在很多的催眠秀表演中,经常可以看到催眠遗忘的展示,比如,数字遗忘(1到10之间的某个数字),名字遗忘(被催眠对象忘记了自己的名字)。这种现象让观众感觉非常的神奇,甚至由此认为通过催眠可以忘记过去的一切想忘记的事,担心某一天在别人的操纵下忘记了真实的自己。事实真的如此吗? 在催眠的过程中,制造‘数字遗忘’或者‘名字遗忘’现象是一件十分简单的事情,也不需要达到特别深的催眠深度。 一般的做法是这样,将受试者诱导并深化到催眠状态一定程度后,今年是暗示说,“我一会儿,你将经忘记6到8之间的那个数字”,或者,“过一会儿,你将忘记自己的名字,你越是尝试记起自己的名字,你越想不起来那个名字”反复暗示几次,被催眠对象就说不出某个数字或记不起来自己的名字了,造成一种貌似神奇的效果。 实际上,这只是一种短暂的回忆阻断,在一般的催眠秀表演中,受试者并没有真的忘记某个数字或者自己的名字,只是在当时情境下,受到催眠师的暗示,出现了短暂的回忆阻断,一时想不起来自己名字了,并不需要真的担心他忘记,脱离了这个情境,过一段时间他自然能够想起来了,就像你突然想不起来某个人的名字,越想越想不起来,过一段时间,他的名字又突然出现在你的脑海中。数字和名字这种在大脑中被反复强化记忆的事物,一般是很难遗忘的,甚至在这种催眠表演的场景中,受试者并没有忘记,只是不愿说出,或者说给催眠是一个面子,因为在催眠中,催眠师与受试者已经建立了一种和谐的配合和信任关系…… 著名的国际催眠导师Tom Silver是这样解释这种现象的,他说有三种可能性: One the client forgot his name.? 一是 客户忘记了他的名字。 Two the client can not speak his name even though he remembers it.? 二是 客户不说他们名字,即使他记得它。 Three the client will not say his name because he does not want to let the hypnotist down and make him fail. 三是 客户不愿意说他的名字因为他不想让催眠师失望让自己失败。 催眠秀表演者中,出现的这种遗忘现象一般都是短暂的遗忘,并不神奇,也不必要担心被人操纵忘记真实的自己,改变身份。催眠确实可以帮助人’忘记‘过去一些不愉快的事情,但在操作上像催眠表演中如此简单,即便是被催眠师’抹去‘的一段记忆,在某个情境下也可能被重新激活,再次回忆起来;或者重新再进入一次催眠状态,也可以找到那段记忆。 所以,没有人能真正的抹去你的过去。相信自己,因为,你就是你,经营好自己,因为,你就是你! —— 吕艳朋,于济南宝华苑,2014年5月8日
http://www.gopubmed.org/web/gopubmed/WEB1mOWEB10O00d000j10020001000f01000j100300.y Hypnosis and brain =Brain 253 of 737 documents semantically analyzed 1 2 3 Top Years Publications 2006 16 2003 15 2004 13 2001 12 1979 11 2009 9 2000 9 2008 8 2005 8 1994 7 1980 7 1969 7 2007 6 1998 6 1999 6 1987 6 1981 6 1970 6 1964 6 2002 5 1 2 3 1 2 Top Countries Publications USA 40 Germany 11 Canada 9 United Kingdom 7 China 6 Russia 6 Italy 5 Israel 4 Japan 3 Finland 3 Australia 3 India 3 Belgium 2 Denmark 2 France 2 Switzerland 2 Portugal 1 Sweden 1 Hungary 1 Poland 1 1 2 1 2 3 4 5 Top Cities Publications London 4 Laizhou 3 Rome 3 Knoxville 3 Moscow 3 Montreal 3 Lige 2 Beijing 2 Seattle 2 New Haven 2 Boston 2 Dallas 2 Turku 2 Kolkata 2 Flagstaff 2 State College 2 Zrich 2 Philadelphia 2 Hanover 1 Porto 1 1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 ... 8 Top Journals Publications Int J Clin Exp Hypn 18 Am J Clin Hypn 16 J Pharmacol Exp Ther 7 Res Commun Chem Pathol Pharmacol 6 Minerva Med 6 Zh Vyssh Nerv Deyat+ 5 Pharmacol Biochem Be 5 J Appl Physiol 4 Int J Psychophysiol 4 Alcohol Clin Exp Res 4 Int J Neurosci 4 Med Hypotheses 3 Neuropharmacology 3 Indian J Exp Biol 3 Lancet 3 J Pharm Pharmacol 3 Brain Res 3 Zh Nevropatol Psikhiatr Im S S Korsakova 3 Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol 3 Neuroimage 2 1 2 3 ... 8 1 2 3 ... 31 Top Authors Publications Kitagawa H 5 Satoh T 5 Rossi E 4 Persinger M 4 Minegishi A 4 Fukumori R 4 Klemm W 4 Oakley D 3 Derbyshire S 3 Tambiev A 3 Woody E 3 Rainville P 3 Ferko A 3 Schnell R 3 Yanaura S 3 Laureys S 2 Rossi K 2 Medvedev S 2 Frackowiak R 2 Nash M 2 1 2 3 ... 31 1 2 3 ... 62 Top Terms Publications Brain 253 Hypnosis 220 Humans 173 Hypnotics and Sedatives 88 Animals 88 Adult 67 Electroencephalography 60 Suggestion 46 Rats 35 Pain 33 Patients 33 Reflex 31 Brain Mapping 29 Pharmaceutical Preparations 29 Mice 28 Sleep 27 Analgesia 23 Anxiety 23 Perception 22 Behavior, Animal 22 1 2 3 ... 62 http://www.sciencenet.cn/htmlnews/2009/11/225236.shtm 研究证实催眠影响大脑活动 催眠状态确实存在 长期以来,很多人对催眠疗法的可靠性以及催眠状态是否真实存在抱有怀疑。最新研究显示,催眠确实影响大脑活动,催眠状态确实存在。 催眠状态 英国赫尔大学心理学系研究人员威廉麦克格温运用大脑活动成像技术研究催眠现象,试图证实人类大脑在催眠状态下的活动变化由催眠引起。 研究人员首先测试实验对象对催眠的反应,要求处于催眠状态下的实验对象完成某项任务,例如听一段不存在的音乐,看一只不存在的小猫。根据实验对象对任务指令的反应,研究人员从中选出10名高度易受影响者和7名不易受影响者。不易受影响者对催眠中听到的命令没有反应,只是进入放松状态。 研究人员用功能性核磁共振成像技术(MRI)观察实验对象大脑活动情况图像。结果显示,只有高度易受催眠影响的实验对象前脑活动有变化,不易受影响的实验对象大脑相应区域没有脑部活动变化。 英国广播公司(BBC)11月16日援引麦克格温的话报道,研究结果明确显示,这些变化由催眠引起,而不是简单的放松所致。 接受暗示 研究小组由赫尔大学心理学系和临床神经系统学中心研究员组成,参与者包括世界著名催眠学专家兰米尔基尔舍、脑部成像技术专家和建议暗示专家等。 在以往催眠研究中,研究人员通常要求实验对象在催眠状态下完成某项任务,观察这一过程中实验对象大脑活动情况。质疑者认为,这种观察结果不能说明实验对象大脑活动变化是由催眠所致还是由于任务命令所致。 在麦克格温的实验中,研究人员在实验对象完成每项任务的间隔时间内观察他们的大脑活动,记录他们在没有任何命令或任务干扰情况下的大脑活动情况,与实验对象在没有受到催眠诱导情况下的大脑活动情况比对。这是首次以这种方式研究催眠对大脑活动的影响。 研究结果发表在《意识与认知》( Consciousness and Cognition )杂志。临床心理学家迈克尔希普认为研究为催眠能使大脑接受暗示和建议理论提供了依据。 改变模式 在一般情况下,人类大脑中有一个区域与做白日梦、开小差和发呆有关。这种状态被称为大脑默认模式。 研究发现,在催眠状态下,高度易受影响者大脑默认模式改变,分管开小差的部分活动减少。这一情况只发生在高度易受影响的实验对象身上,麦克格温认为这能证明催眠可关闭大脑中让思路开小差的功能,使注意力更集中。 催眠疗法正越来越多地应用于临床治疗。治疗人员催眠患者后用语言等方式给他们建议和暗示,利用催眠状态下大脑易于接受建议的特点,帮助人们戒烟或减肥。 更多阅读 英国广播公司相关报道(英文) http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/health/8359170.stm Hypnosis has 'real' brain effect Hypnosis can be used for overcoming anxiety and addiction Hypnosis has a very real effect that can be picked up on brain scans, say Hull University researchers. An imaging study of hypnotised participants showed decreased activity in the parts of the brain linked with daydreaming or letting the mind wander. The same brain patterns were absent in people who had the tests but who were not susceptible to being hypnotised. One psychologist said the study backed the theory that hypnosis primes the brain to be open to suggestion. Hypnosis is increasingly being used to help people stop smoking or lose weight and advisers recently recommended its use on the NHS to treat irritable bowel syndrome. This shows that the changes were due to hypnosis and not just simple relaxation Dr William McGeown, study leader It is not the first time researchers have tried to use imaging studies to monitor brain activity in people under hypnosis. But the Hull team said these had been done while people had been asked to carry out tasks, so it was not clear whether the changes in the brain were due to the act of doing the task or an effect of hypnosis. In the latest study, the team first tested how people responded to hypnosis and selected 10 individuals who were highly suggestible and seven people who did not really respond to the technique other than becoming more relaxed. The participants were asked to do a task under hypnosis, such as listening to non-existent music, but unknown to them the brain activity was being monitored in the rest periods in between tasks, the team reported in the journal Consciousness and Cognition. Default mode In the highly suggestible group there was decreased activity in the part of the brain involved in daydreaming or letting the mind wander - also known as the default mode network. One suggestion of how hypnosis works, supported by the results, is that shutting off this activity leaves the brain free to concentrate on other tasks. Study leader Dr William McGeown, a lecturer in the department of psychology, said the results were unequivocal because they only occurred in the highly suggestible subjects. This shows that the changes were due to hypnosis and not just simple relaxation. Our study shows hypnosis is real. Dr Michael Heap, a clinical forensic psychologist based in Sheffield, said the experiment was unique in showing brain patterns supporting the theory that hypnosis works by priming the subject to respond more effectively to suggestions. Importantly the data confirm that relaxation is not a critical factor. The limited data from this experiment suggest that this pattern of activity then dissipates (at least to some extent) once the subjects start to engage in the suggestions that follow. But he said the small study, which needed repeating in other populations, did not prove that people being hypnotised were in an actual trance.