨大差距 http://www.sciencenet.cn/blog/user_content.aspx?id=252455 发表于 2009-8-31 13:14:47 Story of Palaeobotany Series (No.6): Chinese palaeobotany lags behind far from American counterpart (by Qigao Sun) 关键词：古植物学；综合实力；差距；中国；美国 孙启高 （ 2009年8月20日完稿，8月30日晚修改于美国康州） 古植物学研究的首要任务是采集标本并建立一个探讨植物进化及环境变化的客观事实体系。 标本积累不仅构成客观事实体系的核心内容，而且体现学科进步与学术诚信的最重要的科学积累。对古植物学来说，标本就是基础，标本就是家底；标本就是实力，标本就是信用。因此，它理所当然是衡量综合实力与发展潜力的一个“铁”标准。 现以植物化石标本的收藏量简要比较中国与美国在古植物学研究领域的实力，让事实和数字说话。本报告主要讨论植物大化石的情况。 （一）中国古植物学的基础极其薄弱 中国古植物学兴起于20世纪初，经过几代人的不懈努力虽在本土化、国际化的历史进程中取得了重要进展，但在研究基础、研究体制、研究水平、人才培养等方面存在亟待解决的问题。 半个多世纪以来，中国古植物学的研究人员(包括标本采集人员)主要 分布在中国科学院、地质矿产、高等院校、博物馆诸多部门。但是，中科院一直是中国古植物学研究的“国家队”，对 中国古植物学研究国家体系的建设具有重要作用。 在中国地区，植物化石馆藏数量最多的是中国科学院南京地质与古生物研究所标本馆。该馆收藏植物化石约 5万块，另有待研标本约2万块。中科院植物所有一个（中国）古植物馆，该馆收藏有编号的入柜标本不过15,000块。若将那些没有入柜的标本算在一起，（中国）古植物馆的化石标本不会超过35,000块！中国是一个大国，拥有丰富的植物化石资源。然而，以上数字表明中国化石植物的标本数量实在是少得可怜， 中国在种子与果实化石等方面的科学积累几乎是零！ 这些数字足以客观地反映中国古植物学的研究基础是极其薄弱的，与中国地大物博、植物化石资源丰富是极不相称的。 （二）美国古植物学的雄厚实力 美国古植物学的研究力量主要分布在高水平的、研究型博物馆。美国一些大学的古植物学研究也“博物馆化”，即在大学所属博物馆进行。美国古植物学的实际研究基本上与美国科学院没有关系。 (1)位于 首都华盛顿的史密松国立自然历史博物馆 (Smithsonian Institution National Museum of Natural History)古生物部收藏量多达4，000万份，其中包括大量植物化石标本， 著名古植物学家Scott Wing负责古植物学研究。 http://paleobiology.si.edu/collections/paleoCollections.html （2）佛罗里达大学自然历史博物馆收藏植物化石标本30多万，有两位著名古植物学家（David Dilcher和Steven Manchester）。David Dilcher是美国科学院院士。 http://www.flmnh.ufl.edu/paleobotany/ (3)位于芝加哥的Field博物馆拥有植物化石标本约8万份。著名古植物学家Peter Crane曾在 该馆工作多年。 Peter Crane现在是英国皇家学会会员(Fellow of the Royal Society)、美国科学院外籍院士(Foreign Associate of National Academy of Sciences)。 http://www.fieldmuseum.org/research_collections/geology/plants_col.htm （4）耶鲁大学Peabody自然历史博物馆是培养杰出古植物学家的摇篮。该馆收藏植物化石标本20万份，著名古植物学家Leo Hickey负责该馆的古植学研究。 http://www.peabody.yale.edu/collections/pb/ （5）加州大学伯克利分校拥有植物化石标本35万之多，它曾是美国西部地区最重要的古植物学教学与科研基地。代表人物是已故著名古植物学家R. W. Chaney，他是20世纪世界古植物学的领袖人物之一，曾3次到中国大陆进行科学考察。他与我国植物分类学家胡先骕合作研究了著名的山东山旺中新世植物群。 http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/science/paleobotany_holdings.php （6）伊利诺斯大学（ The University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign）收藏煤核（coal balls)标本约4万份。这是世界上关于煤核化石标本的最大收藏，代表着80个不同的煤层（coal seams），记录了跨越1200万年间的植物发展历史。古植物学家、退休教授Thomas L. Phillips为美国科学院院士。 http://www.life.illinois.edu/plantbio/People/Faculty/Phillips.htm http://paleobiology.si.edu/paleoArt/Techniques/pages/reconstuct9.htm （7）美国还有其它若干个从事古植物学研究的学术机构。不能不提及的杰出的美国古植物学家还有：俄亥俄大学的Gar W. Rothwell教授 ( Ohio University , http://www.plantbio.ohiou.edu/epb/faculty/faculty/gwr.htm ) ， Rothwell教授现任国际古植物学协会主席(International Organization of Palaeobotany, 2008--2012)。参见 http://www.palaeobotany.org/ http://www.palaeobotany.org/iop/about/6/ 哈佛大学的Andrew H. Knoll教授是一位颇有建树的古植物学家，他是美国科学院院士。参见 http://www.eps.harvard.edu/people/faculty/knoll/ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_H._Knoll 堪萨斯大学古植物学家Tom Taylor教授是美国科学院院士,他领导的古植物学研究组在国际古植物学界比较著名。该研究组的化石植物标本及文献数据库很丰富，也很有特色。必须提及的是，Tom Taylor和其同事编写的古植物学教科书《古植物学----化石植物演化生物学》(Paleobotany: The Biology and Evolution of Fossil Plants)是目前学界公认的最受欢迎的古植物学教科书。 http://www2.ku.edu/~eeb/faculty/taylort.shtml Natural History Museum and Biodiversity Research Center ， University of Kansas. http://www.nhm.ku.edu/ 我认为，美国高等教育之所以先进发达，有一个很重要的原因就是美国大学的教科书通常很厚重、很严谨、很优秀。国内的大学教科书在总体上还很落后。这虽是题外话，但也不算多余。 （三）一个值得大家深思、需要认真对待的比较问题 如果将中国化石植物的标本积累与欧美老牌博物馆相比较，这似乎很不公平，因为有人会说它们的研究历史非常悠久。可是，中科院植物所（中国）古植物馆的标本积累历史可以与美国佛罗里达大学自然历史博物馆古植物部（即：古植物学家David Dilcher实验室）进行比较。前者的古植物学研究室创建于1959年，与David Dilcher实验室的发展历史十分相近。前者的发展规模一度门类齐全、轰轰烈烈，人员（包括研究生）曾有20多人。而David Dilcher实验室的工作人员一直很少，但少而精。目前，佛罗里达大学自然历史博物馆古植物部收藏标本约有30万份 （ http://www.flmnh.ufl.edu/paleobotany/ ） ，比（中国）古植物馆多出很多倍，而且有专业人员--古植物学博士任Collection Manager,专门负责标本管理。这30万份标本主要是由David Dilcher教授（1936--）和他的同事们、学生们近50年的野外采集成果。 非常重要的是，几十年来David Dilcher实验室培养了一批优秀的古植物学家，如：杰出的古植物学家Peter Crane曾经跟随David Dilcher从事博士后研究。在美国学术界，有人将博士后戏称为“academic scion”，这很有趣。关于中国古植物学的人才培养问题，另文探讨。 在未来的漫长岁月里，我们不仅要努力在中国大地上建设世界一流大学，而且要建设世界一流的科研院所、博物馆、标本馆等等，这是功在当代、利在千秋的伟大事业。在人类探讨自然历史的进程中，古植物学是不可或缺的内容，对探讨植物进化具有不可替代的作用和意义。 中国疆域辽阔，是古植物学研究不可或缺的地理与地质区域。我们期望广大中国同行（包括科学政策制定者、决策者和管理者）认真对待这个可资比较分析的典型个案，希望引领中国古植物学未来发展的有关学术机构要直面中国与美国古植物学的巨大差距，从国家层面逐步提升中国古植物学的综合实力与国际竞争力，为创建一流大学、一流科研院所、一流博物馆或一流标本馆做些实实在在的贡献。
古植物学的故事（5）：徐仁与中国古植物学的兴起 http://www.sciencenet.cn/blog/user_content.aspx?id=252212 发表于 2009-8-29 22:52:50 古植物学；徐仁；中国古植物学；兴起 The rise of Chinese palaeobotany emphasizing the global context -----Development of biological approach on Chinese palaeobotany (by Qigao Sun) Palaeobotany as a biological subject was not widespread in China during the last century, although the development of a biological approach on Chinese palaeobotany did begin in the 1940s. Hsü Jen (Xu Ren, 1910–1992) is a Chinese palaeobotanist, who preferred to use biological approach to work on fossil plants. Fig.5. Hsü Jen (Xu Ren, 1910–1992) (Courtesy Zhu-sheng Xu) Hsü Jen’s education and career was greatly influenced by Chang C.Y. (Zhang Jing–Yue, 1895–1975) and Birbal Sahni (1891–1949). The former is a pioneer of plant morphology and anatomy in China who studied botany in the USA and worked in Europe (Compiling Committee of Chang Ching–Yue’s Works 1995). The latter is an Indian palaeobotanist, who studied palaeobotany in Britain and was the 5th Indian to be elected as a Fellow of the Royal Society in Britain (Sitholey, 1950). Hsü Jen entered Tsinghua University because he admired his uncle, Professor C.Y. Chang who was a Tsinghua graduate (1916–1920). Chang went to the USA to study botany in 1920 and he began his study with C.J. Chamberlain in the Botany Department of Chicago University in 1922. Chang was very interested in palaeobotany although he majored in botany. In 1924 he wrote an article about the latest discovery of coal balls in the United States and introduced it to the Chinese scientific community (Chang, 1924). Chang got his Ph.D. degree in 1925 and afterwards returned to China to engage in plant morphology and anatomy (Compiling Committee of Chang Ching–Yue’s Works, 1995). However Chang still worked on the anatomy of fossil wood (Chang, 1929). After Chang’s suggestion Hsü Jen went to Tsinghua University to study botany in 1929. Hsü learnt about fossil plants and had instilled in him a deep interest in palaeobotany during his sophomore (2nd) year. After Hsü graduated from Tsinghua University in 1933, he joined Peking University and worked as an assistant with Professor C.Y. Chang. Under his uncle’s guidance, he employed methods of plant morphology and anatomy to study fossil plants (Hsü, 2000). Chang had hoped that Hsü would study palaeobotany with J. Walton in the University of Glasgow, but Hsü failed to visit Britain because of financial difficulty during the Second World War. In 1944 Chang recommended that Hsü go to Lucknow University in India to study palaeobotany with Birbal Sahni (Chen et al., 1994). In 1946 Hsü got his Ph.D. degree from Lucknow University and returned to Peking University to teach palaeobotany. In 1948 Hsü was invited by Birbal Sahni a second time to India to participate in the foundation of Birbal Sahni’s Institute of Palaeobotany. Here Hsü met Thomas Harris in December 1949 when Harris came to the Institute as adviser for two months (Sitholey, 1953). In 1950 Hsü visited Sweden and attended the 7th International Botanical Congress in Stockholm where he met many palaeobotanists from all over the world. At the congress he gave two talks about “Devonian spores from Yunnann, China” and “New information on Homoxylon rajmahalense Sahni.” After his visit to Sweden, Hsü paid a short visit to Britain. At the end of the 1950 Lee H.T. invited Hsü to go back to serve New China. In the summer of 1952 Hsu returned to China and maintained a biological approach to research of fossil plants. Hsü’s efforts changed to some degree, the face of Chinese palaeobotany in the second half of the 20th century.
古植物学的故事（ 4 ）：胡先骕与中国古植物学的兴起 http://www.sciencenet.cn/blog/user_content.aspx?id=252210 发表于 2009-8-29 22:47:21 古植物学；胡先骕；中国古植物学；兴起 The rise of Chinese palaeobotany emphasizing the global context ----Botanists’ efforts to promote the development of Chinese palaeobotany (by Qigao Sun) Fig.3. Hu Hsen–Hsu (Hu Xian–Su, 1894–1968) (Courtesy Hu Shi) Although few Chinese botanists worked on fossil plants in the first half of the last century, Hu Hsen–Hsu (Hu Xian–Su, 1894–1968), who was a distinguished plant taxonomist in China, had a strong interest in palaeobotany. Hu thought that palaeobotany was an important subject within plant science. Hu’s ideas were closely related to his Berkley and Harvard education background in the USA. He studied Chinese Tertiary plants and those of the living fossil Metasequoia. Hu not only advanced plant taxonomy, but also contributed to the overall development of palaeobotanical studies in China (Shi Yang, 1998). Hu was sent to the University of California at Berkley to study botany in 1912 and got his B. Sc. degree in 1916. He went to Harvard University to study plant taxonomy in 1923 and received his Ph.D. degree in 1925. Thus Hu had wide contact with the world botanists and palaeobotanists of his time. Hu was greatly influenced by the scientific ideas of Asa Gray (1810–1888), father of American botany, who pointed out the significance of the phyto–geographical relationship between eastern North America and eastern Asia (Gray, 1840, 1859, 1878; Boufford Spongberg, 1983). Hu developed a deep interest both in recent plants and in fossil plants from China, which might provide very important evidence for the Tertiary history of plants in the Northern Hemisphere. Hu founded the Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences in Beijing （formerly Fan Memorial Institute of Biology） in 1928, and the Botanical Society of China in 1933. He established several English journals in China for plant sciences and played a great role in the history of plant sciences in China (including the subject of palaeobotany) during the 20 th century. Hu made great efforts to establish botanical organizations in China, which would provide potential for the further development of Chinese palaeobotany. In the 1930s Hu conducted successful collaborative work with American palaeobotanist Professor R.W. Chaney with regard to Chinese Tertiary plants. Just before the Chinese-Japanese War, R.W. Chaney was invited to China for the second time. He went on a field trip to a very famous fossil locality, Shanwang locality in Linqu County, Shandong Province in June 1937 and collected many specimens of fossil plants. Some specimens were transported to the USA and kept in Berkley. Hu and Chaney (1940) co-worked on this Middle Miocene-aged Shanwang flora from Shandong and published an English monograph, which is undoubtedly the pioneering research on Tertiary floras in China (Sun et al ., 2000, 2002). Metasequoia Story During the 1940s Hu and his colleagues made a great contribution to the studies of recent and fossil Metasequoia ( Hu, 1946; Hu Cheng, 1948). The publication of the living fossil of Metasequoia was one of the greatest discoveries in the botanical and palaeobotanical community in the world and stimulated the development of Chinese palaeobotany in the last century. Miki (1941) established the genus Metasequoia based on the Pliocene fossils from Japan and thought that the genus was extinct. It is said that in October 1941 Professor Gan Tuo saw a big tree (about 30m high) under which there was a small temple named “Shui–Sha–Miao” in Mao–tao–chi in Wan Hsien, Sichuan Province (currently in Lichuan County, western Hubei Province). It is also said that Gan collected some specimens from the tree but without any further scientific results. In 1943, Wang Zhan (1911—2000) collected specimens from the same big tree at Mao–tao–chi and considered them to be those of Glyptostrobus pensilis (Staunton) K. Koch (Shao et al ., 2000; Ma, 2003). Cheng Wan–Chun (1904—1983) didn’t think that the tree was Glyptostrobus, but a new genus of conifer. In 1946 Xue Ji–Ru (1921—1999) also collected specimens of living Metasequoia from Mao–tao–chi. Cheng posted some specimens of the strange tree to Hu Hsen–Hsu. On May 9, 1946 Hu wrote to Professor R.W. Chaney and told him about the exciting discovery of the living fossil plant Metasequoia. On September 28, 1946 R.W. Chaney talked about the discovery at the annual meeting of Botanical Society of America. In December 1946 Hu published a paper, entitled “Notes on a Palaeogene species of Metasequoia in China,” and mentioned that he would discuss in another paper a living species of Metasequoia. Hu thought that the plant was the fossil genus Metasequoia established by S. Miki in 1941. At last, Hu and Cheng published their paper about Metasequoia glyptostobodies Hu et Cheng in 1948. The living species of the genus Metasequoia , is not extinct but still survives on the Earth. So far, plants of the living fossil Metasequoia have been introduced into many countries in the Northern Hemisphere. For the detailed information about the discovery of living Metasequoia , please refer to Ma’ s (2003) article. (revised version)
古植物学的故事（3）：斯行健与中国古植物学的兴起 永驻天国的中国古植物学家（之一） 古植物学；斯行健；中国古植物学；兴起 发表于 2009-8-29 22:38:57 The rise of Chinese palaeobotany emphasizing the global context ----Development of geological approach on palaeobotany in China (by Qigao Sun) Palaeobotany is typically of an interdisciplinary nature. In many universities palaeobotany is interpreted as a geological subject and in others as a biological/geological subject (Darrah, 1939). In the first half of the 20th century, palaeobotany was mainly considered as a geological subject in China largely because palaeobotany was applicable to economic development and construction. Therefore the geological approach was normally taken in China until 1980s. Fig.2. Sze Hsing–Chien (Si Xing–Jian, 1901–1964) (From Li, 2001) Sze Hsing-Chien is usually called “the founder of Chinese palaeobotany,” made a great contribution to the development of Chinese palaeobotany using the geological approach. Sze H.C. began his studies in Peking University in 1920. Later he became one of the students of Professor A.W. Grabau (1870–1946) and Lee H.T. (Li Si–Guang, 1889–1971). Professor Grabau, who was an American geologist and palaeontologist of the University of Columbia was invited to China in 1920 and he worked in the Geology Department of Peking University and at the Geological Survey in Beijing for about 26 years. Lee H.T. studied palaeontology in Birmingham University in Britain and got his M.Sc. degree in 1918. Influenced by these two professors, Sze became very interested in palaeontology and chose palaeobotany as his major. Sze H.C. graduated from the Geology Department of Peking University in 1926. In 1928 Sze went to Germany and studied palaeobotany at Berlin University with W. Gothan (1879–1954) who played an important role in Sze’s career. Sze got his Ph.D. in palaeobotany in 1931, the first Chinese palaeobotanist to do so (Zhang Wang, 1994). After finishing his doctorate thesis, Sze went to study at the Swedish Museum of Natural History, Stockholm and worked with Professor T.G. Halle (Li, 2000). In 1930 Sze, together with W. Gothan, attended the 5th International Botanical Congress held at Cambridge, UK and he made friends with lots of botanists and palaeobotanists from all over the world (Li, 2000). Sze was a prolific palaeobotanist in China. During the 1930s, Sze H.C. pioneered studies on fossil plants in China and he published a series of important papers in German or English. Before he returned to China in 1933, Sze co-authored 5 papers with W. Gothan. From 1930 to 1939 Sze completed 21 papers as sole author. Although the research conditions in China at the time were very difficult, Sze made strenuous efforts to work on fossil plants and achieved brilliant results, indicating that Chinese palaeobotanists were able to work independently on fossil plants. In the 1940s Sze published a total of 31 papers and taught young palaeobotanists, such as Li Xing–Xue (Lee Hsing–Hsueh, 1917--). Sze had a broad interest in fossil plants and his work was involved in many different research areas within palaeobotany. Therefore, Sze H.C. has been regarded as the founder of palaeobotany in China (Zhang Wang, 1994; Li, 2000, 2001).
古植物学的故事（2）：丁文江与中国古植物学的兴起 http://www.sciencenet.cn/blog/user_content.aspx?id=252205 发表于 2009-8-29 22:31:13 The rise of Chinese palaeobotany emphasizing the global context ----Initial development of palaeobotanical activities in China (by Qigao Sun) Ting V.K. (Ding Wen–Jiang, 1887–1936) is a famous leader of the Chinese geological sciences. The initial development of Chinese palaeobotany benefits from the ambitious academic activities of Ting V.K. who was a politically influential organizer. Ting V.K. left China for Japan to study at the age of 15. Two years later he transferred to Britain. He graduated from Glasgow University in Scotland in 1911 with two degrees, one in geology and the other in zoology. He returned home to China and founded the Geological Institute in Beijing in 1913 and the Geological Survey of China in 1916. Ting V.K. started some professional journals, such as Bulletin of the Geological Survey of China in 1919, Bulletin of the Geological Society of China in 1922 (Ting, 1922a,b) and Palaeontologia Sinica (Series A) in 1922. These journals welcomed palaeobotanical papers. It is very important to note that most of the papers which appeared in these journals are in English. It seems reasonable that these journals are regarded as international journals at that time. The establishment of palaeobotanical organization and journals received great help from foreign colleagues, such as Swedish geologist Dr J. G. Andersson (1874–1960), and stimulated the rise of Chinese palaeobotany (Duan, 1990; Li, 2000). Fig.1. Ting V.K. (Ding Wen–Jiang, 1887–1936) (From Huang et al., 1993) Ting V.K. was very active in international co-operation for the development of Chinese palaeobotany, inviting foreign experts to work in China. For example, in 1914 Ting V.K. invited Professor J.G. Andersson to China to serve as a mining advisor for the Chinese government. Dr Andersson worked in China for 12 years (Halle, 1927; Duan, 1990) and collected many fossils in China. A total of 1,316 crates of specimens were transported to Sweden in 1923, among which there were 474 crates of fossil plants. Professor T.G. Halle was invited to work in China in 1916-1917 and trained Chinese Students such as Chow T.H. (Zhou Zan–Heng, 1893– 1967) (Halle, 1927; Duan, 1990). In 1923 Chow T.H. published a paper about some younger Mesozoic plants from Shantung (Chow, 1923) and he was considered to be the first Chinese expert to publish a palaeobotanical paper (Zhu, 1994; Li, 2000). In 1925 a group of American geologists and palaeontologists of the Third Asiatic Expedition were invited to China. American palaeobotanist R.W. Chaney and his colleagues gave talks about their research at the Beijing Geological Survey on Sep 23, 1925, which were organized by the Geological Society of China (Wang, 2002). Meanwhile, Chinese students were chosen and sent abroad for study. Chow T.H. was sent to Sweden to study palaeobotany in 1918--1923. After Chow returned to China he regrettably abandoned palaeobotanical studies although he was engaged in lots of academic organization (Li, 2000). Sze Hsing–Chien (Si Xing–Jian, 1901–1964) was sent to Germany to study palaeoboatny in 1928 (Zhang Wang, 1994).
古植物学的故事（1）：中国古植物学的兴起—引言 古植物学；中国；历史; palaeobotany; China; hisotry 发表于 2009-8-26 11:32:12 本文曾刊发在History of Palaeobotany: Selected Essay书中：Sun Q.-G., 2005. The rise of Chinese palaeobotany emphasizing the global context. In: Bowden, A.J., Burek, C.V. Wilding, R. (eds) History of Palaeobotany: Selected Essay. London: Geological Society, Special Publications, 241:293-298 现将文字稍作修改。 ---------------------- The rise of Chinese palaeobotany emphasizing the global context Qigao Sun Abstract: The record of fossil plants in China can date back to the year 1086 during the Chinese Song Dynasty. The subject of palaeobotany was transplanted into China in the early 20th century. The rise of Chinese palaeobotany had direct connections with the world. Ting V.K. played a great role in the establishment of academic organisations and English journals for Chinese geological sciences, which also received support from foreign experts. Geological approach for palaeotanical studies was once popular in China because of practical use. Sze H.C. is usually called “the founder of Chinese palaeobotany”. Sze was a disciple of W. Gothan and made great contribution to the development of Chinese palaeobotany using geological approach. Hu Hsen-Hsu followed Asa Gray and thought that palaeobotany might be considered as a subject of plant sciences. Hu’s study on Metasequoia gives him a high reputation. The discovery of the living plants of Metasequoia is believed to be one of the most important discoveries in the 20th century. Hsü Jen was once majored in plant morphology and anatomy and obtained palaeobotanical training in Birbal Sahni’s lab in 1940’s. Hsü preferred to employ biological approach to work on fossil plants. Introduction It is as early as in 1086 that Shen Kuo (1029–1093), who is one of the great Chinese ancient scientists from the Song Dynasty, recorded the occurrence of fossil plants of so-called bamboo shoots in his voluminous works, Dream Pool Essays (Meng Xi Bi Tan). The fossil locality is situated at Yan-shui-guan, 35 km southeast of Yen–chuan, Shaanxi Province, where it is very dry and cool at present. The fossil plants which Shen Kuo considered to be bamboo shoots are actually assigned to the Neoclamites fossils. This fossil record is believed to be over 400 years earlier than that of Leonardo da Vinci (1452–1519) (Deng, 1976; Li Wang, 1999; Li, 2000). According to the ecological requirements and environment of bamboo shoots, Shen Kuo inferred that the climate in this fossil locality was warm and humid during the geological past providing an example of the geological principle that the present might be a key to the past. Shen Kuo’s clever idea is about 700 years earlier than that of James Hutton (1726–1797) and Charles Lyell (1797–1875) (Sun Yang, 2000). However, we might speculate, why such a brilliant Chinese civilization did not produce a scientific tradition. In fact, Chinese science and technology began to lag behind the occidental world from about the time of the Industrial Revolution. In the second half of the 19th century, the Chinese government of the Qing Dynasty was forced to initiate a series of open policies to foreign countries. Since the early 1870s lots of Chinese students were sent abroad to learn modern science and technology and most of them were eager to return to China to modernize the developing country after they finished their studies abroad. Although the 20th century saw a series of dramatic changes in recent Chinese history, modern science and technology was transplanted into China bit by bit. The fact is that the development of modern science and technology in China during the 20th century had a very difficult passage distorted both by international trends and by all sorts of domestic factors. In the first half of the 20th century China was always at war. A series of unexpectedly political changes happened to China in the second half of the last century and Chinese scientists were isolated for quite a long time. This paper serves as a case study for the global perspective on the history of modern plant sciences in China. Thus the aims of this paper are to focus on the early history of Chinese palaeobotany in the first half of the 20th century, to introduce those who played a significant part in the rise of Chinese palaeobotany, to emphasize some intrinsic academic connections with the academic world community and to provide some critical clues to understanding the current situation of palaeobotanical studies in China. -----------------------
标签: 古植物学
