伍德里奇计量经济学英文版第三版中关于回归模型交叉项引入的说明：其实就是因为一个变量固定的时候，其对因变量的影响还要与另外一个自变量有关。比如出行费用对出行方式选择行为的影响，还和人的收入水平有关系。以下为原文（ pp207-209 ） Models with Interaction Terms Sometimes, it is natural for the partial effect, elasticity, or semi-elasticity of the dependent variable with respect to an explanatory variable to depend on the magnitude of yet another explanatory variable. For example, in the model the partial effect of bdrms on price (holding all other variables fixed) is (6.17) If IMG alt="\beta{}_3{} , then (6.17) implies that an additional bedroom yields a higher increase in hous- ing price for larger houses. In other words, there is an interaction effect between square footage and number of bedrooms . In summarizing the effect of bdrms on price , we must evaluate (6.17) at interesting values of sqrft , such as the mean value, or the lower and upper quartiles in the sample. Whether or not IMG alt="\beta{}_3{} is zero is something we can easily test. The parameters on the original variables can be tricky to interpret when we include an Interaction term. For example, in the previous housing price equation, equation (6.17) shows that is the effect of bdrms on price for a price with zero square feet! This effect is clearly not of much interest. Instead, we must be careful to put interesting values of sqrft , such as the mean or median values in the sample, into the estimated version of equation (6.17). Often, it is useful to reparameterize a model so that the coefficients on the original variables have an interesting meaning. Consider a model with two explanatory variables and an interaction: As just mentioned, is the partial effect of on when . Often, this is not of interest. Instead, we can reparameterize the model as Where is the population mean of and is the population mean of . We can easily see that now the coefficient on , , is the partial effect of on at the mean value of . (By multiplying out the interaction in the second equation and comparing the coefficients, we can easily show that (此公式有错，该死的科学网公式编辑器) . The parameter has a similar interpretation.) Therefore, if we subtract the means of the variables—in practice, these would typically be the sample means—before creating the interaction term, the coefficients on the original variables have a useful interpretation. Plus, we immediately obtain standard errors for the partial effects at the mean values. Nothing prevents us from replacing or with other values of the explanatory variables that may be of interest. The following example illustrates how we can use interaction terms.
本文来自Jonathan I. Katz， Professor of Physics,Washington University, St. Louis, Mo. 原本有一个英文版的，没有找到，在小木虫上面找到了这篇翻译的中文版。这是对科学研究的态度，现如今的科研已经不能改变一个人的命运。 科学研究是有钱和有闲的人才能干好的，现如今好的人不做科学研究，一群弱弱的人在硕士博士班里呆着。 So, go to make some money. If not now, when? If not you, who?! 你在打算成为科学家吗？你想揭开自然的奥秘、用做实验或计算的方式来研究整个世界是怎么运作的？把这个想法忘了吧！ 的确，科学很有趣，也很刺激。由发现而产生的强烈快感是独一无二的。如果你很聪明、有野心，并且也很刻苦努力的话，你的确应该在读本科的时候选择科学。但这就够了，到此为止。本科毕业之后，你将必须面对这个真实的世界。这意味着，你不应该哪怕是考虑去读科学方面的研究生。做点其他的行当吧：医学、法律、计算机、工程，或者其他随便什么你能想到的。 为什么我，一个有终身职位的物理学教授，一个在科学事业上很成功的人，要来试图打击你们将科学作为毕生事业的勇气和信心呢？因为世道变了。我1973年拿到我的博士学位，1976年就拿到了终身教职。美国的科学界现在已经不能提供一条合理的事业生涯的途径了。如果你去读科学的研究生，你大概一定会期望着用你毕生的工作精力去做科学研究，用你的智慧和好奇心去解决那些重要而又有趣的问题。实话讲，你基本上一定会失望，而失望的时候，你大概已经错过了选择其他任何职业的机会。 美国的大学制造了两倍于其工作职位数量的博士。当随便一个什么东西，或一种人，满大街随便捡的时候，他就不值钱了。对于博士科学家来说，掉价的形式是他们不得不用许多年做一期又一期的博士后，等待着一个工作机会的到来。永久职位不会比以往给的薪水少多少，但25年前一个博士毕业后大约2年后就能找到一个真正的工作，而现在绝大多数的年轻科学家都得当5年，10年，甚至更久的博士后。他们没什么拿到永久职位的盼头，常常必须每两年找一个新的博士后工作，然后搬家。欲知更多详情，请咨询“青年科学家协会”或读一读华盛顿大学月报2001年5月的文章。 就拿我们系里最牛的两个准备竞争一个讲师职位的人来作例子。一个家伙37岁，博士毕业已经10年了，一直没找到工作。另一个最牛的家伙，35岁，人人都认为他很聪明，博士毕业7年了才找到一个“永久工作”（其实不是永久教职，只是6年后有希望获得永久教职而已，不过这已经让他稍稍远离那种每两年就要找新博士后工作搬家的驴拉磨死循环了）。还有一个例子，一个39岁的家伙，想竞聘另一个讲师职位。他发了35篇文章。与之形成鲜明对比的是，一个典型的医生29 岁就进入了实习阶段，一个典型的律师25岁就开始实习，31岁正式进事务所，一个计算机博士科学家在27岁时已经能得到很好的工作了。计算机科学和工程科学是工业界需要人才的仅有的两个领域，因此这两个行当还是值得去读个博士出来的。任何一个人，如果他有智慧和野心，能刻苦工作，如果他能在科学上成功的话，他也能在其他任何行当上成功。 典型的博士后薪水是每年27000美元（生物科学）或35000美元（物理科学）。博士生的奖学金比这个一半还少。用这么点收入你能支持一个家庭吗？嗯，够年轻的小两口住一个很小的房子。不过我认识一个物理学家，他的妻子把他踹了，因为她是在厌倦了跟他不停地搬家却一点定居的希望都看不到。当你三十多岁的时候你就会需要更多的东西：一个大房子，附近有好的学校，以及其他中产阶级生活所必需的设施。科学是一个职业，而不是一个宗教的呼召，也不是一个贫穷或独身的判决或者宣誓。 显然，你走科学道路并不能使你发财——你没有选择去读医学或法律，而一个医生或律师典型的收入是科学家的2-3倍（这还得是那些运气忒好的正教授科学家们）。我也做了这个选择。我成为一个科学家是为了有自由来解决那些让我感兴趣的问题。但你可能并不能得到这种自由。作为一个博士后，你只能按照别人的想法来工作，可能被当成一个技术员来使唤，而不是作为一个单独的科学家来合作。最终，你可能被彻底排挤出科学界。你可以得到一份很好的工作，比如计算机程序员，但为什么不在你22岁的时候做这份好工作，而要在科学界的人才市场上面悲悲惨惨地混上10年先？你再科学上面花的时间越多，你会发现你越难离开，而且你对其他行当的雇主而言变得越来越没有吸引力。 也许你脑瓜足够灵光，以至于你能跳出博士后的陷阱。有些大学会被你打动而在你博士毕业2年后给你一个可能的永久职位。这是可能的。但是科学劳动力市场的整体掉价意味着最灵光的脑瓜也得被拴在博士后磨盘上当驴转上很长时间。想想上面举过的例子吧。许多看上去非常有才而且有傲人的成绩和推荐信的人，后来发现研究上的竞争比其他一切的奋斗都要困难。 假设你最终拿到了一个永久教职，一个终身教授职位。现在你不必为每两年一次的工作而奋斗，取而代之的是为研究经费而斗争。你会又一次地发现，这个世界上的科学家有一大箩筐，而你自己又不值钱了。现在你焚膏继晷地写研究计划，而不是去做研究。更糟糕的是，因为你的研究计划会被你的同行竞争者来审阅，你就不能按照你自己所好奇的东西来写。你得把你的努力和聪明才智浪费在怎么咬文嚼字地让那帮混蛋不要挑刺上，而不是去解决重要的科学问题。这是两个截然不同的事情：你不能把你过去的成功写进研究计划，因为那些是已经完成的工作；而那些原创性的天才想法还没有被证明。一句谚语说，原创性的想法是研究计划中的死神之吻（乍看有益但实则会导致毁灭的行为），因为这些想法根本就没有被证明可行（废话，被证明可行了你还写个屁的研究计划），因此它们会被认为是垃圾。因此，当你费劲千辛万苦终于到达了那“应许之地”的教授职位上，你会发现这根本就不是你原来想要的。 那么，你能做什么？对任何年轻人（即任何还没有取得科学界的永久职位的人）来说，首要任务是去找一份其他的工作，这讲是你避免失望的痛苦。美国年轻的一代已经觉醒，看到了科学界黯淡的发展前景以及无法拥有一个合理的中产阶级生活，因此他们已经不愿意做科学家。如果你还没有觉醒的话，赶紧加入他们的行列。把博士班留给印度人和中国人吧——他们的家乡情况更糟。在我所认识的人中，人生被读物理博士所毁的人数比被毒品所毁的人还要多。 如果你身居高位，能够领导科学界，那么你应该尝试着去劝说那些发放研究经费的部门少招些博士生。大街上论吨撮的科学家完全就是他们的资助政策的后果——几乎所有的博士生都是由联邦基金支持的）。那些基金会总在抱怨很少有年轻人对科学感兴趣，而造成这种结果的原因正是他们毁了科学作为事业。他们本可以扭转这种局面，只要他们少招些博士生，让博士生的人数与教职的人数大致相当就可以了，但他们不干，甚至他们根本不屑于严肃地讨论这件事（许多年来，NSF到处宣扬他们虚假的预测，说科学家短缺，而多数基金会好像真以为是这么回事）。结果就是，最好的年轻人，本该去做科学家的，对此唯恐避之不及；而博士班里是一帮弱弱的美国学生，还有一帮被美国学生签证所吸引来的外国人。
Summary of Second Sanya Workshop on the Research Roadmap of Statistical Physics and Complex Systems When snow storms were attacking the north part of China, Sanya in the south was still surrounded by green plants and warm wind. More than 30 pioneer scientists in the fields of statistical mechanics and complex system science from Europe, Hong Kong and China met each other during 20th-27th Dec, 2010 in Sanya, to participate in the 2nd workshop to identify important directions in complex system sciences. The 1st Sanya workshop was held in 4th -10th Jan, 2010 in Sanya, with 15 experts to be the participants. In addition to reporting their recent progress and new discovery in complex system science within and outside the scientific community in China, these pioneer scientists also discuss about different approaches to facilitate the development of statistical physics and complex system science in China through international collaborations and publications. This Sanya meeting is called by Center for Complex Systems of USST, Institute of Complex Adaptive Systems in Shanghai Association System Science (SASS) and sponsored by European Commission of Scientific Foundation (ECSF), Action for the USST, Science of Complex System and Socially intelligent icT (ASSYST) . There are more than 30 experts from various areas from statistical physics and complex systems. They are 4 from EU: Prof. Jeff. H.JOHNSON (Open University, UK, official of ECSF), Prof. Jianwei ZHANG, Prof. Alexandre Q WANG (ISMANS, France), Dr. Ru WANG (ISMANS), and Chinese participants including: Academician Yu-Ping HUO (Zhengzhou University), Prof. Gang HU (Beijing Normal University), Prof. Lei-Han Tang (HongKong Baptist University), Prof. Pak-Ming HUI (The Chinese University of Hong Kong), Prof. K.Y. Michael WONG (The Hong Kong University of Science Technology), Prof. Changsong ZHOU (Hong Kong Baptist University), Prof. Keqing XIA (The Chinese University of Hong Kong), Prof. Xu CAI (Huazhong Normal University), Prof. Bo ZHENG (Zhejiang University), Prof. Zeng-Ru DI (Beijing Normal University), Prof. ZongHua LIU (East China Normal University), Prof. Wei LI (Huazhong Normal University), Prof. Yougui WANG (Beijing Normal University), Prof. Wei-xing ZHOU (East China University of Science and Technology), Prof. Da-Ren HE (Yangzhou University, YZU), Prof. Jian WANG (Yangzhou University), Prof. Youjin DENG (University of Science and Technology of China), Prof. Wenge WANG (University of Science and Technology of China), Prof. Jianmei YANG (South China University of Technology), Prof. Yan GAO (University of Shanghai for Science Technology), Prof. Hongan CHE (University of Shanghai for Science Technology), Prof. Hengshan WANG (University of Shanghai for Science Technology), Prof. Tao ZHOU (University of Electronic Science and Technology of China), Prof. Ming-Sheng SHANG (University of Electronic Science and Technology of China), Prof. Fei REN (East China University of Science and Technology). The coordinators are Prof.Yi-Cheng ZHANG (University of Fribourg, Switzerland), Prof. Bing-Hong WANG (Center for Complex Systems and Sciences USST, University of Science and Technology of China). The organization committee members include Prof. Jian-Guo LIU (University of Shanghai for Science Technology), Dr. Zi-Ke ZHANG (University of Electronic Science and Technology of China), Dr Yujian LI (University of Science and Technology of China). All the travel expenses and local fees are sponsored by their respective participants. The goal of the workshop is twofold. Firstly, to report their recent progress in statistical mechanics and complex system science, and to overview the developments in the fields. Secondly, to identify important direction for the development of statistical mechanics in China, and to consolidate interdisciplinary and international collaborations among different research groups. These goals were solidly achieved by the meeting, and the broad age range of the participants also reflects the potential of the Chinese scientific community. The high quality of the seminal talks given by the participants well demonstrated the achievements of Chinese scholars in the recent years. All the important conclusions summarized from the fruitful presentations and discussions indicate a clear yet ambitious direction for the development of complex system science in China. The opening ceremony of the workshop was held at 9:00 AM on 22nd Dec at the Crowne Plaza Hotel meeting room. On behalf of the workshop organization committee, Prof. Yi-Cheng ZHANG gave a talk to welcome all the pioneer scientists and describe the goals of the workshop. Prof. GUO, the Dean of Science School from University of Shanghai for Science and Technology (USST), as a representative for the President Xiaoming XU and the Science School, also welcomed these pioneer scientists for further collaborations with scholar in their university. Due to the snow storm attacking the western Europe, Prof. Jeff. H. JOHNSON, although physically absent, still brought us an unforgettable presentation via video recording. As the chief leader of FARO （ Flagship Transversal Coordination Action ） project, Prof. JOHNSON introduced the structure, origin and development of EU 7th Framework Programme (FP7) and FARO. He summarized with the possibility of applying FARO jointly by China and EU, and also gave suggestions of how to apply European foundations jointly China and European research communities. Prof. Jianwei ZHANG, as the head of FARO project, introduced the long-term China-EU collaboration research relations from the perspective of his ongoing robot-oriented research and development project. He has also pointed out the potential collaboration directions in both FET-7 and FET-8. Finally, he summarized with some important suggestions on steadily developing China-EU complexity collaboration collaborations from three points: (i) Organizing China-EU summer schools; (ii) Talented youth education; (iii) Jointly organizing complexity science forums. There are totally 25 academic presentations during this Sanya workshop. These presentations included various research areas of modern statistical physics and complexity science. Prof. Yu-ping HUO illustrated how to look into statistical physics from the perspective of complex systems. He pointed out that one would obtain much different limitation results between inside and outside the system when discussing the question of thermodynamic limitation, and there are also essential differences between unlimited and limited multi-particle systems. Prof. Huo suggested that the China team would stand in the world by simultaneously developing the basic research of complex systems and the theoretical statistical physics and engineering applications. Prof. Gang HU introduced the recent progresses of their group on oscillatory complex networks consisting of excitable nodes. He illustrated that the reason of oscillatory is the existence of DPAD-based loop network structures. Prof. Xu CAI introduced the research interests of their group. He showed some classical research cases in physics and Math history, and gave a brilliant dissertation of academic giants. Then he elicited his thought about the present maze of researches on complex systems, which showed his great confidence of the bright future of science. Prof. Lei-Han TANG firstly looked back to the history of statistical physics from 1960s, and then pointed out that several unsolved and important yet basic questions of modern statistical physics. He also showed the distribution of the statistical physics science in the Asia-Pacific area. In particular, He highlighted both opportunities of challenges of modern statistical physics in China. Finally, Prof. Tang summarized with the introduction of recent progresses on the Bioinformatics, system biology and molecular biology. Prof. Keqing XIA introduced the recent progresses on local dissipation in turbulence of their group, and pointed out that its universality is not contained in the mathematical form of probability density function, but in the related physics mechanism s. Prof. Pak-Ming HUI introduced some interesting work about both real-world and online human behaviors, and showed recent progresses on complex adaptive systems and co-evolving dynamics of their group. Prof. K.Y. Michael WONG introduced their recent progresses on complexity science and team building of physics department in HKUST. Prof. Wong also illustrated their research works on the impacts of short-term plasticity in neural networks. Prof. Changsong ZHOU introduced recent advances on brain activity works of the nonlinear research center of HKBU, and showed their progresses on the structure, dynamics and plasticity of brain networks. Prof. Alexandre Q WANG introduced the research interests of complex systems in ISMANS, and showed the research roadmap of complexity science of France. He reported their recent progresses on opinion dynamics and traffic dynamics. Dr. Ru WANG introduced her recent works on political opinion networks. Different from classical considerations of following the mass effect, she pointed out that the particular double-layer sub-network structure played a critical role in the evolution of parties. Prof. Bo ZHENG introduced their recent progress on applying statistical physics method in the research of financial systems in their modern physics center of Zhengjiang University. He emphasized on comparing the state-of-art research between Chinese and Western financial markets, with which he tried to reveal the essential differences between them. He summarized that Chinese financial market still stand on the immaturity stage of financial systems through the analysis of Leverage Effect. Prof. Zeng-Ru DI looked back into the origin of complex system research in Beijing Normal University. He introduced their core research interest, Emergent Complexity, and reported their recent progresses on the relations among multi-scale system structure, function and robustness. Prof. Yougui WANG introduced their recent progresses on restructuring the economic paradigm(collaborated with Prof. Yi-Cheng ZHANG et al), and reported the achievements of NESS 2011 Geneva conference. He summarized with their researches on the four fundamental elements underlying the new economic paradigm: value, information, time, and externalilty. Prof. Zonghua LIU introduced their works on structure and function dynamics of complex works of their theoretical physics group in East China Normal University. He detailed reported their recent progresses on community-based disease spreading, option spreading and the impacts of target-driven travel on disease spreading. Prof. Youjin DENG introduced the recent progresses of swarm-based algorithm simulated by Monte Carlo method. In particular, he introduced their innovation achievements of applying swarm-based algorithm in classical lattice models, quantum spin models and Fermi systems. Prof. Wenge WANG introduced their recent progresses on theoretical quantum nonlinear systems, and illustrated the possibility of how to use measurement instrumental analysis based quantum theory to unified describe the objective world. Prof. Jian WANG introduced their group members and research interests. He then reported his recent progresses on low dimension systems and energy transportation problem on complex networks. He also reported the team’s (led by Prof. Da-Ren HE) recent advances on the empirical and modeling works on bipartite cooperation-competition networks, and cross-connected networks related researches. Prof. Jianmei YANG introduced their recent progresses on understanding system and complexity from the perspective of industrial structures in South China University of Technology. In particular, she emphasized on the application-oriented, human behaviors-based complexity and stakeholder coordination-based soft system methodology. Prof. surveyed the directions of modern complex systems research. He specifically reported their achievements of the China National Key project, research on complex network based complex system dynamics and statistical behavior s, and introduced their recent progresses on nonlinear dynamic system coupling reaction, city traffic dynamics, econophysics, structure, function and dynamics on complex networks, infophysics, human dynamics, and collective behaviors, etc. Prof. Tao ZHOU introduced their recent progresses on complex systems and infophysics. In particular, he reported their most recent advances on the relation between Zipf’s law and Heaps’ law. He pointed out that Zipf’s law is more essential than Heaps’ law. He also emphasized on the importance of data analysis and information mining in complex systems research. Finally, he summarized with great wishes to share their data resource with all colleagues who wanted to collaborate, in order to promote the advancements of China complexity science research. Prof. Wei LI introduced his research experiences in Max Planck Institute in Germany, and detailed illustrated the operations and foundation supporting models in Max Planck Institute. Prof. Hengshan WANG introduced their recent progresses on applying complex network theory in studying management of emergency events. He proposed that hypernework-based link prediction method, information broadcasting models, human dynamic mechanisms would have much wide application in studying the management of emergency events. Prof. Wei-Xing ZHOU reported the most recent advances in the study of econophysics. He introduced their research achievements on probability distribution in high-frequency trade, multifractal analysis, complex networks. He emphasized that the study of economic complexity should target on solving real-world financial problems via various real cases. Prof. Fei REN introduced her recent works about the study on trade package in Chinese socket market, and pointed out that this research had much theoretical and immediate significance in understanding the micro-structure of Chinese financial martket. The round table in the afternoon on Dec. 24th was the panel discussion of this workshop. It was co-chaired by Gang HU, Lei-Han TANG, Jianwei ZHANG, Yi-Cheng ZHANG and Bing-Hong WANG. Firstly, Prof. Gang HU reported the decision of China Physics Association on supporting the one-two-year conference of statistical physics and complex systems, and catered by Nanjing Normal University in 2011. Secondly, Prof. Hongan CHE introduced the structure of SHASS and complex system research group in USST, and the recent publication schedule and development plan of system science. Thirdly, Prof. Bing-Hong WANG introduced the plan of 1st Sanya workshlp on applying China National Key project for statistical physics and complex systems. Prof. Da-Ren HE introduced the publication schedule of the series of Statistical Physics and Complex System Science. Finally, all the participants well discussed that how to promote the development of Chinese statistical physics and complexity science, how to bring various Chinese research groups into a whole, how to put into effect on collaborating with ECSF, and found the following agreements: 1. Prof. Zeng-Ru DI, Prof. Da-Ren HE and Prof. Bing-Hong WANG continue to be responsible for the publication issues of the series. Before publication, the committee should write a progress report, which would be distributed to the workshop participants. 2. All participants agreed with the decisions made by 2010 Beijing Statistical Physics and Complex Systems conference, including: promote the communication and cultivation of youth researcher, and promote the construction of research community. They also agreed to contend for the nomination of Statistical Physics and Complex Systems in the National Science Technology Department and National Natural Science Foundation of China, and promote the great stride of China complexity science research. 3. Build a non-official union of Chinese complexity science research groups based on related laws. The union would apply chairmen-on-duty operation model to organized complexity related research. All the participants unanimously elected Prof. Lei-Han TANG to be the first chairmen-on-duty. 4. This workshop called for the diminished Chinese research groups to aggressively communicate and collaborate with ECSF, European universities and institutes, and jointly apply EU research projects. It also appealed for the youth researchers in China to notice the ECSF sponsored complex system conferences, symposiums and summer schools. From 25th -26th Dec. the committee organized various forms of multilateral discussions, discussed the organization issues of the 5th China-EU Complexity Science summer school (2011, Switzerland), and Center for complex system science (USST) organized to visit European universities and institutes and ECSF, etc. (written by Bing-Hong Wang, Yujian Li and Zi-Ke Zhang； English Translator： Zi-Ke Zhang )
中美两国三个联合公报 (1972 、 1979 、 1982) 中英文版（三） 黄安年辑 黄安年的博客 /2011 年 1 月 20 日发布 *********************************8888 《中华人民共和国和美利坚合众国联合公报》 (1982) 2006 年 04 月 13 日 08:27 一、在中华人民共和国政府和美利坚合众国政府发表的一九七九年一月一日建立外交关系的联合公报中，美利坚合众国承认中华人民共和国政府是中国的唯一合法政府，并承认中国的立场，即只有一个中国，台湾是中国的一部分。在此范围内，双方同意，美国人民将同台湾人民继续保持文化、商务和其他非官方关系。在此基础上，中美两国关系实现了正常化。 二、 美国向台湾出售武器的问题在两国谈判建交的过程中没有得到解决。双方的立场不一致，中方声明在正常化以后将再次提出这个问题。双方认识到这一问题将会严重妨碍中美关系的发展， 因而在赵紫阳总理与罗纳德·里根总统以及黄华副总理兼外长与亚历山大·黑格国务卿于一九八一年十月会见时以及在此以后，双方进一步就此进行了讨论。 三、 互相尊重主权和领土完整、互不干涉内政是指导中美关系的根本原则。一九七二年二月二十八的上海公报确认了这些原则。一九七九年一月一日生效的建交公报又重申了这些原则。双方强调声明，这些原则仍是指导双方关系所有方面的原则。 四、 中国政府重申，台湾问题是中国的内政。一九七九年一月一日中国发表的告台湾同胞书宣布了争取和平统一祖国的大政方针。一九八一年九月三十日中国提出的九点方针是按照这一大政方针争取和平解决台湾问题的进一步重大努力。 五、美国政府非常重视它与中国的关系，并重申，它无意侵犯中国的主权和领土完整，无意干涉中国的内政，也无意执行“两个中国”或“一中一台”政策。美国政府理解并欣赏一九七九年一月一日中国发表的告台湾同胞书和一九八一年九月三十日中国提出的九点方针中所表明的中国争取和平解决台湾问题的政策。台湾问题上出现的新形势也为解决中美两国在美国售台武器问题上的分歧提供了有利的条件。 六、考虑到双方的上述声明， 美国政府声明，它不寻求执行一项长期向台湾出售武器的政策，它向台湾出售的武器在性能和数量上将不超过中美建交后近几年供应的水平，它准备逐步减少它对台湾的武器出售，并经过一段时间导致最后的解决。在作这样的声明时，美国承认中国关于彻底解决这一问题的一贯立场。 七、为了使美国售台武器这个历史遗留的问题，经过一段时间最终得到解决，两国政府将尽一切努力，采取措施，创造条件，以利于彻底解决这个问题。 八、中美关系的发展不仅符合两国人民的利益，而且也有利于世界和平与稳定。双方决心本着平等互利的原则，加强经济、文化、教育、科技和其他方面的联系，为继续发展中美两国政府和人民之间的关系共同作出重大努力。 九、为了使中美关系健康发展和维护世界和平、反对侵略扩张，两国政府重申上海公报和建交公报中双方一致同意的各项原则。双方将就共同关心的双边问题和国际问题保持接触并进行适当的磋商。（一九八二年八月十七日） 来源：新华网 http://politics.people.com.cn/GB/8198/61854/61969/4294413.html Sino-U.S Joint Communiqu é August 17,1982 1. In the Joint Communiqu é on the Establishment of Diplomatic Relations on January 1, 1979, issued by the Government of the United States of America and the Government of the People's Republic of China, the United States of America recognized the Government of the People's Republic of China as the sole legal government of China, and it acknowledged the Chinese position that there is but one China and Taiwan is part of China. Within that context, the two sides agreed that the people of the United States would continue to maintain cultural, commercial, and other unofficial relations with the people of Taiwan. On this basis, relations between the United States and China were normalized. 2. The question of United States arms sales to Taiwan was not settled in the course of negotiations between the two countries on establishing diplomatic relations. The two sides held differing positions, and the Chinese side stated that it would raise the issue again following normalization. Recognizing that this issue would seriously hamper the development of United States-China relations, they have held further discussions on it, during and since the meetings between President Ronald Reagan and Premier Zhao Ziyang and between Secretary of State Alexander M. Haig, Jr., and Vice Premier and Foreign Minister Huang Hua in October 1981. 3. Respect for each other's sovereignty and territorial integrity and non-interference each other's internal affairs constitute the fundamental principles guiding United States-China relations. These principles were confirmed in the Shanghai Communiqu é of February 28, 1972 and reaffirmed in the Joint Communiqu é on the Establishment of Diplomatic Relations which came into effect on January 1, 1973. Both sides emphatically state that these principles continue to govern all aspects of their relations. 4. The Chinese government reiterates that the question of Taiwan is China's internal affair. The Message to the Compatriots in Taiwan issued by China on January 1, 1979, promulgated a fundamental policy of striving for Peaceful reunification of the Motherland. The Nine-Point Proposal put forward by China on September 30, 1981 represented a Further major effort under this fundamental policy to strive for a peaceful solution to the Taiwan question. 5. The United States Government attaches great importance to its relations with China, and reiterates that it has no intention of infringing on Chinese sovereignty and territorial integrity, or interfering in China's internal affairs, or pursuing a policy of "two Chinas" or "one China, one Taiwan." The United States Government understands and appreciates the Chinese policy of striving for a peaceful resolution of the Taiwan question as indicated in China's Message to Compatriots in Taiwan issued on January 1, 1979 and the Nine-Point Proposal put forward by China on September 30, 1981. The new situation which has emerged with regard to the Taiwan question also provides favorable conditions for the settlement of United States-China differences over the question of United States arms sales to Taiwan. 6. Having in mind the foregoing statements of both sides, the United States Government states that it does not seek to carry out a long-term policy of arms sales to Taiwan, that its arms sales to Taiwan will not exceed, either in qualitative or in quantitative terms, the level of those supplied in recent years since the establishment of diplomatic relations between the United States and China, and that it intends to reduce gradually its sales of arms to Taiwan, leading over a period of time to a final resolution. In so stating, the United States acknowledges China's consistent position regarding the thorough settlement of this issue. 7. In order to bring about, over a period of time, a final settlement of the question of United States arms sales to Taiwan, which is an issue rooted in history, the two governments will make every effort to adopt measures and create conditions conducive to the thorough settlement of this issue. 8. The development of United States-China relations is not only in the interest of the two peoples but also conducive to peace and stability in the world. The two sides are determined, on the principle of equality and mutual benefit, to strengthen their- ties to the economic, cultural, educational, scientific, technological and other fields and make strong. joint efforts for the continued development of relations between the governments and peoples of the United States and China. 9. In order to bring about the healthy development of United States China relations, maintain world peace and oppose aggression and expansion, the two governments reaffirm the principles agreed on by the two sides in the Shanghai Communiqu é and the Joint Communiqu é on the Establishment of Diplomatic Relations. The two sides will maintain contact and hold appropriate consultations on bilateral and international issues of common interest. http://baike.baidu.com/view/477200.htm#4 ***************************** 中国政府就中美联合公报发表声明 (1982-08-17) 人民网主站 发表：人民网／ 2001 年 11 月 21 日；学术交流网 / 美中关系评论 /2004 年 4 月 8 日转发 中国政府就中美联合公报发表声明 一、中华人民共和国政府和美利坚合众国政府经过商谈，已就美国向台湾出售武器问题达成协议、双方在今天同时发表了联合公报。 美国向台湾出售武器是关系到中国主权的问题。早在 1978 年中美两国谈判建交期间，中国政府就明确表示反对美国向台湾出售武器，由于这个问题当时没有能够解决，中国方面提出双方在建交后继续进行商谈、事情很明显， 这个问题如果不解决，势必严重损害两国之间的关系。 为了维护我国的主权和排除两国关系发展中的障碍，赵紫阳总理于 1981 年 10 月在墨西哥的坎昆会议期间同里根总统就这个问题继续进行了会谈。黄华副总理兼外长也随后在华盛顿同黑格国务卿继续进行了会谈。从 1981 年 12 月起双方通过外交途径在北京进入具体会谈。其间，美国副总统布什受里根总统的委托，于 1982 年 5 月访问我国，同我国领导人也进行了商谈。双方今天发展的联合公报是中美双方十个月来反复谈判的结果，它为解决美国向台湾出售武器规定了所应依据的原则和步骤。 二、 公报重申了中美上海公报和建交公报关于互相尊重主权和领土完整、互不干涉内政的原则。双方并强调声明，这些仍是指导双方关系所有方面的原则。这就是说，在解决美国售台武器的问题上，必须以这些原则为依据。无须说明，只有严格遵循这些原则，处理两国间存在的或新出现的问题，两国关系才能可能健康地发展。 三、根据上述指导两国关系的原则， 美国售台武器本来早就应该完全停止。由于考虑到这是一个历史遗留的问题，中国政府在坚持原则的基础上，同意分步骤予 以解决。美国方面承诺售台武器首先在性能和数量上不超过两国建交以来近几年的水平，逐步减少，并经过一段时间最后解决这个问题，才能排除发展两国关系中的障碍。 四、在公报中中国政府明确重申了“台湾问题是中国内政”的立场。美国方面也表示了，它无意侵犯中国的主权和领土完整，无意干涉中国的内政，也无意执行“两个中国”或“一中一台”的政策。 中国方面在公报中提及关于争取和平统一祖国的大政方针，是为了进一步表明我国政府和人民争取和平解决台湾的诚意。在这个纯属中国内政的问题上，不容许有任何曲解或外来干涉。 五、需要指出，本公报是以两国建交公报的原则和国际关系基本准则为依据的，与美国单方面制订的《与台湾关系法》毫无关系 。《与台湾关系法》严重违背了两国建交公报的原则，是中国政府一贯反对的。任何试图把本公报同《与台湾关系法》相联系的解释，都是违背本公报的精神和实质的，都是不可接受的。 六、中美两国政府就美国售台武器问题达成的这个协议，只是解决问题的一个开端。重要的是，公报的有关规定能得到认真履行，以早日彻底解决美国售台武器问题。这对保持和发展中美关系是必不可少的。 来源：【人民网】 学术交流网（ www.annian.net)/ 美中关系评论 /2004 年 4 月 8 日转发 http://www.annian.net/show.aspx?id=7699cid=7
中美两国三个联合公报 (1972 、 1979 、 1982) 中英文版（二） 黄安年辑 黄安年的博客 /2011 年 1 月 20 日发布 ****************************** 《中华人民共和国和美利坚合众国关于建立外交关系的联合公报》 （一九七九年一月一日） 中美两国政府文 发表：新华网 /2002 年 10 月；学术交流网 / 美国历史文献 /2002 年 10 月 31 日转发 中华人民共和国和美利坚合众国商定自一九七九年一月一日起互相承认并建立外交关系。 美利坚合众国承认中华人民共和国政府是中国的唯一合法政府。在此范围内，美国人民将同台湾人民保持文化、商务和其他非官方关系。 中华人民共和国和美利坚合众国重申上海公报中双方一致同意的各项原则，并再次强调： ──双方都希望减少国际军事冲突的危险。 ──任何一方都不应该在亚洲－太平洋地区以及世界上任何地区谋求霸权，每一方都反对任何国家或国家集团建立这种霸权的努力。 ──任何一方都不准备代表任何第三方进行谈判，也不准备同对方达成针对其他国家的协议或谅解。 ──美利坚合众国政府承认中国的立场，即只有一个中国，台湾是中国的一部分。 ──双方认为，中美关系正常化不仅符合中国人民和美国人民的利益，而且有助于亚洲和世界的和平事业。 中华人民共和国和美利坚合众国将于一九七九年三月一日互派大使并建立大使馆。 学术交流网 (www.annian.net)/ 美国历史文献 /2002 年 10 月 31 日转发 http://www.annian.net/show.aspx?id=1745cid=14 ******************************8 《中华人民共和国和美利坚合众国关于建立外交关系的联合公报》 （英文版） （一九七九年一月一日） Joint Communique of the United States of America and the People's Republic of China 中美两国政府文 发表：美国驻华大使馆 /2002 年；学术交流网 / 美国历史文献 /2002 年 11 月 3 日转发 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- January 1, 1979 (The communique was released on December 15, 1978, in Washington and Beijing.) 1.The United States of America and the People's Republic of China have agreed to recognize each other and to establish diplomatic relations as of January 1, 1979. 2.The United States of America recognizes the Government of the People's Republic of China as the sole legal Government of China. Within this context, the people of the United States will maintain cultural, commercial, and other unofficial relations with the people of Taiwan. 3.The United States of America and the People's Republic of China reaffirm the principles agreed on by the two sides in the Shanghai Communique and emphasize once again that: 4.Both wish to reduce the danger of international military conflict. 5.Neither should seek hegemony in the Asia-Pacific region or in any other region of the world and each is opposed to efforts by any other country or group of countries to establish such hegemony. 6.Neither is prepared to negotiate on behalf of any third party or to enter into agreements or understandings with the other directed at other states. 7.The Government of the United States of America acknowledges the Chinese position that there is but one China and Taiwan is part of China. 8.Both believe that normalization of Sino-American relations is not only in the interest of the Chinese and American peoples but also contributes to the cause of peace in Asia and the world. 9.The United States of America and the People's Republic of China will exchange Ambassadors and establish Embassies on March 1, 1979. 学术交流网 (www.annian.net)/ 美国历史文献 /2002 年 11 月 3 日转发 http://www.annian.net/show.aspx?id=1752cid=14
中美两国三个联合公报 (1972 、 1979 、 1982) 中英文版（一） 黄安年辑 黄安年的博客 /2011 年 1 月 20 日发布 ************************************* 《中华人民共和国和美利坚合众国联合公报》（《上海公报》） （一九七二年二月二十八日） 新华网文 发表 : 新华网 /2003 年 12 月 6 日 ; 学术交流网 (www.annian.net)/ 美中关系评论 /2003 年 12 月 9 日转发 应中华人民共和国总理周恩来的邀请，美利坚合众国总统理查德·尼克松自一九七二年二月二十一日至二月二十八日访问了中华人民共和国。陪同总统的有尼克松夫人、美国国务卿威廉·罗杰斯、总统助理亨利·基辛格博士和其他美国官员。 1972 年 2 月 21 日，中国共产党主席毛泽东 在中南海会见来访的美国总统尼克松 尼克松总统于二月二十一日会见了中国共产党主席毛泽东。两位领导人就中美关系和国际事务认真、坦率地交换了意见。 访问中，尼克松总统和周恩来总理就美利坚合众国和中华人民共和国关系正常化以及双方关心的其他问题进行了广泛、认真和坦率的讨论。此外，国务卿威廉·罗杰斯和外交部长姬鹏飞也以同样精神进行了会谈。 尼克松总统及其一行访问了北京，参观了文化、工业和农业项目，还访问了杭州和上海，在那里继续同中国领导人进行讨论，并参观了类似的项目。 中华人民共和国和美利坚合众国领导人经过这么多年一直没有接触之后，现在有机会坦率地互相介绍彼此对各种问题的观点，对此，双方认为是有益的。他们回顾了经历着重大变化和巨大动荡的国际形势，阐明了各自的立场和态度。 中国方面声明：哪里有压迫，哪里就有反抗。国家要独立，民族要解放，人民要革命，已成为不可抗拒的历史潮流。 国家不分大小，应该一律平等，大国不应欺负小国，强国不应欺负弱国。中国决不做超级大国，并且反对任何霸权主义和强权政治。 中国方面表示：坚决支持一切被压迫人民和被压迫民族争取自由、解放的斗争；各国人民有权按照自己的意愿，选择本国的社会制度，有权维护本国独立、主权和领土完整，反对外来侵略、干涉、控制和颠覆。一切外国军队都应撤回本国去。中国方面表示：坚决支持越南、老挝、柬埔寨三国人民为实现自己的目标所作的努力，坚决支持越南南方共和临时革命政府的七点建议以及在今年二月对其中两个关键问题的说明和印度支那人民最高级会议联合声明；坚决支持朝鲜民主主义人民共和国政府一九七一年四月十二日提出的朝鲜和平统一的八点方案和取消“联合国韩国统一复兴委员会”的主张；坚决反对日本军国主义的复活和对外扩张，坚决支持日本人民要求建立一个独立、民主、和平和中立的日本的愿望；坚决主张印度和巴基斯坦按照联合国关系印巴问题的决议，立即把自己的军队全部撤回到本国境内以及查谟和克什米尔停火线的各自一方，坚决支持巴基斯坦政府和人民维护独立、主权的斗争以及查谟和克什米尔人民争取自决权的斗争。 美国方面声明：为了亚洲和世界的和平，需要对缓和当前的紧张局势和消除冲突的基本原因作出努力。美国将致力于建立公正而稳定的和平。这种和平是公正的，因为它满足各国人民和各国争取自由和进步的愿望。这种和平是稳定的，因为它消除外来侵略的危险。美国支持全世界各国人民在没有外来压力和干预的情况下取得个人自由和社会进步。美国相信，改善具有不同意识形态的国与国之间的联系，以便减少由于事故、错误估计或误会而引起的对峙的危险，有助于缓和紧张局势的努力。各国应该互相尊重并愿进行和平竞赛，让行动作出最后判断。任何国家都不应自称一贯正确，各国都要准备为了共同的利益重新检查自己的态度。美国强调：应该允许印度支那各国人民在不受外来干涉的情况下决定自己的命运；美国一贯的首要目标是谈判解决；越南共和国和美国在一九七二年一月二十七日提出的八点建议提供了实现这个目标的基础；在谈判得不到解决时，美国预计在符合印度支那每个国家自决这一目标的情况下从这个地区最终撤出所有美国军队。美国将保持其与大韩民国的密切联系和对它的支持；美国将支持大韩民国为谋求在朝鲜半岛缓和紧张局势和增加联系的努力。美国最高度地珍视同日本的友好关系，并将继续发展现存的紧密纽带。按照一九七一年十二月二十一日联合国安全理事会的决议，美国赞成印度和巴基斯坦之间的停火继续下去，并把全部军事力量撤至本国境内以及查谟和克什米尔停火线的各自一方；美国支持南亚各国人民和平地、不受军事威胁地建设自己的未来的权利，而不使这个地区成为大国竞争的目标。 中美两国的社会制度和对外政策有着本质的区别。但是，双方同意，各国不论社会制度如何，都应根据尊重各国主权和领土完整、不侵儿别国、不干涉别国内政、平等互利、和平共处的原则来处理国与国之间的关系。国际争端应在此基础上予以解决，而不诉诸武力和武力威胁。美国和中华人民共和国准备在他们的相互关系中实行这些原则。 考虑到国际关系的上述这些原则，双方声明： ──中美两国关系走向正常化是符合所有国家的利益的； ──双方都希望减少国际军事冲突的危险； ──任何一方都不应该在亚洲－太平洋地区谋求霸权，每一方都反对任何其他国家或国家集团建立这种霸权的努力； ──任何一方都不准备代表任何第三方进行谈判，也不准备同对方达成针对其他国家的协议或谅解。 双方都认为，任何大国与另一大国进行勾结反对其他国家，或者大国在世界上划分利益范围，那都是违背世界各国人民利益的。 双方回顾了中美两国之间长期存在的严重争端。 中国方面重申自己的立场：台湾问题是阻碍中美两国关系正常化的关键问题；中华人民共和国政府是中国的唯一合法政府；台湾是中国的一个省，早已归还祖国；解放台湾是中国内政，别国无权干涉；全部美国武装力量和军事设施必须从台湾撤走。中国政府坚决反对任何旨在制造“一中一台”、“一个中国、两个政府”、“两个中国”、“台湾独立”和鼓吹“台湾地位未定”的活动。 美国方面声明： 美国认识到，在台湾海峡两边的所有中国人都认为只有一个中国，台湾是中国的一部分。美国政府对这一立场不提出异议。它重申它对由中国人自己和平解决台湾问题的关心。考虑到这一前景，它确认从台湾撤出全部美国武装力量和军事设施的最终目标。在此期间，它将随着这个地区紧张局势的缓和逐步减少它在台湾的武装力量和军事设施。 双方同意，扩大两国人民之间的了解是可取的。为此目的，他们就科学、技术、文化、体育和新闻等方面的具体领域进行了讨论，在这些领域中进行人民之间的联系和交流将会是互相有利的。双方各自承诺对进一步发展这种联系和交流提供便利。 双方把双边贸易看作是另一个可以带来互利的领域，并一致认为平等互利的经济关系是符合两国人民的利益的。他们同意为逐步发展两国间的贸易提供便利。 双方同意，他们将通过不同渠道保持接触，包括不定期地派遣美国高级代表前来北京，就促进两国关系正常化进行具体磋商并继续就共同关心的问题交换意见。 双方希望，这次访问的成果将为两国关系开辟新的前景。双方相信，两国关系正常化不仅符合中美两国人民的利益，而且会对缓和亚洲及世界紧张局势作出贡献。 尼克松总统、尼克松夫人及美方一行对中华人民共和国政府和人民给予他们有礼貌的款待，表示感谢。 学术交流网 (www.annian.net)/ 美中关系评论 /2003 年 12 月 9 日转发 http://www.annian.net/show.aspx?id=5216cid=7 ***************************88 《中华人民共和国和美利坚合众国联合公报》（《上海公报》）（英文版） （一九七二年二月二十八日） 中美两国政府文 发表：美国驻华大使馆 /2002 年；学术交流网 / 美国历史文献 /2002 年 11 月 3 日转发 Joint Communique of the United States of America and the People's Republic of China February 28, 1972 President Richard Nixon of the United States of America visited the People's Republic of China at the invitation of Premier Chou En-lai of the People's Republic of China from February 21 to February 28, 1972. Accompanying the President were Mrs. Nixon, U.S. Secretary of State William Rogers, Assistant to the President Dr. Henry Kissinger, and other American officials. President Nixon met with Chairman Mao Tsetung of the Communist Party of China on February 21. The two leaders had a serious and frank exchange of views on Sino-U.S. relations and world affairs. During the visit, extensive, earnest and frank discussions were held between President Nixon and Premier Chou En-lai on the normalization of relations between the United States of America and the People's Republic of China, as well as on other matters of interest to both sides. In addition, Secretary of State William Rogers and Foreign Minister Chi Peng-fei held talks in the same spirit. President Nixon and his party visited Peking and viewed cultural, industrial and agricultural sites, and they also toured Hangchow and Shanghai where, continuing discussions with Chinese leaders, they viewed similar places of interest. The leaders of the People's Republic of China and the United States of America found it beneficial to have this opportunity, after so many years without contact, to present candidly to one another their views on a variety of issues. They reviewed the in- ternational situation in which important changes and great upheavals are taking place and expounded their respective positions and attitudes. The Chinese side stated: Wherever there is op- pression, there is resistance. Countries want inde- pendence, nations wan liberation and the people want revolution--this has become the irresistible trend of history. All nations, big or small, should be equal: big nations should not bully the small and strong nations should not bully the weak. China will never be a superpower and it opposes hegemony and power politics of any kind. The Chinese side stated that it firmly supports the struggles of all the oppressed people and nations for freedom and liberation and that the people of all countries have the right to choose their social systems according their own wishes and the right to safeguard the independence, sovereignty and territorial integrity of their own countries and oppose foreign aggression, interference, control and subversion. All foreign troops should be withdrawn to their own countries. The Chinese side expressed its firm support to the peoples of Viet Nam, Laos and Cambodia in their efforts for the attainment of their goal and its firm support to the seven-point proposal of the Provisional Revolutionary Government of the Republic of South Viet Nam and the elaboration of February this year on the two key problems in the proposal, and to the Joint Declaration of the Summit Conference of the Indochinese Peoples. It firmly supports the eight-point program for the peaceful unification of Korea put forward by the Government of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea on April 12, 1971, and the stand for the abolition of the "U.N. Commission for the Unification and Rehabilitation of Korea". It firmly opposes the revival and outward expansion of Japanese militarism and firmly supports the Japanese people's desire to build an independent, democratic, peaceful and neutral Japan. It firmly maintains that India and Pakistan should, in accor- dance with the United Nations resolutions on the Indo- Pakistan question, immediately withdraw all their forces to their respective territories and to their own sides of the ceasefire line in Jammu and Kashmir and firmly supports the Pakistan Government and people in their struggle to preserve their independence and sovereignty and the people of Jammu and Kashmir in their struggle for the right of self-determination. The U.S. side stated: Peace in Asia and peace in the world requires efforts both to reduce immediate tensions and to eliminate the basic causes of con- flict. The United States will work for a just and secure peace: just, because it fulfills the aspira- tions of peoples and nations for freedom and progress; secure, because it removes the danger of foreign ag- gression. The United States supports individual free- dom and social progress for all the peoples of the world, free of outside pressure or intervention. The United States believes that the effort to reduce ten- sions is served by improving communication between countries that have different ideologies so as to lessen the risks of confrontation through accident, miscalculation or misunderstanding. Countries should treat each other with mutual respect and be willing to compete peacefully, letting performance be the ulti- mate judge. No country should claim infallibility and each country should be prepared to re-examine its own attitudes for the common good. The United States stressed that the peoples of Indochina should be al- lowed to determine their destiny without outside in- tervention; its constant primary objective has been a negotiated solution; the eight-point proposal put forward by the Republic of Viet Nam and the United States on January 27, 1972 represents a basis for the attainment of that objective; in the absence of a negotiated settlement the United States envisages the ultimate withdrawal of all U.S. forces from the region consistent with the aim of self-determination for each country of Indochina. The United States will maintain its close ties with and support for the Republic of Korea; the United States will support efforts of the Republic of Korea to seek a relaxation of tension and increased communication in the Korean peninsula. The United States places the highest value on its friendly relations with Japan; it will continue to develop the existing close bonds. Consistent with the United Nations Security Council Resolution of december 21, 1971, the United States favors the continuation of the ceasefire between India and Pakistan and the withdraw- al of all military forces to within their own territo- ries and to their own sides of the ceasefire line in Jammu and Kashmir; the United States supports the right of the peoples of South Asia to shape their own future in peace, free of military threat, and without having the area become the subject of great power rivalry. There are essential differences between China and the United States in their social systems and foreign policies. However, the two sides agreed that coun- tries, regardless of their social systems, should conduct their relations on the principles of respect for the sovereignty and territorial integrity of all states, non-aggression against other states, non-in- terference in the internal affairs of other states, equality and mutual benefit, and peaceful coexistence. International disputes should be settled on this basis, without resorting to the use or threat of force. The United States and the People's Republic of China are prepared to apply these principles to their mutual relations. With these principles of international relations in mind the two sides stated that: progress toward the normalization of relations between China and the United States is in the inter- ests of all countries both wish to reduce the danger of international military conflict neither should seek hegemony in the Asia-Pacif- ic region and each is opposed to efforts by any other country or group of countries to establish such hege- mony neither is prepared to negotiate on behalf of any third party or to enter into agreements or under- standings with the other directed at other states. Both sides are of the view that it would be against the interests of the peoples of the world for any major country to collude with another against other countries, or for major countries to divide up the world into spheres of interest. The two sides reviewed the long-standing serious disputes between China and the United States. The Chinese side reaffirmed its position: the Taiwan question is the crucial question obstructing the nor- malization of relations between China and the United States; the Government of the People's Republic of China is the sole legal government of China; Taiwan is a province of China which has long been returned to the motherland; the liberation of Taiwan is China's internal affair in which no other country has the right to interfere; and all U.S. forces and military installations must be withdrawn from Taiwan. The Chinese Government firmly opposes any activities which aim at the creation of "one China, one Taiwan", "one China, two governments", "two Chinas", an "independent Taiwan" or advocate that "the status of Taiwan remains to be determined". The U.S. side declared: The United States ac- knowledges that all Chinese on either side of the Taiwan Strait maintain there is but one China and that Taiwan is a part of China. The United States Govern- ment does not challenge that position. It reaffirms its interest in a peaceful settlement of the Taiwan question by the Chinese themselves. With this pros- pect in mind, it affirms the ultimate objective of the withdrawal of all U.S. forces and military installa- tions from Taiwan. In the meantime, it will progres- sively reduce its forces and military installations on Taiwan as the tension in the area diminishes. The two sides agreed that it is desirable to broaden the understanding between the two peoples. To this end, they discussed specific areas in such fields as science, technology, culture, sports and journal- ism, in which people-to-people contacts and exchanges would be mutually beneficial. Each side undertakes to facilitate the further development of such contacts and exchanges. Both sides view bilateral trade as another area from which mutual benefit can be derived, and agreed that economic relations based on equality and mutual benefit are in the interest of the peoples of the two countries. They agree to facilitate the progressive development of trade between their two countries. The two sides agreed that they will stay in con- tact through various channels, including the sending of a senior U.S. representative to Peking from time to time for concrete consultations to further the normal- ization of relations between the two countries and continue to exchange views on issues of common inter- est. The two sides expressed the hope that the gains achieved during this visit would open up new prospects for the relations between the two countries. They believe that the normalization of relations between the two countries is not only in the interest of the Chinese and American peoples but also contributes to the relaxation of tension in Asia and the world. President Nixon, Mrs. Nixon and the American party expressed their appreciation for the gracious hospitality shown them by the Government and people of the People's Republic of China. 学术交流网 (www.annian.net)/ 美国历史文献 /2002 年 11 月 3 日转发 http://www.annian.net/show.aspx?id=1751cid=14
【博主按：按英文版意思，題目似為“ 世界無需懼怕增長中的中國 ”，與中文版有點不同。】 The world should not fear a growing China 中国国务院副总理 李克强 为英国《金融时报》撰稿 ，2011-01-10 There is a long history to China’s pursuit of the path of peaceful development. The Book of Songs, a collection of Chinese poems and songs compiled more than 2,000 years ago, reads, “Give relief to people who have toiled much, so they may enjoy a life of Xiaokang. Promote it (Xiaokang) throughout the Central Kingdom and peace will be secured for all the four quarters.” What it means is, when people work too hard, they should be given relief so that they may lead a comfortable life. Doing so benefits the people of China – and the world. The term “Xiaokang” is used today to refer to a society where people can receive education, get paid through work, have access to medical services and old-age support, have a shelter and more than enough food and clothing and lead a well-off life. To build a Xiaokang society in all respects is China’s development goal by 2020. The Chinese people both long for a happy and peaceful life for ourselves and hope to enjoy harmonious relations with our neighbours. China’s development calls for international co-operation over access to markets and resources, and more importantly requires a peaceful external environment. World peace is an important condition for China to achieve Xiaokang, or moderate prosperity, and China’s development in turn is conducive to world peace. 中国始终不渝走和平发展道路的思想源远流长。早在2000多年前，中国古代著名诗集《诗经》中就写道：“民亦劳止，讫可小康；惠此中国，以绥四方”。大意为，百姓辛苦，应休养生息，享受安康；这既造福于中国人民，也有益于天下安宁。而今天的“小康”是指：人们学有所教、劳有所得、病有所医、老有所养、住有所居，生活温饱有余而充裕。全面建成小康社会，是中国到2020年的发展目标。中国人民既期盼自己幸福安康，也希望邦邻和谐。中国的发展，需要市场、资源等方面国际合作，更需要和平的外部环境。世界和平是中国实现小康的重要条件，中国发展了也有利于世界和平。 China’s development benefits other countries. For the past few years, China has contributed 10-20 per cent to world economic growth. Its contribution in 2009 was 50 per cent. Estimates show that in 2010 China’s economy grew by about 10 per cent, and retail sales rose by 18.5 per cent. Domestic demand contributed more than 90 per cent to China’s growth. At the same time, expanding domestic demand has increased China’s imports. It is estimated that in 2010 China’s imports from other parts of the world may well top $1,390bn, ranking the second in the world. China needs to stabilise and expand external demand. At the same time, and more important, it will boost domestic demand. With its population making up one fifth of the world’s total, China offers a market with enormous potential. We welcome the entry into our market of competitive goods and services from around the world, and will provide a fair and even more transparent environment for foreign investors. 中国的发展对其他国家是有益的。近年来，中国经济增长对全球增长的贡献率在10%-20%，2009年达到50%。2010年中国经济预计增长10%左右，商品零售总额增长18.5%，内需对经济增长的贡献率在90%以上。内需的扩大增加了进口。去年中国进口额预计超过1.39万亿美元，居世界第二。我们需要稳定和拓展外需，更致力于扩大内需。中国人口占世界1/5，国内市场潜力巨大。我们欢迎世界各国有竞争力的产品和服务进入中国市场，并将为各国投资者提供更加公平透明的创业环境。 China is committed to work with other countries for a solution to the global challenge of energy and resources. In the past five years, China has worked hard to save energy and resources. China’s energy consumption per unit of gross domestic product has dropped by about 20 per cent. In the coming five years, China will vigorously develop the green economy and low-carbon technologies to bring down significantly energy consumption and CO2 emission per unit of GDP. China relies on domestic supply for more than 90 per cent of its energy consumption, and will continue to rely on domestic supply to appropriately address the issue of energy and resources. By enhancing domestic exploitation and development, China will build a new group of strategic reservoirs of energy and resources. 中国愿与各国携手解决能源资源这一全球性难题。过去五年，我们坚持节约优先，单位国内生产总值能耗下降20%左右。今后五年，我们将大力发展绿色经济、低碳技术，努力使单位国内生产总值能耗、单位国内生产总值二氧化碳排放继续大幅下降。目前中国90%以上能源消费靠国内生产，未来我们仍将立足国内解决能源资源问题，加大国内勘探开发力度，形成一批新的能源资源战略接续基地。 China is a constructive player in the reform of the global economic governance structure. China is a beneficiary of economic globalisation. It calls for reform of the international political and economic order in the course of development. China worked closely with the international community to address the financial crisis and promote global recovery and growth. The world will come to see that the constructive role China has played in global governance is helpful in getting the world economy back towards full recovery and prosperity . 中国是全球经济治理结构改革的参与者、建设者。作为经济全球化的受益者之一，我们主张在发展中调整改革国际政治经济秩序。在应对国际金融危机中，中国与国际社会携手合作，促进了全球增长。实践将证明，中国在全球治理中发挥建设性作用，有利于促进世界经济全面复苏和繁荣发展。 China, as a major country, does not shirk its responsibilities. In recent years, it has arranged nearly $4bn of debt relief for 50 developing countries and it has contributed more than 15,000 peacekeepers. China has actively mediated in areas of regional tension, such as the Korean peninsula, the Iranian nuclear issue, the Arab-Israeli conflict and Darfur. It has acceded to nearly 100 multilateral international conventions, such as on the suppression of acts of nuclear terrorism. It has made solid contribution to the United Nations Millennium Development Goals, the International Monetary Fund bail-out programme, the reconstruction of Afghanistan and disaster relief. It sticks to the principle of common but differentiated responsibilities and has taken concrete actions in tackling global climate change. China will remain conscientious in fulfilling international responsibilities consistent with its status as a major developing country. 中国是负责任的大国。我们减免了50个发展中国家近40亿美元的债务，派出了1.5万多人参加维和行动，参与了朝鲜半岛、伊核、阿以冲突、苏丹达尔富尔等地区问题的斡旋，加入了制止核恐怖行为等100多个国际公约，对联合国千年发展、国际货币基金组织援助、阿富汗重建、国际赈灾等计划的实施做出了贡献。中国坚持共同但有区别的责任原则，采取实际行动应对全球气候变化。我们将认真履行与发展中大国相适应的国际责任。 Reform and opening-up are the driving forces behind our development. China will be steadfast in promoting reform. It will stick to the market orientation of reform and give greater play to the fundamental role of the market in resource allocation. At the same time it remains devoted to greater opening-up, follows a strategy of mutual benefit with other countries and will open the country ever wider to the world. 中国发展的强大动力来自改革开放。我们将坚定不移全面推进改革，坚持市场化的改革方向，在更大程度上发挥市场配置资源的基础性作用。同时，坚定不移扩大对外开放，实施互利共赢的开放战略，不断提高开放水平。 The progress China has made in development is tremendous, but it is still a developing country, facing grave challenges and has a long way to go before it can build a moderately prosperous society and achieve modernisation. China’s development will not be possible without the world – and world development needs China. We are committed to work even more closely with other countries to create a bright future for all. 中国的发展取得了显著成就。但中国还是一个发展中国家，仍面临许多严峻挑战。全面建设小康社会、实现现代化任重而道远。中国的发展离不开世界，世界的发展需要中国。我们愿与世界各国深化合作，共同创造人类美好的未来。 THE END
开学了，经络的生物学本质英文版亦于九月四日在网上 www.sciencedirect.com 系统中刊出(在author 栏中输入 Dazhong Yin 即可在末端看到文章题目等)。现将摘要贴在下面供参考使用。（补遗：全文已有，请见附件） 附加一个小小的请求，请哪位大侠鼎力相助，找个代理途径下载一下全文（我们的系统暂时不乖），不甚感激！ 若将来有缘相聚，可赠送我室开发的长命仙丹一瓶。不过本博眼下尚不能保证服用了以后能让老兄（妹）立马升入月宫与嫦娥万年相伴 ....... :) :) :) 文摘如下： Interpretation of the Biological Essence of Meridians with Plant Neurobiology and Animal Nerval Evolution This article is not included in your organization's subscription. However, you may be able to access this article under your organization's agreement with Elsevier. Yin Dazhong a , b , , and Zhao Linli b a Guangdong Provincial Academy of Chinese Medical Science, Guangdong Provincial Hospital of TCM, Dade Road 111, Guangzhou 510120, China b Key Laboratory of Protein Chemistry and Developmental Biology of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan 410081, China Received 19 October 2009. Available online 4 September 2010. Abstract In the absence of a clear and independent anatomical structure, the biological nature of meridians (Jingluo) and the mechanism of acupuncture and moxibustion and so on to prevent and cure diseases in the traditional Chinese medicine remain mysterious. Through summary and analysis of the evolution of animal nervous system and comparison with the information transmission systems of plants (the so-called plant neurobiology), the common biological structure and the basic law of information transmission of biological system were open-mindedly reviewed and described in this paper. For the first time, the biological information transmission systems were classified into three major levels as follows: (1) the brain-related central nervous system (the neural level), (2) the vessel-dependent information transmission system without the typical nerval structure (the vessel level), and (3) the intercellular and the cell-environmental signal communication systems (the cellular level). Electronic and biochemical signal transmissions were pinpointed as two major means of information dissemination pattern in the life system. In summary, the complicated information transmission functions and traits of the meridians are suggested as an interplay of the performances of the three major systems applying electronic and physicochemical materials, namely the 321-Integration Theory of meridians. Key words: Acupuncture and moxibustion (AM); animal nerval evolution; meridians (Jingluo); biological information transmission (BIT); plant neurobiology Interpretation of the Biological Essence of Meridi
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