坐落在纽约City Hall Park的 Horace Greeley 塑像 黄安年文 黄安年的博客/2015年7月29日晚上美东时间;30日上午北京时间发布 Horace Greeley (1811-02-03--1872-11-29) 是美国近代史上的著名政治家、政治评论家和报纸编辑，在美国内战时期发挥了重要的影响。在 Chappaqua, NY 有他的故居还有以他命名的高级中学 , 该中学在一次前 100 名高级中学排名中名利第一。在纽约市的市政大厅 (City Hall) 外的 City Hall Park 有他的塑像，在 Greeley Square , New York 还有另一座他的塑像。他葬于 Brooklyn's Green-Wood Cemetery . 照片 4 张是今天上午在纽约市政大厅前拍摄的。 1 ， 2 ， 3 ， 4 ， *****************888 Horace Greeley From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation , search Horace Greeley An 1872 portrait of Greeley, by J.E. Baker. Member of the U.S. House of Representatives from New York's 6th district In office December 4, 1848 – March 3, 1849 Preceded by David S. Jackson Succeeded by James Brooks Personal details Born (1811-02-03) February 3, 1811 Amherst, New Hampshire , U.S. Died November 29, 1872 (1872-11-29) (aged 61) Pleasantville, New York , U.S. Nationality American Political party Whig (1847–54) Republican (1854–72) Liberal Republican (1872) Spouse(s) Mary Cheney Greeley Profession Newspaper editor , politician Religion Universalist Signature Horace Greeley (February 3, 1811 – November 29, 1872)was editor of the New-York Tribune , among the greatnewspapers of its time. Long active in politics, he served briefly as acongressman from New York,and was the candidate of the Democratic and LiberalRepublican parties in the 1872 presidential election. He wasdefeated by President Ulysses S. Grant ,and died before the casting of the electoral vote . Born to a poor family in New Hampshire, Greeley was apprenticed to a printer in Vermont,and in 1831 went to New York Cityto seek his fortune. He wrote for or edited several publications, and involvedhimself in Whig Party politics, taking asignificant part in William Henry Harrison 's successful 1840presidential campaign. The following year, he founded the Tribune , whichthrough weekly editions sent by mail became the highest-circulating newspaperin the country. Among many other issues, he urged the settlement of theAmerican West, which he saw as a land of opportunity for the young and theunemployed. He popularized the phrase Go West, young man , and grow up with thecountry, although it is uncertain whether it originated with him. Greeley 's alliance with William H. Seward and ThurlowWeed led to him serving three months in the House of Representatives, wherehe angered many by investigating Congress in his newspaper. He helped found the Republican Party in 1854, butabout then broke with Seward and Weed, backing other presidential candidatesagainst Seward at the 1860 Republican National Convention ,and supporting the nominee, AbrahamLincoln . When the Civil War broke out, he mostly supported Lincoln, though urginghim to commit to the end of slavery before the president was willing to do so.After Lincoln's assassination , he supported the Radical Republicans in opposition to President AndrewJohnson . Leading against the corruption of Grant's Republicanadministration, Greeley was the new LiberalRepublican Party's candidate in the 1872 U.S. presidentialelection . Despite having the additional support of the Democratic Party , helost in a landslide. Devastated at the defeat, he died three weeks later. Greeley is the onlymajor-party presidential candidate to have died prior to the electoral votebeing cast. Early life Horace Greeley Birthplace in Amherst, New Hampshire Horace Greeley was born on February 3, 1811, on a farm about five milesfrom Amherst, New Hampshire . He could not breathefor the first twenty minutes of his life. It is suggested that this deprivationmay have caused him to develop Asperger's syndrome —some of his biographers,such as Mitchell Snay, maintain that this condition would account for hiseccentric behaviors in later life. Greeley was the son of poor farmers Zaccheus and Mary (Woodburn) Greeley. Zaccheuswas not successful, and moved his family several times, as far west as Pennsylvania. Horaceattended the local schools, and was a brilliant student. He was of English descent, and his forebears included early settlers of Massachusetts and New Hampshire . Seeing the boy's intelligence, some neighbors offered to pay Horace's wayat Phillips Exeter Academy , but the Greeleys were too proudto accept charity. In 1820, Zaccheus's financial reverses caused him to flee New Hampshire with his family lest he be imprisoned fordebt, and settle in Vermont.Even as his father struggled to make a living as a hired hand, Horace Greeleyread everything he could—the Greeleyshad a neighbor who let Horace use his library. In 1822, Horace ran away fromhome to become a printer's apprentice , but was told he was tooyoung. In 1826, at age 15, he was made a printer's apprentice to Amos Bliss,editor of the Northern Spectator , a newspaper in East Poultney, Vermont . There, he learnedthe mechanics of a printer's job, and acquired a reputation as the townencyclopedia, reading his way through the local library. When the paper closed in 1830, the young man went west to join his family,living near Erie, Pennsylvania . He remained there onlybriefly, going from town to town seeking newspaper employment, and was hired bythe Erie Gazette . Although ambitious for greater things, he remaineduntil 1831 to help support his father. While there, he became a Universalist ,breaking from his Congregationalist upbringing. First efforts at publishing Early depiction of Greeley's first arrivalin New York In late 1831, Greeley went to New York City to seek hisfortune. There were many young printers in New York who had likewise come to themetropolis, and he could only find short-term work. In 1832, Greeleyworked as an employee of the publication Spirit of the Times . He built his resources and in that year set up a print shop. In 1833, hetried his hand with Horatio D. Sheppard at editing a dailynewspaper, the New York Morning Post , which was not a success. Despitethis failure and its attendant financial loss, Greeley published the thrice-weekly Constitutionalist ,which mostly printed lottery results. On March 22, 1834, he published the first issue of The New-Yorker ,in partnership with Jonas Winchester. Less expensive than other literary magazines of the time, it bothpublished contemporary ditties and political commentary. Although circulationreached 9,000—then a sizable number—it was ill-managed and eventually fellvictim to the economic Panic of 1837 . He also published the campaign news sheet of the new Whig Party in New York for the 1834 campaign, and came tobelieve in its positions, including free markets, with government assistance indeveloping the nation. Soon after his move to New York City, Greeley met Mary Young Cheney . Both were living at aboarding house run on the diet principles of SylvesterGraham , eschewing meat, alcohol, coffee, tea, and spices, as well asabstaining from the use of tobacco and intoxicants. Greeley was, at the time, subscribing toGraham's principles, and to the end of his life rarely ate meat. Mary Cheney, aschoolteacher, moved to North Carolina to take a teaching job in 1835. They weremarried in Warrenton, North Carolina on July 5,1836—an announcement duly appeared in The New-Yorker eleven days later.Greeley, who had stopped over in Washington, D.C. on his way south to observeCongress, took no honeymoon with his new wife, returning to work, while hiswife took up a teaching job in New York City. One of the positions taken by The New-Yorker was that the unemployedof the cities should seek lives in the developing American West (in the 1830s,the West encompassed today's Midwestern states). The harsh winter of 1836–1837and the financial crisis that developed soon after made many New Yorkershomeless and destitute. In his journal, Greeleyurged new immigrants to buy guide books on the West, and Congress to makepublic lands available for purchase at cheap rates to settlers. He told hisreaders, Fly, scatter through the country, go to the Great West, anythingrather than remain here ... the West is the true destination. In 1838, he advised any young man about to start in the world,Go to the West: there your capabilities are sure to be appreciated andyour energy and industry rewarded. In 1838, Greeley met Albany editor ThurlowWeed . In his newspaper, the Albany Evening Journal , Weed spoke for a liberal faction of the Whigs. Weedhired Greeleyas editor of the state Whig newspaper for the upcoming campaign. The newspaper,the Jeffersonian , premiered in February 1838, and helped elect the Whigcandidate for governor, WilliamH. Seward . In 1839, Greeley worked for severaljournals, and took a month-long break to go as far west as Detroit. Greeley was deeply involved in the campaign of the Whig candidate for president in1840, William Henry Harrison . He published the majorWhig periodical, the Log Cabin , and also penned many of the pro-Harrisonsongs that marked the campaign. These songs were sung at mass meetings, manyorganized—and led—by Greeley.According to his biographer, Robert C. Williams, Greeley's lyrics swept the country and rousedWhig voters to action. Funds raised by Weed helped distribute the Log Cabin widely.Harrison and his running mate, John Tyler ,were easily elected. Editor of the Tribune Early years (1841–1848) Photograph of Greeleyby MathewBrady , taken between 1844 and 1860 By the end of the 1840 campaign, the Log Cabin' s circulation hadrisen to 80,000 and Greeleydecided to establish a daily newspaper, the New-YorkTribune . At the time, New Yorkhad many newspapers, dominated by James Gordon Bennett 's NewYork Herald , which with a circulation of about 55,000 had more readersthan its combined competition. As technology advanced, it became cheaper andeasier to publish a newspaper, and the daily press came to dominate the weekly,which had once been the more common format for news periodicals. Greeleyborrowed money from friends to get started, and published the first issue ofthe Tribune on April 10, 1841—the day of a memorial parade in New Yorkfor President Harrison, who had died after a month in office and been replacedby Vice President Tyler. In the first issue, Greeleypromised that his newspaper would be a new morning Journal of Politics,Literature, and General Intelligence. New Yorkers were not initially receptive; the first week's receipts were$92 and expenses $525. The paper was sold for a cent a copy by newsboys who purchased bundles ofpapers at a discount. The price of advertising was initially four cents a line,but was quickly raised to six cents. Through the 1840s, the Tribune wasfour pages, that is, a single sheet folded. It initially had 600 subscribersand 5,000 copies were sold of the first issue. In the early days, Greeley'schief assistant was Henry J. Raymond , who a decade later founded The New York Times . To place the Tribune on a sound financial footing, Greeley sold a half-interest in it to attorney Thomas McElrath , who becamepublisher of the Tribune (Greeley was editor) and ran the business side.Politically, the Tribune backed Kentucky Senator Henry Clay ,who had unsuccessfully sought the presidential nomination that fell to Harrison, and supported Clay's American System for development ofthe country. Greeley was one of the firstnewspaper editors to have a full-time correspondent in Washington, an innovation quickly followedby his rivals. Part of Greeley'sstrategy was to make the Tribune a newspaper of national scope, notmerely local. One factor in establishing the paper nationally was the Weekly Tribune ,created in September, 1841 when the Log Cabin and The New-Yorker were merged. With an initial subscription price of $2 a year, this was sent to many across the United States by mail, and was especiallypopular in the Midwest. In December 1841, Greeleywas offered the editorship of the national Whig newspaper, the Madisonian . He demanded fullcontrol, and declined when not given it. Greeley , in his paper, initially supported the Whig program. As divisions between Clay and President Tyler became apparent, hesupported the Kentuckysenator and looked to a Clay nomination for president in 1844. However, when Clay was nominated by the Whigs, he was defeated by theDemocrat, former Tennessee governor JamesK. Polk , though Greeleyworked hard on Clay's behalf. Greeley had taken positions in oppositionto slavery as editor of The New-Yorker in the late 1830s, opposing theannexation of the slaveholding Republicof Texas to the United States. In the 1840s, Greeleybecame an increasingly vocal opponent of the expansion of slavery. Greeley hired Margaret Fuller in 1844 as first literary editor ofthe Tribune , for which she wrote over 200 articles. She lived with the Greeley family for several years, and when she moved to Italy, he madeher a foreign correspondent. He promoted the work of Henry David Thoreau , serving as literary agentand seeing to it that Thoreau's work was published. Ralph Waldo Emerson also benefited from Greeley's promotion. Historian Allan Nevins explained: The Tribune set a new standard in American journalism by itscombination of energy in news gathering with good taste, high moral standards,and intellectual appeal. Police reports, scandals, dubious medicaladvertisements, and flippant personalities were barred from its pages; theeditorials were vigorous but usually temperate; the political news was the mostexact in the city; book reviews and book-extracts were numerous; and as aninveterate lecturer Greeleygave generous space to lectures. The paper appealed to substantial andthoughtful people. Greeley, who had met his wife at a Graham boarding house, becameenthusiastic about other social movements that did not last, and promoted themin his paper. He subscribed to the views of CharlesFourier , a French mathematician and social thinker, then recently deceased, who proposed the establishment of settlements calledphalanxes with a given number of people from various walks of life,who would function as a corporation and among whose members profits would beshared. Greeley, in addition to promoting Fourierism in the Tribune , was associated with two such settlements, both of whicheventually failed, though the town that eventually developed on the site of theone in Pennsylvania was after his death renamed Greeley . Congressman (1848–1849) In November 1848, Congressman DavidS. Jackson , a Democrat, of New York's Sixth District was unseated for electionfraud. Jackson'sterm was to expire in March 1849, but during the 19th century Congress convenedannually in December, making it important to fill the seat. Under the laws thenin force, the Whig committee from the Sixth District chose Jackson'sreplacement and they chose Greeley,though they did not select him as their candidate for the seat in the followingCongress. The Sixth District, or Sixth Ward as it was commonly called, wasmostly Irish-American, and Greeley proclaimed his support for Irish effortstowards independence from Great Britain. He took his seat when Congressconvened in December 1848. Greeley'sselection was procured by the influence of his ally, Thurlow Weed. As a congressman for three months, Greeleyintroduced legislation for a homesteadact that would allow settlers who improved land to purchase it at lowrates—a fourth of what speculators would pay. He was quickly noticed because helaunched a series of attacks on legislative privileges, taking note of whichcongressmen were missing votes, and questioning the office of HouseChaplain . This was enough to make him unpopular. But he outraged hiscolleagues when on December 22, 1848 the Tribune published evidence thatmany congressmen had been paid excessive sums as travel allowance. In January1849, Greeleysupported a bill that would have corrected the issue, but it was defeated. Hewas so disliked, he wrote a friend, that he had divided the House intotwo parties—one that would like to see me extinguished and the other thatwouldn't be satisfied without a hand in doing it. Other legislation, all failed, introduced by Greeley included attempts to end flogging inthe Navy, and to ban alcohol from its ships. He tried to change the name of theUnited States to Columbia, abolish slavery in the District of Columbia, and increase tariffs. One lasting effect of the term of Congressman Greeley was his friendshipwith a fellow Whig, serving his only term in the House, Illinois's AbrahamLincoln . Greeley's term ended after March 3,1849, and he returned to New Yorkand the Tribune , having, according to Williams, failed to achievemuch except notoriety. Influence (1849–1860) New-York Tribune editorial staff. Greeleyis third from the left in the front row. By the end of the 1840s, Greeley's Tribune was not only solidly established in New York as a daily paper, it was highly influentialnationally through its weekly edition, which circulated in rural areas andsmall towns. Journalist Bayard Taylor deemed its influence in the Midwest second only to that of the Bible. According toWilliams, the Tribune could mold public opinion through Greeley's editorials more effectively thancould the president. Greeleysharpened those skills over time, laying down what future Secretary of State John Hay ,who worked for the Tribune in the 1870s, deemed the Gospelaccording to St. Horace. The Tribune remained a Whig paper, but Greeley took an independent course. In 1848,he had been slow to endorse the Whig presidential nominee, General ZacharyTaylor , a Louisianan and hero of the Mexican-American War . Greeleyopposed both the war and the expansion of slavery into the new territoriesseized from Mexico, andfeared Taylorwould support expansion as president. Greeleyconsidered endorsing former president MartinVan Buren , candidate of the FreeSoil Party , but finally endorsed Taylor, who was elected; the editor wasrewarded for his loyalty with the congressional term. Greeleyvacillated on support for the Compromise of 1850 , which gave victories to bothsides of the slavery issue, before finally opposing it. In the 1852presidential race, he supported the Whig candidate, General WinfieldScott , but savaged the Whig platform for its support of the Compromise.We defy it, execrate it, spit upon it. Such party divisions contributed to Scott's defeat by former New Hampshire senator FranklinPierce . In 1853, with the party increasingly divided over the slavery issue, Greeley printed aneditorial disclaiming the paper's identity as Whig and declaring it to benonpartisan. He was confident that the paper would not suffer financially,trusting in reader loyalty. Some in the party were not sorry to see him go: the Republic , a Whig organ, mocked Greeley and his beliefs: If a partyis to be built up and maintained on Fourierism, Mesmerism , MaineLiquor laws , Spiritual Rappings, Kossuthism, Socialism, Abolitionism ,and forty other isms ,we have no disposition to mix with any such companions. When in 1854, Illinois Senator StephenDouglas introduced his Kansas-Nebraska Bill , allowing residents ofeach territory to decide whether it would be slave or free, Greeley strongly fought the legislation inhis newspaper. After it passed, and the BorderWar broke out in Kansas Territory , Greeley was part of efforts to sendfree-state settlers there, and to arm them. In return, proponents of slavery recognized Greeley and the Tribune as adversaries, stopping shipments of the paper to the South and harassinglocal agents. Nevertheless, by 1858, the Tribune reached 300,000 subscribersthrough the weekly edition, and it would continue as the foremost Americannewspaper through the years of the Civil War . The Kansas-Nebraska Act helped destroy the Whig Party, but a new party withopposition to the spread of slavery at its heart had been under discussion forsome years. Beginning in 1853, Greeleyparticipated in the discussions that led to the founding of the Republican Party and may havecoined its name. Greeley attended the first New York stateRepublican Convention in 1854, and was disappointed not to be nominated eitherfor governor or lieutenant governor. The switch in parties coincided with theend of two of his longtime political alliances: in December 1854, Greeley wrote that thepolitical partnership between Weed, WilliamSeward (who was by then senator after serving as governor) and himself wasended by the withdrawal of the junior partner. Greeleywas angered over patronage disputes, and felt Seward was courting the rival TheNew York Times for support. In 1853, Greeley purchaseda farm in rural Chappaqua, New York ,where he experimented with farming techniques. The Tribune continued to print a wide variety of material. In 1851, its managing editor Charles Dana recruited Karl Marx as a foreign correspondent in London.Marx collaborated with Friedrich Engels on his work for the Tribune ,which continued for over a decade, covering 500 articles. Greeley felt compelled to print, Mr.Marx has very decided opinions of his own, with some of which we are far fromagreeing, but those who do not read his letters are neglecting one of the mostinstructive sources of information on the great questions of current Europeanpolitics. In 1859, Greeleytraveled across the continent to see the West for himself, to write about itfor the Tribune, and topublicize the need for a transcontinentalrailroad . He also planned to give speeches to promote the Republican Party. He went to Chicago, then to Lawrence in Kansas Territory , and was unimpressed by the localpeople. Greeley took one of the firststagecoaches to Denver, seeing the town then incourse of formation as a mining camp of the Pike's Peak Gold Rush . Sending dispatches back to be published in the Tribune , Greeleytook the Overland Trail , reaching SaltLake City , where he conducted a two-hour interview with the Mormon leader, BrighamYoung , the first newspaper interview Young had given. Greeley encountered NativeAmericans , and was sympathetic, but like many of his time, deemed Indianculture inferior. In California,he explored widely and gave many addresses. 1860 campaign Main articles: 1860 Republican National Convention and United States presidentialelection, 1860 Although he remained on cordial terms with Senator Seward, Greeley never seriously considered supportinghim in his bid for the Republican nomination for president. Instead, during therun-up to the 1860 Republican National Convention in Chicago, he pressed the candidacy of former Missouri representative EdwardBates , an opponent of the spread of slavery who had freed his own slaves.In his newspaper, in speeches, and in conversation, Greeley pushed Bates as a man who could winthe North and even make inroads in the South. Nevertheless, when one of the dark horse candidates for the Republicannomination, Abraham Lincoln, came to New York to give an address at CooperUnion , Greeley urged his readers to go hear Lincoln, and was among thosewho accompanied him to the platform. Greeleythought of Lincolnas a possible nominee for vice president. Horace Greeley Greeley attended theconvention as a substitute for a delegate from Oregon who was unable to attend. In Chicago, he promotedBates but deemed his cause hopeless and felt that Seward would be nominated. Inconversations with other delegates, he predicted that, if nominated, Sewardcould not carry crucial battleground states such as Pennsylvania. Greeley'sestrangement from Seward was not widely known, giving the editor morecredibility. Greeley (and Seward) biographer Glyndon G. Van Deusen noted that it isuncertain how great a part Greeley played inSeward's defeat by Lincoln—hehad little success gaining delegates for Bates. On the first two ballots,Seward led Lincoln,but on the second only by a small margin. After the third ballot, on which Lincoln was nominated, Greeleywas seen among the Oregondelegation, a broad smile on his face. According to Pulitzer Prize-winning historian Doris Kearns Goodwin , it is hard toimagine Lincoln letting Greeley's resentment smolder for years asSeward did. Seward's forces made Greeleya target of their anger at the senator's defeat. One subscriber cancelled,regretting the three-cent stamp he had to use on the letter; Greeley supplied a replacement. When he wasattacked in print, Greeleyresponded in kind. He launched a campaign against corruption in the New York Legislature , hoping voters woulddefeat incumbents and the new legislators would elect him to the Senate whenSeward's term expired in 1861 (senators were until 1913 elected by statelegislatures). But his main activity during the campaign of 1860 was boosting Lincoln and denigratingthe other presidential candidates. He made it clear that a Republicanadministration would not interfere with slavery where it already was, anddenied that Lincolnwas in favor of voting rights for African Americans. He kept up the pressureuntil Lincolnwas elected in November. Lincoln soon let it be known that Seward would be Secretary of State , meaning hewould not be a candidate for re-election to the Senate. Weed wanted WilliamM. Evarts elected in his place, while the anti-Seward forces in New York gathered around Greeley. The crucial battleground was theRepublican caucus, as the party held the majority in the legislature. Greeley's forces did nothave enough votes to send him to the Senate, but they had enough strength toblock Evarts's candidacy. Weed threw his support to Ira Harris ,who had already received several votes, and who was chosen by the caucus andelected by the legislature in February 1861. Weed was content to have blockedthe editor, and stated that he had paid the first installment on alarge debt to Mr. Greeley. Civil War Main article: American Civil War War breaks out After Lincoln'selection, there was talk of secession in the South. The Tribune wasinitially in favor of peaceful separation, with the South becoming a separatenation. According to an editorial on November 9, If the Cotton States shall become satisfied that they can do better out ofthe Union than in it, we insist on lettingthem go in peace. The right to secede may be a revolutionary one, but it existsnevertheless ....And whenever a considerable section of our Union shall deliberately resolve to go out, we shallresist all coercive measures designed to keep it in. We hope never to live in arepublic where of one section is pinned to the residue by bayonets. Similar editorials appeared through January 1861, after which Tribune editorials took a hard line on the South, opposing concessions. Williams concludes that for a brief moment, Horace Greeley hadbelieved that peaceful secession might be a form of freedom preferable to civilwar. This brief flirtation with disunion would have consequences for Greeley—it was used byhis opponents against him when he ran for president in 1872. In the days leading up to Lincoln's inauguration , the Tribune headed its editorial columns each day, in large capital letters: Nocompromise!/No concession to traitors!/The Constitution as it is! Greeley attended the inauguration, sittingclose to Senator Douglas, as the Tribune hailed the beginning of Lincoln's presidency.When southern forces attacked Fort Sumter , the Tribune regretted the loss of the fort, but applauded the fact that war to subdue therebels, who had formed the Confederate States of America , wouldnow take place. The paper criticized Lincolnfor not being quick to use force. Through the spring and early summer of 1861, Greeley and the Tribune beat the drum for a Union attack. On to Richmond, a phrase coinedby a Tribune stringer , became the watchword of thenewspaper as Greeley urged the occupation of the rebel capital of Richmondbefore the Confederate Congress could meet on July 20. Inpart because of the public pressure, Lincolnsent the half-trained Union Army into the field at the First Battle of Manassas in mid-July whereit was soundly beaten. The defeat threw Greeleyinto despair, and he may have suffered a nervous breakdown. Prayer of Twenty Millions Restored to health by two weeks at the farm he had purchased in Chappaqua, Greeley returned to the Tribune and a policy ofgeneral backing of the Lincolnadministration, even having kind words to say about Secretary Seward, his oldfoe. He was supportive even during the military defeats of the first year ofthe war. Late in 1861, he proposed to Lincolnthrough an intermediary that the president provide him with advance informationas to its policies, in exchange for friendly coverage in the Tribune . Lincoln eagerly accepted,having him firmly behind me will be as helpful to me as an army of onehundred thousand men. By early 1862, however, Greeley was again sometimes critical of the administration,frustrated by the failure to win decisive military victories, and perturbed atthe president's slowness to commit to the emancipation of the slaves once theConfederacy was defeated, something the Tribune was urging in itseditorials. This was a change in Greeley'sthinking which began after First Manassas, a shift from preservation of the Union being the primary war purpose to wanting the war toend slavery. By March, the only action against slavery that Lincoln had backedwas a proposal for compensated emancipation in the border states that had remainedloyal to the Union, though he signed legislation abolishing slavery in the District of Columbia . Lincolnsupposedly asked a Tribune correspondent, What in the world is thematter with Uncle Horace? Why can't he restrain himself and wait a littlewhile? Greeley 's prodding ofLincolnculminated in a letter to him on August 19, 1862, reprinted on the followingday in the Tribune as the Prayer of Twenty Millions. By thistime, Lincoln had informed his Cabinet of thepreliminary Emancipation Proclamation he hadcomposed, and Greeleywas told of it the same day the prayer was printed. In his letter, Greeley demanded actionon emancipation, and strict enforcement of the ConfiscationActs . Lincolnmust fight slavery with liberty, and not fight wolves withthe devices of a sheep. Lincoln 's reply would become famous, much more so than the prayer that provokedit. My paramount object in this struggle is to save the Union, and is not either to save or to destroyslavery. If I could save the Union withoutfreeing any slave, I would do it, and if I could save it by freeing all the slaves I would do it; and if I could save it by freeing some and leavingothers alone I would also do that. What I do about slavery, and the coloredrace, I do because it helps to save the Union; and what I forbear, I forbearbecause I do not believe it would help to save the Union. Lincoln's statement angered abolitionists;William Seward's wife Frances complained to her husband that Lincoln had made it seemthat the mere keeping together a number of states is more important thanhuman freedom. Greeley felt Lincoln had not truly answered him, butI'll forgive him everything if he'll issue the proclamation. When Lincoln did, on September 22, Greeley hailed theEmancipation Proclamation as a great boon of freedom. According toWilliams, Lincoln's war for Union was nowalso Greeley'swar for emancipation. Draft Riots and peace efforts Horace Greeley honored on a1961 U.S.postage stamp After the Union victory at Gettysburg in early July 1863, the Tribune wrote that the rebellion would be quickly stamped out. A week after the battle, the New York City draft riots erupted.Greeley and the Tribune were generally supportive of conscription , though feeling thatthe rich should not be allowed to evade it by hiring substitutes. Support forthe draft made them targets of the mob, and the Tribune Building was surrounded,and at least once invaded. Greeleysecured arms from the Brooklyn Navy Yard and 150 soldiers kept thebuilding secure. Mary Greeley and her children were at the farm in Chappaqua; amob threatened them, but dispersed without doing harm. In August 1863, Greeley was requested by afirm of Hartfordpublishers to write a history of the war. Greeleyagreed, and over the next eight months penned a 600-page volume, which would bethe first of two, entitled The American Conflict . The books were very successful, selling a total of 225,000 copies by 1870,a large sale for the time. Throughout the war, Greeleyplayed with ideas as to how to settle it. In 1862, Greeley had approached the French minister toWashington, Henri Mercier , to discuss a mediated settlement.However, Seward rejected such talks and the prospect of European interventionreceded after the bloody Union victory at Antietam in September 1862. In July 1864, Greeley received word thatthere were Confederate commissioners in Canada, empowered to offer peace.In fact, the men were in Niagara Falls , Canadato aid Peace Democrats and otherwise undermine the Unionwar effort. but they played along when Greeleyjourneyed to Niagara Falls, at Lincoln's request: the president was willingto consider any deal that included reunion and emancipation. The Confederateshad no credentials and were unwilling to accompany Greeleyto Washingtonunder safe conduct. Greeley returned to New York, and theepisode, when it became public, embarrassed the administration. Lincoln said nothing publicly concerning Greeley's credulous conduct, but privatelyindicated that he had no confidence in him anymore. Greeley did notinitially support Lincolnfor nomination in 1864, casting about for other candidates. In February, hewrote in the Tribune that Lincolncould not be elected to a second term. Nevertheless, no candidate made aserious challenge to Lincoln, who was nominated in June, which the Tribune applauded slightly. In August, fearing a Democratic victory and acceptance of the Confederacy,Greeley engaged in a plot to get a newconvention to nominate another candidate, with Lincoln withdrawing. The plot came tonothing. Once Atlanta was taken by Union forces on September 3,Greeley became a fervent supporter of Lincoln. Greeleywas gratified both by Lincoln's re-election andcontinued Union victories. Reconstruction As the war drew to a close in April 1865, Greeley and the Tribune urged magnanimity towards the defeated Confederates, arguing that makingmartyrs of Confederate leaders would only inspire future rebels. This talk ofmoderation ceased when Lincoln was assassinated by JohnWilkes Booth . Many concluded that Lincolnhad fallen as the result of a final rebel plot, and the new president, AndrewJohnson , offered $100,000 for the capture of fugitive Confederate president JeffersonDavis . After the rebel leader was caught, Greeley initially advocated thatpunishment be meted out in accord with a just verdict. Through 1866, Greeley editorialized that Davis, who was being heldat Fortress Monroe , should either be set free or puton trial. Davis's wife Varina urged Greeleyto use his influence to gain her husband's release. In May 1867, a Richmond judge set bailfor the former Confederate president at $100,000. Greeley was among those who signed the bail bond ,and the two men met briefly at the courthouse. This act resulted in publicanger against Greeleyin the North. Sales of the second volume of his history (published in 1866) declinedsharply. Subscriptions to the Tribune (especially the Weekly Tribune )also dropped off, though they recovered during the 1868 election . Beginning as a supporter, Greeleysoon became disillusioned with President Johnson, whose Reconstruction policies allowed thequick formation of state governments without provision for suffrage for thefreedman. When Congress convened and gradually took control of Reconstruction , Greeley generallysupported their actions , favoring universal malesuffrage and, his anger against the Confederates having cooled, amnesty. While Greeley generallysupported the Radical Republicans , he did not like theharshness of Thaddeus Stevens . Greeley ran for Congress in 1866, but lostbadly, and for Senate in the legislative election held in early 1867, to bedefeated by Roscoe Conkling . As president and Congress battled, Greeleyremained firmly opposed to Johnson, and when the president was impeached in 1868, Greeley andthe Tribune strongly supported his removal, strongly attacking Johnson.Nevertheless, the president was acquitted by the Senate, much to Greeley's disappointment.Also in 1868, Greeleysought the Republican nomination for governor, but was frustrated by theConkling forces. Greeleysupported the successful Republican presidential nominee, General UlyssesS. Grant in the 1868 election. Grant years Greeley at his Chappaqua farm in 1869, photographed by his friend George G. Rockwood . In 1868, Whitelaw Reid joined the Tribune 's staffas managing editor. In Reid, Greeleyhad found a reliable second-in-command. Also on the Tribune's staff in the late 1860s was Mark Twain ; HenryGeorge sometimes contributed pieces, as did Bret Harte . In 1870, Lincoln'sassistant private secretary, John Hay , joined the staff as an editorial writer. Greeley soon pronouncedHay the most brilliant at that craft ever to write for the Tribune . Greeley maintained his interest in associationism. Beginning in 1869, he washeavily involved in an attempt to found a utopia on the prairie in a scheme ledby NathanMeeker . Named Greeley , Colorado Territory , its namesake served astreasurer of the town association, bought two lots there, which he inspected in1870, and lent Meeker money to keep the colony afloat. Greeley's close friend P. T.Barnum also interested himself in the project, and built a hotel there.After early struggles, the colony survived under Meeker's leadership, thoughadopting a normal municipal government. In 1871, Greeley published a book What I Know AboutFarming , based on his childhood experience and that from his country homein Chappaqua. Greeley continued to seek political office, running for state comptroller in 1869 and the House ofRepresentatives in 1870, losing both times. In 1870, President Grant offered Greeleythe post of minister to Santo Domingo (today,the Dominican Republic ), which he declined. Presidential candidate Greeley/Brown campaign poster Main article: United States presidentialelection, 1872 As had been the case for much of the 19th century, political partiescontinued to be formed and to vanish after the Civil War. In September 1871,Missouri Senator Carl Schurz formed the Liberal Republican Party , founded onopposition to President Grant, opposition to corruption, and support of civilservice reform, lower taxes, and land reform. He gathered around him aneclectic group of supporters whose only real link was their opposition toGrant, whose administration had proved increasingly corrupt. The party needed acandidate, with a presidential election upcoming. Greeley was one of the best-known Americans,as well as being a perennial candidate for office. He was more minded to consider a run for the Republican nomination,fearing the effect on the Tribune should he bolt the party.Nevertheless, he wanted to be president, as a Republican if possible, if not,as a Liberal Republican. The Liberal Republican national convention met in Cincinnati in May 1872. Greeley was spoken of as a possiblecandidate, as was Missouri Governor Benjamin Gratz Brown . Schurz was ineligible asforeign-born. On the first ballot, Supreme Court Justice David Davis led, but Greeley took a narrowlead on the second ballot. Former minister to Britain Charles Francis Adams took the lead, buton the sixth ballot, after a spontaneous demonstration staged byReid, Greeleygained the nomination, with Brown as vice presidential candidate. ThomasNast cartoon for the 1872 campaign alleging that Greeley was contradicting his earlierpositions The Democrats, when they met in Baltimore inJuly, faced a stark choice—either nominate Greeley, long a thorn in their side, or splitthe anti-Grant vote and go to certain defeat. They chose the former, and evenadopted the Liberal Republican platform, calling for equal rights for AfricanAmericans. This was the first time one man had been nominated for president by twopolitical parties. Greeleyresigned as editor of the Tribune for the campaign, and, unusually for the time, embarked on a speaking tour to bring hismessage to the people. As it was more usual for candidates for major office tonot actively campaign, he was attacked as a seeker after office. Nevertheless, in late July, Greeley (and others, such as former Ohio governor Rutherford B. Hayes ) thought he would verylikely be elected. Greeleycampaigned on a platform of intersectional reconciliation, arguing that the warwas over and the issue of slavery was resolved. It was time to restore normalcyand end the continuing military occupation of the South. The Republican counterattack was well-financed, accusing Greeley of support for everything fromtreason to the Ku Klux Klan . The anti-Greeley campaign was famouslyand effectively summed up in the cartoons of ThomasNast , whom Grant later credited with a major role in his re-election.Nast's cartoons showed Greeley giving bail moneyfor Jefferson Davis, throwing mud on Grant, and shaking hands with John WilkesBooth across Lincoln'sgrave. The Crédit Mobilier scandal —corruptionin the financing of the Union Pacific Railroad —broke in September,but Greeley was unable to take advantage of the Grant administration's ties tothe scandal as he had stock in the railroad himself, and some alleged it hadbeen given him in exchange for favorable coverage. Greeley 's wife Maryhad returned ill from a trip to Europe in lateJune. Her condition worsened in October, and he effectively broke off campaigningafter October 12 to be with her. She died on October 30, plunging him intodespair a week before the election. Poor results for the Democrats in those states that had elections forother offices in September and October presaged defeat for Greeley, and so it proved. He received2,834,125 votes to 3,597,132 for Grant, who secured 286 electors to 66 chosenfor Greeley.The editor-turned-candidate won only six states: Georgia,Kentucky, Maryland,Missouri, Tennesseeand Texas. Final month and death Greeley resumed the editorship of the Tribune , but quickly learned therewas a movement under way to unseat him. He found himself unable to sleep, and aftera final visit to the Tribune on November 13 (a week after the election)remained under medical care. At the recommendation of a family physician, Greeley was sent to the asylum of Dr. George S. Choate at Pleasantville, New York . There, he continued to worsen, and died on November 29, with his twosurviving daughters and Whitelaw Reid at his side. His death came before the Electoral College convened. His 66 electoralvotes were scattered among four others, principally Brown. Although Greeleyhad requested a simple funeral, his daughters ignored his wishes and arranged agrand affair. He is buried in Brooklyn's Green-Wood Cemetery . Among the mourners were old friends, Tribune employees includingReid and Hay, his journalistic rivals, and a broad array of politicians, led byPresident Grant. Appraisal Monument of Horace Greeley in Green-Wood Cemetery Further information: Tributes to Horace Greeley Despite the venom that had been spewed over him in the presidentialcampaign, Greeley'sdeath was publicly mourned. Harper'sWeekly , which had printed Nast's cartoons, wrote, Since theassassination of Mr. Lincoln, the death of no American has been so sincerelydeplored as that of Horace Greeley; and its tragical circumstances have given apeculiarly affectionate pathos to all that has been said of him. Henry Ward Beecher wrote in the Christian Union , when HoraceGreeley died, unjust and hard judgment of him died also. Harriett Beecher Stowe noted Greeley's eccentricdress, That poor white hat! If, alas, it covered many weaknesses, itcovered also much strength, much real kindness and benevolence, and much thatthe world will be better for. Greeley 's view of freedom was based in the desire that all should have theopportunity to better themselves. According to his biographer, Erik S. Lunde, a dedicated socialreformer deeply sympathetic to the treatment of poor white males, slaves, freeblacks, and white women, he still espoused the virtues of self-help and freeenterprise. Van Deusen stated: His genuine human sympathies, his moral fervor,even the exhibitionism that was a part of his makeup, made it inevitable thathe should crusade for a better world. He did so with apostolic zeal. Nevertheless, Greeley'seffectiveness as a reformer was undermined by his idiosyncrasies: according toWilliams, he must have looked like an apparition, a man of eccentrichabits dressed in an old linen coat that made him look like a farmer who cameinto town for supplies. Van Deusen wrote, Greeley'seffectiveness as a crusader was limited by some of his traits andcharacteristics. Culturally deficient, he was to the end ignorant of his ownlimitations, and this ignorance was a great handicap. The Tribune remained under that name until 1924, when it merged withthe New York Herald to become the New York Herald-Tribune , whichceased to publish in 1966. The name survived until 2013, when the International Herald-Tribune became the International New York Times . There is a statue of Greeleyin City Hall Park in New York,donated by the Tribune Association. Cast in 1890, it was not dedicated until1916. A second statue of Greeleyis located in Greeley Square in Midtown Manhattan . Greeley Square,at Broadway and 33rd Street,was named by the New York City Common Council ina vote after Greeley'sdeath. Van Deusen concluded his biography of Greeley: More significant still was the service that Greeley performed as a result of his faith inhis country and his countrymen, his belief in infinite American progress. Forall his faults and shortcomings, Greeley symbolized an America that, thoughoften shortsighted and misled, was never suffocated by the wealth pouring fromits farms and furnaces ... For through his faith in the American future, afaith expressed in his ceaseless efforts to make real the promise of America,he inspired others with hope and confidence, making them feel that their dreamsalso had the substance of realty. It is his faith, and theirs that has givenhim his place in American history. In that faith he still marches among us,scolding and benevolent, exhorting us to confidence and to victory in the greatstruggles of our own day. See also Rehoboth (Chappaqua, New York) Notes and references Explanatory notes 1. ^ Jumpup to: a b The origin of thephrase Go West, young man , and grow up with thecountry and its variants, which Greeleypopularized and with which he is closely associated, is uncertain. The Tribune alleged that the phrase was attached to the editor erroneously andaccording to his biographer Williams, Greeleyprobably did not coin it. There are many tales regarding its origination:minister Josiah Grinnell , founder of Iowa's Grinnell College , claimed to be the young man whomGreeley firsttold to go West. See Williams ,pp. 40–41 Citations Horace Greeley Statue City HallPark Horace Greeley Statue GreeleySquare , New York Bibliography Bonner, Thomas N. (December 1951). Horace Greeley and the Secession Movement, 1860-1861. Mississippi Valley Historical Review 38 (3): 425–444. JSTOR 1889030 . (subscription required) Goodwin, Doris Kearns (2005). Team of Rivals: The Political Genius of Abraham Lincoln . Simon Schuster. ISBN 978-0-684-82490-1 . Hale, William Harlan (1950). Horace Greeley: Voice of the People . Harper Brothers. OCLC 336934 . Lunde, Erik S. (February 2000). Greeley, Horace . American National Biography Online . Retrieved January 16, 2015. Lunde, Erik S. (1981). Horace Greeley . Twayne's United States Authors Series (413). Twayne Publishers. ISBN 0-8057-7343-6 . Nevins, Allan (1931). Horace Greeley. Dictionary of American Biography 7 . Scribner's. pp. 528–34. OCLC 4171403 . Seitz, Don Carlos (1926). Horace Greeley: Founder of The New York Tribune (1970 reprint ed.). AMS Press. OCLC 27401223 . Snay, Mitchell (2011). Horace Greeley and the Politics of Reform in Nineteenth-Century America . Rowman Littlefield Publishers Inc. ISBN 0-8057-7343-6 . Stoddard, Henry Luther (1946). Horace Greeley: Printer, Editor, Crusader . G. P. Putnam's Sons. OCLC 1372308 . Taliaferro, John (2013). All the Great Prizes: The Life of John Hay, from Lincoln to Roosevelt (Kindle ed.). Simon Schuster. ISBN 978-1-4165-9741-4 . Tuchinsky, Adam (2009). Horace Greeley's New-York Tribune: Civil War–Era Socialism and the Crisis of Free Labor . Cornell University Press. ISBN 978-0-8014-4667-2 . Van Deusen, Glyndon G. (1953). Horace Greeley: Nineteenth-Century Reformer . University of Pennsylvania Press. OCLC 2225788 . Williams, Robert C. (2006). Horace Greeley: Champion of American Freedom (Kindle ed.). New York University Press. ISBN 978-0-8147-9402-9 . https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horace_Greeley
自生自灭的明尼苏达大学古植物学 古植物学属于纯粹的自然历史研究，应该是唯美的。然而，古植物学研究不可能在真空中进行，任何学术体制都不是完美无缺的。美国学术机构（包括自然历史博物馆）的古植物学研究或长期停顿、或自生自灭，早已是司空见惯的现象。尊重自然历史、以淡定的心对待古植物学的兴衰应该是我们的新常态。 ∮ 1 明尼苏达大学概况 位于密西西比河畔的明尼苏达大学成立于 1851年，比设立明尼苏达州要早7年。明尼苏达大学是美国最有名的公立研究型大学之一，在国际学术界很有知名度。参见： https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Minnesota 明尼苏达大学拥有一座自然历史博物馆 — “ James Ford Bell Museum of Natural History”，建于1872年。参见： https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bell_Museum_of_Natural_History http://www.bellmuseum.umn.edu/ 令我很意外的是：明尼苏达大学很早开设了“自然历史教育”（ Natural History Education）之本科专业。1958年，有位毕业生叫David L. Dilcher（1936--）。后来，他成为知名古植物学家，且当选为美国科学院院士。 明尼苏达大学与中国在科学教育等领域的友好交往历史源远流长。 1979年，明尼苏达大学在中国改革开放之初率先筹建了“中国中心”。参见： http://chinacenter.umn.edu/ ∮2 明尼苏达大学植物系 明尼苏达大学植物系成立于 1889年。1965年，该系被整合到生物科学学院（College of Biological Sciences-CBS）。1988年，又更名为植物生物学系（Department of Plant Biology）。这个植物系的植物生理学研究很有实力，也曾经发展过古植物学！ 1927年，中国植物生理学家汤佩松(1903--2001)在此获学士学位。1948年，汤佩松当选为中央研究院首批院士；1955年被选聘为中国科学院学部委员（院士） 。 1939年，中国植物生理学家娄成后（Chernghow Lou ，1911--2009）毕业于明尼苏达大学植物系，获博士学位，专业为植物生理学，导师为George Oswald Burr(1896--1992)。1980年娄成后当选为为中国科学院学部委员（院士）。 ∮ 3 Ernst Cleverland Abbe (1905--2000) 与明尼苏达大学古植物学 明尼苏达大学的古植物学研究是如何被推动的？这是一个问题。我认为， 了解 植物形态解剖学家 Ernst Cleverland Abbe (1905--2000)的学术生平是从学术传承上深入探讨这个问题的重要线索，有助于从局部和整体上理解美国古植物学的生物学派快速崛起的内在原因。 Ernst Cleverland Abbe (1905--2000) http://botany.org/PlantScienceBulletin/psb-2000-46-2.php#ErnstCleveland Abbe, 1905-2000 PLANT SCIENCE BULLETIN A Publication of the Botanical Society of America, Inc. 46(2), Summer, 2000 Ernst Cleverland Abbe分别于1928年和1930年在 康奈尔大学获得学士和硕士学位，导师是重视古植物学的著名植物形态解剖学家 Arthur Johnson Eames（1881--1969）。1934年， Ernst Cleverland Abbe在哈佛大学获得生物学博士学位， 导师为 Ralph H.Wetmore(1892--1989) 。 Ernst Cleverland Abbe的博士学位论文题目是：基于花序、花和次生木质部的解剖学研究探讨桦木科的属间关系。其基本信息如下： Title: The inter-relationship of the genera of the Betulaceae, based on anatomical studies of the inflorescence, the flowers, and the secondary xylem. Author / Creator: Abbe , Ernst C . ( Ernst Cleveland), 1905-2000. Description: ff. (3), 262. Plates and other illustr. 4to Language: English Notes: Typewritten. Literature cited, ff. 256-262. Thesis note: Thesis (Ph.D.)--Harvard University, 1934. Keyword: Betulaceae. Creation Date: 1934 HOLLIS Number: 003727331 Permalink: http://id.lib.harvard.edu/aleph/003727331/catalog Source: HVD ALEPH 1935年， Ernst Cleverland Abbe开始供职于明尼苏达大学植物系。 关于 Ernst Cleverland Abbe 到该系入职的经过如下： “ Several promising young faculty members were hired in the 1930s. Doctor Ernst C. Abbe joined the Department in 1935. Abbe received his Ph.D. from Harvard in 1934, having previously taken B.S. and M.S. degrees from Cornell. An accomplished scholar in morphology,cytology, genetics and phyto-geography, Abbe was hired as an Instructor to develop the Department's cytology and cytogenetics programs. As was mentioned above, the cytology position had been vacant since the Department began, and it was with appreciation and pleasure that the faculty welcomed Abbe to the University . ” Ernst Cleverland Abbe在明尼苏达大学植物系工作了39年，一直到1974年退休。期间，1944 — 1947年、1962 — 1967年两度担任系主任。Ernst Cleverland Abbe对明尼苏达大学植物系的发展产生影响。 Ernst Cleverland Abbe的部分论著如下： Chromosome numbers and the anatomy of secondary xylem inthe Oleaceae K Sax, EC Abbe - J. Arnold Arbor,1932 - kbd.kew.org Studies in the phylogeny of the Betulaceae. I. Floral andinflorescence anatomy and morphology EC Abbe - Botanical Gazette, 1935 -JSTOR CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE GRAY HERBARIUM OF HARVARDUNIVERSITY—NO. CXI. BOTANICAL RESULTS OF THE GRENFELL-FORBES NORTHERN … EC Abbe - Rhodora, 1936 – JSTOR Studies in the Phylogeny of the Betulaceae. II. Extremesin the Range of Variation of Floral and Inflorescence Morphology EC Abbe - Botanical Gazette, 1938 -JSTOR Phytogeographical observations innorthernmost Labrador EC Abbe - Amer. Geo. Soc. Special Publ, 1938 The expedition to Hudson Bay of the University ofMinnesota EC Abbe - Science, 1939 -sciencemag.org Inflorescence, floral anatomy and morphology of Leitneriafloridana EC Abbe , TT Earle - Bulletin of theTorrey Botanical Club, 1940 - JSTOR The developmental relationship between shoot apex andgrowth pattern of leaf blade in diploid maize EC Abbe , LF Randolph, J Einset -American Journal of Botany, 1941 - JSTOR Comparison of shoot apex and leaf development andstructure in diploid and tetraploid maize LF Randolph, EC Abbe , J Einset -Jour. Agr. Res, 1944 - naldc.nal.usda.gov Braya in boreal eastern America EC Abbe - Rhodora, 1948 – JSTOR A FLORISTIC STUDY OF COOK COUNTY, NORTHEASTERN MINNESOTA(Concluded) FK Butters, EC Abbe - Rhodora, 1953- JSTOR Vascular plants of the Hamilton River area,Labrador EC Abbe - Contributions from theGray Herbarium of Harvard …, 1955 - JSTOR Flowers and inflorescences of the “Amentiferae” EC Abbe - The botanical review, 1974- Springer Reproductive phenology of the oak family (Fagaceae) in thelowland rain forests of Borneo RB Kaul, EC Abbe , LB Abbe -Biotropica, 1986 - JSTOR ∮4 Harlan P. Banks (1913--1998) 与明尼苏达大学古植物学 Harlan P. Banks是20世纪最著名的泥盆纪古植物学家。他于1969—1975年担任任国际古植物学协会主席，1980年当选为美国科学院院士。 1940年，Harlan P. Banks毕业于 康奈尔大学，师从 植物学教授 Loren Clifford Petry（1887--1970）。 1940—1947年，Harlan P.Banks供职于Acadia University（Wolfville, Nova Scotia），教授植物学。 1947—1949年，Harlan P.Banks供职于明尼苏达大学植物系，但仅仅工作了两年。关于Harlan P. Banks到该系入职的经过如下： “ With the physiology program again on solid ground, Department faculty turned their attention to the elementary courses. In October of 1947 Rolla Tryon accepted a position at the Missouri Botanical Garden, thus leaving the course in general botany and the recently created course in general biology (team-taught by Botany and Zoology) in astate of uncertainty. Harlan P. Banks from Acadia University in Nova Scotia had been hired earlier in the year,and he soon had responsibility for both courses) Unfortunately Banks only stayed with the Department for two years,and for the next few years the Department created a series of temporaryappointments to keep the elementary courses going.” 1949年，康奈尔大学植物形态学家—Arthur Johnson Eames（1881--1969）退休。Harlan P. Banks有机会返回康奈尔大学工作，继承Loren Clifford Petry的衣钵，全面领导康奈尔的古植物学研究，也成为美国古植物学的学术领袖。 ∮5 John Walton Hall (1918--) 与明尼苏达大学古植物学 古植物学家 John Walton Hall 是UMASS Amherst植物学名师Ray Ethan Torrey（1887--1956）的学生。后来，John Walton Hall在伊利诺斯大学厄巴纳-香槟分校（University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign—UIUC）跟随“学长”Oswald Tippo（1912--1999）攻读博士学位，主要研究桦木科植物的比较解剖学和系统发育，于1950年毕业获得博士学位。John Walton Hall的博士学位论文基本信息： Author: Hall, John Walton,1918- Title: The comparative anatomy and phylogeny of the Betulaceae. Thesis/Dissertation: Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Illinois atUrbana-Champaign, 1950. Published:1950 Physical Description: 117 leaves : ill., photos ; 28 cm. Includes: Includes bibliographical references. Notes: Vita. Persistent link to this page: https://i-share.carli.illinois.edu/uiu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?DB=localv1=1BBRecID=6379544 1950年，John Walton Hall开始供职于明尼苏达大学植物系长达36年，于1986年退休。关于John Walton Hall到该系入职的经过如下： “ During 1949 and1950 the Department continued to add faculty members. Thomas Morley was suggested as acandidate for the vacant position in taxonomy, and he joined the faculty in the autumn of 1949 asan Instructor in botany. Morley came from the University of California and soon took overmost of the instruction in the taxonomy courses. The General Botany and GeneralBiology courses continued to be a source of consternation and confusion,however, until the hiring of John W. Hall in 1950. Hall's primary research area was paleobotany; he used coal balls to study fossilizedplants. 42 WhileHall managed and taught the course in GeneralBotany, the General Biology course remained problematic. In June,1950, Ross Moir was offered an instructorship to teach the Botany half of General Biology after Botany andZoology were unable to come to an agreement on an individual to teach both halves of the course; Moir also taughtthe course Plants Useful to Man. A number of peopletaught in the General Biology sequence during the 1940s and 1950s, includingNorman H. Russell,John Pelton,Rudolf Schuster, Patricia Rand, George Yerganian and Lloyd Hulbert. ” ∮6 John Walton Hall (1918--) 的古植物学成就 John Walton Hall服务美国植物学会古植物学分会数年，担任过秘书、会计和主席。参见： http://www.botany.org/paleo/officers.html#Former Former Section Officers, Paleobotanical Section, Botanical Society of America Year-1969 Year Meeting Location Month Elected Chairperson Secretary /Treasurer Editor/compiler Bibliography Web Manager Editorial Rep. Amer. J. Bot. 1969 Seattle 9/68 A.A. Cridland J.W. Hall A. Watt C.B. Beck Year-1970 Year Meeting Location Month Elected Chairperson Secretary /Treasurer Editor/compiler Bibliography Web Manager Editorial Rep. Amer. J. Bot. 1970 Bloomington 9/69 J. Canright J.W. Hall A. Watt C.B. Beck Year-1971 Year Meeting Location Month Elected Chairperson Secretary /Treasurer Editor/compiler Bibliography Web Manager Editorial Rep. Amer. J. Bot. 1971 Edmonton 9/70 C. Miller J.W. Hall A. Watt C.B. Beck Year-1972 Year Meeting Location Month Elected Chairperson Secretary /Treasurer Editor/compiler Bibliography Web Manager Editorial Rep. Amer. J. Bot. 1972 Minneapolis 8/71 J.W. Hall T.N. Taylor A. Watt J.W. Schopf John Walton Hall的部分研究论文如下： Hall, J. W. 1952. The phloem of Heterangium americanum.American Midland Naturalist 47: 763–768 . Hall, J. W. 1954. The genus Stephanospermum in Americancoal balls. Botanical Gazette 115: 346 – 360 . Hall, J. W. 1961. Anachoropteris involuta and itsattachment to a Tubicaulis type of stem from the Pennsylvanian of Iowa .American Journal of Botany 48:731 – 737 . Hall, J. W. 1969. Studies of fossil Azolla : Primitivetypes of megaspores and massulae from the Cretaceous . American Journal ofBotany 56: 1173 – 1180 . Hall, J. W. 1971. A spore with cytoplasm-like contentsfrom the Cretaceous of Minnesota, USA. Pollen et Spores 13 : 163 – 168 . Hall, J. W. 1974. Cretaceous Salviniaceae . Annals ofthe Missouri Botanical Garden 61: 354 – 367 . Hall, J. W. 1975. Ariadnaesporites and Glomerisporitesin the Late Cretaceous: Ancestral Salviniaceae . American Journal of Botany 62: 359 – 369 . Hall, J. W., and R. D. Bergad . 1971. A critical studyof three Cretaceous salviniaceous megaspores . Micropaleontology 17 : 345 –356 . Hall, J. W., and B. M. Stidd . 1971 . Ontogeny of Vesicaspora, a Late Pennsylvanian pollen grain . Palaeontology 14 : 431 – 436 . Hall, J. W. , and N. P. Swanson. 1968. Studies on fossilAzolla: Azolla montana , a Cretaceous megaspore with many small fl oats. AmericanJournal of Botany 55 : 1055 –1061 . John Walton Hall退休后，后继无人，他在明尼苏达大学植物系积累的约2万份植物化石标本成为“古植物学孤儿”。现在，John Walton Hall的植物化石标本被托孤给佛罗里达自然历史博物馆古植物部。这个古植物部主要由John Walton Hall的学生--古植物学家 David L.Dilcher创建和发展的。参见： https://www.flmnh.ufl.edu/paleobotany/ “ TheFLMNH Paleobotanical Collection includes approximately 250,000 specimens. Thisis a conservative estimate that does not take into account the fact that anindividual hand sample may contain more than one fossil of interest. Inaddition, the facility houses the John W. Hall paleobotanical collection(approximately 20,000 specimens) transferred from the University of Minnesota. ” --------------- 孙启高 2015年6月25日晨整理 古植物学的故事 366 期 Story of Paleobotany Series (No.366) Umbrella of American paleobotany-125 - The rise and fall of the paleobotany ofthe University of Minnesota http://blog.sciencenet.cn/blog-225931-900607.html 2015-6-26 00:47 ================== 相关阅读： 古植物学的故事 228 期 Story of Palaeobotany Series (No.228) Umbrella of American palaeobotany--1: An unfinished list of American palaeobotanists http://blog.sciencenet.cn/blog-225931-826366.html 2014-9-10 05:45 古植物学的故事 354 期 Story of Paleobotany Series (No.354) Umbrella of American paleobotany-112 American Research-focused Universities and Paleobotany 美国研究型大学与古植物学 Umbrella of American Paleobotany“美国古植物学之伞” ---- American Research-focused Universities andPaleobotany“美国研究型大学古植物学” http://blog.sciencenet.cn/blog-225931-890721.html 2015-5-16 23:53 古植物学的故事（ 92） HarlanP. Banks：《比较形态学与古植物学的崛起》 Story of Palaeobotany Series (92): Americanpalaeobotanist--Harlan P. Banks( 1913—1998) ： Comparative morphology and the rise of paleobotany http://blog.sciencenet.cn/blog-225931-399509.html http://www.sciencetimes.com.cn/blog/user_content.aspx?id=399509 发表于 2010-12-31 13:57:23 古植物学的故事 233期 Story of Palaeobotany Series (No.233) Umbrella of American palaeobotany-4: Cornellianlegend of Devonian palaeobotany 美国康奈尔大学：辉煌的泥盆纪植物研究 http://blog.sciencenet.cn/blog-225931-841184.html 2014-11-505:53 古植物学的故事 248期 Story of Palaeobotany Series (No.248) Umbrella of American palaeobotany— 57 : 康奈尔大学已故植物学教授 Loren Clifford Petry（1887--1970） -- 教书育人的楷模 Loren Clifford Petry（1887--1970）:a great teacher of botany and palaeobotany of CornellUniversity http://blog.sciencenet.cn/blog-225931-847809.html 2014-12-2 05:48 古植物学的故事 347 期 Story of Palaeobotany Series (No.347) Umbrella of American palaeobotany—105 - Arthur Johnson Eames（1881--1969） 美国植物形态学家 — ArthurJohnson Eames（1881--1969） American phytomorphologist— Arthur Johnson Eames（1881--1969） http://blog.sciencenet.cn/blog-225931-887413.html 2015-5-5 04:45 Umbrella of American palaeobotany—64: 古植物学的故事 258 期 Story of Palaeobotany Series (No.258) UMASS Amherst 植物学名 师 Ray Ethan Torrey （ 1887--1956 ） Ray Ethan Torrey （ 1887--1956 ） : UMASS Amherst plant morphologist and his palaeobotanicalcontributions http://blog.sciencenet.cn/blog-225931-851891.html 2014-12-18 02:11 古植物学的故事 255 期 Story of Palaeobotany Series (No.255) 玉米地中的伊大 (UIUC)与古植物学神话 玉米地中的伊利诺斯大学厄巴纳 - 香槟分校与古植物学神话 A historical perspective of the palaeobotany of theUniversity of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign--UIUC http://blog.sciencenet.cn/blog-225931-850396.html 2014-12-12 08:42 古植物学的故事 365 期 Story of Paleobotany Series (No.365) Umbrella of American paleobotany-123 - Oswald Tippo (1912--1999) 美国植物学形态解剖学家 Oswald Tippo (1912--1999) http://blog.sciencenet.cn/blog-225931-900384.html 2015-6-25 01:04 古植物学的故事 362 期 Story of Paleobotany Series (No.362) Umbrella of American paleobotany-120 - 善待古植物学孤儿 (3): 3位白求恩式的美国古植物学家托孤文献给中国 Three American paleobotanists donated their referencecollections to China http://blog.sciencenet.cn/blog-225931-894600.html 2015-6-1 04:40 古植物学的故事 361 期 Story of Paleobotany Series (No.361) 善待古植物学孤儿 (2): 美国孢粉学家 Alan KeithGraham (1934--)退休后托孤了他的大量标本 Orphaned collections of fossil plants (2) Umbrella of American paleobotany-119 -Alan KeithGraham (1934--) http://blog.sciencenet.cn/blog-225931-894278.html 2015-5-31 04:31 古植物学的故事 360 期 Story of Paleobotany Series (No.360) Umbrella of American paleobotany-118 - 善待古植物学孤儿 (1): 从美国人最早科学研究中国植物化石谈起 Orphaned collections of fossil plants (1) http://blog.sciencenet.cn/blog-225931-894257.html 2015-5-31 00:13 古植物学的故事 359 期 Story of Paleobotany Series (No.359) Umbrella of American paleobotany-117 - 美国哥伦比亚大学古植物学自生自灭和标本托孤及再托孤 The rise andfall of paleobotany of the Columbia University (NYC) and the fate of orphanedcollection of fossil plants http://blog.sciencenet.cn/blog-225931-894063.html 2015-5-29 23:11 Umbrella of American palaeobotany— 35 : 古植物学的故事（ 121）期 2009年度中国政府 “ 友谊奖 ” 获得者 ---- 当过“报童”的美国科学院院士 David L. Dilcher教授 Story of Palaeobotany Series(121): The Year-2009 Chinese Government Friendship Prize winner-- David L. Dilcher (NAS) http://blog.sciencenet.cn/blog-225931-460601.html http://blog.sciencenet.cn/home.php?mod=spaceuid=225931do=blogquickforward=1id=460601 2011-6-2921:55 =====================
24 岁研究生 Edwin H. Hall 于 1879 年的发现：在磁场中的载流导体上会出现横向电势差。这称作 Hall 效应。 1. Hall 效应的应用 可通过上下底面的电势高低来判断载流子的类型（电子或空穴）； 可计算载流子的浓度（单位体积内载流子的个数）； 可比较精确的测量磁场强度。 2. Hall 效应的推广 Klitzing 发现磁场强度 B 一定大 （比如 5 到 15 T ）时， Hall 电阻并非与 B 成正比 （Hall 效应说 Hall 电阻与 B 成正比），而是“量子”的。据此，其获得 1985 年 Nobel 物理学奖； D.C. Tsui (崔琦) 与 H.L. Stomer 发现在磁场强度更强 （比如 20 到 30 T）时，Klitzing 的“量子”可以是分数，而荣获 1998 年的 Nobel 物理学奖。
Why Be Rational? Niko Kolodny + Author Affiliations 313 Emerson Hall, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA kolodny@fas.harvard.edu Abstract Normativity involves two kinds of relation . On the one hand, there is the relation of being a reason for . This is a relation between a fact and an attitude . On the other hand, there are relations specified by requirements of rationality . These are relations among a person's attitudes , viewed in abstraction from the reasons for them. I ask how the normativity of rationality —the sense in which we ‘ought’ to comply with requirements of rationality—is related to the normativity of reasons—the sense in which we ‘ought’ to have the attitudes what we have conclusive reason to have. The normativity of rationality is not straightforwardly that of reasons, I argue; there are no reasons to comply with rational requirements in general. First, this would lead to ‘bootstrapping’ , because, contrary to the claims of John Broome, not all rational requirements have ‘wide scope’. Second, it is unclear what such reasons to be rational might be. Finally, we typically do not , and in many cases could not, treat rational requirements as reasons. Instead, I suggest , rationality is only apparently normative, and the normativity that it appears to have is that of reasons. According to this ‘Transparency Account’, rational requirements govern our responses to our beliefs about reasons. The normative ‘pressure’ that we feel, when rational requirements apply to us, derives from these beliefs: from the reasons that, as it seems to us, we have. Kolodny 2005 http://mind.oxfordjournals.org/content/114/455/509.abstract Oxford Journals Humanities Mind Volume 114, Issue 455 Pp. 509-563. Recent Work on Normativity Analysis ( 2010 ) 70 ( 2 ): 331 - 346 Full Text (HTML) Full Text (PDF) Select this article Discussion : Niko Kolodny Reply to Bridges Mind ( April 2009 ) 118 ( 470 ): 369 - 376 doi: 10.1093/mind/fzp059 Abstract Full Text (PDF) Select this article Discussion : Niko Kolodny State or Process Requirements? Mind ( April 2007 ) 116 ( 462 ): 371 - 385 doi: 10.1093/mind/fzm371 Abstract Full Text (PDF) Book Review : Niko Kolodny Review: Reason and Value: Themes from the Moral Philosophy of Joseph Raz Mind ( April 2006 ) 115 ( 458 ): 498 - 502 doi: 10.1093/mind/fzl498 Full Text (PDF) Select this article Article : Niko Kolodny Why Be Rational? Mind ( July 2005 ) 114 ( 455 ): 509 - 563 doi: 10.1093/mind/fzi509 Abstract Full Text (PDF) Philosophy 108 Spring 2008 Number Title Instructor Days/time Room 108 Contemporary Ethical Issues Kolodny TuTh 9:30-11 102 Wurster As a thoughtful person , living in this country, at this time, you have at some point asked yourself some of the following questions. Should torture be allowed? Is there any difference between terrorism and “collateral damage”? May we kill enemy soldiers or even civilians to protect ourselves? Is capital punishment moral? Is abortion? Whether or not it’s moral, should it be legal? Should we let the majority or the courts decide? Is the government allowed to take your money and use it in ways you don’t want? If you have better grades and higher test scores, do you deserve a spot at UC more? Are you allowed to buy yourself an iPod when you could use the money to save people from starving? Should you buy a hybrid, rather than an SUV, when your individual choice is just “a drop in the bucket” and won’t really affect global warming? These questions can be difficult for many different reasons. Self- interest, prejudice, and fear can cloud our judgment. Religious authorities that we accept on faith, such as the Bible, can give unclear or conflicting directions. Finally, it can be hard to be sure of relevant facts: for example, whether information gained through torture tends to be reliable, whether the justice system applies the death penalty consistently, or whether burning fossil fuels leads to climate change. This course, however, is about another set of difficulties , which persist when we set aside our personal feelings, we see how far we can get without relying on faith, and we assume that we know the relevant facts. We may not be able to decide , by our own reflection and reasoning, which answers are correct, and even when we are sure that certain answers are correct, we may not be able to justify them. Our ethical ideas may seem not up to the task. Our aim in this course is to come to terms with these difficulties and to see to what extent they can be overcome. http://philosophy.berkeley.edu/courses/detail/271 Philosophy 104 Fall 2010 Number Title Instructor Days/time Room 104 Ethical Theories Kolodny MWF 10-11 105 Northgate This course will survey major treatments of the foundational questions of moral philosophy. We will discuss the work of some or all of the following philosophers: Aristotle, Hobbes, Hume, Kant, Nietzsche, Sidgwick , Moore, Scanlon and Korsgaard . http://philosophy.berkeley.edu/courses/detail/468 Philosophy 2 Spring 2011 Number Title Instructor Days/time Room 2 Individual Morality Social Justice Kolodny TuTh 8-9:30 160 Kroeber We will survey the basic questions of moral and political philosophy, as well as some classic attempts to answer them . We will ask, among other things: What is the morally right thing for me to do? Why should I do it? Is there a fact of the matter what it is, or does it just depend on my feelings or upbringing? Why should I do what the government tells me to? Why should I tolerate alien moral beliefs and practices? We may read, among others : Plato, Aristotle, Hobbes, Locke, Bentham , Mill, and Nietzsche . http://philosophy.berkeley.edu/courses/detail/490 http://philosophy.berkeley.edu/people/detail/15 Niko Kolodny Associate Professor of Philosophy Undergraduate Advisor Office: 245 Moses Office hours: W 1-2, Th 1-2 Phone: (510) 984-3533 (Ph.D., University of California–Berkeley). His main interests are in moral and political philosophy. He is currently working on papers about partiality, rationality, promises, and Rousseau. His publications include “Why Be Rational?” ( Mind , 2005) and “Love as Valuing a Relationship” ( The Philosophical Review , 2003). http://sophos.berkeley.edu/kolodny/ I am Associate Professor of Philosophy at the University of California, Berkeley, and a member of the New York Institute of Philosophy's Project on New Directions in Political Philosophy. My B.A. (1994) is from Williams, my M.A. (1996) is from Oxford, and my Ph.D. (2003) is from Berkeley. Before returning to Berkeley as Assistant Professor in 2005, I was Assistant Professor of Philosophy at Harvard University and Research Associate at the Research School of Social Sciences of the Australian National University. My main interests lie in moral and political philosophy. The wet burritos in the picture are Colette and Eddie Kolodny. My wife, Jessica Cross, is behind the camera. Here's a Bloggingheads diavlog between Simon Keller (Victoria University of Wellington) and me. CV: html / pdf My hobbies . Selected Abstracts Abstract 1 Discussion : Niko Kolodny Reply to Bridges Mind ( April 2009 ) 118 ( 470 ): 369 - 376 doi: 10.1093/mind/fzp059 Abstract Full Text (PDF) Abstract 2 Discussion : Niko Kolodny State or Process Requirements? Mind ( April 2007 ) 116 ( 462 ): 371 - 385 doi: 10.1093/mind/fzm371 Abstract Full Text (PDF) Abstract 1 of 2 Discussion Reply to Bridges Bridges (2009) argues that the ‘Transparency Account’ (TA) of Kolodny 2005 has a hidden flaw. The TA does not, after all, account for the fact that (1) in our ordinary, engaged thought and talk about rationality; we believe that, when it would be irrational of one of us to refuse to A , he has, because of this, conclusive reason to A . My reply is that this was the point. For reasons given in Kolodny 2005, (1) is false. The aim of the TA is to o.er an interpretation of our engaged thought and talk that is compatible with the falsity of (1) and that helps to explain why, when reflecting on our thought and talk, we are so prone to misrepresent what it involves. After making these points, I consider alternative senses in which rationality might be, or be taken by us to be, ‘normative’ and conclude that these alternatives have little bearing on the TA. Kolodny 2009 Full Text (PDF) Abstract 2 of 2 Discussion State or Process Requirements? In his ‘Wide or Narrow Scope?’, John Broome questions my contention in ‘Why Be Rational?’ that certain rational requirements are narrow scope. The source of our disagreement, I suspect, is that Broome believes that the relevant rational requirements govern states, whereas I believe that they govern processes. If they govern states, then the debate over scope is sterile. The difference between narrow - and wide -scope state requirements is only as important as the difference between not violating a requirement and satisfying one. Broome's observations about conflicting narrow-scope state requirements only corroborate this. Why, then, have we thought that there was an important difference? Perhaps, I conjecture , because there is an important difference between narrow- and wide-scope process requirements, and we have implicitly taken process requirements as our topic. I clarify and try to defend my argument that some process requirements are narrow scope, so that if there were reasons to conform to rational requirements, there would be implausible bootstrapping. I then reformulate Broome's observations about conflicting narrow-scope state requirements as an argument against narrow-scope process requirements, and suggest a reply. Kolodny 2007 Full Text (PDF)
科学技术是柄双刃剑，既能造福人类，也能祸害人类。一个好的科技人员会把技术用在解决人们遇到的困难和问题上，微软研究中心印度分部的Randy Wang选择了运用数字化技术来辅助教育，尤其是偏远地区儿童的教育。我大概看了一下他们的网页，他们的想法好像很简单，就是系统地将优秀教师的课程录像，刻录到DVD上再邮寄到各个学校，这样优秀的师资会被最大地利用。但是如果只让学生看电视，没有足够的课堂互动，效果不会太好。他们的解决办法是充分发挥本地老师的作用，通过暂停录像，提问题的办法加强互动。本地老师通过这样的方式也可以提升业务水平。这样的介绍难免过于简单，详情请访问网址： http://dsh.cs.washington.edu/info/overview.html Randy Wang曾是普林斯顿大学的助教授，为了这一项目于2005年离开生活安逸的美国，去印度工作。因为他在这一项目中的杰出贡献，ACM于2007年授予他Eugene Lawler奖。( http://awards.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=C101177srt=allaw=141ao=LAWLER ) ******************************************************************** Digital StudyHall (DSH) is a research project that seeks to improve education for the poor children in slum and rural schools in India. In a nutshell, think of its technical approach as the educational equivalent of Netflix + YouTube + Kazaa . We digitally record live classes by the best grassroots teachers, transmit them on the Postmanet (effected by DVDs sent in the postal system), collect them in a large distributed database, and distribute them on DVDs to poor rural and slum schools. Education experts and teachers use the system to explore pedagogical approaches involving local teachers actively mediating the video lessons. By harvesting a viral phenomenon of community participation, DSH aims to help train teachers and deliver quality instruction to underprivileged children. The project is a collaboration between computer scientists and education experts. The main aspects of DSH are: A people's database of everything A network of hubs and spokes Mediation-based pedagogy Technology for sharing community-generated video A live deployment of DSH has been operating in India since the summer of 2005. As of spring of 2007, we run pilot hubs in three cities in India (Lucknow, Bangalore, and Pune), covering approximately 30 schools. And during this time, we have accumulated about 550 recordings of lessons in English, math, and science, in Hindi, Kannada, Marathi, Tamil, and English. We have also started applying the same approach to agriculture extension work ( Digital Green ). Today, DSH is still a young research project, as we continue to work on rigorous evaluations and seek to understand many outstanding questions. We have, however, already seen initial promising signs, and we hope to eventually scale up the system to cover a far greater number of children, contributing toward the Millennium Development Goal of universal primary education.
标签: hall
