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Respectively
热度 3 zuojun 2012-1-12 07:44
Do you know how to use it properly in your writing?
个人分类: Scientific Writing|2606 次阅读|6 个评论
[转载]Have you checked again this list, before submitting...
热度 1 zuojun 2012-1-8 12:57
your manuscript. Clearly, I didn't come up this list. A client sent the list to me, asking me to check his paper against this list from the journal. Guess what? I do more than what are listed below. 正文内容一致性检查: 1) 所有缩略语第一次出现时是否给出全拼?请严格检查! ( 摘要里第一次出现须给出全拼,正文中第一次出现也须给出全拼 ) 2) 所有文中的术语和定义是否自始至终有统一的表达? 3) 每一句话的主谓语是否一致?(单数主语用了复数谓语或相反?) 4) 文章内容叙述的时态全文是否基本一致?(对等的内容应用相同的时态!) 5) 是否尽量用简单句表达?用复合句时,主句和从句各自的主谓语是否找得出来?定语从句修饰的中心词或短语是否找得出来?状语从句补充说明的中心词或短语是否找得出来? 6) 每个段落是否有一个主题句? 7) 段落中的每一句话是否支持本段落的主题句? 8) 是否有很长的段落?段落太长须要再分段! 9) 正文中的叙述和判断,如果不是本文计算分析得出的,是否引用了相应的参考文献? 10 )文字叙述中是否恰当引用了相应的图或表?是否有图或表没有被引到? 11) 结论中的定量和定性结果是否和正文及摘要中的一致? 12 )稿件 引言 和 结论 部分,须用黑体红字说明本工作的创新之处(与以往研究的区别及本工作的意义)
个人分类: Scientific Writing|2239 次阅读|2 个评论
How to write a proper scientific paper
热度 7 changliu8888 2012-1-5 22:38
每篇文章必须写到你自己爱不释手的时候才可以丢给别人看。写文章有三个阶段。 第一阶段:提笔,总结,把作好的东西通通搬上纸面。改n遍,n10。这叫搭粗架子。 第二阶段:写累了,改累了,就不要再改了。这时,把所有写好的东西扔掉,重新写。重新搭更美的架子。把食之无味,弃置可惜的东西扔掉。把禁不起推敲的结果扔掉。如此改至少15遍,直到。。。。。 第三阶段:会有一天,你会 突然 特别喜欢你自己写的东西了,这时别人让你停你都舍不得停下来,觉得太美太艺术了,觉得自己是个语言的匠人了。你就象米开朗琪罗完成一个塑像,从雕像上抠下一个小芝麻大小的泥块,又把这个小芝麻分成一半,慢慢加回去,这才满意。 这时您就进入下一个境界 。这以后再改十遍,就可以考虑投出去。如果改到你把昨天改掉的东西今天又改回来了,你的“推敲”功夫就花的差不多了,可以几乎无悔的投稿了。 写论文,就是这么简单的一个过程。科研,就是要作到这个份上才感觉到味道。记住,母语是英语的人一篇文章都要改起码30次,中国的学生改的次数只应该更多。 There are a lot of discussions about writing papers recently. Writing a paper is like giving birth to a baby, or to make an art piece that will be put into the museum. In the not too faraway "old days", journal papers were called " archival papers " - meaning that these papers are for archives, meaning that they will simply be put up there in a library shelf for many future generations to reference. Today, we seem to no longer worry about the name "archival paper" anymore. Cheap .pdf format makes a paper seems like a disposable show 'n' tell. However, let it be known that a paper is always a paper. A paper is not an entry into your SCI Pub column, a way to keep a score. If you write a bad paper once, your colleagues will forever disrespect anything you do thereafter. Many Chinese or anyone in non-English speaking countries are tired of writing. Students get tired with their professors after a few rounds of "torture". Asian country authors put up relatively rushed work frequently. As an editor to a journal, I always tell such authors one simple fact - that native English speakers typically go through 25-30 rounds of revision before they submit a paper . Writing a paper typically takes three phases: In the first phase, you write and you write, starting to fill in more facts, adjusting the structure; At one point, you say "I am so tired of this", and you delete ALL THE CONTENTS, and you write from a blank scratch. You decide to tell your story in the right way . This time, your paper takes a gigantic leap of quality. After this point, you edit your paper 10-15 times, each time wishing you could be done soon. At SOME POINT, you began to think differently. Your paper is such an art piece - it flows well, it read pleasantly, and draws the audience into it. In one word, it starts to feel nice to you. YOU ACTUALLY DON'T WANT TO LET IT GO! You start to like your own work! you want to work on it forever. You work on it for 10 more rounds, each time ADMIRING your own work. You enter into a mood, like an artist drawing on a canvas or a sculptor making silk dress out of stone. NOW, this is the time you can, and must let your paper go! Many discussions on this sciencenet talks about a student getting SO TIRED of his/her professor after the first two rounds in the FIRST PHASE of paper writing. This is simply ridiculous. No self-respecting writer from a native English speaking country would even do this. (By the way, writing a paper without your advisor's consent is a series offense. It is like if you work in a bank as an intern and you give a customer a loan without your bank manager's approval. You will be fired if that is the case, correct? ) 以下是摘抄 一段百度百科的文章 ,读下很有隐喻的指导性: 东风夜放花千树,更吹落星如雨。宝马雕车香满路,凤箫声动,玉壶光转,一夜鱼龙舞。 蛾儿雪柳黄金缕,笑语盈盈暗香去。众里寻他千百度,蓦然回首,那人却在,灯火阑珊处。 东风仿佛吹开了盛开鲜花的千棵树,又如将空中的繁星吹落,象阵阵星雨。华丽的香车宝马在路上来来往往,各式各样的醉人香气弥漫着大街。悦耳的音乐之声四处回荡,职如风萧和玉壶在空中流光飞舞,热闹的夜晚鱼龙形的彩灯在翻腾。美人的头上都戴着亮丽的饰物,晶莹多彩的装扮在人群中晃动。她们面容微笑,带着淡淡的香气从人面前经过。我寻找她千百次,都见不到,不经意间一回头,却看见了她立在灯火深处。 "作为一首婉约词,这首《青玉案》与北宋婉约派大家晏殊和柳永相比,在艺术成就上毫不逊色。词作从极力渲染元宵节绚丽多彩的热闹场面入手,反衬出一个孤高淡泊、超群拔俗、不同于金翠脂粉的女性形象,寄托着作者政治失意后,不愿与世俗同流合污的孤高品格。词从开头起“东风夜放花千树”,就极力渲染元宵佳节的热闹景象:满城灯火,满街游人,火树银花,通宵歌舞。然而作者的意图不在写景,而是为了反衬“灯火阑珊处”的那个人的与众不同。本词描绘出无宵佳节通宵灯火的热闹场景,梁启超谓“自怜幽独,伤心人别有怀抱。”认为本词有寄托,可谓知音。 上片与元夕之夜灯火辉煌,游人如云的热闹场面,下片写不幕荣华,甘守寂寞的一位美人形象。美人形象便是寄托着作者理想人格的化身。 王国维把这种境界称之为成大事业者,大学问者的第三种境界,确是大学问者的真知灼见。
个人分类: 教育研究|5905 次阅读|8 个评论
[转载]Creative Nonfiction Writing: a good approach to practice
carldy 2012-1-4 22:03
Here introduces some information about "creative nonfiction writing". The following passage written by the Godfather of the creative nonfiction writing: Lee Grutkind. http://www.creativenonfiction.org/thejournal/whatiscnf.htm WHAT IS CREATIVE NONFICTION? This may come as a surprise, but I don’t know who actually coined the term creative nonfiction. As far as I know, nobody knows, exactly. I have been using it since the 1970s, although if we were to pinpoint a time when the term became “official,” it would be 1983, at a meeting convened by the National Endowment for the Arts to deal with the question of what, exactly, to call the genre as a category for the NEA’s creative writing fellowships. Initially, the fellowships bestowed grant money ($7,500 at the time; today, $20,000) to poets and fiction writers only, although the NEA had long recognized the “art” of nonfiction and been trying to find a way to describe the category so writers would understand what kind of work to submit for consideration. “Essay” is the term used to describe this “artful” nonfiction, but it didn’t really capture the essence of the genre for the NEA or lots of other folks experimenting in the field. Technically, scholars, critics, and academics of all sorts, as well as newspaper op-ed reporters, were writing “essays,” although that was not the kind of work the NEA had in mind. “Journalism” didn’t fit the category, either, although the anchoring element of the best creative nonfiction requires an aspect of reportage. For a while the NEA experimented with “belles-lettres,” a misunderstood term that favors style over substance and did not capture the personal essence and foundation of the literature they were seeking. Eventually one of the NEA members in the meeting that day pointed out that a rebel in his English department was campaigning for the term “creative nonfiction.” That rebel was me. Although it sounds a bit affected and presumptuous, “creative nonfiction” precisely describes what the form is all about. The word “creative” refers simply to the use of literary craft in presenting nonfiction—that is, factually accurate prose about real people and events—in a compelling, vivid manner. To put it another way, creative nonfiction writers do not make things up; they make ideas and information that already exist more interesting and, often, more accessible. This general meaning of the term is basically acknowledged and accepted in the literary world; poets, fiction writers—the creative writing community in general—understand and accept the elements of creative nonfiction, although their individual interpretation of the genre’s boundaries may differ. The essential point to acknowledge here is that there are lines—real demarcation points between fiction, which is or can be mostly imagination; traditional nonfiction (journalism and scholarship), which is mostly information; and creative nonfiction, which presents or treats information using the tools of the fiction writer while maintaining allegiance to fact. There is, it is true, controversy over the legitimacy of creative nonfiction, both as a term and as a genre; it flares up regularly, perhaps even annually, every time a book like James Frey’s A Million Little Pieces, which purported to be a memoir but contained fictionalized events, is unmasked. Such scandals seem to inspire frenzies among literary and cultural critics, an excuse for predictable (but nevertheless often satisfying) expressions of schadenfreude and sanctimonious pronouncements about Truth in Art. Ultimately, this controversy over the form or the word is not only rather silly but moot; the genre itself, the practice of writing nonfiction in a dramatic and imaginative way, has been an anchoring element of the literary world for many years. George Orwell’s Down and Out in Paris and London, James Baldwin’s Notes of a Native Son Ernest Hemingway’s Death in the Afternoon, and Tom Wolfe’s The Right Stuff are classic creative nonfiction efforts—books that communicate information (reportage) in a scenic, dramatic fashion. These four books represent the full spectrum of creative nonfiction: Baldwin’s work is memoir and therefore more personal or inward, dealing with the dynamics of his relationship with his father and the burden of race in America; Wolfe’s work is more journalistic or outward, capturing the lives of the early astronauts. Death in the Afternoon and Down and Out in Paris and London fall somewhere in between—personal, like memoir, but filled with information about bullfighting and poverty, respectively. I often refer to this combination as the parallel narratives of creative nonfiction: There is almost always a “public” and a “private” story. At one point in history, this kind of writing gained popularity as the “New Journalism,” due in large part to Wolfe, who published a book of that title in 1973. In it, he declared that the New Journalism “would wipe out the novel as literature’s main event.” Gay Talese, in the introduction to Fame and Obscurity, his landmark collection of profiles of public figures including Frank Sinatra, Joe DiMaggio, and Peter O’Toole, described the New Journalism thus: “Though often reading like fiction, is not fiction. It is, or should be, as reliable as the most reliable reportage, although it seeks a larger truth than is possible through the mere compilation of verifiable facts, the use of direct quotations, and adherence to the rigid organizational style of the older form.” This is perhaps creative nonfiction’s greatest asset: It offers flexibility and freedom while adhering to the basic tenets of reportage. In creative nonfiction, writers can be poetic and journalistic simultaneously. Creative nonfiction writers are encouraged to utilize literary and even cinematic techniques, from scene to dialogue to description to point of view, to write about themselves and others, capturing real people and real life in ways that can and have changed the world. What is most important and enjoyable about creative nonfiction is that it not only allows but also encourages the writer to become a part of the story or essay being written. The personal involvement creates a special magic that alleviates the suffering and anxiety of the writing experience; it provides many outlets for satisfaction and self-discovery, flexibility and freedom. --Lee Gutkind
个人分类: 英语课堂素材 Materials from Classroom|2430 次阅读|0 个评论
Creative Nonfiction Writing
carldy 2012-1-4 21:49
This evening, I took part in an English lecture made by Prof. DAI FAN from Sun Yat-sen University, China. She shared the experience in teaching the course named 'Creative Nonfiction Writing' with us and impressed me deeply. It encouraged me greatly. I think I can improve myself with the unique methods. Here enclosed the information for this kind of course(such as thetheme, criteria for the essays)from the internet, and it may offersome suggestion tous teacher in themainland China. http://www2.hawaii.edu/~dennisk/eng_206/eng206syllabus.html Course Theme : Who am I? Who or What has Shaped me? What do I believe in? Where do I fit in? These are some questions at the heart of creative nonfiction, a literary genre which allows writers to explore questions about themselves and the world, from a personal perspective, as well as to create an identity and a map of the world centered around some meaningful and significant place, person, event, activity, or community. The writing is creative in part because it is unique, different from anyone else's. The theme of this course in creative nonfiction is "Situating Identity in our Global and Multicultural Age." ("Site/Situating," Place/Placing," "Home" "Map," and so on, may be both real and imaginary, literal and metaphorical.) In your writing for this class, you will reflect on how you conceive of yourself, how important you find various traditional elements of identity, such as place, ethnicity, ancestry, family, gender, class, culture, language, and/or religion. You will reflect on the movements of your ancestors, family, and yourself; consider historical processes that have affected these movements. Through reading and research, recollection and reflection, you will explore in writing who you have become, are becoming, or might become and what you find important in the world. You will share your research and discoveries in writing with each other. We will read creative nonfiction by some well known and accomplished writers to give us some perspectives on what others have written in this genre, what others have experienced. By comparing and contrasting a multitude of perspectives on identity, you will hopefully discover ways in which we are both alike and unlike each other, and come to appreciate differences as well as look for common ground. The focus of the readings will be on the Pacific, with Asia on its western boundary, America on its eastern boundary, and Hawai'i and Pacific Islands at its center, simply because the course is being offered here, in this place between Lae'ahi and Pu'u o Kaimuki, at a college named for a Hawaiian Queen; and because the students sitting in the classrom have some roots in or connection to Hawai'i, the Pacific and Asia. (The course is designated H-focus, which means it has a Hawaiian, Asian and Pacific focus and fosters "multi-cultural respect and understanding.") Writing Topic: Places: Home and Away Biography: People Who Have Shaped Who We Are Autobiography : Finding a Way Cultural Tradition: What We Value, What We Believe, What We Pass On Community: Where We Belong, Where We Fit At least three of these writings will include with outside sources: such as an interview or two and library or internet research. This requirement is designed to get you to include more than your own perspective in your writing, to create layers of complexity, to go beyond the monovocal. The writing for this class will be done in perhaps a different way from your writing in other classes. We won't be working on one essay at a time, but all five at once, but in different stages. On the first day or two we will generate ideas for all the topics. You will start writing on the first topic, but at the same time begin collecting ideas for the other four. I find that writing grows in complexity when you think about it over a long period of time...weeks, months, even years. You will discover things in your daily living that can be included in an essay --if the topic is important to you; that is, you are thinking about these things as part of your life. Criteria for Grading Writing Content : Does the writing have a clear focus or theme? Do you provide sufficient descriptive details, information, explanations, or evidence to give the reader a clear idea and understanding of what you are trying to convey? In general, an "A" paper will contain elements of surprise, urgency and complexity. Form : Is your writing focused and structured? Grammar, Style, Spelling and Mechanics : Are your sentences clear, concise, and consistent in form and point of view? Is your style appropriate to your purpose, subject, and audience? Does your grammar and punctuation make clear your intended meaning? Do your spelling and mechanics meet the standards of edited publishable English? Diction : Are your word choices precise? Is your figurative language (metaphors, similes, etc.) fresh and effective?
个人分类: 英语课堂素材 Materials from Classroom|1 次阅读|0 个评论
[转载] 南京大学大气科学学院报告题目(周四 3-5pm)
热度 1 zuojun 2011-12-5 22:15
题目一:scientific writing basics 题目二: how to write like a pro 报告人:Dr. Zuojun Yu ( Honolulu-based freelance English editor ) 时间:2011年12月8日(周四) 下午3:00—5:00 地点:东南楼350报告厅 欢迎老师同学踊跃参加!
个人分类: Scientific Writing|2339 次阅读|2 个评论
“科网大”英文服务: lecture on scientific writing in Nanjing
热度 4 zuojun 2011-11-20 05:26
Zuojun Yu, a Honolulu-based freelance English editor, will give two one-hour-long lectures on scientific writing in English. Lecture 1: scientific writing basics Lecture 2: how to write like a pro Preferred audience: young scientists and Ph.D. candidates in the field of environmental sciences. Date: Dec. 8th and 9th, 2011 Locations and time: to be announced
个人分类: Scientific Writing|2773 次阅读|7 个评论
“科学网大学”英文服务中心: Looking for a host in Guangzhou
热度 1 zuojun 2011-11-5 15:20
Zuojun Yu, a Honolulu-based freelance English editor, would like to give two one-hour-long lectures on scientific writing in English. Lecture 1: scientific writing basics Lecture 2: how to write like a pro Preferred audience: young scientists and Ph.D. candidates in the field of environmental sciences. Date: Dec. 6th or 7th, 2011
个人分类: Scientific Writing|194 次阅读|3 个评论
刚接到奥巴马群发的一封邮件【伊拉克撤兵】
热度 2 wuqiang198 2011-10-22 17:52
Good evening, I'm writing to tell you that all US troops will return home from Iraq by the end of December. After nearly nine years, the American war in Iraq will end. Our servicemen and women will be with their families for the holidays. The war in Iraq came with tremendous cost. More than a million Americans served in Iraq, and nearly 4,500 gave their lives in service to the rest of us. Today, as always, we honor these patriots. When I came into office, I pledged to bring the war in Iraq to a responsible end. As Commander in Chief, I ended our combat mission last year and pledged to keep our commitment to remove all our troops by the end of 2011. To date, we’ve removed more than 100,000 troops from Iraq. This is a significant moment in our history. For more information, including video, please visit WhiteHouse.gov/BringingTroopsHome . The end of the war in Iraq reflects a larger trend. The wars of the past decade are drawing to a close. As we have removed troops from Iraq, we have refocused our fight against al Qaeda and secured major victories in taking out its leadership–including Osama bin Laden. And we’ve begun a transition in Afghanistan. On the first day of my Administration,roughly 180,000 troops were deployed in Iraq and Afghanistan. By the end of this year that number will be cut in half, and we’ll continue to draw it down. As we welcome home our newest veterans, we’ll enlist their talents in meeting our greatest challenges as a nation—restoring our economic strength at home. Because after a decade of war, the nation that we need to build is our own. Today the United States moves forward, from a position of strength. Thank you, President Barack Obama
个人分类: 生活点滴|1713 次阅读|2 个评论
Smart Chinese
热度 2 zuojun 2011-9-26 15:53
I have to say that Chinese are really smart, or at least Chinese students are really quick at learning English writing. A week ago, I started to edit a manuscript written by a beginner. Half way through, I could not take it any more. Why? I was doing less than English editing, because of various "small errors" here and there, involving spacing, punctuation, etc. So, I sent the manuscript back, with instructions for revision. I also wrote a few Blog on how to fix these problems. (See my Blog in the past few days on English writing.) Today, the revised manuscript came back. I was a bit nervous, because I was not sure how much improved it would be. To my surprise, it was so much better! I am so pleased with this graduate student that I suggest that he give a seminar to his fellow students on English writing.
个人分类: Scientific Writing|3227 次阅读|3 个评论
A letter to a student (on scientific writing/revision)
热度 1 zuojun 2011-9-9 15:05
Background: John is a student (or a junior scientist), whose manuscript was sent to me for English editing by his "boss." As usual, I threw in free comments and suggestions. In this case, I suggested him to split the paper into two. End of my Round 1 of editing. After some consideration, John agreed with me and sent me a shortened version. I edited it again, after having gotten the "go ahead" from his "boss." Again, I made suggestions for him to revise. A day later, John asked me for "help," again... Dear John, To revise a paper takes time. I am a good writer, but I need a lot of time to write and even more time to revise a manuscript. The key to good writing is revision, revision, and revision. Please ask yourself these questions: 1) What is new about this paper? (So, you need to know what has been published on this topic.) 2) Are the results important/useful enough to be publish in a journal? 3) Have I told a good story? (Note: A story has a story line and follows a logic; so is a scientific paper.) I want you to work hard on the paper yourself. Then, ask (your boss) to read it, and let him decide if I should do Round 3 of editing. Zuojun
个人分类: Scientific Writing|3502 次阅读|2 个评论
I just trashed a manuscript led by a famous scientist...
热度 1 zuojun 2011-9-7 09:40
I told the journal editor "such a poorly written paper should have never been sent out for review, not to mention the second time." Below is part of my review. Reject. The paper is very poorly written, from violating plain English language rules to bad organization. Most importantly, I don’t think the authors demonstrated xxx is the cause. They can (do the following test to sort things out). … Some examples of bad English: 1) The authors don’t punctuate correctly. For example, “The Indian Ocean, unlike other oceans is strongly …” (Line 38). A comma is needed after “unlike other oceans.” 2) Randomly place citation(s). For example, “during southwest (xxx et al., 199x) monsoon…” (Line 58; Lines 237-238). 3) Even at the beginning of a sentence, the authors use “Fig x” (Line 218; 247), or “Figures 3 to 5) (Line 273) without any consistency. In Line 302, it was a lower case “figure x.” 4) “To understand and comprehend…” (Line 340). Redundant. ps. May be some students put this poor guy there as the first author.
个人分类: Scientific Writing|108 次阅读|1 个评论
[转载]We love you, you're perfect, now edit
热度 1 zuojun 2011-9-1 10:22
Three magazine professionals explain what authors should and shouldn't do to establish a mutually beneficial relationship with a magazine's editors. http://www.physicstoday.org/daily_edition/points_of_view/we_love_you_you_re_perfect_now_edit?type=PTPICKS
个人分类: Scientific Writing|1599 次阅读|1 个评论
Simple is best
热度 2 liwenbianji 2011-7-15 00:54
Simple is best
简单的语言 在本贴中,我将介绍简单的语言对于学术文章的重要性。科学是复杂的,因此语言需简练。复杂的语言会让读者难以理解你想表达的学术内容。最好使用简单、清楚、简洁的语言让读者易于理解。我在后面还会提供一个图表帮助作者来简化文章中的语言。 Simple is best The nature of reality and science are complicated enough without English getting in the way "Easy writing's curse is hard reading." --Richard Brinsley Sheridan (1751-1816) The origins and evolution of the universe, the Earth and life. The climate system and effects of humans on the environment. Alternative energies and sustainability. The struggle to understand ageing, cancer and neurodegenerative diseases. These are only some of the issues being addressed currently by modern science, and they are all extremely complex. A commonly-used approach in science to manage this complexity is to tackle one small part of the problem at a time, and it is in this incremental approach that the modern scientific endeavor has been so successful in helping us understand our universe. Never the less, the methods, technologies and language of science are also extremely complex. Our disciplines are replete with their own vocabularies of technical jargon, often with their specific “grammars” in which only certain combinations of terms make scientific sense. Given this complexity of nature and our scientific methods and language, clear and concise written scientific English is essential. Unfortunately the English language is not intrinsically concise, although it is becoming more so. Compare, for example, the following lists: a majority of most a number of many, several, some at a rapid rate rapidly as a consequence of because of at this point in time currently based on the fact that because despite the fact that although due to the fact that because in order to to so as to to on the basis of based on On the left are terms that are perfectly correct, but not concise. The concise versions are on the right. The list on the left is a legacy from when English was more formal and “wordy”. These terms are still used frequently in much English writing, but in technical scientific writing they are being discarded increasingly in favor of the terms on the right. Many native English writers believe that using the wordy terms appears more intellectual or clever, and non-native writers have also been taught the same. This is wrong. The use of these wordy terms is fine in creative literature and poetry and in other types of writing where style may be considered as important as substance, but in scientific writing we should be aiming for concision. In my time here in China, I’ve twice had Chinese people tell me about their school education in English. A common task would be for the teacher to tell the class to write, for example, 200 words on a particular topic. Frequent use of terms such as “in order to” and “at this point in time” were a good way to reach the word limit, but in scientific writing the objective is usually the opposite: to say as much as you can in as few words as possible. The less you use these wordy terms the more space you have to use the technical and often complex scientific language you should be focusing on. This is especially the case for abstracts, where upper word limits need to be strictly adhered to. Another simple way to improve concision is the use, or rather not using, the word “of”. As you know, this word indicates the possessive of something, for example “the slope of the mountain”. This can be shortened to “the mountain slope”, where the word “mountain” is now used essentially as an adjective to describe the slope. Now take the short sentence “the slope of the mountain that is covered with forest.” This can be shortened to “the forested mountain slope”, where the adjective “forested” means the same as “covered with forest”. The sentence has been reduced from 10 words to four, and means exactly the same thing. This is a very simple and general example of improving concision, but this process constitutes much of the editing I perform on English manuscripts written by non-native English writers. The opening quote of this post – “easy writing's curse is hard reading” – means that writing the first thing that enters your head will usually convey most of what you want to say, but will often contain too many words and too much repetition. This can make it difficult and tiring to read. An initial draft of a piece of English writing can almost always be improved and made more concise. One of the great things about English is that although it has the capacity to be unnecessarily wordy, it is flexible enough to improve concision dramatically, as the above example showed. Unfortunately, this is often not an easy thing to do, especially for non-native speakers and writers. Similar to native speakers, non-native speakers need to spend time both writing and reading in English to develop the writing (and re-writing) skills needed for optimal concision. It is not just in English that this is an issue. The 17th Century French mathematician, physicist and theologian Blaise Pascal (1623-1662) famously said to a correspondent in a letter: “I would have written a shorter letter, but I did not have the time.” He meant that to have improved the concision of his letter would have required much more thought and effort than the initial draft. Pascal wrote this in French, but it still applies equally to making things concise in English. Returning to a theme of an earlier post (Writing and the art of scientific reading), good readers make good writers. The more English text you can read in your scientific field, and the greater familiarity you gain with the scientific vocabulary and grammar of your discipline, the more easily you will be able to use it in your writing. This includes learning the most concise way to write things. The nature of reality and science are complicated enough without wordy English getting in the way. Try your best to write concisely and clearly, and let your English language be an open doorway to the importance of your research, not an unwieldy barrier. Matthew Hughes, PhD Soil Sciences Editor Edanz Group China
3697 次阅读|3 个评论
“科学网大学”英文服务中心: an email to a “client”
热度 1 zuojun 2011-6-11 06:57
Yes, we are still open for business, seven days a week. Please send your abstracts to us for free editing and comments. We may not know your research, but we can always help to improve your writing somewhat. Xiao Zhang, Your English is pretty good. If you want to improve scientific writing , you can start with reading English publications. When you read a paper, ask yourself how easy it is to understand it. A well-written paper should do that for readers, because there should be a good logic flow to guide you through. Please feel free to contact me if you need specific help with writing. I don't know everything, but I am willing to try my best. Aloha, Zuojun
个人分类: Scientific Writing|3113 次阅读|2 个评论
SCI论文写作之Discussion篇: 博文要“博”, 论文要“论”!
热度 20 wsyokemos 2011-6-9 05:38
特别提醒 :本文主要是写给刚入科研道的菜鸟们的,如果您已经发表过一篇 SCI 论文,建议仅花一分钟,大致搂一眼本文,如果您是已经发表 3 篇以上的老手,强烈建议您到此为止,如果您不听建议,由此所造成的一切后果,本博主概不负责。 写过 SCI 英文论文的大都认为,论文中的 Discussion 部分(当然有的期刊是 Results and Discussion 在同一部分)是最难写的,写这个最难的部分该如何写,显然是难上加难,这个活让我这样水平的人来干,显然是勉为其难,现在本文权当抛砖引玉,希望高手出山,也对这部分来个专家级的分析。为了讨论方便,有必要举个例子,科学网的博主们,搞什么专业的都有,举个例子也不容易,现在就以“ 西红柿炒鸡蛋”为例来代表创新性并不高的论文,其实,我个人认为,这个世界发表的大部分论文大致都属于 “ 西红柿炒鸡蛋”级别的,像“火星纯净水清蒸月球嫦娥鱼”这种稀世珍宝级的原始创新型的文章毕竟是极少数。 Discussion 部分的关键之一是要 “ 引经据典 ” ,旁征博引,这其中的 “ 经 ” 和 “ 典 ” 当然不是圣经和孔夫子的经典,而是已经发表的论文文献,并且通常还不是历史悠久的 “ 经典 ” 文献,要尽量引用最新和影响因子较高的期刊上的文献,如果说我们说话时 “ 引经据典 ” ,旁征博引,那叫 “ 扯 ” ,其实 Discussion 部分,某种程度上也是 “ 扯 ” ,但是不能瞎扯,不然 Discussion 部分 disc uss 不好,论文就会被编辑 disc ard 的。那么怎么“扯”?! 其基本原则,我大致觉得要让自己的论文结果自圆其说,成为一个完整的故事,要让自己的新结果在自己和别人已经发表的结果基础上有合理的解释。 一般而言,一篇论文能够发表都或多或少有些新意,基本可分为三种:或方法新;或结果新;或两者兼而有之。比如这道 “ 西红柿炒鸡蛋”家常菜,几乎人人都吃过,许多人也会做,如何才能让自己的 “ 西红柿炒鸡蛋”有卖点呢?必须要有和别人不一样的地方,这个不一样,或者说是特色之处,只需要有一点,即可发表,所谓“一点之见即可成文”,比如对于方法新:这个新方法要在引言 (Introduction) 中介绍现有的方法有何缺点或者问题,我是如何解决的,比如现有的方法,由于传统的炒法,西红柿上农药残留是个问题(这个纯属臆想,别当真),我采用独特的炒作(和牛群的“炒作”不是一个意思)方法,有效的解决了农药残留问题。这个在 Discussion 就要详细讨论,看是否已经有发表的论文用过类似的方法降低或去除其他蔬菜/菜肴的农药残留问题的,如有,可能的机理是什么,我的“ 西红柿炒鸡蛋”是否也是类似机理? 我的文章中有无数据支持?如果没有,审稿人就可能让你补做相关试验,如果你现在没有条件做,以后也不想补做,讨论中就可加一句,说这个试验值得做,准备做或者正在做,但是这个已经超出了本文讨论的范畴,这样一般审稿人就会放你一马,不要求做这个实验。当然这一招,不能滥用,不然也会惹编辑或审稿人上火。 如果是试验结果新,其基本思路也大同小异。比如,我炒的 “ 西红柿炒鸡蛋”比市场上所有能买到的 西红柿炒鸡蛋 都好吃。这道菜如此 NB, 缘何?在讨论中当然要解释交代,比如秘诀是你在炒菜时加了“王守 义 十三香”(请注意:不是王守 业 十三香),你在 Discussion 也肯定要在最新最好的文献(显得更靠谱)中查找是否用 王守义十三香来炒类似菜的,这时候你可能会查到 N 多的相关文献,这个时候,“扯”的功夫就显得重要了,哪些当扯,哪些不当扯,要拿捏好,不太相关的文献不要引用,比如,有人在 “ 黄瓜炒鸡蛋”中也加了“王守义十三香”,效果也很好,而有人是做红烧肉时也加了十三香,前者自然可以引用,但是后者这样的文献还是省省吧。比如菜好吃的可能原因也要扯扯,是否是十三香于西红柿和 / 或鸡蛋起了某种反应?!以前做类似的菜是否也有类似的反应?值得一提的是,科技论文的一个特点是可重复性,因此文中所用的试剂等尽量要是市场上可以购买到的,比如你如果说所添加的特别佐料是 50 代单传的祖传老秘方,并且文中也没有“秘方”的配方, 也就是说,这道菜是:蝎子拉屎——独(毒)一份,您的成功,别人无法复制。像这样的文章自然很难通过同行评审。 我们写论文,写 Discussion 部分当然不可能像 “ 黄瓜炒鸡蛋”那么简单,但是其思路是类似的,您只要“触类”,就能“旁通”!下面再来谈谈写 Discussion 常犯的几个错误: 1Introduction 与 Discussion 两部分互串或者角色客串: 比如应该写在 Introduction 部分的,却写在了 Discussion 部分,而反向而为之者 ,也不少。那么如何把握哪些该写在 Introduction ? 哪些该写在 Discussion 部分?我个人认为不少情况下也并无严格的界限,一个是平时看文献看高水平论文是如何把握的,另外还要明白 Introduction 只是起到引言、介绍作用的,主要是背景知识,另外还要介绍哪些是已经知道,哪些还未知,或者存在的问题,本文解决的问题,主要结果等等,而 Discussion 部分则起到不同的作用,比如我的结果和别人已经发表的结果是如何一致的,如果不一致,可能的原因和合理解释为何?所以 Introduction 关键是一个“引”字,而 Discussion 则关键是一个“论”字。 2. Discussion 部分扯得太远太多: 比如还是 “ 西红柿炒鸡蛋”,有人可能将西红柿的栽培历史和引进到我国的历史都介绍一遍,甚至还要扯上西红柿的重要有用成分以及都是和哪些菜一起炒过等等,这些都是扯的太远啦,跑题了,要紧扣主题,抓住关键点:我的这道菜如何和别人的不同,为何不同,这样才能使自己的菜有卖点,同样的道理,也要使自己的论文有卖点,才能打动审稿人和编辑 / 主编的心。不光在讨论部分,论文的其他部分也要突出强调自己文章的特色之处或者说主要结论。 最后再扯两句为何说 博文要 “ 博 ”, 这个道理很简单,比如以我自己为例,我的许多博文,都常提 SCI, 影响因子、被引用次数等等,这样的博文写多了,我自己也会觉得有黔驴技穷的感觉,读者也会腻歪,因此 博文 从题材到内容都需要 “ 博 ”, 不能天天都吃 “ 西红柿炒鸡蛋”,即使是,也要换着花样炒,每天都是新味道。但是写博文也不能走向另一极端,为了博而“博”,博文还要专,要尽量写自己拿手的、熟悉的东西。因为,写自己不专、不熟悉的东西只能是外行话连篇,贻笑大方。这正如科学网博主鲁白先生最近做报告时提及的对博士的定义:“ know anything of something , know something of anything, ”所以似乎一个合格的“博士”写“博文”要容易一些,因为两者都要求既要“博”、又要“专”。所以科学网的好的博文不但要“两性兼备”(点击参见我的另一博文: 科学网的好博文也要“两性”兼备! ),还要“博专并举”! ( 王守业写于 2011 年 6 月 9 日,未经同意,请勿转载 )
个人分类: 论文写作|42280 次阅读|43 个评论
好论文的标准:“两性”兼备
热度 16 wsyokemos 2011-5-30 22:26
我们评价一个好人 / 牛人的时候,经常提到 “ 德才兼备 “ ,套用这个词,评价一篇好的 SCI 论文时,至少也要 “ 两性 ” 兼备,当然,这个 “ 两性 ” 并非一般意义的两性关系中的 “ 两性 ” ,而是指: 新颖性、有趣性 / 可读性 。 我们先来看第一 “ 性 ” ,新颖性,一篇论文如果没有任何新意,只是简单的重复别人的研究思路或者发现,当然算不上一篇好文章 , 所以新颖性( novelty )可以说是评价一篇文章最重要的标准,也是论文的核心和灵魂,一篇没有任何新意的文章,纵然是生花妙笔也不能使文章起死回生,即使走运最终发表,也只能最终悲惨地蜗居在一个很烂、很烂的期刊上,文章本身也会步入无人 / 乏人引用的“悲惨世界”。 下面主要谈谈第二性:有趣性 / 可读性,当我们看到一篇好文时,有时候会拍案叫绝地说:有意思 (interesting)!!  这种有意思固然和文章本身的新颖发现有关,但是文章写的好也常常起到很重要的作用。当然,尽管我此前曾提到,写论文如导电影(点击参见: 治大国如烹小鲜,写论文如导大片 ),但是毕竟八股式的 SCI 论文格式,注定我们不可能在写作方式上玩出太多的花样来,尽管如此,我们照样可以想方设法增加文章的有趣性 / 可读性。有趣性和可读性看起来是两个不同的方面,但是我觉得可以看作一个问题的两个方面,因为可读性是有趣性的基础和前提,没有可读性,审稿人和读者连你想表达什么都成问题,何谈有趣?可读性的一个重要方面就是要将论文写的清楚、明白(点击参见我的另一博文: 明明白白才是真 : how to write a scientific paper clearly ),当然就这一看似简单的要求,做起来却不是那么容易,首先作者的英语不但要好,而且要求作者对自己的数据之间的逻辑关系要非常清楚、对相关文献和研究进展也要了如指掌,因为 “ 以己昏昏 ” ,断不能 “ 使人昭昭 ” 的。自己如果都糊里糊涂,写出来的文章自然会令人费解。在基本的可读性解决了之后,再来看看如何从论文的各个部分增加论文的有趣性。本人深知自己才疏学浅,科学网高手如云,仅就自己的体会谈谈一点拙见(谬误之处,期待高手板砖直拍,我受得了!): 1 Title :在充分表达了文章的主要结果 / 信息的前提下,标题要尽可能的吸引眼球,但是也不能 “ 为赋新诗强说愁 ” ,走向另一个极端,为了吸引眼球而整的标题不知所云。个人写博文,偶尔还可以玩玩“标题党”,写论文,玩标题党,即使是玩一次,就可能把自己的论文玩死。这个标题的重要性,至少表现在如下三个方面: 1 )对于期刊编辑:编辑如果一看标题不行,再草草看看摘要,可能这文章不经审稿,直接就打发了 ;2) 对于审稿人:当编辑向审稿人发审稿邀请函时,一般只有论文的标题和摘要,标题不够吸引人眼球的话,审稿人也没有兴趣来审稿(大家都很忙,并且是义务的); 3) 对于读者:在文章最终发表后,面对海量的文献,为何读者要不看其它的,而独钟情于你的论文呢? 首先要标题勾人!不然,读者可能就扫一眼,摘要都不看,就过去了,更谈不上读全文、引用你的论文了,在这个强调论文引用次数的年代,标题不好,要吃大亏!当然好的标题,光吸引眼球还不够,还要用尽量少的单词来充分表达论文的内容,好的标题另外一个常为人所忽略的作用是帮助文献追踪或检索,这是由于文献检索系统多以题名中的主题词作为线索,主题词必须要准确地反映论文的核心内容 , 不然就有可能产生漏检。不恰当的题名很可能会导致论文间接“丢失”,不能被潜在的读者获取,更不用说引用了。无人引用,在我国当前国情下,不仅仅影响作者扩大自己在学术界的影响,更是直接影响作者前(钱)途。 2 . Abstract: 摘要的重要性,不用多言,相信大家读文献时,大多数文献只是读了标题和摘要,所以这部分如果写的很烂,读者根本就没有兴趣读你的全文了,投稿时给审稿人的第一印象就很不好,全文的结果部分必须要有非常好的结果才可能扭转审稿人的第一印象。由于摘要的极端重要性,似乎有必要专门发个帖子讨论该话题,在此不再赘述,以后如有机会再表。 另外,在 Introduction, Results 和 Discussion 部分也有类似问题,以后我打算就各个部分分别谈谈自己的粗浅看法。尽管说写论文如导电影,但是论文和电影的一个很大(如果不是最大的话)的区别就是科技论文更注重和强调逻辑性和严谨性,整个论文的各个部分都要形成一个流畅的所谓的 logic flow, 一个逻辑不通的、前言不答后语的论文不可能奢谈有趣性。比如在电影《山楂树之恋》中的老三和静秋的那点事,电影和小说相比,有相当多的不符合逻辑的地方,比如,在小说中,老三和静秋(尤其是后者)都多才多艺,两人都擅长拉小提琴,我个人觉得,上述的许多共同点、共同语言才使两人彼此欣赏,感情不断加深,最终深深相恋,乃至有肉体的结合。但是这些在电影中都不见踪影,两人的所谓的史上最干净的爱情就显得不太符合逻辑(有两性关系并非就是不干净,连圣经中,亚当视夏娃也为 “ 骨中的骨、肉中的肉 ” 。并且圣经还说: “ 因此,人要离开父母,与妻子连合,二人成为一体。当时夫妻二人赤身露体,并不羞耻 ” ),当然,电影只要卖座,没有多少人追究其逻辑性,但是论文的逻辑性是则是其卖座(首先要入审稿人和编辑的法眼)的前提条件。 ( 王守业草于 2010 年 11 月,修改于 2011 年 5 月 30 日,初稿曾贴于丁香园。文首图片来自网络,感谢作者。 本文为 科学网电子杂志 2011 年总第 208 期 所收录。 未经允许,请勿转载)
个人分类: 论文写作|17954 次阅读|33 个评论
科研第一步:怎样获得好的idea?!
热度 24 wsyokemos 2011-5-16 21:36
“Idea” 这一简单的英文单词,却似乎很难用一个对应的中文词来翻译,它应该包括了“ 想法”、“思路”、“点子”等多种意思,所以这个看似简单的单词代表的是相对复杂的意思,更代表了对于科研人员而言非常重要的问题:怎样获得好的 idea? 不少人,尤其是刚从事科研的研究生认为,撰写论文是在试验做完之后的事情,事实上,在做试验开始之前就已经开始了,即:怎么想到一个有创新性的 idea 是论文写作(本文只限于 SCI 英文论文的讨论)的第一步。年轻的父母们都不希望自己的孩子输在起跑线上,而新的 idea 就是科研活动的起跑线,它是研究人员拿到经费资助、最后发好文章的基础和重要基石,而 idea 的创新程度直接决定了以后文章的质量。所以我们即使只是为了自己前途(实际上在当今中国也是 “ 钱 ” 途)计,也不能使自己输在起跑线上。 “ 磨刀不误砍柴工 ” ,多花几个星期想 idea ,看似浪费时间,由于生物医学研究的长周期性及高成本,这方面的时间投资绝对是值得的、划算的。这也有点像写议论文的论点,强调的是立意要新、要高,总是陈词滥调,不会有人感兴趣。怎么才算是好的 idea 呢?科学网知名博主鲁白(现任 中国葛兰素史克副总 裁) 对此有高见,我就不再一一赘述,有兴趣的朋友可以参见他在科学网自己博客上的演讲稿,题目为: “ 如何在顶级科学杂志上发表论文 ” 。再来看什么是不好的 idea ,套用鲁白先生对不好的研究工作的评述,分述如下,谈谈自己的粗浅认识: 第一类称为 Horizontal growth ,所谓横向长。比如有人在某乳腺癌细胞系做出一个新的结果,我现在手头有肝癌细胞系,用类似的方法和思路试试如何?这类的思路,显然没有什么创新性,但是这类似的思路,个人认为也并非完全不可取,比如最近有人在肿瘤学的著名期刊 Cancer Research 发文报道过量服用鱼油可使老鼠(记不得是小鼠还是大鼠了)增加得结肠癌的风险,但是类似的工作在人身上就从来没有人做过(不一定要给给人大剂量服用鱼油),这样的思路仍然很有意义,也很有希望发表很好的论文,所以做临床的医生多和搞基础的合作、交流,多看基础类的相关论文,就比较容易产生此类的新的科研思路。 第二类为 Filling gaps 。这种思路在细胞信号传导研究中尤为常见,比如有人已经报道 A 蛋白是 B 蛋白的上游蛋白,另外有人报道 B 蛋白是 C 蛋白的上游,但是 A 和 C 蛋白之间的关系就是个 gap ,无人报道,所以我就研究 A 和 C 的关系,这种结果一般都是可以预测的,创新性不大,尽管如此,这类的发现也照样可以发表文章,只是不大可能入 CNS ( C ell , Nature, Science )之类的牛刊的法眼。 第三: Working out details ,比如著名期刊 Cell 在 2010 年曾报道了标题为 “GPR120 is an omega-3 fatty acid receptor mediating potent anti-inflammatory and insulin-sensitizing effects” 的牛文。虽然欧米伽 -3 脂肪酸(鱼油的主要活性成分)已经研究了很久了,但是这篇文章是一个里程碑式的突破,发现了欧米伽 -3 的受体 GPR120 。但是两者作用的很多细节上不清楚,比如哪些是 GPR120 作为欧米伽 -3 的受体关键位点?两者在体外作用的动力学研究等等, 事实上,这类的思路在我们国家(甚至整个世界)的研究中占了很大的比例,我们美其名曰跟踪世界前沿,这样的思路 /idea 尽管一般不能出第一流的成果,但是也能发二三流的文章,对于研究生而言,这已经是不错的结果了。顺便提一下,我最近恰好听了该文的通讯作者的一个学术报告,从其得知,只有野生的鱼里才富含欧米伽 -3 脂肪酸,而人工养殖的鱼里含量极少,并且对人体不好的一种脂肪酸(即:欧米伽 -6 脂肪酸) 含量在 养殖的鱼里 反而很高,所以说:不但“家花没有野花香”, 连“家鱼”也没有 “野鱼”香啊! 第四, Support existing idea, “me too” 。比如钟南山院士在 Lancet 上报道某种治疗 A 病的的常见廉价药可以治疗 B 病(不敢确保他们的具体研究内容),所以我就用这个药的类似物,或者有类似药效的药,看是否也有类似的结果。 第五, Follow up ,有人在前面已经发表了,我在后面跟上。这个有点像第三点 Working out details ,不再赘述。 第六, Incomplete study, preliminary 。这种例子在低端期刊比较多,我在帮别人改稿时常看到这类的问题,就是说,一个故事还没有讲完呢就嘎然而止啦,让人很上火,比如有人发现某种激酶在放射辐照的肿瘤细胞中表达水平升高( mRNA 和蛋白水平),就完啦,至于机理等一概没有,像这种文章,审稿人要么直接拒稿,要么就是要求补很多实验。 那么到底如何才能获得新的有创意的 idea 呢?新的 idea 绝不是闭门造车得到的,尤其是对于一个刚从事科研工作的研究生而言,更不要奢望某天会突然来灵感了,新的 idea 自己就会从脑海里蹦出来,连牛顿这样的千年不遇的牛人都需要站在巨人的肩膀上,何况你我等凡夫俗子?!更有必要往巨人身上靠,作为一个新手,如何识别业内的巨人或者牛人呢?个人觉得可同时利用 ISI Web of Science 采用三种措施:1)结合本实验室,或本科室的研究方向现查一下该领域的被引用次数最高的几篇综述类文章,这类文章一般是必读的经典论文;2)再查该方向的发表的综述类影响因子最高的几篇论文;3)仔细阅读前面查到的一些论文,应该能判断出谁是该领域的领军人物,也就是牛人,找到本领域的为数极少的几位牛人很重要,因为这直接决定了我们要站在谁的肩膀上,接下来,再查这些极个别的牛人的近几年的论著 (article, not review ,当然自己实验室的近几年的文章也要仔细看 ) ,仔细阅读,在此阶段,没有必要看的太细,比如材料和方法就可直接跳过,重点看人家提出什么问题或者是什么猜想 (hypothesis) ,然后采用什么技术手段和方法解决这些问题或检验这些猜想的,这部分是属于借鉴牛人的研究思路,另外更重要的是,看看牛人们都已经解决了什么问题,还有什么问题没有解决,结合自己实验室、科室的具体条件提出自己的新的切实可行的 idea ,想到后,趁热打铁,立刻写下来,并立马写下如何证明自己的 idea ,需要做哪些实验?先用 Powerpoint 或者 Word 列出一个大纲来 , 和老板或同事、实验室其他人员等讨论创新性、可行性,需要补充那些实验?哪些实验是最先需要做的?这样经过几个来回,学生自己对课题就会了然于胸,也会有更大的热情和兴趣做好实验。事实上,上述大纲某种程度上就是以后写论文的蓝本。 对于想出新的 idea , 我个人的一个重要体会 , 简单的说就是: 认牛人、看牛文! 经过多年历练,运气好+个人努力,你也一样可以成为牛人,让以后的新手们站在你的肩膀上。 后记:本文写完后偶然看到 sszx 站友在 丁香园 上有一个题为 “ 如何获得好的 idea” 的帖子,感觉和本 文的互补性挺强,帖子本身写的也很好,特推荐, 可点击查看 。 再后记:在贴出本文的短短几个小时后就得知,科学网著名博主吕喆老师写了篇相关博文,标题为: “ 也来说说 idea ” ,很有意思,值得一读。 (王守业草于 2010 年 10 月 ,最后修改于 2013 年1 月20 日,原文曾贴于丁香园。感谢鲁白先生的博文对写本文的启示。文首图片链接自网络,感谢作者。 本文被 科学网电子杂志 2011 年总第 206 期 收录。 )
个人分类: 论文写作|34611 次阅读|41 个评论
Paper writing notes
热度 1 rrerre 2011-5-14 22:55
Important points: 1. Highlight the contributions, and focus on the novel work. 2. Write a paper as a presentation. Other points: 1. Full name before any abbreviation. 2. Function Call Graph (FCG), i.e. capitalize the first letter of words which will provide the abbrievated name. 3. "can not" - "cannot" 4. Avoid using "The" in titiles. 5. Avoid using "we", "us", and "our"; use "the proposed" instead. 6. Avoid using "that is" and "it means". 7. Reduce using "()". 8. Either use "energy" or "power", but not both. 9. In reference part, don't use abbrievation of conference name, but the full name.
个人分类: paper writing|3823 次阅读|1 个评论
治大国如烹小鲜,写论文如导大片
热度 5 wsyokemos 2011-4-23 02:49
治大国如烹小鲜,写论文如导大片
很久以来,我一直觉得写论文和导演导一部电影有点类似, “ 治大国如烹小鲜,写论文如导大片 ” 这个标题并非为了制造噱头,更非标题党。写论文尽管并非需要强调如 “ 治大国如烹小鲜 ” 那般的无为而治和气定神闲的境界,但在投稿后确实需要这种境界。在此不再展开来说。下面主要谈谈我对写论文如导大片的一点体会。但需要说明的是,本人从来没有有幸导演过任何电影(这辈子估计都没戏啦),所以,虽然写过一些小文章,但对写论文和导演导电影的比较显然有很多想象的成分。像我这样,既没有导过大片,又没有发过牛论文的无名小卒,只能发扬“无知者无畏”的伟大精神,斗胆写本文话题。 作为作者,在写论文之前,和导演在拍电影之前的准备工作一样,需要将前期工作做好,所谓 “ 兵马未行,粮草先动 ” ,导演在开机之前要先选好主要演员,熟悉剧本,还要确定配角、群众演员和场地等。同样在作者在开写论文前,也需要许多准备工作,简而言之,作者也要先确定自己的主要演员(文章解决的主要的问题和主要结果),熟悉自己的剧本(文章的腹稿 + 整理的图表和文章框架),当然光有主要演员(即使是大腕)也无法拍一部大片,还要有配角、群众演员(支持主要结果的一些相对不是很重要的实验结果 + 别的作者的文章和相关报道结果)。 一切准备好了之后,开机后的第一个镜头很重要,和拍电影不同的是,科技论文有一些类似八股文(这种八股上百年来已被证明是最有效的科研结果展示方式)的格式,不像拍电影那样可以有很多艺术手法,比如不少电影中常用的倒叙手法:电影开头先是一具无头女尸(女网友看到这,别骂我 ),电影最后才是杀手浮出水面,写论文自然不能采用如此方式,你不能一句话不说,上来就是实验结果推出,读者自然是一头雾水,这时候就要先让群众演员(别的作者的文章和相关报道结果)先上场了,所以让什么群众演员上,上的次序和方式以及和主要演员出场时的时机最好要无缝衔接,既要合情更要合理,这种合理比拍电影更重要,电影你可以玩 “ 阿凡达 ” ,好看就行,合理性没有人太挑刺,但是写科技论文,句子与句子之间,段落于段落之间,必须要有严谨的逻辑关系,在论文中要凸显这一点,一个需要注意关键点就是配角、群众演员都是为主要演员服务的,不能喧宾夺主,所以在 Introduction 和 Discussion 部分,配角、群众演员(别的作者的文章和相关报道结果)的戏份要合适,如果太多,就喧宾夺主了,当然太少了也不行,孤掌难鸣啊。 我们都知道,电影中的第一个镜头,或者说前一分钟的镜头,非常重要,有不少大片(电影或电视剧)开头一分钟的镜头可能花费几百万甚至更多,就是为了吸引观众看下去,论文的开头虽然没有像电影的开头那么重要(因为不少读者和审稿人直接先看图表和结果了),但是也并非无足轻重,第一话如何写,一定程度上决定了 Introduction 第一段甚至更多的走向,不少新手,可能思索半天还不知道如何下手第一句话,万事开头难啊!我的经验 / 体会是,您如果实在不知道如何开头,就将第一句或第一个单词选用标题中的某个关键词,当然具体选哪个也需精挑细选。 电影中不能有穿帮镜头,不能动不动就玩穿越(尤其是拍古装戏,当然现在穿越戏反而很火),也就是说要符合情理,同样写文章更要讲究符合情理,比如你的实验结果和前人报道的结果有不同之处,甚至是截然相反的,这时候,就是显示导演(作者)的水准的时候了,如何解释和别人不同之处,可能的原因是什么?这些可能的原因也不能是靠玩穿越弄来的,要旁征博引,引经据典,加以合理的解释,起码要能说服审稿人和编辑才可能发表。另外论文本身的数据之间也要自洽或相一致。如果有看似矛盾的结果,也需要加以说明或解释,而非视而不见。 当然,文章写好之后,和电影的后期制作类似,也要进行后期修改,这是必要和值得的。我们大陆拍的一些大片,经常需要送到香港甚至国外去后期制作、剪辑,尤其是一些高难度的电脑模拟的镜头的,投资巨大。类似的,论文写好初稿后,自己先反复修改,直至自己实在是改不出任何毛病了,再送给导师(如果是学生或博士后)或者同事、同行进行进一步修改,如果是英语不好且工作繁忙的临床医生等,可能还需要花钱送到论文润色 / 服务公司进行专业修改,当然一篇文章的最终质量还是主要取决于科学 / 实验结果本身,英语 / 写作可以说只能起到锦上添花的作用。在统计学和计算机科学/ IT 界有句名言:“ Garbage In, Garbage Out (GIGO) " . 也就是垃圾进,还是垃圾出。想依靠论文润色 / 服务公司将自己的稻草变成黄金的想法,是不切实际的。就像一部电影的好坏,并不是光靠剪辑、音响效果等后期制作,但是大家都花钱投不菲的钱在后期制作上,说明是必要和值得的。类似的,花钱让专业公司修改有时候也是必要、值得的,根据我自己帮人改文章的经验,一篇没有多少创新性,英文写得又差的论文,大多只能发在大约影响因子在 1 分以下的期刊,但是如果经过专业编辑的修改,或再加以补充一些明显需要补的实验,通过精心选择适当的期刊,完全有可能发在 2-3 分甚至是 4 分多(指影响因子)的期刊上 。 最后,说几句题外话,我个人认为,写好英文科技论文至少需要英语和科研素质 / 能力两方面的要求,而这些,对于像我这样智力平平的网友而言,都非一朝一夕的功夫,如果幻想像小沈阳在《大笑江湖》那样,偶然得到一般武林秘籍,外加高手传内功,很快自己也变成高手了,这毕竟是幻想、是神话,对于写好英文科技论文而言,尽管有方法、有经验可以学习,但是最好、最有用的“秘籍”应该还是多练,自己不写、不练,看一万本论文写作书,自己也成不了论文写作高手。 (王守业草于 2010 年 10 月,修改于 2011 年 4 月 21 日 , 初稿曾贴于丁香园论文版,文中图片来自网络,向作者表示致谢。引文地址: http://blog.sciencenet.cn/home.php?mod=spaceuid=563591do=blogid=436339 )
个人分类: 论文写作|11703 次阅读|5 个评论

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