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(Zhang Xingyuan) Vital activity hypotheses on living microorganisms as a whole, mainly as follows: ①A complete ideological system: Vital activity hypotheses on living microorganisms (Metabolic energy sustentation hypothesis, Metabolic networks hypothesis and Cell-economy hypothesis), as well as the reasoning on the premise they made, constitute a complete ideological system. The first hypothesis reflects the premise of the vital activity of microorganisms (to supply energy continuously); the second hypothesis embodies the contents of microbial life (energy and material conversion relations); the third hypothesis to reveal the law of microbial vital activity (to provide the basis for co-operation between human being and microorganisms). The three basic hypotheses from three different visual angles analyze the same issue, the vital activity of microorganisms, embody the three hypotheses are interlinked and coordinated. The first hypothesis, from the perspective of bioenergetics and metabolic energy, we firmly believe that microbial cells are convertor of metabolic energy; the second hypothesis, from the perspective of biochemistry and metabolism, we firmly believe that microbial cells are biological and chemical reactors and biological materials processor; the third hypothesis, from the perspective of bioinformatics, we firmly believe that microbial cells are bio-informatics encoder, information sensor and information processor. ②The three hypotheses support each other, constraint and complement each other: Energy metabolism relies on metabolic networks to achieve sustainability; metabolic energy is needed for metabolic networks to run to support metabolism, energy metabolism and material metabolism overlap each other, and are subject to norms and constraints from cell economic laws. Currents of flowing metabolites in metabolic networks rely on supporting of metabolic energy, and are under constraint of cell economy laws; but the studies on metabolic energy sustainment and cell economy must resort to their work-carrier, metabolic networks. ③ Nature dialectics in fermentation engineering: Modern industrial fermentation is going to establish in the bases of profound research of the three hypotheses on metabolic energy sustentation, metabolic networks and cell-economy. The hypothesis of metabolic energy sustentation revealed the driving force behind the industrial fermentation. In the hypothesis of metabolic networks, metabolic pathways (enzymes) and related carriers (proteins) have been organized as a whole, and known as the metabolic networks (material metabolism network).This will help us to have a good grasp of microbial physiology and material metabolism in the macro level, and to set up the basis of analysis for the actual operation sites in the design of industrial fermentation from raw materials to the target products. The concept of cell-economy have been put forward, it provides a theoretical basis of handling the relationship of the unity of opposites, i.e., subjective desires (industrial fermentation) and the objective law (microbial vital activity). ④Cross-disciplines and infiltrate-disciplines: The establishment of the new concept of fermentation science is based on the combination, infiltration, fusion, and support each other,in the fields of disciplines of chemistry, biochemistry, microbiology, molecular biology, cytology and the fields of disciplines of physics, physical chemistry, chemical engineering principles, electrotechnics, biology, economics, philosophy and dialectics of nature.
Vital activity hypotheses on living microorganisms Hypotheses on Fermentation Sciences (Zhang Xingyuan) The Three Basic Hypotheses on Fermentation Sciences put forward in the field of fermentation engineering by the author in 1997 could be named Vital activity hypotheses on living microorganisms. The Three Basic Hypotheses on Fermentation Sciences has entered the textbooks Principles of fermentation (Science Press, published in 2005). On the occasion of alma mater (Wuxi Light Industry College, now Jiangnan University) anniversary commemoration of the fiftieth anniversary, the author gives the copies of the hypotheses available in English and Traditional Chinese version, hoping hear opinions from domestic and overseas readers. ZHANG Xingyuan ，Jiangnan University, China Vital activity hypotheses on living microorganisms (Hypotheses on Fermentation Sciences) Hypothesis 1 Metabolic energy sustentation hypothesis The intermediate form of energy, used directly to drive vital activity (to do cell-work), can be called metabolic energy . Microbial cells rely on self-agencies for energy transformation, to change chemical energy (or light energy) into metabolic energy ; The latter can be directly used to drive vital activity of cells . Hypothesis 2 Metabolic networks hypothesis On the bases of integration in the levels of molecules, and the coordination in the levels of co-factors (co-enzymes), metabolic pathways and delivery systems across the cells inside and outside constitute metabolic networks. Metabolic network is a kind of scale-free networks of cell self-regulation, which as a whole bear the microbial cell material metabolism and energy metabolism. Hypothesis 3 Cell-economy hypothesis (metabolic economy hypothesis) Microbial cell is an open system far from equilibrium state of imbalance, a cell economy system that has been optimized in natural selection. Cell economy system operates to keep to cell economy laws, and provides protection for cell survival in the aspects: adaptability, economical efficiency, and persistence. The three hypothesis in the annotations These three hypotheses to some extent also can be applied to other life forms, but they have bright pertinence against applied microorganisms. Microbial cells directly facing the environment they live in, and survival in environment around them maintain independence and keep initiative, thus they have its own particularity compared with other life forms. The three hypotheses suitable for microorganisms （ except viruses ） ; For other organisms, except microorganisms, it is not completely applicable to, but can be learned from.
标签: microbial
