http://thebluecarboninitiative.org Fact box 1. The colours ofcarbon: Brown, Black, Blue and Green Google translate: 事实框 1. 碳的颜色：棕色，黑色，蓝色和绿色 我的翻译：事实框 1. 碳的颜色：棕色、黑色、蓝色和绿色 Climate Change has driven widespread appreciation of atmospheric CO 2 as the main greenhouse gas and of the role of anthropogenic CO 2 emissions from energy use and industry in affecting temperatures and the climate – we refer to these emissions as “brown carbon” for greenhouse gases and “black carbon” for particles resulting from impure combustion, such as soot and dust. The Emissions Trading System of the European Union (EU-ETS) is a “black-brown carbon” system as it does not incorporate forestry credits. The Kyoto Protocol’s Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) doesin principle include forestry credits, but demand (in the absence of a linking directive and demand from the EU-ETS) and prices have always been too low toencourage success, so CDM has also become, for all practical purposes, another “black carbon” mechanism. Google translate （谷歌翻译） : 气候变化已促使大气二氧化碳作为主要温室气体和能源使用和工业的人为二氧化碳排放在影响温度和气候方面的作用的普遍欣赏 - 我们将这些排放称为温室气体的“棕色碳”和“黑色 碳“用于由不纯燃烧产生的颗粒，例如烟灰和粉尘。 欧盟的排放交易体系（ EU-ETS ）是一个“黑棕色碳”体系，因为它不包括林业信贷。 “京都议定书”的清洁发展机制（ CDM ）原则上包括林业信贷，但是需求（在没有链接指令和欧盟排放交易体系的需求的情况下）和价格一直太低而不能鼓励成功，因此清洁发展机制 ，为所有实际目的，另一个“黑碳”机制。 我的翻译：气候变化让我们普遍地意识到 大气中的二氧化碳是 主要温室气体， 由于能源使用和工业产生出来的（既人为的）二氧化碳排放 在影响温度和气候。 我们将这些排放分为 “棕色碳”（来自于温室气体排放）和“黑色 碳”（来自燃烧剩下的颗粒，例如烟灰和粉尘）。 欧盟的排放交易体系（ EU-ETS ）是一个“黑色－棕色碳”体系，因为它不包括林业信贷（ forestry credits ）。 “京都议定书”的清洁发展机制（ CDM ）原则上包括林业信贷，但是需求（在没有链接指令和欧盟排放交易体系的需求的情况下）和价格一直太低，而不太可能成功；因此，清洁发展机制 实际上就是另一个“黑碳”机制。 Terrestrial carbon stored in plant biomass and soils in forest land, plantations, agricultural land and pasture land isoften called “green carbon”. The importance of “green carbon” is beingrecognized through anticipated agreement at the United Nations Framework Conventionon Climate Change Conference of the Parties (COP) in Copenhagen, December 2009,which includes forest carbon – through various mechanisms, be they REDD and afforestation, REDD-Plus, and/or others (e.g. ‘Forest Carbon for Mitigation’).The world’s oceans bind an estimated 55% of all carbon in living organisms. Theocean’s blue carbon sinks – particularly mangroves, marshes and seagrassescapture and store most of the carbon buried in marine sediments. This is called“blue carbon”. These ecosystems, however, are being degraded and disappear atrates 5–10 times faster than rainforests. Together, by halting degradation of“green” and “blue” carbon binding ecosystems, they represent an emissionreduction equivalent to 1–2 times that of the entire global transport sector –or at least 25% of the total global carbon emission reductions needed, with additional benefits for biodiversity, food security and livelihoods. It is becomingincreasingly clear that an effective regime to control emissions must controlthe entire “spectrum” of carbon, not just one “colour”. GT: 储存在植物生物 量 中的陆生碳和林地，人工林，农业用地和牧场中的土壤通常被称为“绿色碳”。 “绿色碳”的重要性正在通过 2009 年 12 月在哥本哈根举行的“联合国气候变化框架公约”缔约方会议（ COP ）的预期协议得到承认，其中包括森林碳汇 - 通过各种机制，无论是 REDD 和植树造林， REDD-Plus 和 / 或其他（如“森林碳减排”）。世界海洋约占活生物体中所有碳的 55 ％。海洋的蓝色碳汇 - 特别是红树林，沼泽和海草捕获并储存埋藏在海洋沉积物中的大部分碳。这被称为“蓝碳”。然而，这些生态系统正在退化，消失的速度比雨林快 5-10 倍。通过阻止“绿色”和“蓝色”碳结合生态系统的退化，它们的减排量相当于整个全球运输部门的 1-2 倍 - 或至少占全球所需碳减排总量的 25 ％为生物多样性，粮食安全和生计带来额外的好处。越来越清楚的是，控制排放的有效制度必须控制碳的整个“光谱”，而不仅仅是一种“颜色”。 我的翻译：储存在植物中的陆生碳，以及林地、人工林、农业用地和牧场的土壤中的碳，通常被称为“绿碳”。 “绿碳”的重要性通过 2009 年 12 月在哥本哈根举行的“联合国气候变化框架公约”缔约方会议（ COP ）的预期协议正在逐步得到承认，其中包括森林碳汇－通过各种机制，无论是 REDD 和植树造林， REDD-Plus 和 / 或其他（如“森林碳减排”）。所有活生物体中的 碳， （约） 55 ％是 储存 在（世界）海洋中。海洋的蓝色碳汇－特别是红树林、沼泽和海草捕获并储存埋藏在海洋沉积物中的大部分碳－被称为“蓝碳”。然而，这些生态系统正在退化，其消失的速度比雨林快 5-10 倍。通过阻止这些储存着“绿碳”和“蓝碳”的 生态系统的退化，其减排量相当于全球运输系统的碳排放总量的 1-2 倍－或至少占全球所需碳减排总量的 25 ％，而且还能为生物多样性、粮食安全和生计带来好处。越来越清楚的是，控制排放的有效制度必须控制碳的整个“光谱”（既各种颜色的碳），而不仅仅是一种“颜色”（的碳）。 In the absence of “Green Carbon”, biofuelcropping can become incentivized, and can lead to carbon emissions if it is notdone correctly. The conversion of forests, peatlands, savannas and grasslands to produce food-crop based biofuels in Brazil, Southeast Asia and the UnitedStates creates a biofuel carbon debt by emitting 14 to 420 times more CO 2 than the annual reductions in greenhouse gases these biofuels provide by replacing fossil fuels. In contrast, biofuels produced from waste biomass and crops grown on degraded agricultural land donot accrue any such carbon debt. GT: 在缺乏“绿色碳”的情况下，生物燃料种植可能会受到激励，如果不能正确完成，可能导致碳排放。 在巴西，东南亚和美国，森林，泥炭地，热带草原和草地转化为生产基于粮食作物的生物燃料，通过排放比年温室气体减少量多 14 至 420 倍的二氧化碳产生生物燃料碳债务这些生物燃料 通过替换化石燃料提供。 相比之下，由废弃生物质和生长在降低农业用地上的作物生产的生物燃料不会累积任何这样的碳债务。 我的翻译：如果我们忽略“绿碳”（的作用）， 生物燃料的生产可能会受到激励；如果不能正确规划，可能导致碳排放。 在巴西、东南亚和美国，森林、泥炭地、热带草原和草地被转化为生产基于粮食作物的生物燃料，目的是替换化石燃料；但是， 这比不转化（这些土地）反而多排放 14 － 420 倍的二氧化碳 （既产生相反的作用），因为这些土地上的原有的植物 具有一定的减少温室气体的作用。 相比之下，由废弃生物和生长在低产农业用地上的作物生产的生物燃料，则不会造成碳排放。
英国著名植物学家 Robert Brown (FRS, 1773--1858) 在 19 世纪初 —50 年代，英国著名植物学家 Robert Brown (FRS, 1773--1858) 系统采集和研究了澳大利亚的现代植物标本。他运用显微镜技术对植物花粉进行了观察。也涉猎化石植物研究。 Fig.1. The seminal observation on the pollen in 1827 by Robert Brown (1773--1858) --1773年:出生苏格兰（Montrose）； --曾在 爱丁堡大学学习医学； --1795年：成为一名军医； --1801年7月：离开伦敦，以植物学家的身份远赴澳大利亚进行考察； --1801年12月：抵达澳大利亚西部，开始采集和研究澳大利亚植物； --1805年5月：返回英国，继续研究澳大利亚植物； --1810年：发表山龙眼科(Proteaceae)的自然分类系统； Brown,Robert (1810). On the natural order of plants called Proteaceae. Brown, Robert(1810). On the Proteaceae of Jussieu. Transactions of the Linnean Society of London 10 (1): 15–226. doi : 10.1111/j.1096-3642.1810.tb00013.x https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On_the_natural_order_of_plants_called_Proteaceae --1810年：担任植物学家、时任英国皇家学会主席Sir Joseph Banks (FRS, 1743--1820)的图书管理员； --1811年12月：当选为英国皇家学会会员； --1814年：当选为法国科学院通讯院士； --1818年：当选为德国科学院院士； --1822年：当选为瑞典皇家科学院外籍院士； --1827年：Sir Joseph Banks的图书和标本转移到大英博物馆(The British Museum, London)。Robert Brown被任命为Sir Joseph Banks学术遗产的负责人； --1837年：担任大英博物馆植物部首位负责人； --1849年至1853年：担任林奈学会主席(President of the Linnean Society of London) ； Fig.2. On the fossil fruits in 1851 by Robert Brown (1773--1858) --1858年3月：当选为法国科学院外籍院士； -- 1858年6月:病逝于伦敦，享年84岁。 ---------------------------- Qigao Sun: Umbrella of British Palaeobotany (37) Story of Paleobotany Series (No.436) Mar.21,2016 相关阅读： Robert Brown (FRS,1773--1858) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Brown_(Scottish_botanist_from_Montrose) Sir Joseph Banks, 1st Baronet, (1743--1820) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Banks 古植物学的故事 435期 Story of Paleobotany Series (No.435) Umbrella of British Palaeobotany (36) 自学成才的英国植物学家 John Lindley (FRS,1799--1865) http://blog.sciencenet.cn/blog-225931-968082.html 2016-4-5 22:35
很少参加学术会议的美国著名古植物学家 Roland W. Brown (1893--1961) 学术会议是学术交流和合作的重要形式和内容。学术会议似乎越来越多，呈现产业化、庸俗化的趋势，有些研究者几乎成了会议虫子 — “会虫”，把会议当成了变相的公费旅游。这种现象的蔓延导致现代学术会议的种种病垢。然而，有些研究者一生几乎不参加任何学术会议，至于何故，不得而知。 美国著名古植物学家 Roland W. Brown (1893--1961) 生前主要供职于美国联邦地质调查局。 Roland W. Brown 主要研究新生代植物，并对科学术语的词源学 (etymology) 有深入研究。 Roland W. Brown 也是一位很了不起的词源学家（ etymologist ）。 Roland W. Brown (1893--1961) 20 世纪 50 年代，美国著名古植物学家 Henry N. Andrews Jr. (NAS, 1910--2002) 和 Roland W. Brown 有很多交往。 Henry N. Andrews Jr. 回忆说， Roland W. Brown 生活相当节俭，而且很少参加学术会议。 (1) Roland W. Brown 基本经历 1893 年， Roland W. Brown 出生于宾夕法尼亚州的 Weatherly 之小镇。他在约翰·霍普金斯大学（ JHU ）跟随著名古植物学家、美国科学院院士 Edward Wilber Berry (1875--1945) 攻读博士学位。 1926 年， Roland W. Brown 获得博士学位，其博士学位论文基本信息如下： Title: Composition and environment ofthe Green River flora Author: Roland W. Brown Publisher: Dissertation: Thesis (Ph. D.)--Johns Hopkins University, 1926 1926—1928 年， Roland W. Brown 在宾夕法尼亚地质调查局（ Pennsylvania Geological Survery ）、耶鲁大学等有短暂工作经历。 1928 年， Roland W. Brown 开始供职于美国联邦地质调查局，直到 1958 年退休。 Roland W. Brown 生前兼职于史密松研究院的美国国家自然历史博物馆多年。 (2) Roland W. Brown 的古植物学成就 Roland W. Brown 知识渊博，著述很多，属于传统的古植物学研究。他的博士论文工作研究了始新世 Green River 植物群，正式发表于 1934 年，是他的代表作之一。 Title: The recognizable Species of the Green River flora Attribution: Roland W. Brown. Author: Brown , Roland W . ( Roland Wilbur), 1893-1961. Subject: Paleobotany -- Green River, Colo.-Wyo.-Utah. Published: Washington : Government Printing Office, 1934. Description: p. 45-77 : pl. ; 29 cm. Language: English Other title: Professional paper (Geological Survey (U.S.)) ; no. 185-C. ; Series: Shorter Contributions to General Geology, 1934-35 (Pages 45-77) ; Geological Survey (U.S.). Professional paper ; 185-C ; Creation Date: 1934 HOLLIS Number: 006679137 Permalink: http://id.lib.harvard.edu/aleph/006679137/catalog Source: HVD ALEPH 美国的 Colorado River View of a rocky canyon with a blue river curving around a large bluff Horseshoe Bend, Page, Arizona http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colorado_River 美国的 Green River The Green River at Mineral Bottom, a few kilometres north of where the river enters en:Canyonlands National Park . Just visible, center-right, is the BLM maintained put-in/take-out; the en:rivertrip from en:Green River, Utah to Mineral Bottom (and beyond) is very popular. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_River_(Colorado_River) 美国的 Green River Formation http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_River_Formation Roland W. Brown 的其他成果，如： Additions to some fossil floras of the western United States; Algal pillars miscalled geyser cones. Palmlikeplants from the Dolores formation (Triassic), southwestern Colorado (3) Roland W. Brown 的词源学成就 早在 1927 年， Roland W. Brown 就完成了一本题为“ Materials for WordStudy ”之小书。 Roland W. Brown 不断充实，渐成一本非常综合的工具书。他本想请求美国联邦地质调查局资助出版这本书，但未能如愿。 1954 年，一生异常吝啬节俭的 Roland W. Brown 博士自费出版了他的传世大作 ---- Composition of scientific words ！ Title: Composition of scientific words; a manual of methods and a lexicon of materials for the practice of logotechnics. Author: Brown , Roland W . ( Roland Wilbur), 1893-1961. Subject: Science -- Terminology. ; English language -- Etymology -- Dictionaries. Published: : The Author ; 1954. Description: 882 p. 24 cm. Language: English Notes: A revised and greatly enlarged version of... Materials for word-study, published in 1927. Includes index. Bibliography: p. 877-880. Series: The Author ; ; Creation Date: 1954 HOLLIS Number: 000740835 Permalink: http://id.lib.harvard.edu/aleph/000740835/catalog Source: HVD ALEPH 孙启高（ 2014 年 12 月 22 日整理） ================= 古植物学的故事 260 期 Story of Palaeobotany Series (No.2 60 ) Umbrella of American palaeobotany— 66 : 很少参加学术会议的美国著名古植物学家 Roland W. Brown (1893--1961) American famous palaeobotanist-- Roland W. Brown (1893--1961) rarely attended any meetings http://blog.sciencenet.cn/blog-225931-853336.html 2014-12-24 00:33 ================ 相关阅读： Roland W. Brown in Smithsonian Archives http://siarchives.si.edu/collections/siris_sic_10855 Umbrella of American palaeobotany— 55 : 自学成才的美国科学院院士 Edward Wilber Berry (1875--1945) 与约翰·霍普金斯大学古植物学 Edward Wilber Berry (1875--1945) and the palaeobotany ofthe Johns Hopkins University http://blog.sciencenet.cn/blog-225931-847322.html Catalogue of Umbrella of AmericanPalaeobotany http://blog.sciencenet.cn/blog-225931-843288.html
12 July 2013 – In July 2012, Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon appointed former United Kingdom Prime Minister Gordon Brown to be the UN Special Envoy for Global Education, to help galvanize support for Mr. Ban’s Global Education First Initiative (GEFI), which aims to achieve the goal of safe, quality education for every girl and boy by 2015, the deadline of the UN’s Millennium Development Goals. Advances have been made since the target were set in 2000, but some 60 million children are still out of school, 32 million of them girls and 28 million of them in conflict zones. A Member of Parliament in Britain’s Labour Party since 1983, Mr. Brown was Prime Minister from 2007 to 2010 and served as Chancellor of the Exchequer for the 10 years before that. He has recently completed a research project on globalisation and education at Harvard University’s Kennedy School of Government. Along with his wife Sarah, he is advancing initiatives that include the “A World At School” network and a Global Business Coalition to support GEFI, as well as Education Without Borders, which will help get education to children living in conflict zones and fragile states. The UN News Centre spoke to Mr. Brown on his arrival in New York to participate in the 12 July UN Youth Assembly, where more than 500 young leaders from around the world were expected to convene to accelerate the achievement of education for all, especially for girls, in the remaining months before the end of 2015. It was planned on the birthday of keynote speaker Malala Yousafzai, the Pakistani teenager who was shot last year because of her campaign for girls’ right to education UN News Centre: Mr. Brown, thank you for talking to us today. Tomorrow, you will address the Youth Assembly here at the UN, with Malala Yousafzai. You know Malala, you have worked with her – what have you seen in her that inspires you? Gordon Brown: She’s 16 tomorrow; she’s a fragile girl because she was hurt very severely in Pakistan. I’ve seen her restored to good health, but I’ve never seen her ever give up on her crusade, which is a mission that every child should go to school. Her refusal to give up, even when she’s been intimidated, threatened and shot at and her determination that the right that she now has to go to school should be available to every girl in every country in every part of the world, as well as every boy. She’s a most courageous and brave young girl. I once wrote a book on courage and what made people courageous. I found it was a strength of belief matched by a strength of willpower. What Malala has is belief in her cause, but also this incredible willpower that even an attempted assassination has never taken away from her. When you ask her what she wants to do, what she wants for her birthday, she says “I want to build schools,” and it’s an amazing thing that a young girl will use her life and what she calls her ‘second life’ – after what had happened to her when she was left for dead – to actually help other girls, particularly, but girls and boys, to get the chance of education. UN News Centre: What kind of strategies are you proposing to change attitudes to girls’ education? Gordon Brown: I think attitudes are changing. I think really what we’re talking about is how the silent majority, who know that education for girls ought to be a right and not denied to them, can be empowered to speak up and not to be silenced. Of course the attempt by the gunmen, the extremists, the militants is to silence people and to prevent them defending the right of girls to go to school. So we’ve seen 2,000 schools burnt down in Afghanistan and Pakistan. We’ve seen teachers killed simply because they taught at all-girls schools. We’ve seen girls themselves as students shot at and burnt and persecuted for their willingness and their wish to go to school. But I also see, as when I went to Pakistan the last time, a big change in attitude. I see people in Pakistan saying, “We are supporting Malala.” They’re wearing headbands saying “I am Malala.” Attitudes are changing; it is a cultural issue, but it has to be matched by us providing the resources to enable schools to be built and to provide good service and not to be second rate. I think there’s a corresponding obligation on our part to help those governments that are trying to deliver education but don’t have the resources to do so. UN News Centre: As you mentioned quality, it’s one thing to provide education, but another thing to provide quality education. We know in some developing countries, many kids are going to schools under trees. How can we assure quality as well as quantity? Gordon Brown: I think the two things go hand-in-hand. People believe in the power of education to change lives. So then they will not just want enrolment, they will want results. They will want not just the numbers getting to school, they will want quality as well. I think the main thing is that we are too complacent about the 57 million children who are not at school. We should be angry that in 2013, because of child labour or child marriage or because of discrimination against girls or because of the absence of facilities, so many millions of children today will not be going to school. It should make us outraged that we haven’t done enough about it in previous years. If people are persuaded of the need for education and the need to invest in education, they’re also persuaded of the need not to waste that investment by having low quality education but to have high quality education. Certainly we need a measurement of results. We need quantitative assessments of the success of education. We need certification and qualifications both for teachers and for pupils. It is not a choice between quantity and quality, between access and excellence. Both of these will happen together if people really do believe in the importance of education to change lives. UN News Centre: At the beginning of your career you were a lecture at an education college. Was that the root of your passionate advocacy for education? Gordon Brown: I think anything I was able to achieve, I was able to achieve because I got the chance to go to university. I got the chance to study at post-graduate level, I got a chance to be a university lecturer, a college lecture, to write books. I got the chance to do these things because I was given the right to an education. When you think of the history of the world, for centuries we’ve developed only some of the potential of some of the children when it should be a basic, almost commonplace desire that we develop all of the potential of all of our children. So while I benefited, I feel that a lot of people lost out. And they lost out in Britain, but even more so, they’re losing out in some of the poorest countries in the world where young people have talent, they have energy, they have enthusiasm, they have the will to learn. They have the quality of intellect, but they’re not given that chance. That is a huge waste of potential for the whole world and we ought to do something about it. UN News Centre: It’s been a year since you were named UN education envoy. Have you become more or less optimistic about reaching the goal of universal primary education? Gordon Brown: You’ve got to recognize that we’re in a period where aid is being cut, where education progress had stalled some years ago, and where it’s only by a huge drive and a huge turn-around that we can get the resources and the commitment that is necessary for us to meet the Millennium Development Goal. You don’t actually need a huge scientific advance to do so, which you might need to cure a disease. What you need is the will power to deliver what is basically, relatively cost-effective educational investments that will put the 57 million children to school. I see this as the next three years, 20 million, 20 million, 20 million leading to 60 million more children going to school. I see us concentrating on those countries like Nigeria, where 10 million children are not at school, Pakistan – five million or perhaps more – Afghanistan, India, Ethiopia – countries where we could make progress very quickly. And then we’ve also got to deal with conflict areas, like Syria today, but Somalia yesterday. So many children are excluded from school because there was a civil war or because there was a breakdown of the regime. So I can see a plan we could actually deliver, but it demands that governments, both donor governments and developing country governments and international organizations be more coordinated in the way they approach this. I would like to see that strategic view dominate the thinking of the United Nations General Assembly in September and the setting of the new development goals. UN News Centre: What would you like to see come out of the Malala Day events at the UN? Gordon Brown: A determination that we will tell every government where children are not at school that they’ve got to do something about it quickly, and a determination never again to be complaisant about millions of girls, particularly, who are denied the chance of education. Until Malala’s case was known to the people of the world, there was an assumption that there inevitable progress toward universal education, and it was just a matter of time. There was no sense that girls were being discriminated against the way we see now. Since Malala was shot, there’s been a focus on child labour, on child marriages as well as on discrimination against girls – on child trafficking as well. I think people are now more aware, as a result of what happened to Malala, that there are injustices that have to be rectified quickly. So I hope that out of Malala Day, when people learn more about the injustices and the unfairnesses that are visited upon children, through no fault of their own, being pushed into child labour or denied a teacher or a school building, that we can see pressure on governments of the world to do more to get children to school. It will only happen when parents and teachers and pupils and students themselves and governments come to the conclusion that the barrier to getting every child to school is not actually in the end financial, the barrier is our lack of resolve and determination to sort this out, as Malala herself will say tomorrow. UN News Centre: Tomorrow, Malala will be addressing a group of young people from all over the world. What would you say to young people today in terms of how they can take up this issue and promote education for their generation? Gordon Brown: Yes, we could have had Malala address a group of politicians and statesmen and ambassadors and high commissioners and so on. But it seemed right that Malala, who speaks for young people on this issue, spoke also to young people in her generation on how they can work together, she as a leader – others as leaders as well – to try to resolve these issues of education under-provision. With Malala tomorrow will be other children of great courage, who fought for education in Pakistan, in Morocco, in Afghanistan, in India, in Nigeria, in all these countries. We have children or young people of courage who have stood up for the right to education alongside Malala. I think what people will take out of tomorrow, as young people, is if we combine together, if we put the case across the world, then what is essentially a civil rights struggle for education can win supporters from every country and every continent. 原文见 http://www.un.org/apps/news/newsmakers.asp?NewsID=92
Pure Dance, Pure Finale By ALASTAIR MACAULAY Published: January 25, 2013 http://www.nytimes.com/2013/01/27/arts/dance/trisha-browns-long-career-and-last-dances.html?pagewanted=all_r=0 THE CHOREOGRAPHER TRISHA BROWN has made dances worth arguing about for more than 50 years, and for at least 30 years her dances have been loved across the world. Many of today’s best-known choreographers — including David Gordon, Mark Morris and Stephen Petronio — have cited her influence, whether for the poetic fluidity of her movement or for the steely, analytical methods of her choreographic structures. A pioneer of the pure-dance experimentalists of the 1960s and ’70s, she challenged and changed the way we define dance performance. Between the ’80s and this century’s first decade her collaborators included Robert Rauschenberg and Laurie Anderson, Mikhail Baryshnikov and Simon Keenlyside. And for decades she was a superlative dancer herself, a disarmingly witty artist of exceptional coordination and dexterity. Yet in December Ms. Brown announced that her next two dances would be her last. Though this news wasn’t a total surprise — she is 76 — it nonetheless brought a complex sense of loss. This week those final works have their premieres at the Brooklyn Academy of Music, alongside revivals of some of her most beloved dances. What is it like — for her, for her colleagues, for us — to address the end of such a career? How do we react when a beloved artist (as Philip Roth recently did with fiction) says this is the end? Only about a year ago farewells were paid to the Merce Cunningham Dance Company, another vital force in modern dance. Now comes this. Cunningham and Ms. Brown, both from Washington State , were friends. Ms. Brown studied with Cunningham, absorbed his influence, rejected aspects of it and maintained great admiration for him and his work. Among the world’s foremost dance makers these two led the field in terms of pure-dance movement inventiveness. From the first she accepted some of the radical characteristics of his dance theater (movement for its own sake, independent of music and design) and discarded others (a codified dance technique with academic virtuosity). Now both those chapters are completed. To follow Ms. Brown’s chapter has been a mind-opening adventure. Each decade has opened a new stage in her creative journey. At all times, though, she’s been a figure of intriguing contradictions. One half of her dance brain has applied itself scientifically to process and experiment. (What if this trio consisted of one person standing still and the other two moving in different degrees of slow motion? What if this solo showed two or more quite separate activities in one person?) As a result of such schematic inquiry, ideas about the connections of space and time in many of her dances have seemed to reflect the perceptions of modern physics. Her dance brain’s other half, however, has given itself up to the sensuousness of movement. Often she made dance phrases out of ripple-effect chain reactions passing along the limbs and body. A knee-pull led to a wave traveling up the spine, which led to the lift of an arm into an outward gesture, which would suddenly be adjusted by the hitching of an elbow. A tic became a shimmy became a shrug became a push. So much dance is about academic rigor and outstretched lines, but Ms. Brown once wryly described her dance style as “the line of least resistance.” Her own brilliant, idiosyncratic gifts as a dancer were long a crucial part of her work. True, other important dancers — Mr. Baryshnikov and Mr. Petronio above all — have performed her work beautifully. True, some other companies have mastered individual Brown works with distinction. Even so, more than with most performer-choreographers, you didn’t see all that her work could be if you missed her in it. She took the everyday movement of our pedestrian lives and gave it back to us new. Ms. Brown moved to New York in 1961. The next year she became a founding member of the avant-garde Judson Dance Theater group, with which she made dances that eliminated bravura, academic technique, acting and musicality, which were the hallmarks of modern dance developed by Martha Graham and others. She went on in 1970 as a founder of another experimental collective, Grand Union, and that year she also founded the Trisha Brown Dance Company. Working in unconventional spaces and without music was, in those years, her basic condition. When you study the history of what is now called postmodern dance (easier in these days of YouTube), you learn about three pieces that she created in 1971 (before the word “postmodern” was applied): “Walking on the Wall,” “Roof Piece” and “Accumulation.” “Walking” had dancers suspended in harnesses moving sideways along walls, “Roof” spread its dancers across 12 different roofs on 10 different SoHo blocks, and “Accumulation” was a formal study in graduated movement, with repeated phrases building in complexity (like sentences that each time added one new word). The experimental dance of that era, embodied in those pieces, set itself up against virtuosity. Yet Ms. Brown became a virtuoso of a new kind. In 1978 she took her “Accumulation” solo and embellished it, showing in “Accumulation With Talking Plus Water Motor” just how many simultaneous things could be done. With such works, postmodern dance — as the genre became labeled — came into its maturity. If there is just one work from this era that deserves to be known as a classic, though, it’s her “Opal Loop/Cloud Installation” (1980). Few pure-dance works have ever been purer. A quartet in silence, it is its own music: the connections and ricochets between the dancers making its harmonies marvelous. Here “the line of least resistance” became gorgeous: a fascinating chain sequence of hitches, ripples, shimmies, hops, knee bends. But by the time of that work Ms. Brown had already started a new kind of dance theater. From 1979 she made a series of pieces that turned her purity into a new kind of theatricality, sometimes ravishing and generally novel, working with designers like Rauschenberg, Nancy Graves and Donald Judd, and with sound scores and music by Ms. Anderson, Mr. Judd and others. (When asked why she had stopped choreographing in silence, she once replied, “I got fed up with listening to all the goddamn coughing.”) The names of these works aren’t exactly inviting — “Glacial Decoy” (1979), “Set and Reset” (1983), “Lateral Pass” (1985), “Newark” (1987), “Astral Convertible” (1989), “Foray Forêt” (1990) and “Astral Converted” (1991) — but they excited adoration. (“Set and Reset” and “ Newark ” will be seen this week at the Brooklyn Academy .) These were still pure-dance creations, with ingeniously inventive choreography, but their music, costumes and décor made them potently theatrical: each had a strong atmosphere in which visual effects and music made contributions. With these pieces she rightly gained new prestige and international acclaim. By the late ’80s she was having seasons in big theaters like City Center and Sadler’s Wells in London , while she became a darling of the French. This led to her next phase: a new engagement with classical music. Since the ’90s she has sometimes set dance to music by composers like Monteverdi, Bach, Rameau and Schubert. Her “M.O.” (1995) was based on Bach’s “Musical Offering”; with Mr. Keenlyside she staged Schubert’s “Winterreise” in 2002. Meanwhile she continued to create solos for herself. “If You Couldn’t See Me” (1994) was a wonderful meeting point of her cerebral and sensuous sides. The dance was governed by the idea that her back was turned to the audience throughout; the magic lay in her spine’s fluidity. When in 1989 Baryshnikov turned from being a ballet specialist to a master investigator of American modern dance, Ms. Brown was a favorite collaborator. “You Can See Us” (1996) became a duet; Baryshnikov danced facing front, she still to the back. Of the many great choreographers who have made New York a haven for pure dance, Cunningham and Ms. Brown were among the brainiest: they were devotees of difficulty, never needing to court an audience. Now that their creativity belongs to the past, the city’s dance life is diminished. Look for vividly inventive dance makers younger than 55 (Mr. Petronio and Mr. Morris were born in 1956), and you find no hint of consensus. Though the names Cunningham and Brown are revered, they and their fertile worlds of pure movement are extremes from which most junior choreographers have retreated. The questions that arise now include: Which Brown works can and should survive in performance? Which works deserve to become more widely known and loved? How well can they be passed on to dancers who did not know or see Ms. Brown herself? There will be no simple answers. Ms. Brown’s work is not easily codified, and its language may prove elusive to dancers from a generation who did not know the casual body language of the last century. In this century some of the Brown revivals I’ve watched have felt muted: echoes of something I used to love. Here is a tougher question: How great is even Brown’s greatest work? Like many others, I have loved it and have found its mixture of purity and sensuousness a tonic to the eye and mind. Yet “the line of least resistance” in her style has usually implied a lack of not only rigor but also of drama. Yet now my mind turns to my favorite Brown work of all, “Set and Reset.” This is a dance whose currents you feel kinesthetically as you watch; you feel it on your very skin, like running water. As I remember it I can hardly keep still in my seat. Its translucent pajama costumes and its décor of screens playing black-and-white newsreel-like collage are among the greatest achievements of Rauschenberg; its score by Ms. Anderson is insidious. Ms. Brown’s dances enriched the era in which we lived. “Set and Reset” is a dance I would want the whole world to see. ============== PS— =================== http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trisha_Brown =================== 《古植物学的故事》（科学与艺术） 古植物学犹如芭蕾舞 : “奄奄一息吗？！” Story of Palaeobotany Series (science and art): Palaeobotany looks like ballet: Are they both dying? http://www.sciencenet.cn/blog/user_content.aspx?id=402184 发表于 2011-1-8 2:47:12
摘要： Brown布朗大学、IIT伊利诺伊理工大学、UIUC伊利诺伊大学厄本那-香槟分校、NYU纽约大学、四个大学在数学专业上可以说是各有千秋，也是近来数学学子申请的热门，下面我们对四所院校的费用、研究方向、专业实力、申请要求详细对比，仅供参考。 Brown布朗大学、IIT伊利诺伊理工大学、UIUC伊利诺伊大学厄本那-香槟分校、NYU纽约大学、四个大学在数学专业上可以说是各有千秋，也是近来数学学子申请的热门，下面我们对四所院校的费用、研究方向、专业实力、申请要求详细对比，仅供参考。 一、Brown布朗大学 综合评定： 国际学生在布朗大学学习每年的花费大约是$55,000.，包括了$33,888的学费; $18,000 住宿费和个人花费。$1,500书费等等。 英语成绩好的，或者口头表达能力强的学生可以申请TA助学金。即使英语水平不够的学生也可参加学校的TA培训，达到要求后给予TA职位。同时学生也可申请RA助学金。这个要求学生有比较强的研究能力，这个职务的申请要跟系联系。 专业说明： 专业说明(Applied Mathematics) 应用数学在各个科研领域都有很广泛的应用，它探究的是数学在应用和研究领域的联系。 它研究的内容一般是：Ordinary, functional, and partial differential equations; optimization and control theory; applied probability, statistics, and stochastic systems theory; numerical analysis and scientific computation; and the mechanics of fluids. 布朗大学的应用数学系参与的领域遍布工程和理科专业的各个方向。应用数学专业的学生可以参与到Computer Science, Cognitive and Linguistic Sciences, Economics, Geological Sciences, and Neurosciences和Medical School等研究项目里去。 专业分支： Optimization and Algorithms Applications to the Sciences Computational Science and Engineering (CSE) Actuarial Science 申请要求： 申请该校硕士以上学位的申请者须具GRE成绩。 需要资助的学生强烈推荐考SUB成绩。 每年秋季的截止日期是6月1日。 需要申请financial aid的学生截止日期是1月1日。 春季入学的学生截止日期是10月15日。 硕士要求GPA3.0, 博士的GPA要求是3.5。 申请费70美金。 二、IIT伊利诺伊理工大学 综合评定： 学校每年花费包括学费$13,086，住宿费 $8,200，书费 $800，保险$900，共$23,790。学校对品学兼优的学生会授予相当一半学费的奖学金。 并且申请该校的学生经过测试可以做TA，研究背景强的学生可以跟教授联系参与到教授的项目中，做RA，收入可以支付大部分的花销。特别的申请PHD的学生，得到TA和RA的可能性很大。 专业说明： 专业说明(Applied Mathematics) 系有教授46人，很多毕业于知名大学。在应用数学领域都是带头人。 由于应用数学是各个领域研究的基础，系里的学生会有很多参与项目的机会。 教授参与的项目包括生物，化学，计算机科学等工理科，以及以数学应用为基础的众多学科。 专业分支： 学院可以授予学生B.S., M.S. and Ph.D. degrees。研究方向如下： Applied Analysis Computational Mathematics Discrete Applied Mathematics Stochastic 申请要求： 本科 GPA minimum: 3.0/4.0 GRE成绩要求：硕士的1100 (quantitative + verbal) 和2.5 (analytical writing), 申请Ph.D.的申请者要求GRE成绩是1100 (quantitative + verbal) 3.0 (analytical writing)，同时要求TOEFL 成绩基本线是550/213 三、UIUC伊利诺伊大学厄本那-香槟分校 综合评定： 伊利诺斯大学获得的社会和私人经济资助颇多，每年的奖(助)学金高达1000份，约50%的全日制研究生都可获得奖(助)学金，因此，对于亚洲学生尤其是中国学生来说，该学校具有很大的吸引力。 专业说明： 专业说明(Applied Mathematics) The Applied Math program at the University of Illinois is an interdepartmental effort encompassing a broad range of activity and interests. By coordinating the strengths of a world-class scientific institution, the program seeks to encourage development of the next generation of innovations in applied mathematics. The program sponsors visitors, seminar series, and external collaborations which illuminate novel mathematical phenomena which underpin phenomena in various areas of science and engineering. Interested and strong students should apply to a regular academic department within the university. 专业分支： Optimization and Algorithms Applications to the Sciences Computational Science and Engineering (CSE) Actuarial Science 申请要求： GPA：2.75(General Graduate College requirement);3.0 (Department of Mathematics requires or greater for Master’s degree candidates and 3.25 for PhD. degree candidates) GRE: 需要提交但是没有具体分数要求。 TOEFL: 一般申请者需达到590(243);如果申请奖学金需要达到607(253) SPEAK or TSE: 申请TA者需要达到50，45分可能拿到一个Half time non-teaching appointment for one year at the most. 参与数学硕士项目完成课程需要1-2年的时间。不要求英语语言成绩并且硕士论文是可以选择性的来写的。强烈推荐即将入学的申请者修以下几门课程： Math 417 - Introduction to Abstract Algebra Math 418 - Advanced Linear Algebra Math 447 - Real Variables A course in computer programming 截至日期：秋季入学包括奖学金申请的截止日期是1月1日 四、NYU纽约大学 综合评定： 虽然NYU学校的综合排名不高,名气也不大,但当年由Richard Courant创办CIMS(Courant所)几乎是当然的应用数学专业第一,尤其是鼎盛时期, Peter Lax,Louis Nierenberg,Kurt Friedrichs等等应数大家聚集一堂,CIMS实力不可一世。 近年随着应用数学整个行业风格的转变(计算数学-科学计算), CIMS的风格也有一定的变化,不再像以前那样侧重偏微数值解及偏微应用方向,但是尽管如此,CIMS的偏微实力仍然是超群的,曾经看到一个说法是,世界上几乎所有重要的偏微成果都或多或少和Courant所有关,虽然有些夸张,但也不失实。 专业说明： 专业介绍：Mathematics and Statistics: Mathematics; Mathematics and Statistics Related; Statistics文理研究所 (The Graduate School of Arts and Science)，成立于一八八六年，提供人文、社会及自然科学，其中Courant Institute 以研究数学与流体力学扬名于世界。 特殊情况：有超过四万六千名学生，分别来自于美国五十州及世界一百二十个国家，而教授人数也超过了五千位以上，成为全美最大的一所私立学校。该校并在三千多所大专院校中，跻身于只有二十七名私立学校组成的全美著名大学联盟。 Varadhan随机过程大牛, 最近似乎在做金融中的PDE和随机过程。 Peskin生物数学大牛, 要做生物数学跟Peskin CS是个不错的选择。 Majda流体巨人, 也做统计物理等等, 很喜欢. 不过已经55岁了。 Fanghua Lin华人里偏微做得最好的之一。 做流体的还有一堆人,比如Garabedian, Childress, Goodman, Berger等等。 做神经的人很多,比如David Cai现在似乎也在做这个, 还有McLaughlin, Shelley等等。 做散射的一些人,Yu Chen, Deift。 应用随机分析方面也有不少人,Eric 等 专业分支： 应用数学下的二级方向分为：微积分、计算机数学、物理、生物、化学数学应用，五个大的部分 申请要求： TOEFL:600 GRE: PhD必须提供 三封推荐信(至少两个推荐人具有教授资格) 成绩单 GPA3.0 全日制学费：国际标准$45,200 (州内标准$31,534) 管理费：$1886 住宿、国际差旅费：$11,780 申请费$65 截至日期：Feb 2rd,2007 来源“啄木鸟留学”
什么是语义网格？ Martin C Brown ( questions@mcslp.com ), 自由作家兼顾问, MCslp Martin Brown 成为一名职业作家已经超过 8 年的时间了。他撰写了很多涉及各个主题的书籍和文章。他的专业知识涉及各种开发语言和平台（比如 Perl、Python、Java、JavaScript、Basic、Pascal、Modula-2、C、C++、Rebol、Gawk、Shellscript、Windows、Solaris、Linux、BeOS、Mac OS/X 等），以及 Web 编程、系统管理和集成。Martin 会定期在 ServerWatch.com、LinuxToday.com 和 IBM developerWorks 上发表文章，定期更新 Computerworld、Apple Blog 以及其他站点上的 blog，同时还是 Microsoft 的 Subject Matter Expert（SME）的专栏作家。您可以通过他的 Web 站点 http://www.mcslp.com 与他联系。 简介： 语义网格使用元数据来描述网格中的信息。将信息转化为一些更有意义的东西，而不只是一个数据集合，这意味着要正确理解数据的内容、格式和重要性。语义 Web 就遵循这种模型，即提供其他一些元数据来帮助描述在 Web 页面上显示的信息，这样浏览器、应用程序和用户就能够更好地决定如何处理数据。语义网格对于在网格环境中使用的信息也适用类似的准测。在本文中，我们将详细介绍什么是语义网格，如何使用语义网格，以及语义网格对于将来的网格应用程序意味着什么。 发布日期： 2005 年 10 月 24 日 理解信息 作为人类，我们具有不可思议的能力，可以识别并利用各种信息，并能够理解如何利用这些信息来满足我们的需求。如果我们不考虑人体的感观基础，对于有很多数据类型，例如我们看到的东西（视频），听到的东西（音频），阅读到的东西（文字），大脑都可以很容易进行转换、翻译、处理、合并和重用。 更为复杂的是，我们可以阅读、观察或倾听消息，并且可以以不可思议的正确率来识别这些信息的内容和主题，结果足以从类似的信息中识别和筛选出来。 例如，在我们复述所看到或听到的内容时，没有人会多次回顾这些内容。类似地，我们可以对很多源头的信息（视频、音频、文字）进行合并，而且可以用任何一种格式对这些信息进行归纳总结。 但是对于一台计算机来说，这个过程要更为复杂。例如，对于一个 Web 页面上文字内容的理解就非常复杂。即使使用基本的文本分析技术，也不足以识别正确的主题。部分问题是由于我们所使用的语言中的一些奇特行为。例如，在英语中有些单词有多种含义，即使复杂的技术单词也是如此。就拿术语 services 来说吧，它就有多个含义，即便仅仅在 IT 和计算领域也是如此。 问题是在我们使用计算机来存储、维护越来越多的信息并与之进行交互时，计算机要有效地组织和利用这些信息就变得非常困难。对于资源和信息的搜索和查找都是非常有挑战性的任务。正如随着计算机更加自治（Google 就是一个很好的例子，它会自行更新资源），我们有效查找和利用这些信息的能力还必须提高。 回页首 语义 Web 当然，Google 会对 Web 页面上的单词进行索引，以搜索页面上的信息。然而，通过 Google 进行索引和搜索的信息的内容还非常少。例如，如果您搜索 services ，就需要再给搜索单词加上一些额外的约束来帮助 Google 判断您所想搜索的是哪种服务（参见图 1）。然而，即使使用这些信息，Google 仍然只能挑选出那些包含这个约束的页面。要找到想要寻找的内容，您可能还需要在搜索时所使用的单词组合中指定更好的约束。 图 1. 在 Google 上搜索“services” 目前 Web 页面的缺点大部分是由于它们是使用超文本标记语言（HTML）编写的，这种语言主要用来对文本进行格式化处理，而不是识别和标记内容。HTML 标准已经进行了一些扩展（ meta 标签），可以向页面中添加更多其他信息，但是这大部分都是多余的，它们用来将整个页面作为一个整体进行标记，而不是对给定页面的各部分内容进行说明。 HTML 的另外一个目标是让页面提供到其他页面和信息源的链接。然而，与页面本身的文字内容一样，这些链接也没有提供任何超出对链接进行描述的语言之外的任何内容。 语义 Web 的目标就是来解决这些问题，它采用其他一些技术来帮助对页面中包含的机器可读和可理解的人类信息进行分类和组织，应用程序可以利用这些信息来帮助对信息进行分类和组织。 XML 是这个步骤中的一个关键部分，这并不奇怪，就像是您之前听过的其他技术一样。关键部分如下： XML 用来定义文档的结构，还（使用 RDF）用来帮助描述该文档的其他元数据。然而需要注意，使用 XML 并不一定意味着这些文档都必须是使用 XML 编写的，并一定要转换成 XHTML，而只是说 XML 是用来简化信息格式化及共享的一个关键的基本标准。 资源描述框架（RDF） 是一个用来描述关于对象和引用的元数据的工具。RDF 是用来分发现有情况中的元数据的一种普遍认可的格式。例如，RDF 是企业联合组织用来分发有关 Web 页面中所包含内容的描述信息所采用的格式之一。 Web Ontology Language（OWL） 是一种根据 RDF 准则来描述有关给定资源的本体数据的标记语言。本体数据是对特定主题领域中的内容的一种结构化描述。OWL 不但提供了结构化的内容信息，而且提供了一些方法来描述论题与主题之间的联系，以及主题之间的联系（例如，一个主题是否是一个大型论题的一个子类，它们之间是否存在直接或间接的关系）。基本的规则与学校中常教的经典动物、蔬菜、矿石和分类系统类似。例如，使用本体，您就可以定义只吃蔬菜的食草动物（素食者）、只吃其他动物的食肉动物和什么都吃的杂食动物。RDF 和 OWL 分类的例子请参阅 参考资料 。 这三种技术一起用来帮助提供有关给定资源和这些资源所链接到的地方的语义信息（参见图 2）。资源是使用统一资源标识符（URI）进行定义的；RDF 和 OWL 数据可以被链接到 URI 上，这些 URI 不但对内容进行了描述，而且还描述了这些内容之间的关系，以及它们与其他 URI 和内容类型之间的关系。 图 2. 语义文档结构 由于关于 URI 的信息都是按照结构化的格式存储的，因此就可以由计算机进行分析和处理，从而确定链接以及与其他 URI 之间的关系。例如，通过分析，您就可以通过比较 RDF 与 OWL 资源中的信息来判断两个 Web 页面是否包含类似的主题。 在搜索上下文中（例如，Google 中），可以显式地声明您正在查找的信息类型，而不用依赖于包含所指定的单词的页面。例如，您可能会查找 cleaning services，但是返回的页面中可能根本就不包括这两个单词。 回页首 语义网格 将语义 Web 应用于网格环境，就形成了语义网格。语义网格小组对语义网格进行了定义，我无法给出更好的定义，就直接引用他们的定义好了：语义网格就是“对当前网格的一个扩展，其中对信息和服务进行了很好的定义，可以更好地让计算机和人们协同工作”。 实际上，语义网格通常都被看作是这样一种结果：将网格和语义 Web 技术组合在一起，以便提高集成和数据计算的能力，如图 3 所示。 图 3. 提高集成和数据计算能力图示 语义网格实际上有两种用途：用来发现处理数据的可用资源，以及对数据进行集成。让我们来快速了解一下它们会对语义网格的实现都有些什么影响。 发现和重用 语义网格的发现端设计用来使得网格在 Internet 上更容易被发现。这需要对用户和应用程序所需要的能力详细进行定义，才能使它们更好地查找并利用网格。这可以帮助网格用户重用现有的资源和技术来满足自己对网格的需求，而不用构建新网格和应用程序来处理新数据。 例如，一个为科学社区提供计算资源的网格可以由大量的用户和组织使用。这不用为网格环境开发一个单用户的应用程序，其他人都可以使用现有的网格基础设施和网格应用程序。 复杂性在于如何描述网格服务和网格的处理能力。这是语义网格的特点所在，加上对能力和功能的详细分类和描述，使得判断特定网格可以提供哪些功能更加容易。 数据集成 与 Web 和语义 Web 中的信息一样，语义网格的另外一种强大之处在于对网格中存储和可以使用的信息进行关联和协调使用的能力。 对于资源网格来说（这种网格共享的是磁盘和存储空间，而不是提供 CPU 处理能力），这个问题就是有多少人可以看到 Web 正在服务，使用网格技术（Web 服务，安全性等等）在信息之间提供关联和连通性可以为存储和信息提供一种有效的方法。例如，使用存储照片的语义网格组件，以及存储影像资料的语义网格，就可以建立连接和关联。例如，您可以搜索某个主题的照片，比如鲨鱼，还可以找到相关的影像资料（见图 4）。这是一个非常简单的例子。更可能的是，我们将可以看到语义网格被用于存储和标识复杂数据类型，例如复杂蛋白质和 DNA。 图 4. 在语义网格之间建立连接和关联 另外，网格所存储和处理的数据的定义让用户可以将多个网格连接在一起，提供更为复杂的计算。这里就有一个来自科学世界的很好的例子：DNA 和蛋白质。使用语义网格，您可以使用一个网格来处理 DNA 信息，使用另外一个网格对与这个 DNA 结构有关的蛋白质信息进行识别和处理，这可以通过将一个网格生成的数据提供给另外一个网格来实现。这个过程是可能的，因为数据和数据的结构在这两个网格系统中都是已知的，也都是可用的。在这两个网格系统之间共享数据只是处理并理解两个网格系统的语义数据：结构和格式（参见图 5）。 图 5. 在两个网格系统之间共享数据和数据结构 回页首 构建语义网格 关于语义 Web 和语义网格应该如何工作的标准和（我敢说）语义现在还在进行讨论，但是现在已经有了一些成果和想法，您可以在现有的网格环境中采用，这样在语义网格成为现实时就可以减轻迁移到语义网格标准的工作量。 最为重要的是，在设计网格时，需要考虑如何采用一种可以让其他人可以利用您所提供的资源的方式来进行开发。例如，如果您正在构建一个计算网格，就需要考虑用来支持这个计算网格的计算资源和应用程序是否可以足够灵活，能够让其他人也使用这些资源和应用程序。 其次，要考虑如何描述和定义网格所存储和使用的数据。网格所使用或生成的数据具有很好的结构化格式么？它们可以采用一种其他人也可以使用的方法进行描述或定义吗？或者如果其他人的数据采用了合适的格式来定义，网格能够处理这些数据吗？ 最后，确保您熟悉不同标准（XML、RDF、OWL）的核心元素和实践，以及它们如何在网格和应用程序中应用。
Patrick O Brown Biochemistry and HHMI, Stanford University, Stanford, USA Head of Section: Genomics Genetics Genomics 部分论著与科研绩效： http://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=enq=Patrick+O+BrownbtnG=Searchas_sdt=2000as_ylo=as_vis=0 Cluster analysis and display of genome-wide expression patterns pnas.org MB Eisen, PT Spellman, PO Brown , - Proceedings of the , 1998 - National Acad Sciences A system of cluster analysis for genome-wide expression data from DNA microarray hybridization is described that uses standard statistical algorithms to arrange genes according to similarity in pattern of gene expression. The output is displayed graphically, conveying the ... Cited by 9913 - Related articles - BL Direct - All 187 versions Quantitative monitoring of gene expression patterns with a complementary DNA microarray ensmp.fr M Schena, D Shalon, RW Davis, PO Brown - Science, 1995 - AAAS Cited by 6923 - Related articles - BL Direct - All 22 versions Distinct types of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma identified by gene expression profiling cmu.edu , W Wilson, MR Grever, JC Byrd, D Botstein, PO Brown , - Nature, 2000 - nature.com Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL), the most common subtype of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, is clinically heterogeneous: 40% of patients respond well to current therapy and have prolonged survival, whereas the remainder succumb to the disease. We proposed that ... Cited by 5096 - Related articles - BL Direct - All 82 versions Molecular portraits of human breast tumours , SX Zhu, PE Lnning, AL Brresen-Dale, PO Brown , D - Nature, 2000 - nature.com Human breast tumours are diverse in their natural history and in their responsiveness to treatments 1 . Variation in transcriptional programs accounts for much of the biological diversity of human cells and tumours. In each cell, signal transduction and regulatory systems transduce ... Cited by 3713 - Related articles - BL Direct - All 12 versions Exploring the metabolic and genetic control of gene expression on a genomic scale ramapo.edu JL DeRisi, VR Iyer, PO Brown - Science, 1997 - sciencemag.org DNA microarrays containing virtually every gene of Saccharomyces cerevisiae were used to carry out a comprehensive investigation of the temporal program of gene expression accompanying the metabolic shift from fermentation to respiration. The expression profiles observed for ... Cited by 3645 - Related articles - BL Direct - All 91 versions Comprehensive identification of cell cycle-regulated genes of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae by microarray hybridization molbiolcell.org , MB Eisen, PO Brown , D Botstein, B - Molecular biology of , 1998 - Am Soc Cell Biol In 1981 Hereford and coworkers discovered that yeast histone mRNAs oscillate in abundance during the cell division cycle (Hereford et al., 1981 ). To date 104 messages that are cell cycle regulated have been identified using traditional methods, and it was estimated that some ... Cited by 3383 - Related articles - BL Direct - All 84 versions Gene expression patterns of breast carcinomas distinguish tumor subclasses with clinical implications pnas.org JC Matese, PO Brown , D Botstein, PE - Proceedings of the , 2001 - National Acad Sciences The purpose of this study was to classify breast carcinomas based on variations in gene expression patterns derived from cDNA microarrays and to correlate tumor characteristics to clinical outcome. A total of 85 cDNA microarray experiments representing 78 cancers, three ... Cited by 2902 - Related articles - BL Direct - All 31 versions Genomic expression programs in the response of yeast cells to environmental changes molbiolcell.org , MB Eisen, G Storz, D Botstein, PO Brown - Molecular biology of , 2000 - Am Soc Cell Biol We explored genomic expression patterns in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae responding to diverse environmental transitions. DNA microarrays were used to measure changes in transcript levels over time for almost every yeast gene, as cells responded to temperature shocks, ... Cited by 2151 - Related articles - BL Direct - All 54 versions Exploring the new world of the genome with DNA microarrays ctu.edu.vn PO Brown , D Botstein - nature genetics, 1999 - ctu.edu.vn The genome project has revitalized exploration in biological research. Not long ago, it was possible for biologists to imagine that the genes that had been discovered via mutations, selections and cloning schemes represented a good approximation of the total universe of genes, and ... Cited by 1919 - Related articles - View as HTML - BL Direct - All 82 versions Use of a cDNA microarray to analyse gene expression patterns in human cancer stanford.edu J DeRisi, L Penland, PO Brown , ML Bittner, PS - Nature , 1996 - cmgm.stanford.edu ... microarray to analyse gene expression patterns in human cancer Joseph DeRisi1*, Lolita Penland2 Patrick О ... with significantly higher expression (10-fold) in the tumorigenic cells was the human brown locus pro ... Filters were washed to a strin- gency of O .lx SSC at 42 C for 20 ... Cited by 1699 - Related articles - BL Direct - All 9 versions
张永和离子共价论应用 (11 ） 张永和电负性 导出 Brown 路易士酸强度 S a 加拿大麦可马思特大学 Brown 由 张永和电负性推导出一个路易士酸强度 S a X z = 1.118S a + 0.771 此式可改写为 S a = 1.18 X z -0.653 此处 X z 为 张永和电负性。 因此， S a 有了 张永和电负性的物理意义。 I.D. Brown, Acta Cryst . B44, 545-553, 1988 Y. Zhang, (1982). Inorg. Chem ., 21, 3886.
Yonghe Zhang ionocovalent theory applications (11) Zhang Electronegativity Derived Brown Lewis Acid Strengths Brown derived an alternative Lewis acid strength S a from Zhang electronegativity X z . : The average Lewis-acid strengths given in Table 2 can be seen to increase with the electronegativity. The correlation between the two quantities is shown in Fig.4 using the Zhang (1982) electronegativities that are specific to oxidation state. The line corresponds to the equation X z = 1.118S a + 0.771 which can be rewritten as S a = 1.18 X z -0.653 where X z is Zhang electronegativity, which gave S a a solid definition and physical significance. I.D. Brown, Acta Cryst. B, 44, 545-553, 1988 Y. Zhang, (1982). Inorg. Chem., 21, 3886.
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