免疫学是一门逐步发展并依然在改变人类生活的现代学科,翻开诺贝尔奖的历史,从 1901 年首届诺贝尔医学奖获得者 Emile Von Behring 开始(抗白喉、破伤风血清),在 110 年诺贝尔奖的历史上共有 19 次颁发给免疫学家。现代的免疫学已经融合分子生物学、遗传学、细胞生物学、生物物理学等等,概况起来包括先天性免疫(固有免疫)和获得性免疫(体液免疫和细胞免疫)。免疫学前辈们的故事永远值得我去学习和思考,探寻他们人生轨迹中的贡献,探寻贡献背后的故事,他们的思想和灵魂。 如果不是上个星期五参加一个 seminar ,我还不清楚 Henry Kunkel 做了什么;如果不是今天看一篇报道,我也不清楚长征医院孔宪涛教授的主要贡献。上个星期五的 seminar 是哈佛 Fred Alt 做的关于免疫球蛋白编码基因 VDJ 重排导致的 DNA 损伤和修复,他用 5 分钟的时间介绍了一下 Henry ,临床免疫学奠基人;今天看到的孔宪涛教授的介绍,曹雪涛院士称孔宪涛教授是国内临床免疫学的开创者。 也许我把 Henry Kunkel 和孔宪涛放在一起太牵强,但是其实地球两端的两位教授是如此相似。两个人都经历过战争的洗礼, Henry 在 John Hopkins 大学医学院毕业之后经过 2 年的住院医生培训后,加入美国海军参与第二次世界大战,开展在意大利的盟军军事活动,后来来到洛克菲勒医学研究院;宪涛 14 岁就参加革命,经历了解放战争和朝鲜战争,后来去了第二军医大学。 两个人都是临床医生出生,但是两个人都毫无意外的选择用科学来解决医学问题。 Henry 早年在部队里看过了太多肝炎病人,所以他起步的时候以肝炎研究为主,他的 brilliance 表现为启蒙阶段就首次描述两种重要疾病,原发性胆汁性肝硬化和高丙种球蛋白血症伴肝脏疾病、关节炎等,即ldquo;系统性红斑狼疮rdquo;。宪涛在 80 年代初开始就研究肝炎-肝硬化-肝癌,在持续 14 年的肝纤维化研究中建立了透明质酸、胶原等反映肝纤维化的实验室指标,不幸的是宪涛实验过程中不慎感染肝炎病毒,最后死于肝癌,而 Henry 死与意外。 让我惊讶的还有很多,比如两个人都选择了同样的病人来研究免疫系统,多发性骨髓瘤。现在我们知道多发性骨髓瘤的致病机制在于单克隆浆细胞增生,导致血液和尿液中免疫球蛋白水平异常升高。 Henry Kunkel 最早在一些肝硬化患者中发现某些病人外周血免疫球蛋白异常升高,同时伴随有骨髓中浆细胞数量明显身高,这个发现让他联想到骨髓瘤病人也会出现免疫球蛋白水平升高,于是他怀疑当时所谓的ldquo;骨髓瘤蛋白rdquo;就是正常的免疫球蛋白,他用一些简单的实验方法证明了骨髓瘤蛋白就是免疫球蛋白。而宪涛的研究也是以多发性骨髓瘤作为突破口,他在国内率先发现诊断 5 种不同免疫球蛋白的分子病,现在全上海的疑似多发性骨髓瘤患者的尿和血液标本都毫无意外的送到长征医院,明确异常免疫球蛋白的组成。 Henry 开创性的工作,即认识到骨髓瘤蛋白的本质是免疫球蛋白,改变了现代免疫学研究的节奏,因为科学家们可以从多发性骨髓瘤患者的血标本中提取大量的结构单一免疫球蛋白,这对免疫球蛋白的结构认识非常必要。 1972 年 Henry Kunkel 指导的博士生 Gerald Edelman 因为对免疫球蛋白结构的认识获得诺贝尔医学奖,而诺贝尔奖委员会忽略 Henry Kunkel 开拓性的研究。也许是为了弥补这份遗憾, 1975 年的 Lasker 奖颁发给 Henry Kunkel ,以奖励他在免疫球蛋白领域的杰出贡献。宪涛的贡献虽然不能与 Henry 完全相提并论,但是毫无疑问,他在国内创立了用基础的方法研究多发性骨髓瘤疾病,开创了临床免疫学。 最近科学网上讨论,导师和研究生的关系,无论是 Henry Kunkel ,还是孔宪涛,他们都培养和造就了一大批国际知名的学者, Henry 培养出一位诺贝尔医学奖获得者,四名美国科学院院士;宪涛培养两名中国工程院院士,两位目前国内免疫学界重量级人物,曹雪涛和王红阳院士。 两个人的相似之处还有很多,我把介绍他们两个人的文章附在后面,有兴趣的人可以进一步阅读: Henry Kunkel 孔宪涛
奥地利政府于去年底发布最新科学研究,首次证实转基因玉米会导致小白鼠繁殖能力下降。所用材料为孟山都公司研发的转基因玉米NK603(抗除草剂)和MON810(Bt抗虫)的杂交品种,在阿根廷、日本、菲律宾和南非等国家已通过生物安全审批。而最近的美国化学学会的《农业与食品化学》杂志又发表科研论文,证实了转基因玉米对于小白鼠免疫系统的威胁。 这两项研究结果进一步说明转基因食物对人类的健康与发展存在巨大的隐患。使我想起了电影《人类之子》(Children Of Men)中的镜头:若干年后的未来社会,人类正逐渐丧失着生育的能力,人类即将绝种!消息传来,世上恐慌一片......谁之过? 目前中国有80%以上瓜果种子来自于美国孟山都,而且大多数是转基因种子。很多人或许还蒙在鼓里,认为自己吃得都是无公害的所谓的绿色蔬菜.....说句不好听的,死都不知道怎么死的!如果任其下去,不远的将来,人类绝种不是没有可能!当然还有其它可能,人可能变成另外一种人模鬼样的怪物.....
http://news.sciencenet.cn/htmlpaper/2009102795303297611.shtm 细胞免疫学研究取得新进展 25年前王小宁教授观察到NK细胞钻入瘤细胞的光镜照片和在瘤细胞内死亡的电镜照片 本次发现NK细胞在瘤细胞内的凋亡形态和ezrin敲除瘤细胞阻碍NK细胞进入的照片 华南理工大学生物科学与工程学院博士研究生一年级学生王珊在导师王小宁的指导下在细胞免疫学方面研究获得突破,相关成果文章Internalization of NK cells into tumor cells requires ezrin and leads to programmed cell-in-cell death发表在《细胞研究》( Cell Research )在线版上。 王珊是文章的第一作者,通讯作者是其导师王小宁教授。 王小宁教授25年前在研究免疫细胞NK细胞与肿瘤细胞相互作用时曾发现,NK细胞可以钻入瘤细胞内,不但可以从内部杀伤瘤细胞,更重要的是大多进入肿瘤的NK细胞反被瘤细胞杀伤。2007年,美国科学家在Cell发表论文也证实一些瘤细胞可以互相钻入同质瘤细胞,进入的细胞的主要命运也主要表现为胞内死亡,并且是一种新的细胞死亡方式,称为Entosis,与王小宁教授20多年前的发现十分相像。Entosis的作者随后阅读了王小宁20多年前的研究论文,认为与其发现十分相似并在其随后发表在Nature Review杂志的综述论文中对此做了正面引用。 王小宁小组克服重重实验条件上的困难,组合了温州医学院、南方医科大学学术资源,通过与中国科技大学姚雪彪教授的通力合作,历经两年时间,利用现代细胞与分子生物学技术再次证实其25五年前的发现是正确的,即NK细胞可以进入瘤细胞,并且主要命运表现为胞内死亡。 而且,这种死亡是一种不同于前述entosis的新的胞内死亡方式,为进一步探讨免疫细胞与肿瘤相互作用的机理和新的生物学意义提供了新的视角,也为细胞生物学提供了新的细胞研究模式。(来源:生物通 小茜) 更多阅读 《细胞研究》发表论文摘要(英文) http://www.gopubmed.org/web/gopubmed/WEB1mOWEB10O00d000j10020001000f01000j100300.y statistics Top Years Publications 2008 3 2007 3 2009 2 Top Countries Publications China 1 France 1 Top Cities Publications Guangzhou 1 Wenzhou 1 Villejuif 1 Top Journals Publications Cell Res 1 Cell Death Differ 1 Medicina-buenos Aire 1 1 2 3 Top Terms Publications Cell Death 7 Neoplasms 4 Apoptosis 3 apoptosis 2 cell death 2 programmed cell death 2 Caspases 2 Humans 2 Animals 2 Extracellular Matrix 2 Epithelial Cells 2 recognition of apoptotic cell 1 retinal cell programmed cell death 1 glial cell apoptosis 1 positive regulation of caspase activity 1 Killer Cells, Natural 1 Killer Cells 1 DNA Fragmentation 1 Caspase 3 1 immune response 1 1 2 3 1 2 Top Authors Publications Brugge J 2 Nomenclature Committee on Cell Death 2009 1 Kroemer G 1 Galluzzi L 1 Vandenabeele P 1 Abrams J 1 Alnemri E 1 Baehrecke E 1 Blagosklonny M 1 El-Deiry W 1 Golstein P 1 Green D 1 Hengartner M 1 Knight R 1 Kumar S 1 Lipton S 1 Malorni W 1 Nuez G 1 Peter M 1 Tschopp J 1 1 2 Internalization of NK cells into tumor cells requires ezrin and leads to programmed cell-in-cell death. PMID: 19786985 Related Articles Authors: Wang, S , Guo, Z , Xia, P , Liu, T , Wang, J , Li, S , Sun, L , Lu, J , Wen, Q , Zhou, M , Ma, L , Ding, X , Wang, X , Yao, X Journal: Cell Res , 2009 Abstract: Cytotoxic lymphocytes are key players in the orchestration of immune response and elimination of defective cells. We have previously reported that natural killer ( NK ) cells enter target tumor cells, leading to either target cell death or self-destruction within tumor cells. However, it has remained elusive as to the fate of NK cells after internalization and whether the heterotypic cell-in-cell process is different from that of the homotypic cell-in-cell event recently named entosis . Here, we show that NK cells undergo a cell-in-cell process with the ultimate fate of apoptosis within tumor cells and reveal that the internalization process requires the actin cytoskeletal regulator, ezrin. To visualize how NK cells enter into tumor cells, we carried out real-time dual color imaging analyses of NK cell internalization into tumor cells. Surprisingly, most NK cells commit to programmed cell death after their entry into tumor cells, which is distinctively different from entosis observed in the homotypic cell-in-cell process. The apoptotic cell death of the internalized NK cells was evident by activation of caspase 3 and DNA fragmentation. Furthermore, NK cell death after internalization is attenuated by the caspase inhibitor, Z- VAD -FMK, confirming apoptosis as the mode of NK cell death within tumor cells. To determine protein factors essential for the entry of NK cells into tumor cells, we carried out siRNA-based knockdown analysis and discovered a critical role of ezrin in NK cell internalization. Importantly, PKA -mediated phosphorylation of ezrin promotes the NK cell internalization process. Our findings suggest a novel regulatory mechanism by which ezrin governs NK cell internalization into tumor cells. Affiliation: School of Bioscience and Bioengineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, China Wenzhou Medical College, Wenzhou 325035, China . Wikipedia: Actin , Alpha-actin , Apoptosis , B-DNA , Benign neoplasm , Beta-actin , CASP3 , Cancer , Caspase-3 , Caspase 3 , Caspases , Cell death , DNA , DNA fragmentation , Deoxyribonucleic Acid , Double-stranded DNA , Enteritis , F-actin , F actin , G-actin , G actin , Government , Immunity , Immunization , K Cell , K cells , Killer cell , Killer cells, natural , Lymphocyte , NK Cell , NK cells , Natural Killer Cells , Natural Killer cell , Nature , Neoplasm , Phosphorylation , Proteins , Tumor , Variolation Title: Classification of cell death: recommendations of the Nomenclature Committee on Cell Death 2009. PMID: 18846107 Related Articles Authors: Kroemer, G , Galluzzi, L , Vandenabeele, P , Abrams, J , Alnemri, E S , Baehrecke, E H , Blagosklonny, M V , El-Deiry, W S , Golstein, P , Green, D R , Hengartner, M , Knight, R A , Kumar, S , Lipton, S A , Malorni, W , Nuez, G , Peter, M E , Tschopp, J , Yuan, J , Piacentini, M , Zhivotovsky, B , Melino, G , Nomenclature Committee on Cell Death 2009 Journal: Cell Death Differ , Vol. 16 (1): 3-11 , 2009 Abstract: Different types of cell death are often defined by morphological criteria, without a clear reference to precise biochemical mechanisms. The Nomenclature Committee on Cell Death (NCCD) proposes unified criteria for the definition of cell death and of its different morphologies, while formulating several caveats against the misuse of words and concepts that slow down progress in the area of cell death research. Authors, reviewers and editors of scientific periodicals are invited to abandon expressions like 'percentage apoptosis' and to replace them with more accurate descriptions of the biochemical and cellular parameters that are actually measured. Moreover, at the present stage, it should be accepted that caspase-independent mechanisms can cooperate with (or substitute for) caspases in the execution of lethal signaling pathways and that 'autophagic cell death' is a type of cell death occurring together with (but not necessarily by) autophagic vacuolization. This study details the 2009 recommendations of the NCCD on the use of cell death-related terminology including ' entosis ', 'mitotic catastrophe', 'necrosis', 'necroptosis' and 'pyroptosis'. Affiliation: INSERM, U848, Villejuif F-94805, France . kroemer@igr.fr Pubmed MeSH: Animals , Humans Wikipedia: Apoptosis , Autophagocytosis , Autophagy , Caspases , Cell death , Cellular autophagy , Necrosis , Recommendation , Vacuole Title: PMID: 18786892 Related Articles Authors: Barcat, J A Journal: Medicina (B Aires) , Vol. 68 (4): 315-7 , 2008 No abstract given. Pubmed MeSH: Animals , Apoptosis , Cell Death , Cell Transformation, Neoplastic , Endocytosis , Humans , Neoplasm Invasiveness Wikipedia: Cannibalism Title: Emperipolesis, entosis and beyond: dance with fate. PMID: 18521104 Related Articles Authors: Xia, P , Wang, S , Guo, Z , Yao, X Journal: Cell Res , Vol. 18 (7): 705-7 , 2008 No abstract given. Affiliation: Division of Cellular Dynamics, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Nano-scale, and University of Science Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China . Pubmed MeSH: Animals , Cell Adhesion , Cell Communication , Humans , Killer Cells, Natural , Lymphocytes , Neoplasms Title: PMID: 18334170 Related Articles Authors: Mailleux, A A , Overholtzer, M , Brugge, J S Journal: Med Sci (Paris) , Vol. 24 (3): 246-8 , 2008 No abstract given. Pubmed MeSH: Adenocarcinoma , Animals , Breast Neoplasms , Cell Adhesion , Cell Line, Tumor , Humans , Microscopy, Confocal , Microscopy, Electron , Neoplasm Proteins , Vacuoles , rho GTP-Binding Proteins , rho-Associated Kinases Wikipedia: Benign neoplasm , Cancer , Cell death , Neoplasm , Tumor Title: Entosis : cell death by invasion. PMID: 18059358 Related Articles Authors: LeBot, N Journal: Nat Cell Biol , Vol. 9 (12): 1346 , 2007 No abstract given. Pubmed MeSH: Breast Neoplasms , Cell Adhesion , Cell Culture Techniques , Epithelial Cells , Extracellular Matrix , Humans , Neoplasm Metastasis , Pleural Effusion, Malignant , Tumor Cells, Cultured Wikipedia: Cell death Title: A nonapoptotic cell death process, entosis , that occurs by cell-in-cell invasion. PMID: 18045538 Related Articles Authors: Overholtzer, M , Mailleux, A A , Mouneimne, G , Normand, G , Schnitt, S J , King, R W , Cibas, E S , Brugge, J S Journal: Cell , Vol. 131 (5): 966-79 , 2007 Abstract: Epithelial cells require attachment to extracellular matrix (ECM) to suppress an apoptotic cell death program termed anoikis. Here we describe a nonapoptotic cell death program in matrix-detached cells that is initiated by a previously unrecognized and unusual process involving the invasion of one cell into another, leading to a transient state in which a live cell is contained within a neighboring host cell. Live internalized cells are either degraded by lysosomal enzymes or released. We term this cell internalization process entosis and present evidence for entosis as a mechanism underlying the commonly observed cell-in-cell cytological feature in human cancers. Further we propose that entosis is driven by compaction force associated with adherens junction formation in the absence of integrin engagement and may represent an intrinsic tumor suppression mechanism for cells that are detached from ECM. Affiliation: Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston , MA 02115, USA . Pubmed MeSH: Actins , Apoptosis , Autophagy , Breast Neoplasms , Cadherins , Carcinoma , Cell Adhesion , Cell Communication , Humans , Models, Biological , Myosin Type II , Tumor Cells, Cultured , rho GTP-Binding Proteins , rho-Associated Kinases Wikipedia: Adherens junction , Anoikis , Benign neoplasm , Cancer , Cell death , Enzymes , Epithelial cell , Extracellular matrices , Extracellular matrix , Integrins , Lysosome , Neoplasm , Tumor , Zonula Adherens Title: Entosis : it's a cell-eat-cell world. PMID: 18045529 Related Articles Authors: White, E Journal: Cell , Vol. 131 (5): 840-2 , 2007 Abstract: In this issue, Overholtzer et al. (2007) describe a new nonapoptotic cell death pathway termed entosis in mammary epithelial cells that have detached from the extracellular matrix (ECM). Given that surviving detachment from the ECM is an event associated with the progression of epithelial cancers, entosis --along with apoptosis--may contribute to tumor suppression by promoting the elimination of cancer cells. Affiliation: Center for Advanced Biotechnology and Medicine, Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Rutgers University, 679 Hoes Lane, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA . ewhite@cabm.rutgers.edu Pubmed MeSH: Animals , Apoptosis , Autophagy , Cell Communication , Epithelium , Mammary Glands, Animal , Mice , Models, Biological Wikipedia: Benign neoplasm , Cancer , Cell death , Epithelial cell , Extracellular matrices , Extracellular matrix , Neoplasm , Tumor 王珊论文全文见附件: entosis
http://www.sciencenet.cn/htmlnews/2009/9/223288.shtm 两项新研究证实甲型流感疫苗一针免疫 研究分别由澳大利亚和英国完成,均发表于《新英格兰医学杂志》 美国、英国和澳大利亚针对甲型H1N1流感疫苗的最新初步研究结果显示,注射一针疫苗就能为人体提供足够的免疫保护。 世界卫生组织战略咨询专家组(SAGE)曾发布报告认为,鉴于人们对于甲型H1N1这一新型流感病毒完全没有免疫力,因此可能需要先后注射两剂疫苗才能达到较佳的保护效果。 美国《新英格兰医学杂志》9月10日发布的两项分别由澳大利亚和英国完成的最新研究结果显示,注射一剂甲型流感疫苗就可能使人体获得足够的免疫保护。其中,英国研究人员以175名18岁至50岁的成年人为对象进行了疫苗测试,初步结果显示,注射第一针后约两周,人体内就能产生足够的抗体。而甲型流感疫苗生产商澳大利亚CSL公司的初步测试结果则显示,注射一针疫苗后21天,95%以上的人体内已产生了足够抵抗甲型H1N1流感病毒的抗体。 CSL公司是美国甲型流感疫苗的主要供应商之一。在美国国内,科研人员自7月下旬开始,对不同生产商提供的疫苗进行了5项临床试验,以测试疫苗安全性并确定合适的注射剂量。美国方面最新报告的第一项临床试验数据也支持澳大利亚CSL公司的研究结果。 美国国家过敏和传染病研究所所长安东尼福奇还指出,第一针疫苗注射之后标准的抗体产生期是21天,但临床试验显示,注射首针疫苗后8天至10天就可能产生强大的免疫反应。 很多医学专家都表示,如果进一步临床试验能确认上述新的研究成果,那么对世界范围内的甲型流感防控都将是一个好消息,因为这将极大地缓解目前疫苗紧缺的局面。 美国华盛顿大学传染病专家凯瑟琳纽齐尔在《新英格兰医学杂志》的评论文章中指出,以目前全球甲型H1N1流感蔓延的形势来看,疫苗供应会严重不足,因此以较少剂量的疫苗提供免疫保护实际上相当于提升全球的疫苗供应能力。 更多阅读 《新英格兰医学杂志》发表论文(一)(英文) 《新英格兰医学杂志》发表论文(二)(英文) 《新英格兰医学杂志》相关社论(英文) http://content.nejm.org/cgi/content/full/NEJMe0908224 Published at www.nejm.org September 10, 2009 (10.1056/NEJMe0908224) Pandemic Influenza Vaccine Policy Considering the Early Evidence Kathleen M. Neuzil, M.D., M.P.H. PDF Add to Personal Archive Add to Citation Manager Notify a Friend E-mail When Cited PubMed Citation