Recently the prestigious journal Science released some favorite science news stories of the year 2014, and the study “ Determining optimal fallout shelter times following a nuclear detonation ” is one of the most popular articles by readers. Let's imagine the scene: It begins with a flash brighter than the sun. You luckily survive the shock wave from initial blast. But the deadly radioactive fallout is on its way. What should you do then? The official U.S. government advice is to “take shelter in the nearest and most protective building.” For most people, that would be the basement of their home, offering little protection from fallout. In such cases the official recommendations suggest “early transit” to find better shelter with thick layers of concrete over your head and plenty of food and water. But the problem comes -- if you spend too much time outside in the fallout, you’re toast. Scientists have figured out what you should do if the case happens. Michael Dillon, an atmospheric scientist at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory in California, has built up a new mathematical model to answer the question raised by his curious family member. In his paper published last year, he demonstrated the sheltering strategies for people far enough from ground zero to survive the initial blast but close enough to face deadly fallout. We won't need to look into the number of complicated mathematical equations here. Just keep in mind that your total radiation dose is closely related to your distance from the detonation and the time you stay outside looking for and reaching a better shelter. Assuming that you are totally exposed while running to safe shelter, in the end, the calculation is simplified to a single critical number--the ratio of the time you spend hunkering down in your first shelter to the time you spend moving to the high-quality shelter. Then Dillon worked out what would happen with a variety of shelter options and transit times, as shown in the pictures below. The results are quite surprising. For low-yield nuclear detonations, you can do far better than just sheltering in place (the first option in the picture). If your current shelter is poor and higher quality shelter is less than 5 minutes away, you should run there as soon as you can (the 2nd option). If you got nothing but a higher quality shelter is available farther away, you should go for it no later than 30 minutes after detonation (the 3rd option). VERY IMPORTANT: You’ll need a watch and a good knowledge of your surroundings. Run!!! Of course not everyone is convinced of the new model. But according to an official from NIH, Dillon’s model reveals what is “possible to do and what is not likely to be useful. I just hope that we never have to use the guidelines. Let's pray for a peaceful world together at the beginning of the new year. Please see the link below for the original post. Thanks! http://blog.chinadaily.com.cn/blog-309597-25907.html
needed to upload in google acount! 1. MIT 量子.场论课程 connected to youtube http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9yfcqI-lEj0list=SP958F66FFE4393435index=0 http://ocw.mit.edu/courses/physics/8-323-relativistic-quantum-field-theory-i-spring-2008/ cambriger http://www.damtp.cam.ac.uk/user/tong/qftvids.html 2. Radiational nucl related: prof brown NSCL highlights http://www.nscl.msu.edu/~brown/highlights/high.html workshops https://groups.nscl.msu.edu/theory/content/local-workshops-msu meeting http://www.nscl.msu.edu/~brown/meetings/meetings.html 欧核协会 http://www.nupecc.org/presentations/ Nuclear Structure and Reactions useful http://www.nucleartheory.net/tnet/presentations.htm ETC http://www.ectstar.eu ECT* Workshop 2013 From Few-Nucleon Forces to Many-Nucleon Structure http://theorie.ikp.physik.tu-darmstadt.de/ect13/Talks.html 3.google summer school meeting nuclear physics summer school: America http://www.int.washington.edu/NNPSS/schools.html International Summer School for Advanced Studies 'Dynamics of open nuclear systems' IOP science http://iopscience.iop.org/search journal of physics :conference series http://iopscience.iop.org/1742-6596/413/1 例其中paper exotic structure and decay http://iopscience.iop.org/1742-6596/413/1/012007 17th UK Nuclear Physics Postgraduate Summer School : useful and easy http://ns.ph.liv.ac.uk/~ajb/summerschool/programme.html 4.report vedio :BNL MIT SLAC GERN vedio similar to 康奈尔大学的arXiv.org http://pirsa.org good 5.nuclear data http://www.nucleartheory.net/data.htm
J. Am. Huilin Ins. 2012, 4, 1-23 Journal of American Huilin Institute ISSN 2160-438X http://www.amhuilin.com/journal/jahi Review A Spectroscopic Quantum Model 1. Effective Nuclear Charge 2. Effective Principal Quantum Number Yonghe Zhang American Huilin Institute, http://www.amhuilin.com , E-Mail: y.zhang.huilin@gmail.com Received: 2 February 2012; in revised form: 2 March 2012 / Accepted: 5 April 2012 FullText(SpQtmModel) ________________________________________________________________________________________________ Abstracts ： Based on the Bohr quantum energy levels, a spectroscopic quantum model for easily calculating the effective nuclear charge Z* and the effective principal quantum number n* from the ionization energy I z of the all orbitals from 1s to nf is established: Z*=n*(I z /R) ½ No longer using the traditional rules for estimating artificially the shielding effects , the model successfully derived many important quantitative methods ， such as the IC-model, electronegativity, Lewis acid strengths, crosslink density and e ffective Polarizing Power, which can calculate and describe quantitatively chemical phenomena and the dual observations of the ionic and the covalent of bond, correlated with chemical theorems and regulations and predicted chemical processes and products. ___________________________________________________________
近日来自浙江大学生命科学学院的研究人员在新研究中揭示了对TGFβ信号传导通路起重要调控作用的一个蛋白磷酸酶。这一研究成果“PPM1A dephosphorylates RanBP3 to enable efficient nuclear export of Smad2 and Smad3”公布在国际权威期刊《EMBO Reports》上。 近日来自浙江大学生命科学学院的研究人员在新研究中揭示了对TGFβ信号传导通路起重要调控作用的一个蛋白磷酸酶。这一研究成果“PPM1A dephosphorylates RanBP3 to enable efficient nuclear export of Smad2 and Smad3”公布在国际权威期刊《EMBO Reports》上。 领导这一研究的是2009年起担任浙江大学生命科学研究院院长的冯新华教授，其早年毕业于武汉大学，重要研究方向是分子信号转导、蛋白质修饰及其在疾病发生和发育过程中的功能。在迄今在国际权威杂志如Cell、Molecular cell、Nature等上发表论文80余篇，总被引用超过5000次。 QIAGEN 隆重推出体细胞突变筛查试剂盒，点击获取相关资料 转化生长因子-β(TGF-β)是一个包括数十种TGF-βs、骨形态发生蛋白(BMPs)等配体在内的生长因子超家族。近年来大量的研究表明TGF-β信号通路控制着一系列的细胞反应，包括细胞增殖、分化、细胞外基质重建和胚胎发育。TGF-β信号转导异常与多种疾病如肿瘤的起始和转移、组织纤维化，自身免疫性疾病及心脑血管疾病有关。Smad2和Smad3 (Smad2/3)是TGFβ信号传导通路中重要的信号传导因子。 在这篇文章中，研究人员揭示了一个调控TGFβ信号通路的关键蛋白磷酸酶PPM1A。体内外实验表明PPM1A可直接与输出蛋白RanBP3发生相互作用，使得RanBP3第58位丝氨酸发生去磷酸化。与此相一致的是，研究人员在PPM1A敲除小鼠胚胎成纤维细胞中检测到RanBP3磷酸化水平增高。进一步的分析表明，第58位丝氨酸去磷酸化使得RanBP3被激活，将Smad2/3输出核外，从而导致了TGFβ信号通路的终止。 新研究证实了蛋白磷酸酶PPM1A对TGFβ信号通路的重要调控功能及分子作用机制。并为研究人员开发出TGF-β信号转导异常导致多种疾病的有效治疗策略提供了一个潜在的靶点。 PPM1A dephosphorylates RanBP3 to enable efficient nuclear export of Smad2 and Smad3 Smad2 and Smad3 (Smad2/3) are essential signal transducers and transcription factors in the canonical transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) signalling pathway. Active Smad2/3 signalling in the nucleus is terminated by dephosphorylation and subsequent nuclear export of Smad2/3. Here we report that protein phosphatase PPM1A regulates the nuclear export of Smad2/3 through targeting nuclear exporter RanBP3. PPM1A directly interacted with and dephosphorylated RanBP3 at Ser 58 in vitro and in vivo. Consistently, RanBP3 phosphorylation was elevated in PPM1A-null mouse embryonic fibroblasts. Dephosphorylation of RanBP3 at Ser 58 promoted its ability to export Smad2/3 and terminate TGF-β responses. Our findings indicate the critical role of PPM1A in maximizing exporter activity of RanBP3 for efficient termination of canonical TGF-β signalling.
The devastating earthquake and tsunami off the coast of Japan in March 2011 will have a significant impact on the future of nuclear energy. The ultimate outcome of the Fukushima Daiichi accident will influence public opinion and government decisions about the future development of nuclear power worldwide. And the lessons we learn from the crisis will inform future decisions about nuclear fuel storage, appropriate safety standards and accountability measures, and emergency preparedness. However, our ability to respond effectively to the challenges presented by the Fukushima Daiichi accident has been, in large part, predicated on research, practices, and policies developed over the last three decades. What additional events or developments might surprise us in the future that could affect the spread of nuclear energy? How can we better anticipate such surprises so that we can more effectively mitigate the impacts of negative develop ments and maximize the impact of positive developments? Toward this end, in August 2010 the American Academy, as part of its Global Nuclear Future Initiative, cosponsored a meeting with the Center for International Security and Cooperation (CISAC) at Stanford University on Game Changers for Nuclear Energy. The conference brought together a small group of representatives from diverse energy backgrounds—including government, industry, NGOs, national laboratories, and academia—for an in-depth discussion of variables that could affect the future of nuclear power. These include reactor and fuel cycle technology and regulation, accidents and security incidents, climate change, and relevant politics. The purpose of the workshop was to explore what events, foreseen or not, could change the presently foreseen nuclear power “game.” What follows is the resulting paper from this meeting. This Occasional Paper is part of the American Academy’s Global Nuclear Future Initiative, which examines the safety, security, and nonproliferation implications of the global spread of nuclear energy and is develop ing pragmatic recommendations for managing the emerging nuclear order. The Global Nuclear Future Initiative is supported by generous grants from Carnegie Corporation of New York; the William and Flora Hewlett Foundation; the Alfred P. Sloan Foundation; the Flora Family Foundation; and Fred Kavli and the Kavli Foundation. The American Academy is grateful to the principal investigators of the Global Nuclear Future Initiative—Steven Miller, Scott Sagan, Robert Rosner, and Stephen Goldberg—for contributing their time, experience, and expertise to the work of the Initiative. CISAC would like to thank the Flora Family Foundation and the John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation for supporting the scholars’ work on this project. We would like to thank Thomas Isaacs, Michael May, and Kate Marvel for organizing a substantive meeting and the participants for their thoughtful contributions at the meeting and to this paper. We are grateful to Michael and Kate for bringing their knowledge and insight to bear on this important issue. Leslie Berlowitz President and William T. Golden Chair American Academy of Arts and Sciences Scott D. Sagan Caroline S.G. Munro Professor of Political Science Codirector, Center for International Security and Cooperation, Stanford University 原文见 http://www.amacad.org/pdfs/book_game_changers.pdf
Six party talks on nuclear disarmament stalled since 2009 CBC News Posted: Dec 19, 2011 8:08 AM ET The death of North Korean leader Kim Jong-il has raised hopes that nuclear disarmament talks on the volatile Korean peninsula can be resumed. The Japanese government, in particular, is watching to see whether Kim’s death will lead to a resumption of the so-called six party talks on North Korea’s nuclear ambitions, CBC's Craig Dale reported from Tokyo. The discussions involving North and South Korea, Japan, Russia, China and the U.S. have been suspended since 2009. The news of Kim's death and the tension surrounding North Korea's estimated half-dozen nuclear weapons sparked calls for calm from leaders around the world. Following a meeting in Tokyo with Japanese Foreign Minister Koichiro Gemba, U.S. Secretary of State Hillary Clinton said both countries "share a common interest in a peaceful and stable transition in North Korea," Clinton said Monday. "We reiterate our hope for improved relations with the people of North Korea and remain deeply concerned about their well-being," she said. Earlier, Australian Foreign Minister Kevin Rudd called the peninsula "the single largest militarily armed zone in the world. It has been thus for decades, and right now we're at one of those critical junctures in post-1950 military history where we need to ensure that calm and restraint are exercised at an exceptionally difficult period of transition." Kim, who assumed power in 1994 after the death of his father, Kim Il-sung, is reported to have died Saturday after suffering a heart attack . His third son, Kim Jong-un, who is said to be in his 20s and the heir apparent, was dubbed the "great successor" by North Korea media on Monday. In South Korea, where the military was put on alert following the surprise announcement of the leader's death, the Yonhap news agency said North Korea test-fired at least one short-range missile. South Korean officials don't believe the missile firing was linked with Kim's death. Security meetings held China, regarded as North Korea's closest ally, sent its condolences. Chinese state TV said China expressed confidence that co-operation between the two countries will continue, and said it had confidence in Kim Jong-un, Reuters reported. 'Let us hope that the North Korean people will soon be freed from the Communist prison in which they have been captive for six decades.' — Jason Kenney, Canada's citizenship and immigration minister, on Twitter Chinese Foreign Ministry spokesman Ma Zhaoxu also said Beijing would make "active contributions to peace and stability on the Korean peninsula and in this region." The Cuban government has decreed three days of mourning for the late North Korean leader. The governments of South Korea and Japan both held national security meetings. Prime Minister Stephen Harper said Kim Jong-il will be remembered "as the leader of a totalitarian regime who violated the basic rights of the North Korean people for nearly two decades." 'Reckless decisions' “We hope his passing brings positive change allowing the people of North Korea to emerge from six decades of isolation, oppression and misery," Harper said in a statement. "The regime's reckless decisions have resulted in North Korea being an impoverished nation and a country isolated from the international community because of its dangerous nuclear proliferation and ballistic missile programs." Citizenship and Immigration Minister Jason Kenney tweeted: "Let us hope that the North Korean people will soon be freed from the Communist prison in which they have been captive for six decades." British Foreign Secretary William Hague said the change in leadership "could be a turning point for North Korea" P.O.V. How will North Korea change under Kim Jong-un? "We hope that their new leadership will recognize that engagement with the international community offers the best prospect of improving the lives of ordinary North Korean people," Hague said in a statement. "We encourage North Korea to work for peace and security in the region, and take the steps necessary to allow the resumption of the six-party talks on denuclearization of the Korean peninsula". UN Secretary General Ban Ki-moon extended his condolences to the people of North Korea, and reaffirmed his commitment to peace and security on the Korean peninsula. Just hours later, the UN General Assembly voted 123-16, with 51 abstentions, to support a resolution condemning North Korean human rights violations ranging from public executions to restrictions on freedom of expression, religion and assembly. The body urged North Korea "to immediately put an end to the systematic, widespread and grave violations." The vote on the resolution had been scheduled prior to the announcement of Kim Jong-il's death. Possible power struggle "Everyone fears that there may be a power struggle that's going to involve the neighbours," foreign affairs analyst Eric Margolis told CBC News. " has been a non-entity up until now.... will likely emerge as a figurehead behind different competing factions." Gordon Chang, author of Nuclear Showdown: North Korea Takes on the World, suggested in an interview with CBC News that Kim Jong-un’s inexperience could present difficulties. “He’s only had on-the-job training for about two years,” he said. “Kim Il-sung, the founder of North Korea, spent two decades getting Kim Jong-il ready to take on the throne. Kim Jong-il only spent two years for Kim Jong-un, who is not ready. This is going to be a real problem. “Kim Jong-un hasn’t had the time to develop the network, and the friendships and the knowledge about how to keep all of these various groups inside the regime happy. Kim Jong-il, his dad, was very good at that.” CBC's Anthony Germain, a former correspondent in Beijing, said Kim's death will be a test of stability for a regime that has long been supported by China. "This is really going to turn into a medieval power struggle with a son who nobody expected to be the successor in this bizarre 'everybody worship the one man' kind of state," he said. "We're going to see a medieval kind of struggle behind the scenes with brothers and cousins and uncles fighting to jockey to try and get their guy in to be the leader."
日本总算官方承认了大家这一个月来都知道的事实，这次核灾难是和Chernobyl同级的七级核事故。顿时全球股市大受冲击，日本经济的迅速复苏受到极大质疑。 其实从美国太平洋沿岸的放射同位素监测结果来看，日本政府从一开始就没有完全的对公众公布实况： 这里 是西雅图的华盛顿大学从物理楼的通风口收集的数据。 这里 是伯克利的空气测量值。 一致的观察是辐射值高峰开始是3/19或者3/20那几天，也就是对应着日本3/12开始的氢气爆炸。 据纽约时报4/6 报道 的美国NRC3/26报告 "The document also suggests that fragments or particles of nuclear fuel from spent fuel pools above the reactors were blown “up to one mile from the units,” and that pieces of highly radioactive material fell between two units and had to be “bulldozed over,” presumably to protect workers at the site. The ejection of nuclear material, which may have occurred during one of the earlier hydrogen explosions, may indicate more extensive damage to the extremely radioactive pools than previously disclosed." 这也就解释了为什么东京电力现在仍然难以控制情况。那里现在是一片核地雷呀。 另一篇日本读卖新闻4/12的 报道 则解密了东京电力在地震过后在最初24小时的灾难避免过程中的失误：供电车到了却没有电缆，总理亲至核电站要求开阀门东京电力却迟迟不予反应，终于灾难无法避免。
I heard this on NPR. Built For Bombs, Sensors Now Track Japan Radiation by Geoff Brumfiel http://www.npr.org/2011/03/25/134833909/built-for-bombs-sensors-now-track-japan-radiation ... Gerhard Wotawa, with the Austrian meteorological institute, has been studying data coming in from the monitoring stations and says there's no doubt that what they're picking up comes from Japan. "Data like that I have never seen in my career," he says, "so it is pretty much clear where it comes from." The sensors are registering radioactive elements including iodine-131 and cesium-137 — byproducts from nuclear fission inside the core of a reactor. Wotawa has been feeding the data into computer models that can forecast where the radiation will go. He also uses the models to work backward and calculate the amount of material first released. Based on those calculations he says the accident, in some ways, is roughly the size of Chernobyl. "The daily release is comparable to what was released in Chernobyl," he says. "However, the effect of the power plant accident in Japan is not comparable to the effect of Chernobyl on the former Soviet Union." ...
MOSCOW, (Reuters) Russia agreed yesterday to help build Venezuelas first nuclear power plant, sell it tanks and buy $1.6 billion of oil assets, reinforcing ties with President Hugo Chavez who shares Russian opposition to US global dominance Chavez presided over the deals at a Kremlin ceremony with Russian President Dmitry Medvedev, who said the two countries shared a strategic partnership and a vision of a world free of overwhelming U.S. influence. Both Russia and Venezuela favour the development of a modern and just world order a world order in which our future does not depend on the will or desire of any one country, its well-being or its mood, Medvedev said. After the presidents talks, Russian nuclear agency chief Sergei Kiriyenko and Venezuelan Foreign Minister Nicolas Maduro signed a deal on the construction and use of an atomic power station on the territory of Venezuela. The deal foresees the construction of a power plant with two 1,200-megawatt nuclear reactors as well as a separate research reactor, Russias state nuclear energy company Rosatom said. Chavez later met Prime Minister Vladimir Putin who announced that Russia will soon ship 35 tanks to Venezuela. Chavez told Putin he wants Russian carmaker Avtovaz to assemble cars in Venezuela for the Latin American market. Russia, which recently finished Irans first nuclear power plant, has pushed to expand its presence on the global atomic energy market, and stresses other nations right to peaceful nuclear energy. Medvedev hinted that Chavezs foe, the United States, might not like the deal, but said it was peaceful. A deal in the atomic sphere has just been signed. I already know that it will make someone shudder. The president (of Venezuela) told me that there will be states that will have different types of emotions about this, Medvedev said. I would like to underline that our intentions are clean and open: we want our partner the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela to have a full range of energy choices, to have energy independence, he said. Chavez says Venezuela, South Americas biggest oil producer, needs nuclear power to reduce its reliance on fossil fuels. He slammed the United States, blaming Washington for his countrys excessive dependence on natural resources. We are still too dependent on oil because the Yankee empire imposed this model on us, he said. He has also cast Venezuelas decision to build nuclear reactors as defying U.S. concerns. He said on Thursday in Moscow that nothing will stop us from developing nuclear power. website:http://www.stabroeknews.com/2010/news/breaking/10/15/russia-to-build-nuclear-power-plant-in-venezuela/ 注：之前本人转载的一篇新闻中提到俄罗斯打算大举进军国际核电市场，这次转载的就是他们近期的行动之一，他们已经和委内瑞拉达成协议，帮助他们建设核电站。Both Russia and Venezuela favour the development of a modern and just world order a world order in which our future does not depend on the will or desire of any one country, its well-being or its mood,俄罗斯总统 Medvedev 如是说，他还说到与委内瑞拉建议战略合作伙伴关系以对抗美国的影响(a vision of a world free of overwhelming U.S. influence)。这是否表明了俄罗斯不希望美国一家独霸？想要与美国展开竞争呢？ 面对国际核电市场的激烈竞争，中国应该如何应对？中国国内目前正在大力兴建核电站，我们的技术是否足以在国际市场激烈的竞争中占有一席之地呢？
文章出处： http://www.techjackal.net/interesting-stuff/2010/03/19/russia-plans-on-controlling-14-of-world-nuclear-reactor-market/ Despite having incurred the worlds worst nuclear reactor meltdown in history, Russia appears ready to improve and strengthen their reliance on nuclear power. According to sources, Russian Prime Minister Vladimir Putin wants to boost his countrys nuclear power market to the point where his country will account for one quarter of the worlds nuclear reactor market. On Thursday, Putin stated that his country cannot afford to control less than a 25% market share of the global market of nuclear plants. While the Russian Prime Minister did not give a timetable for obtaining the 25% goal, he appears to be ready to begin the project immediately. Russia plans to invest at least $6 billion this year alone on their nuclear energy project. Presently, Russia accounts for a 20% share of the global nuclear reactor market. In the nuclear sector, Russia competes widely with both the United States and France. To regain some of their market share in Europe and Asia, Russia is considering an alliance with Siemens. ......... 作者注：核电是清洁高效的能源，目前中国正在大力发展核电，全国许多地方已经在陆续开工建设核电站，以期在十年之后将核电比例提高到4%，而且核电技术的国产化也提上了日程，但是目前我国的核电技术还无法与美国、俄罗斯、法国等核电大国相比。甚至已经落后于韩国，他们当初与我们同时起步发展核电，甚至起点还不如我国，然而经过多年的发展，他们已经能够出口核电技术了，有报道称韩国已经与西亚一些国家达成协议，韩国出口自己的技术帮助他们修建核电站。在上面这则报道中，俄罗斯已经明确提出要瓜分世界核电版图的意图，美、法已经是这个领域的强者，韩国在这方面也已经领先我们一大步了。未来的能源战争是相当残酷和惨烈的。因此，中国核电如何发展，是值得深思的。
Yonghe Zhang ionocovalent theory applications (17) Application of the Zhang effective nuclear charge Base on the model of the Zhang effective nuclear charge Z* and effective pricipal quantum number n* : Z*=n*(I z /R) 1/2 Keyan Li and Dongfeng Xue derived a Ion electronegativity : X i =n*(I m /R) 1/2 /r i And YU Dian derived a electronegativity of the Noble Gas Elements : X y = 0.070n*(-E i ) 1/2 r c -2 Y. Zhang. Inorg. Chem., 1982, 21, 3886. Keyan Li and Dongfeng Xue , J. Phys. Chem. A 2006, 110, 11332-11337 喻典 , 重庆师范大学学报（自然科学版） 2006 ， 23 （ 3 ） 1-3.
Zhang ionocovalent theory applications (16) Ion electronegativityderived fromZhang effective nuclear charge Base on the model of Zhang effective nuclear charge Z* and effective pricipal quantum number n* : Z*=n*(I z /R) 1/2 ZhangderivedIon electronegativity : X z = 0.241 n*( I z /R) ½ r c -2 + 0.775 where I z is the ultimate IE . R is the Rydberg constant, R = 2 p 2 4 2e 4 /h 2 = 13.6 eV, h is Plancks Zhang effective nuclear charge Z* is derived from Bohr energy model : E = - Z 2 me 4 /8n 2 h 2 ? 0 2 = - RZ 2 /n 2 and Zhang effective pricipal quantum number n*is derived from the observation-feedback calculation based on the consideration ofthe spatial screening of the electron orbitals and the Zhengsionization energies : n 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 n* 1(0.85) 1.99 2.89 3.45 3.85 4.36 4.36(4.99) Y. Zhang, J. Molecular Science 1, 125(1981) Y. Zhang. Inorg. Chem., 1982, 21, 3886. N. Bohr, Philosophical Magazine 26 , 1-25 (1913) N.-W. Zheng, Ko Hsueh Tung Pao, 1977, 22 (12), 531
YongheZhangionocovalenttheoryapplications(3). I. Methods Zhang Effective Nuclear Charge According to the Bohr energy model E = - RZ 2 /n 2 we have derived the effective nuclear charge Z* from ionization energy (IE) and the effective principal quantum number n* : Z*=n*( I z /R) ½ where I z is the ultimate IE. R is the Rydberg constant, R = 2p 2 4 2e 4 /h 2 = 13.6eV, h is Plancks constant. Based on the ionocovalent theory which closely correlated with quantum mechanical parameters Z* and the electron configuration wherein the ionization energy and the covalent radius are determined by spectroscopy , Zhang Electronegativity agrees fairly well with the chemical observations of elements throughout the period table. However, the current effective nuclear charge and the Allred-Rochow electronegativity are from the arbitrarily estimated Slater rule . And the Pauling electronegativity is not the quantitative configuration energy data, but is one datum per element based on only a limited situation of the linear difference of the thermochemical energy of two atoms (H and Cl) extended to the all elements. Therefore, Pauling left a wide front for arguments and has lead to many different suggestions for the electronegativity and bond strengths Y. Zhang, J. Molecular Science ， 1 (1981) 125. Y. Zhang, Inorg Chem. 21 (1982)3886. Y.Zhang,ZhangElectronegativityEds:K.M.Mackay,R.A.Mackay,W.HendersIntroductiontoModernInorganicChemistry6thed.,NelsonThornes,UnitedKingdom,2002,pp53-54) A. L. Allred and E. G. Rochow, J. Inorg. Nucl. Chem. 5 (1958) 264-268. J. Slater Phys., Rev. 1929, 34, 129. L. Pauling, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 54 (1932) 3570.
标签: nuclear
