Umbrella of German Palaeobotany (49): Carl Albert Weber (1856--1931) 德国植物学家 Carl Albert Weber(1856--1931) 师从植物形态学家 Alexander Carl Heinrich Braun(1805--1877) 和植物学史专家 Julius von Sachs (1832--1897) 。 1879 年 Carl Albert Weber 从 Würzburg 大学获得博士学位。之后，他在 Strasbourg 大学跟随真菌学家和植物病理学家 Heinrich Anton de Bary (1831--1888) 工作了约 5 年。 1884—1894 年， Carl Albert Weber 在德国北方的石勒苏益格 - 荷尔斯泰 (Schleswig-Holstein) 任教于 Hohenwestedt 农学院。期间，他编写一本很有名的农业化学教科书（ Leitfaden für den Unterricht in der landwirtschaftlichen Chemie anmittleren und niederen landwirtschaftlichen Lehranstalten ）。 1894—1924 年， Carl Albert Weber 在德国西北部的 Bremen 供职于普鲁士湿地研究站（ Preußische Moor-Versuchsstation ）长达 30 年之久。 Carl Albert Weber 的科学研究主要探讨湿地植被、泥炭的植物成分和演化历史。他的早期工作涉猎了一些植物化石材料。 --------------------------- Brief life chronology of German botanist Carl Albert Weber (1856--1931) --1856: Born in Spandau, Berlin; --1875: Studied with German plant morphologist Alexander Carl Heinrich Braun (1805--1877) at Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität (later re-organized and named as Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin); --1876: Studied with Juliusvon Sachs (1832--1897) at the University of Würzburg (Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg), who is the authority of history of botany in the 19 th century; --1879: Received a doctorate degree with a dissertation entitled “ überspecifische Assimilationsenergie ”; --1879: Worked with German mycologist and plant pathologist Heinrich Anton de Bary (1831--1888) at the University of Strasbourg (Université de Strasbourg); --1884—1894: Taught at the Agricultural College of Hohenwestedt in Schleswig-Holstein ( 石勒苏益格 - 荷尔斯泰 ), northern Germany; --1889: Wrote a famous textbook,entitled “ Leitfaden für denUnterricht in der landwirtschaftlichen Chemie an mittleren und niederenlandwirtschaftlichen Lehranstalten ”; --1894—1924: Hired as a botanist by the Preußische Moor-Versuchsstation (Prussian Moor Research Station) in Bremen, northwestern Germany; --1924: Got retired; --1931: Died in Bremen at age of 75. --------------------------- Qigao Sun ( 孙启高 ): 古植物学的故事 527 期 Story of Paleobotany Series(No.527) The Epic of Palaeobotany-527 《德国古植物学之伞》 Umbrella of German Palaeobotany(49) German botanist Carl Albert Weber(1856--1931) 德国植物学家 Carl Albert Weber (1856--1931) Jan 28, 2017 相关阅读 ： German botanist Carl Albert Weber (1856--1931) https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Albert_Weber https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Albert_Weber 古植物学的故事 526 期 Story of Paleobotany Series(No.526) The Epic of Palaeobotany-526 《德国古植物学之伞》 Umbrella of German Palaeobotany(48) German mycologist and plant pathologist Heinrich Anton de Bary (1831--1888) 德国真菌学家和植物病理学家 Heinrich Antonde Bary (1831--1888) http://blog.sciencenet.cn/blog-225931-1030313.html 2017-1-28 21:43 Heinrich Anton de Bary (1831--1888), a German surgeon, botanist, microbiologist,and mycologist https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinrich_Anton_de_Bary ======
中世纪植物学的代表人物 Albert Magnus(c.1200—1280) 欧洲历史一般分为 3 个阶段，即：“古典时代” (classical antiquity 、“中世纪” (Middle Ages / medieval period) 和“近现代” (modern period) 。其中，“中世纪”是指欧洲历史上自公元后 5 世纪到 15 世纪的 1000 年。在如此漫长且充满恐怖的千年岁月里，欧洲经历了罗马帝国的崩溃到文艺复兴 ( Renaissance ) 的开始。 中世纪整个欧洲植物学研究进展甚缓，似乎停留在古希腊学者 -- 亚里斯多德 (Aristotle,384—322 BC) 和提奥弗拉斯托斯 Theophrastus (c.371—c.287 BC) 的认识水平上。不过， 13 世纪有一位德国著名学者 Albert Magnus (c.1200--1280) 曾努力复兴或振兴古希腊人的植物学。虽然 Albert Magnus 是哲学家和神学家，但他在植物形态学领域也有较大学术贡献。感兴趣的读者，请阅读有关专业文献，在此不作赘述。 ------------------ Albert Magnus (born c.1200—died 1280) is a great figure of the botany in the Middle Ages (Outline) ∮1 A brief introduction to the Middle Ages ∮2 A sketchy biography of Albert Magnus (born c.1200—died in1280) ∮ 3 De plantis ∮ 4 Albert Magnus and plant morphology --Botanical observations, such as the relation of thorns and spines; --Methodical analysis, such as the forms of flowers... ----------------------------- 植物演化生物学讲座 -7 Lecture of Evolutionary Biology of Plants (7) Structural Botany: Neobotany+Paleobotany(No.7) 中世纪植物学的代表人物 Albert Magnus(c.1200—died 1280) Albert Magnus (c.1200—1280) is a great figure of the botany in the Middle Ages (Outline) Qigao Sun ( 孙启高 2016 年 4 月 12 日初步整理 ) Further readings: The Middle Ages https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Ages In the history of Europe , the Middle Ages or medievalperiod lasted from the 5th to the 15th century. It began withthe fall of theWestern Roman Empire and merged into the Renaissance and the Age of Discovery . The Middle Ages is the middleperiod of the three traditional divisions of Western history: classical antiquity , themedieval period, and the modern period . The Medieval period is itselfsubdivided into the Early , High , and Late Middle Ages . -- https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E4%B8%96%E7%BA%AA 在 欧洲历史 上，「 中世纪 」指公元 5 世纪到 15 世纪，自 西罗马帝国 的崩溃到 文艺复兴运动 和 大航海时代 之间的时期。按照西方传统，欧洲历史可以分为 “ 古典時代 ” 、 “ 中世纪 ” 和 “ 近现代 ” 三个阶段。而中世纪历史自身也可分为前、中、后三段。 ---- https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%AD%90%E6%B4%B2%E9%BB%91%E6%9A%97%E6%99%82%E4%BB%A3 欧洲黑暗時代 （ 英语 ： Dark Ages 或 Dark Age ）在编史工作上是指在 西欧 历史上，从 罗马帝国 的灭亡到 文艺复兴 开始，一段文化层次下降或者社会崩溃的时期。 在 19 世纪，随着对 中世纪 更多的了解，整个时代都被描述成 “ 黑暗 ” 的说法受到了挑战。又因为整个时期都是中世纪的一部分 —— 称为 中世纪前期 ，所以这个说法一直在一些现代学者中受争议，他们倾向于避免使用该词。 黑暗时代的概念是由意大利学者 彼特拉克 在 1330 年代提出的，原本是为了大力批评 当时的拉丁语 文学 。 之后的史学家把这个名词的适用范围扩大到 古典 罗马时期 和 中世纪盛期 之间，这段时间表现为拉丁语文学的式微，同时代 可靠历史 的缺乏，人口的统计结果普遍下降，以及普遍的建筑工程以及物质文化成就都相当少。通俗文化更扩大这个名词用来描述中世纪时期的退步，并夸大其 贬义 的一面 --- Albert Magnus (born c.1200—died in1280) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albertus_Magnus http://www.britannica.com/biography/Saint-Albertus-Magnus Dominican bishop and philosopher best knownas a teacher of St. Thomas Aquinas and as a proponent of Aristotelianism at the University of Paris. He establishedthe study of nature as a legitimate science within the Christian tradition. Bypapal decree in 1941, he was declared the patron saint of all who cultivate the natural sciences. Hewas the most prolific writer of his century and was the only scholar of his ageto be called “the Great”; this title was used even before his death. --------- http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/albert-great/ Albertthe Great Firstpublished Mon Mar 20, 2006; substantive revision Tue Feb 25, 2014 AlbertusMagnus, also known as Albert the Great, was one of the most universal thinkers to appear during the Middle Ages. Even more so than his most famous student,St. Thomas of Aquinas, Albert's interests ranged from natural science all theway to theology. He made contributions to logic, psychology, metaphysics,meteorology, mineralogy, and zoology. He was an avid commentator on nearly allthe great authorities read during the 13 th Century. He was deeplyinvolved in an attempt to understand the import of the thought of Aristotle insome orderly fashion that was distinct from the Arab commentators who hadincorporated their own ideas into the study of Aristotle. Yet he was not averseto using some of the outstanding Arab philosophers in developing his own ideasin philosophy. His superior understanding of a diversity of philosophical textsallowed him to construct one of the most remarkable syntheses in medievalculture. --- Nicolaus of Damascus https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolaus_of_Damascus -------------------------
美国古植物学家 Arthur Albert Cridland于20世纪50年代后期至60年代初期在堪萨斯大学植物系跟随古植物学家Robert Wilson Baxter (1914--1995)攻读硕士和博士学位，主要研究“虎石子”--煤核(coal balls)中的植物化石。A . A. Cridland在其职业生涯主要供职于华盛顿州立大学植物系（Washington State University，Pullman, Washington)。 1969年，A . A. Cridland服务美国植物学会古植物学分会，参见： http://www.botany.org/paleo/officers.html#Former Former Section Officers, Paleobotanical Section, Botanical Society of America Year-1969 Year Meeting Location Month Elected Chairperson Secretary /Treasurer Editor/compiler Bibliography Web Manager Editorial Rep. Amer. J. Bot. 1969 Seattle 9/68 A.A. Cridland J.W. Hall A. Watt C.B. Beck Arthur A. Cridland, Ph.D, University of Kansas,Botany, 1961 ∮ 1 教育背景 （ Education ） 1958: M.A. University of Kansas, Botany; 1961: Ph.D. University ofKansas, Botany. Arthur A. Cridland 在堪萨斯大学植物系完成的硕士论文： Database: University of Kansas Libraries Main Author: Cridland, Arthur Albert. Title: Studies on petrified plants of the coal age / by Arthur AlbertCridland. Publisher: 1958. Format: Archival/Manuscript Material Description: 1 v. ; 29 cm. Thesis/Diss note: Thesis (M.A.)--University of Kansas, Botany, 1958. General Notes: Includes bibliographical references. KU Bib ID: 3429498 System Numbers: (OCoLC) ocm55601170 http://catalog.lib.ku.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?bbid=3429498 -------------------- Arthur A. Cridland 在堪萨斯大学植物系完成的博士论文： Database: University of Kansas Libraries Main Author: Cridland, Arthur Albert. Title: Amyelon Iowense (Pierce and Hall) comb. Nov., with notes onother cordaitean roots / by Arthur Albert Cridland. Publisher: 1961. Format: Archival/Manuscript Material Description: 1 v. ; 29 cm. Thesis/Diss note: Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Kansas, Botany, 1961. General Notes: Includes bibliographical references. KU Bib ID: 3430608 System Numbers: (OCoLC) ocm56199113 http://catalog.lib.ku.edu/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?bbid=3430608 ∮ 2 研究兴趣 (Research interests) 主要研究煤核 (coal balls)中的植物化石 ∮ 3 部分论著 (Publications) Arthur A. Cridland 部分论著如下： A note on two freshwater dinoflagellates AA Cridland - New Phytologist, 1958- Wiley Online Library Amyelon in American coal balls AA Cridland - Palaeontology, 1964 -palass-pubs.org Taeniopteris, Walchia and Dichophyllum in thePennsylvanian System in Kansas AA Cridland , JE Morris - 1963 -University of Kansas Publications A Glossopteris flora from the Ohio range, Antarctica AA Cridland - American Journal ofBotany, 1963 - JSTOR Spermopteris, a new genus of pteridosperms from the UpperPennsylvanian series of Kansas AA Cridland , JE Morris - AmericanJournal of Botany, 1960 - JSTOR The fungi in cordaitean rootlets AA Cridland - Mycologia, 1962 -JSTOR The Pennsylvanian plants of Kansas and their stratigraphicsignificance AA Cridland , JE Morris, RW Baxter -Palaeontographica Abteilung …, 1963 - schweizerbart.de Biscalitheca kansana sp. n.(Coenopteridales,Zygopteridaceae), a compression from the Lawrence Shale (Upper Pennsylvanian),Kansas, USA AA Cridland - American Journal ofBotany, 1966 - JSTOR Alethopteris ambigua Lesquereux, a Pennsylvanianpteridosperm from Missouri, USA AA CRIDLAND - Journal of the LinneanSociety of London, …, 1968 - Wiley Online Library Multivariate comparison of fossil and recent Ginkgo wood JD Mastrogiuseppe, AA CRIDLAND , TPBOGYO - Lethaia, 1970 - Wiley Online Library The habitat of Aschisma kansanum AA Cridland - Bryologist, 1959 -JSTOR Plastic and epoxy transfers of fossil plant compressions AA Cridland , JL Williams - Bulletinof the Torrey Botanical Club, 1966 - JSTOR Nomenclature of fossil Glyptostrobus in North America JR Butala, AA Cridland - Taxon, 1978- JSTOR Crossotheca urbani sp. nov., a malefructification from the Pennsylvanian (Desmoinesian Series, VerdigrisFormation) of Missouri AA Cridland ,EL Darrah - USA Palaeobotanist, 1968 Notes on Kansas mosses AA Cridland - Bryologist, 1960 -JSTOR A new species of Arthroxylon (Calamitaceae) from thePennsylvanian of Kansas AA Cridland - American Journal ofBotany, 1959 - JSTOR Presumed Taxodiaceous Fossils from the Paleogene of St.Lawrence Island, Alaska AA Cridland - Taxon, 1974 - JSTOR Monoscalitheca, a synonym of Biscalitheca(Coenopteridales) AA Cridland - Bulletin of the TorreyBotanical Club, 1971 - JSTOR ----------------- 孙启高 2015年７月12日整理 ==================== 参见： 古植物学的故事 372期 Story of Paleobotany Series (No.372) 尊重自然历史尊重学术历史 铁打的营盘 VS 流水的兵 : Paleobotany vs Paleobotanist http://blog.sciencenet.cn/blog-225931-903352.html 2015-7-6 22:06 古植物学的故事 228 期 Story of Palaeobotany Series (No.228) Umbrella of American palaeobotany--1: An unfinished list of American palaeobotanists http://blog.sciencenet.cn/blog-225931-826366.html 2014-9-1005:45 古植物学的故事 370期 Storyof Paleobotany Series (No.370) Umbrella of American paleobotany-129- Open the Umbrella of American paleobotany -- 撑开美国古植物学之伞 http://blog.sciencenet.cn/blog-225931-901814.html 2015-7-1 00:02 古植物学的故事 351 期 Story of Paleobotany Series (No.351) Umbrella of American paleobotany-109-Robert Wilson Baxter (1914--1995) 美国古植物学家 Robert Wilson Baxter (1914--1995) American paleobotanist--Robert Wilson Baxter (1914--1995) http://blog.sciencenet.cn/blog-225931-888895.html 2015-5-9 22:44 古植物学的故事 265 期 Story of Palaeobotany Series (No.265) Umbrella of American palaeobotany—71: 玩“虎石子” -- 煤核 (Coal ball)的人 ---- 美国科学院院士 Tom L. Phillips American palaeobotanist--Tom L. Phillips http://blog.sciencenet.cn/blog-225931-857686.html 2015-1-9 09:13 ===============================
人死如灯灭：爱因斯坦很超脱 爱因斯坦生前不要虚荣，死后更不要哀荣。他留下遗嘱，要求不发讣告，不举行葬礼。他把自己的脑供给医学研究，身体火葬焚化，骨灰秘密的撒在不让人知道的河里，不要有坟墓也不想立碑。在把他的遗体送到火葬场火化的时候，随行的只有他最亲近的 12 个人，而其他人对于火化的时间和地点都不知道。 爱因斯坦在去世之前 , 把他在 普林斯顿 默谢雨街 112 号的房子留给跟他工作了几十年的秘书杜卡斯小姐，并且强调： “ 不许把这房子变成博物馆。 ” 他不希望把默谢雨街变成一个朝圣地。他一生不崇拜偶像，也不希望以后的人把他当作偶像来崇拜。 爱因斯坦曾经说过： “ 我自己不过是自然的一个极微小的部分 ” ，他把一切献给了人类从自然界获得自由的征程，最后连自己的骨灰也回到了大自然的怀抱。但是正如英费尔德第一次与他接触时所感受到的那样： “ 真正的伟大和真正的高尚总是并肩而行的 ” ，爱因斯坦的伟大业绩和精神永远留给了人类。 http://baike.baidu.com/view/2218.htm ==================== http://timelines.com/1955/4/18/albert-einstein-dies The death of Albert Einstein came on April 18,1955 in Princeton, New Jersey. After a long illness, he died peacefully in hissleep. The listed cause of death is a ruptured artery in his heart. Upon hisrequest in his will, there was no funeral, no grave, and no marker. His brainwas donated to science and his body was cremated and his ashes were spread overa near-by river. Source: home.pacbell.net http://home.pacbell.net/kidwell5/aebio.html ============================= On 17 April 1955, Albert Einstein experiencedinternal bleeding caused by the rupture of an abdominal aortic aneurysm, whichhad previously been reinforced surgically by Dr. Rudolph Nissen in 1948. Hetook the draft of a speech he was preparing for a television appearancecommemorating the State of Israel’s seventh anniversary with him to thehospital, but he did not live long enough to complete it. Einstein refusedsurgery, saying: I want to go when I want. It is tasteless to prolonglife artificially. I have done my share, it is time to go. I will do itelegantly. He died in Princeton Hospital early the next morning at theage of 76, having continued to work until near the end. Einstein’s remains werecremated and his ashes were scattered around the grounds of the Institute forAdvanced Study, Princeton, New Jersey. During the autopsy, the pathologist ofPrinceton Hospital, Thomas Stoltz Harvey removed Einstein’s brain forpreservation, without the permission of his family, in hope that theneuroscience of the future would be able to discover what made Einstein sointelligent. Source: UsefulTrivia.com http://www.usefultrivia.com/celebrity_trivia/ce. On April 17, 1955, the great mathematician andphysicist Albert Einstein was admitted to Princeton Hospital complaining ofchest pains. He died early the next morning (April 18) of a burst aorticaneurysm. He was cremated, and his ashes were scattered in an undisclosedlocation. Before the cremation, however, his brain was removed by Dr. ThomasHarvey, a pathologist at the hospital who wanted to know what it was that madeEinstein a genius. Harvey did not have permission to remove the brain, and whenthe fact came to light and he refused to return the specimen, he was dismissedfrom the hospital. For almost three decades, Harvey kept Einstein's brain inhis home, constantly on the lookout for researchers willing to study it. Most,however, dismissed the idea that Einstein's brain was physiologically differentin any meaningful way. In the early 1980s, however, Harvey was contacted byMarian Diamond, a neuroscientist from UCLA who proposed to count certain cellsin the scientist's brain and compare them with normal specimens. Although otherscientists questioned the validity of her methods, she found that Einstein didindeed have an unusual neuron-to-glial-cell ratio in one key area of his brain.Finally, in 1997, Harvey embarked on a cross-country road trip to return thebrain to Einstein's granddaughter in California. Ironically, she didn't want itand the great scientist's brain was eventually returned to the same pathologylab at Princeton Hospital where it's strange journey had begun more than fortyyears earlier. Source: UsefulTrivia.com http://www.usefultrivia.com/celebrity_trivia/ce... ===== AlbertEinstein was born at Ulm, Wuerttemberg, Germany, on March 14, 1879. His boyhoodwas spent in Munich, where his father, who owned electro-technical works, hadsettled. The family migrated to Italy in 1894, and Albert was sent to acantonal school at Aarau in Switzerland. He attended lectures while supportinghimself by teaching mathematics and physics at the Polytechnic School at Zurichuntil 1900. Finally, after a year as tutor at Schaffthausen, he was appointedexaminer of patents at the Patent Office at Bern where, having become a Swisscitizen, he remained until 1909. It was in this period that he obtained his Ph.D. degree at theUniversity of Zurich and published his first papers on physical subjects. These were so highly esteemed that in 1909 he was appointedExtraordinary Professor of Theoretical Physics at the University of Zurich. In1911 he accepted the Chair of Physics at Prague, only to be induced to returnto his own Polytechnic School at Zurich as full professor the next year. In1913 a special position was created for him in Berlin as director of the KaiserWilhelm Physical Institute. He was elected a member of the Royal PrussianAcademy of Sciences and received a stipend sufficient to enable him to devoteall his time to research without any restrictions or routine duties. Source: THE NEW YORK TIMES http://www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisd.. ================================
NYTimesOBITUARY : Albert Einstein http://www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/bday/0314.html April 19, 1955 OBITUARY Dr. Albert Einstein Dies in Sleep at 76; World Mourns Loss ofGreat Scientist By THE NEW YORK TIMES Albert Einstein was born at Ulm,Wuerttemberg, Germany, on March 14, 1879. His boyhood was spent in Munich,where his father, who owned electro-technical works, had settled. The familymigrated to Italy in 1894, and Albert was sent to a cantonal school at Aarau inSwitzerland. He attended lectures while supporting himself by teachingmathematics and physics at the Polytechnic School at Zurich until 1900.Finally, after a year as tutor at Schaffthausen, he was appointed examiner ofpatents at the Patent Office at Bern where, having become a Swiss citizen, heremained until 1909. It was in this period that heobtained his Ph.D. degree at the University of Zurich and published his firstpapers on physical subjects. These were so highly esteemed that in1909 he was appointed Extraordinary Professor of Theoretical Physics at theUniversity of Zurich. In 1911 he accepted the Chair of Physics at Prague, onlyto be induced to return to his own Polytechnic School at Zurich as fullprofessor the next year. In 1913 a special position was created for him inBerlin as director of the Kaiser Wilhelm Physical Institute. He was elected amember of the Royal Prussian Academy of Sciences and received a stipendsufficient to enable him to devote all his time to research without anyrestrictions or routine duties. Elected to Royal Society He was elected a foreign member of theRoyal Society in 1921 , having also been made previously amember of the Amsterdam and Copenhagen Academies, while the Universities ofGeneva, Manchester, Rostock and Princeton conferred honorary degrees on him. In1925 he received the Copley Medal of the Royal Society and in 1926 the GoldMedal of the Royal Astronomical Society in recognition of his theory of relativity. He received a Nobel Price in 1921. Honors continued to be conferred onhim. He was made a member of the Institute de France, one of the few foreignersever to achieve such a distinction. Other great universities throughout theworld, including Oxford, Cambridge, Paris, Madrid, Buenos Aires, Zurich,Yeshiva, Harvard, London and Brussels, awarded honorary doctorates to him. One of the highest Americanscientific honors, the Franklin Institute Medal, came to him in 1935, when hestartled the scientific world by failing to deliver more than a merethank-you in lieu of the scientific address customary on suchoccasions. He made up for it later by contributing an important paper to theJournal of the Franklin Institute dealing with ideas, he explained, that werenot quite ripe at the time he received the medal. Dr. Einstein married Mileva Marec, afellow-student in Switzerland, in 1901. They had two sons, Albert Einstein Jr.,an electrical engineer who also came to this country, and Eduard. The marriageended in divorce. He married again, in 1917, this time his cousin, ElsaEinstein, a widow with two daughters. She died in Princeton in 1936. To Institute at Princeton in '32 When the Institute for Advanced Studywas organized in 1932 Dr. Einstein was offered and accepted, the place ofProfessor of Mathematics and Theoretical Physics, and served, also, as the Headof the Mathematics Department. The institute was situated at Princeton, N.J.,and Dr. Einstein made plans to live there about half of each year. These plans were changed suddenly.Adolf Hitler rose to power in Germany and essential human liberty, even forJews with world reputations like Dr. Einstein, became impossible in Germany. Heannounced that he would not return to Berlin, sailed for Europe and went toBelgium. Immediately many nations invited himto make his home in their lands. In the late spring of 1933 Dr. Einsteinlearned, in Belgium, that his two step-daughters had been forced to fleeGermany. Not long after that he was notifiedthrough the press that he had been ousted from the supervising board of theGerman Bureau of Standards. His home at Caputh was sacked by Hitler BrownShirts on the allegation that the world-renowned physicist and pacifist had avast store of arms hidden there. The Prussian Academy of Scienceexpelled him and also attacked him for having made statements regarding Hitleratrocities. His reply was this: I do not want to remain in astate where individuals are not conceded equal rights before the law forfreedom of speech and doctrine. In September of 1933 he fled fromBelgium and went into seclusion on the coast of England, fearful that the Nazishad plans upon his life. Then he journeyed to Princeton and made his homethere. He bought a home in Princeton and settled down to pass his remainingyears there. In 1940 he became a citizen of the United States. Einstein Noted as an Iconoclast In Research,Politics and Religion His EarlySpare-Time Reflections in Bern Led to Strong Belief in Social Equality and Hopefor a World Government In 1904, Albert Einstein, then anobscure young man of 25, could be seen daily in the late afternoon wheeling ababy carriage on the streets of Bern, Switzerland, halting now and then,unmindful of the traffic around him, to scribble down some mathematical symbolsin a notebook that shared the carriage with his infant son, also named Albert. Out of those symbols came the mostexplosive ideas in the age-old strivings of man to fathom the mystery of hisuniverse. Out of them, incidentally, came the atomic bomb, which, viewed fromthe long-range perspective of mankind's intellectual and spiritual history mayturn out, Einstein fervently hoped, to have been just a minor by-product. With those symbols Dr. Einstein wasbuilding his theory of relativity. In that baby carriage with his infant sonwas Dr. Einstein's universe-in-the-making, a vast, finite-infinitefour-dimensional universe, in which the conventional universe--existing inabsolute three-dimensional space and in absolute three-dimensional time ofpast, present and future--vanished into a mere subjective shadow. Dr. Einstein was then building hisuniverse in his spare time, on the completion of his day's routine work as ahumble, $600-a-year examiner in the Government Patent Office in Bern. Published Four Papers A few months later, in 1905, theentries in the notebook were published in four epoch-making scientific papers.In the first he described a method for determining molecular dimensions. In thesecond he explained the photo-electric effect, the basis of electronics, forwhich he won the Nobel Prize in 1921. In the third, he presented a molecularkinetic theory of heat. The fourth and last paper that year, entitledElectrodynamics of Moving Bodies, a short article of thirty-one pages,was the first presentation of what became known as the Special RelativityTheory. Three of the papers were published,one at a time, in Volume 17 of the German scientific journal, Annalen derPhysik, leading journal of physics in the world at the time. The fourth wasprinted in Volume 18. Neither Dr. Einstein, nor the world he lived in, norman's concept of his material universe, were ever the same again. Many other scientific papers, ofstartling originality and intellectual boldness, were published by Dr. Einsteinin the succeeding years. The scientific fraternity in the world of physics,particularly the leaders of the group, recognized from the beginning that a newstar of the first magnitude had appeared on their firmament. But with thepassing of time his fame spread to other circles, and by 1920 the name ofEinstein had become synonymous with relativity, a theory universally regardedas so profound that only twelve men in the entire world were believed able tofathom its depths. Legend Grew With Years Paradoxically, as the years passed,the figure of Einstein the man became more and more remote, while that ofEinstein the legend came ever nearer to the masses of mankind. They grew toknow him not as a universe-maker whose theories they could not hope to understandbut as a world citizen, one of the outstanding spiritual leaders of hisgeneration, a symbol of the human spirit and its highest aspirations. The world around Einstein haschanged very much since he published his first discoveries * * * but his attitudeto the world around him has not changed, wrote Dr. Phillipp Frank, Dr.Einstein's biographer, in 1947. He has remained an individualist whoprefers to be unencumbered by social relations, and at the same time a fighterfor social equality and human fraternity. Many famous scholars live inthe distinguished university town, (Princeton) Dr. Frank continues,but no inhabitant will simply number Einstein as one among many otherfamous people. For the people of Princeton in particular and for the world atlarge he is not just a great scholar, but rather one of the legendary figuresof the twentieth century. Einstein's acts and words are not simply noted andjudged as facts; instead each has its symbolic significance * * * Saintly,noble and lovable were the words used to describe himby those who knew him even casually. He radiated humor, warmth and kindliness.He loved jokes and laughed easily. Princeton residents would see himwalk in their midst, a familiar figure, yet a stranger, a close neighbor, yetat the same time a visitor from another world. And as he grew older hisotherworldiness became more pronounced, yet his human warmth did not diminish. Outward appearance meant nothing tohim. Princetonians, old and young, soon got used to the long-haired figure inpullover sweater and unpressed slacks wandering in their midst, a knittedstocking cap covering his head in winter. My passionate interest insocial justice and social responsibility, he wrote, has alwaysstood in curious contrast to a marked lack of desire for direct associationwith men and women. I am a horse for single harness, not cut out for tandem orteam work. I have never belonged wholeheartedly to country or state, to mycircle of friends, or even to my own family. These ties have always beenaccompanied by a vague aloofness, and the wish to withdraw into myselfincreases with the years. Such isolation is sometimesbitter, but I do not regret being cut off from the understanding and sympathyof other men. I lose something by it, to be sure, but I am compensated for itin being rendered independent of the customs, opinions and prejudices ofothers, and am not tempted to rest my peace of mind upon such shiftlessfoundations. Center of Controversies It was this independence that madeDr. Einstein on occasions the center of controversy, as the result of hischampionship of some highly unpopular causes. He declared himself a stanchpacifist in Germany during World War I and brought down upon his head a stormof violent criticism from all sides. When outstanding representatives of Germanart and science signed, following the German invasion of Belgium in violationof treaty, the Manifesto of Ninety-two German Intellectuals,asserting that German culture and German militarism are identical,Dr. Einstein refused to sign and again faced ostracism and the wrath of themultitudes. But he never wavered when hisconscience dictated that he take a course of action, no matter how unpopular.One of these occasions came on Jan. 12, 1953, when he wrote to President HarryS. Truman: My conscience compels me tourge you to commute the death sentence of Julius and Ethel Rosenberg, thetwo convicted atomic spies who were executed five months later. In June, 1953,he wrote a letter to a school teacher in which he characterized certain tacticsof a Congressional investigating committee as a kind of inquisitionthat violates the spirit of the Constitution, and advised theminority of intellectuals to refuse to testify on the ground thatit is shameful for a blameless citizen to submit to such aninquisition. Faced with this evil, he said, he could see only therevolutionary way of non-cooperation in the sense of Gandhi's. Later that year Dr. Einstein adviseda witness not to answer any questions by Senator Joseph R. McCarthy, Republicanof Wisconsin, relating to personal beliefs, politics, associations with otherpeople, reading, thinking and writing, as a violation of the First Amendment,which provides constitutional guarantees of free speech and associations. Thewitness, in refusing to cooperate with the subcommittee then headed by SenatorMcCarthy, said he was doing so on the advice of Dr. Einstein, who confirmed thewitness's statement. He was a severe critic ofmodern methods of education. It is nothing short of a miracle, hesaid, that modern methods of instruction have not yet entirely strangledthe holy curiosity of inquiry. For this delicate little plant, aside fromstimulation, stands mainly in need of freedom. His political ideal, he emphasizedfrequently, was democracy. The distinctions separating the social classes, hewrote, are false. In the last analysis they rest on force. I am convincedthat degeneracy follows every autocratic system of violence, for violence inevitablyattracts moral inferiors * * *. For this reason I have always been passionatelyopposed to such regimes as exist in Russia and Italy today. This was written in 1931, two yearsbefore Hitler came to power. Dr. Einstein believed that asocialist planned economy was the only way to eliminate the inequalities ofcapitalism. However, he fully recognized that planned economy as such maybe accompanied by the complete enslavement of the individual. His love for the oppressed also ledhim to become a strong supporter of Zionism. In November, 1952, following thedeath of Chaim Weizmann, Dr. Einstein was asked if he would accept thePresidency of Israel. He replied that he was deeply touched by the offer butthat he was not suited for the position. He never undertook functions he couldnot fulfill to his satisfaction, he said, and he felt he was not qualified inthe area of human relationships. Chairman of Atomic Unit On Aug. 6, 1945, when the world waselectrified with the news that an atomic bomb had exploded over Japan, thesignificance of relativity was intuitively grasped by the millions. From thenon the destiny of mankind hung on a thin mathematical thread. Dr. Einstein devoted much of his timeand energy in an attempt to arouse the world's consciousness to its dangers. Hebecame the chairman of the Emergency Committee of Atomic Scientists, organizedto make the American people aware of the potential horrors of atomic warfareand the necessity for the international control of atomic energy. He believedthat real peace could be achieved only by total disarmament and theestablishment of a restricted world government, asupranational judicial and executive body empowered to decide questionsof immediate concern to the security of the nations. The hydrogen bomb, hesaid in 1950, appears on the public horizon as a probably attainablegoal. * * * If successful, radioactive poisoning of the atmosphere, and henceannihilation of any life on earth, has been brought within the range oftechnical possibilities. He found recreation from his laborsin playing the grand piano that stood in the solitary den in the garret of hisresidence. Much of his leisure time, too, was spent in playing the violin. Hewas especially fond of playing trios and quartets with musical friends. In my life, he said once,explaining his great love for music, the artistically visionary plays nomean role. After all, the work of a research scientist germinates upon the soilof imagination, of vision. Just as an artist arrives at his conceptions partlyby intuition, so a scientist must also have a certain amount ofintuition. While he did not believe in a formal,dogmatic religion, Dr. Einstein, like all true mystics, was of a deeplyreligious nature. He referred to it as the cosmic religion, which he defined asa seeking on the part of the individual who feels it to experience thetotality of existence as a unity full of significance. I assert, he wrote forThe New York Times on Nov. 9, 1930, that the cosmic religious experienceis the strongest and the noblest driving force behind scientific research. Noone who does not appreciate the terrific exertions and, above all, the devotionwithout which pioneer creation in scientific thought cannot come into being canjudge the strength of the feeling out of which alone such work turned away asit is from immediate, practical life, can grow. The most beautiful and profoundemotion we can experience, he wrote is the mystical. It is thesource of all true art and science. He to whom this emotion is a stranger, whocan no longer pause to wonder and stand rapt in awe, is as good as dead: hiseyes are closed. This insight into the mystery of life, coupled though it bewith fear, also has given rise to religion. To know that what is impenetrable tous really exists, manifesting itself as the highest wisdom and the most radiantbeauty which our dull faculties can comprehend only in their primitiveforms--this knowledge, this feeling, is at the center of true religiousness. Inthis sense, and in this sense only, I belong in the ranks of devoutly religiousmen. I cannot imagine a God whorewards and punishes the objects of his creation, whose purposes are modeledafter our own--a God, in short, who is but a reflection of human fraility.Neither can I believe that the individual survives the death of his body,although feeble souls harbor such thoughts through fear or ridiculous egotism.It is enough for me to contemplate the mystery of conscious life perpetuatingitself through all eternity, to reflect upon the marvelous structure of theuniverse which we can dimly perceive, and to try humbly to comprehend even aninfinitesimal part of the intelligence manifested in nature. My religion consists of ahumble admiration of the illimitable superior spirit who reveals himself in theslight details we are able to perceive with our frail and feeble minds. Thatdeeply emotional conviction of the presence of a superior reasoning power,which is revealed in the incomprehensible universe, forms my idea of God. The most incomprehensible thingabout the world, he said on another occasion, is that it iscomprehensible.
《古植物学的故事》（87） 英国古植物学的传承(2): 一代宗师Sir Albert Charles Seward 英国古植物学家Sir Albert Charles Seward (1863--1941) 是20世纪古植物学研究的一代宗师，对推动英国乃至世界古植物学的长远发展做出了不可磨灭的巨大贡献。A. C. Seward可以被认为是世界古植物学史上继往开来的学术领袖之一。 Sir A. C. Seward于1898年当选为英国皇家学会院士（ FRS ）。 由于A. C. Seward的学术地位及影响，剑桥大学成为20世纪上半叶英国古植物学的圣地，也是世界古植物学的圣地。 A. C. Seward培养了一批古植物学俊才，如：Hugh Hamshaw Thomas(18851962) 、Birbal Sahni(1891--1949)、ThomasMaxwell Harris(1903--1983)和John Walton（1895--1971）都是20世纪国际著名的古植物学家。前3位分别于1934年、1936年和1948年当选为英国皇家学会院士。John Walton被遴选为爱丁堡皇家学会院士（Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh）。 A. C. Seward也培养了一批现代植物学俊才，如：Richard Eric Holttum (1895--1990) 是世界兰科植物和蕨类植物的著名学者之一。 孙启高 2010年12月29日星期三 ------------------------------ 关于Sir Albert Charles Seward的生平资料： Tom M. Harris， New Phytologist, Vol. 40(3) (1941): 161-164. Obituary Notices of Fellows of the Royal Society, Vol. 3 (1941): 867-880. Nature, Vol. 147 (1941): 667-668. Dictionary of Scientific Biography, Vol. 12 (1975). Taxonomic Literature, Vol. 5 (1985). Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Vol. 49 (2004). ----------------------------------- Sir Albert Charles Seward http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Charles_Seward Albert Charles Seward (9 October 1863 Lancaster 11 April 1941 Oxford ) was a British botanist and geologist . // Life His first education was at Pinecrest Academy and then on to St. John's College at Cambridge following his parents' wish to dedicate his life to the Church. His boyhood interest in botany and zoology soon resurfaced, helped along by inspiring lectures from William Crawford Williamson . His aptitude soon became apparent and he was appointed lecturer in botany at Cambridge University in 1890, later becoming a tutor at Emmanuel , and still later succeeding Harry Marshall Ward as Professor of Botany, Cambridge University from 1906 to 1936. He was joint editor (with Francis Darwin ) of More letters of Charles Darwin (1903). He was elected as fellow of the Royal Society in 1898 and was awarded the Murchison Medal of the Geological Society of London in 1908. In 1931 Seward dismissed the notion of a biological origin of stromatolites . This rejection became known as Seward's folly. Seward's studies of Mesozoic palaeobotany earned him membership of the Royal Society at the youthful age of thirty-five. He devoted a great deal of time to education, both as college and departmental administrator, and as writer on educational matters. This botanist is denoted by the author abbreviation Seward when citing a botanical name . Timeline 1885-86 First class honours at Cambridge University 1886 Embarks on a career in palaeobotany 1890-1906 Lecturer in botany at Cambridge 1894-95 Publication of The Wealden Flora, 2 vols 1898 Fellow of the Royal Society of London 1898-1919 Publication of Fossil Plants, 4 vols 1900-1904 Publication of The Jurassic Flora, 2 vols 1906-36 Professor of botany at Cambridge 1908 Murchison Medal of the Geological Society of London 1909 Publication of Darwin and Modern Science - Essays edited by A. C. Seward 1915-36 Master of Downing College , Cambridge 1922-24 President of the Geological Society of London 1924-26 Vice-Chancellor of Cambridge 1925 Royal Medal of the Royal Society 1930 President of the Fifth International Botanical Congress 1930 Wollaston Medal of the Geological Society 1931 President of the International Union of Biological Sciences 1931 Publication of Plant Life Through the Ages 1934 Darwin Medal of the Royal Society 1936 Knighthood conferred 1939 President of the British Association for the Advancement of Science
古植物学的故事（36）：悼念杰出的古植物学家Jack Albert Wolfe (19362005) Story of Palaeobotany Series (No.36): Remember Jack Albert Wolfe (19362005) (authors: Bob Spicer and Estella Leopold) 关键词：Jack Albert Wolfe；古植物学家；Palaeobotanist 上一期《古植物学的故事》（第35期）的题目是：为古植物学而生、为古植物学而死---纪念杰出的古植物学家Jack Albert Wolfe (19362005)。我在文中提到一篇悼文，现给予转载。 转载文章由英国古植物学家 Bob Spicer教授和美国科学院院士、古孢粉学家、古植物学家Estella Leopold教授撰写。出处为： Spicer，R.A. and E. Leopold, 2006, Memorial to Jack Albert Wolfe (1936-2005). Geological Society of America Memorials, 35: 59-61. PLANT SCIENCE BULLETIN, 2006 VOLUME 52. http://mcintosh.botany.org/plantsciencebulletin/psb-2006-52-2.php#Jack 相关文章还有： Spicer, R.A. , 2007, Recent and Future Developments of CLAMP: Building on the Legacy of Jack A. Wolfe. Courier Forschungsinstitut Senckenberg . 258:109-118. Upchurch, G.R., Spicer, R.A., and Leopold, E.B., 2007, The Life and Career of Jack A Wolfe (July 10 1936 - August 12 2005). Courier Forschungsinstitut Senckenberg . 258:11-19. 上文附有Jack Albert Wolfe一生发表论著的完整目录。 孙启高 (Qigao Sun) 2010年5月17日 --------------------------- Announcements In Memoriam: Jack A. Wolfe, 1936-2005. Paleobotanist http://mcintosh.botany.org/plantsciencebulletin/psb-2006-52-2.php#Jack On August 12 th 2005 the world of paleobotany lost one of its greatest research minds of the last half of the 20 th Century. Jack Wolfe was not only an extraordinary systematist with an encyclopedic knowledge of angiosperm leaf architecture, but he went where few paleobotanists dare go; he ventured into the realms of multivariate statistics in pursuit of quantifying the relationship between foliar physiognomy and climate. His ability to go well beyond botanical observation and description into using fossil leaves as tools for understanding environmental change through time has defined an area in modern palaeobotany that has found application is fields as diverse as meteorology and crustal dynamics. Born and raised in Portland Oregon, Jack Albert Wolfe attended Franklin High School where, with the encouragement of his biology teacher Anne Bohlen, he first developed his interest in palaeobotany. Anne was the adviser to the school Science Club and in 1952 she arranged a club visit to the fossil museum that Lon Hancock, a retired postal worker had made in his home. Lon was an amateur who had helped furnish localities and material to both Ralph Chaney and Chester Arnold , and was a founder of the Oregon Museum of Science Industry (OMSI). Lon, under the auspices of OMSI, started a summer field camp in the John Day Basin of central Oregon. Looking for a research project to write up for the Westinghouse Science Talent Search, Jack attended the second year of the OMSI field camp and became fascinated with two classic palaeobotanical sites near the camp: the Clarno nut bed and the Bridge Creek leaf flora. Jack's project must have been impressive because, as one of 40 finalists, he won a trip to Washington and one of the contest judges, the Harvard astronomer Harlow Shapley, encouraged Jack to apply to both Harvard and Princeton. Unfortunately the application and scholarship deadlines had both passed, but still Shapley made encouraging noises. In the end Jack finished in the top 10 and went to Harvard in 1953 on a full scholarship. At Harvard, Jack did his undergraduate research under the direction of botanist Elso S. Barghoorn and where for almost every day for 3 years Jack had lunch and coffee with the group that included I.W. Bailey , Don Whitehead, and Margaret Davis, among others, and visitors such as Sherwin Carlquist. With the stimulation of such company and building on his avid collecting in the Pacific Northwest, Jack had his first paleobotanical publication only a year after being admitted to Harvard. It was on the Collawash flora of the upper Clackamas River Basin and appeared in the Newsletter of the Geological Society of Oregon. During the summers at Harvard Jack gained further field experience joining, on separate occasions, Roland Brown, Dallas Peck and J.F. Smith who were all with the US Geological Survey (USGS). In this way Jack gained a breadth of experience that went way beyond palaeobotany and saw him mapping Cenozoic volcanic rocks of the Cascades and Palaeozoic sedimentary rocks in Nevada. In 1957 Jack began his graduate studies in paleobotany at Berkeley under Wayne L. Fry, A.S. Foster and Herbert L. Mason and in 1959 was awarded an M.A. in Palaeontology after writing a thesis on the Tertiary Juglandaceae of Western North America. At Berkeley, Jack was particularly influenced by J. Wyatt Durham, the mollusk/echinoderm worker. Jack realized that mollusk workers had rigorous criteria for identifying their material and this prompted him to try the same approach with angiosperm leaves. With the encouragement of Adriance Foster (an I.W. Bailey connection) Jack starting leaf clearing in 1958 and by 1969 this had evolved into a project to survey modern dicots using cleared leaves. Eventually the USGS cleared leaf collection (now housed at the Smithsonian Institution in Washington) represented around 15,000 species and Jack had become, in his own words, the largest herbarium beetle known to exist. His rigorous approach was one of the major foundation stones of modern leaf architectural analysis in fossil angiosperm leaf identification and comparative studies. In 1960 (when still only 23) Jack completed his PhD dissertation on the early Miocene floras of northwest Oregon. This rapid academic advancement was achieved alongside reporting on referred fossils for the US Geological Survey under the supervision of Preston E. Cloud. Jack's industry was rewarded with a post that led him to being Research Geologist with the US Geological Survey, Menlo Park California. Jack remained with the USGS throughout much of his career, mostly at Menlo Park, but with spells in Washington DC (1961-65) and Denver (1982-1992). In 1969 Jack produced his first major work on fossil floras: it was a synthesis of his findings on the Late Tertiary floras of the Pacific Northwest, which he published in Madrono in time for it to be handed out to attendees of the International Botanical Congress in Seattle that year. In the 1960's Jack also began work on the Tertiary floras of Alaska. In publications with David Hopkins, Clyde Wahrhaftig and Estella Leopold, he presented a first cut on dating the younger floras of the Kenai Lowland as Late Tertiary. Before this biostratigraphic work, many prominent geologists considered the rocks of the Kenai Group as being of Paleogene age. Jack continued and produced in 1977 a monumental and thoughtful work on the Paleogene floras of Alaska and Wrangellia , which still stands as an exceptional monograph. One of the reasons it was so notable is that he established for the first time that truly subtropical floras existed as far north as 60 N. Lat. Jack's primary role at the USGS was to use plant megafossils for biostratigraphic and paleoenvironmental determinations, but through his collaboration with Elso Barghoorn he also factored the pollen record into his deliberations. He not only undertook fieldwork himself, primarily in the western US including Alaska, but also identified material brought in to him by scores of geologists working throughout the United States. After a long and highly productive career at the USGS Jack retired to and adjunct position with the University of Arizona in 1992, where he remained an active researcher and, as at Berkeley, actively supervised research students, most of whom have continued working in paleobotany and have co-authored papers with him. One of his important monographs, published in 1979, was the climatic analysis of the forest types in eastern China described by Wang Chi Wu in the 1960's. He adapted the quantitative comparison of mean annual temperature with seasonal range of temperatures in different forest types. It resulted in his development of nomograms that sketch out the climatic parameters of the forest types, not only for eastern China, but for eastern and western North America and Australia. His nomogram models are widely used by botanists today. While Jack's reputation as a systematist and biostratigrapher will be remembered for a long time, probably his most innovative work was in quantifying the relationship between leaf form and environmental conditions, primarily climate . Following on from the pioneering work of I.W. Bailey and E. W. Sinnott, Jack recognised that leaf form is controlled by an interplay between the genotype honed through evolution and a spectrum of environmental factors. As early as the late 1970's he realised that the best way to decode the complex form/climate relationship was through multivariate analysis. He set about building and testing a unique database of foliar physiognomic characters derived from leaves of woody dicots growing in vegetation for which the climate (weather-station data) is quantified through long term observation. His rigorous collecting methodology incorporated the full observable morphological range rendering the approach remarkably robust in the face of taphonomic filters. The technique, which he named CLAMP (Climate Leaf Multivariate Programme ), has found application not only in the North America and Japan where the calibration datasets have their origin, but in Russia, Europe, South America and New Zealand. Most spectacularly the technique yields data on enthalpy, a property of a parcel of air that can be used to determine paleoelevation. In recent years this approach has been applied to the uplift of Tibet and the Andes. However for some years Jack had an interest in the uplift history of the western US and it was here that he tested the technique, something he was still working on when he died falling from an outcrop in the eastern Sierras. Jack always had an eye for detail and abhorred what he regarded as sloppy work. This, coupled with a tendency to be fairly brusque, a trait that he sometimes resorted to in order to disguise his innate shyness, led to feuds with some colleagues and he was a critical reviewer. Nevertheless those who became his close friends discovered a man of great intellect, loyalty, warmth and generosity. Jack Wolfe is already sorely missed by his colleagues and students. We have lost a singular leader and scholar of paleobotany. We are privileged to honour his life by following where he led in the study of the major evolutionary and stratigraphic problems, and the relationship between plants and climate: areas of endeavour where Jack blazed an important trail. Bob Spicer and Estella Leopold
古植物学的故事（35）： 为古植物学而生、为古植物学而死---纪念杰出的古植物学家JackAlbertWolfe(1936—2005) Story of Palaeobotany Series (No.35): To be born and dead for palaeobotany—in memory of Jack Albert Wolfe (1936—2005)(by Qigao Sun) 关键词：JackAlbertWolfe；古植物学；古植物学家 题记----谨以此文献给现在与未来的中国古植物学家们！ 孙启高 2010年2月24日写于美国 在这个世界上，同年同月同日出生的人并不少见。我知道有两个美国人 同年同月同日生 Jack Albert Wolfe ，于1936年7月10日出生在 俄勒冈州的 Portland； 另一位是 David L. Dilcher，于该日 出生在艾奥瓦（ Iowa ）州的 Cedar Falls ，但 在明尼苏达州的Anoka长大。非常有趣的是， Jack A. Wolfe和 David L. Dilcher均成为学界公认的杰出古植物学家，这堪称世界古植物学史上的一个奇迹。他们在古植物学研究领域既是同行，又是朋友。 David L. Dilcher 的名气很大，他是美国科学院院士，曾任美国植物学会主席、国际古植物学协会副主席，他是2009年度中国政府“友谊奖”得主。David L. Dilcher 一直致力于早期被子植物的研究，为全球被子植物起源与早期演化研究做出了贡献。中国媒体关于古植物学家David L. Dilcher 的报道较多，但Jack Albert Wolfe的名字不为大家所熟知。 Jack Albert Wolfe曾在哈佛大学完成本科学习，后到加州大学伯克莱分校攻读古植物学博士学位。他曾供职于美国地质调查局（USGS）。Jack A. Wolfe教授一生著述颇丰，在新生代植物与古气候、古地理等方面做出了不可磨灭的贡献。本期《古植物学的故事》简述有关Jack Albert Wolfe 的故事。 一、生命易逝 -他随风而去 2004年春，美国同行Steven Manchester（系David L. Dilcher教授早年的学生）和英国同行Robert A. Spicer（系Jack A. Wolfe生前的博士后）开始商议2006年春在美国 举行一个学术会议以庆贺David L. Dilcher 教授和 Jack A. Wolfe教授七十华诞。在会议筹备过程中，Jack A. Wolfe教授于2005年8月12日在美国内华达进行野外工作时从一个剖面上不慎跌落，不治身亡。我可以这样大胆地说，在新生代植物与全球变化的研究领域里，Jack A. Wolfe的逝世意味着一个时代的结束。 Episode I Robert A. Spicer致同行的电子邮件 Sent: Wednesday, August 17, 2005 7:21 AM Subject: Sad News Dear All, I have just heard that Jack Wolfe died last Friday (i.e. August 12, 2005) after falling down the side of an outcrop near Quincy on the eastern side of the Sierras. He was with his partner Tony and Howard Schorn from Berkeley. I have spoken with them both and it appears Jack is likely to have died instantly. He will be cremated without ceremony (his wish), but in due course I hope we can celebrate his life in some way. Naturally everyone is stunned by this but I will be talking to Tony and Howard again over the next few days. Bob. ------------- Episode II QG SUN回复Robert A. Spicer的电子邮件 Sent: Friday, August 19, 2005 10:48 AM Subject: Re: Sad News Dear Bob, I am so shocked at Professor Jack A. Wolfe’s sudden death in field work. I appreciate his great help and enthusiastic guidance for my research. Please convey my deep condolence to Jack’s relatives if possible. Last year you told me that you and Steve Manchester would organize a symposium to celebrate Jack Wolfe and David Dilcher’s 70 th birthday. I expect that the symposium will be held as scheduled. In this case, I try my every effort to attend the symposium next year. Best wishes, Sun 二、追思 Jack A. Wolfe教授 上述会议如期举行。2006 年3月12-15日，在佛罗里达大学自然历史博物馆召开了“古植物学研究进展”学术会议，目的是庆祝David L. Dilcher和Jack A. Wolfe两位著名古植物学家70华诞，赞誉他们的杰出学术贡献(Advance in Palaeobotany----Recognizing the Contribution of David L. Dilcher and Jack A. Wolfe on the Occasion of their 70 th Birthday)，该会议由佛罗里达大学自然历史博物馆和美国植物学会古植物学分会（Paleobotanical Section, Botanical Society of America）联合举办 。 来自世界各地的古植物学同行100 多人出席了会议。时任国际古植物学协会(International Organization of Palaeobotany--IOP)主席、伦敦大学Royal Holloway学院Margaret E. Collinson教授以及时任该协会秘书长 Gar Rothwell教授参加会议。 关于这次会议的议程和摘要可以参见： http://flmnh.ufl.edu/paleobotany/AdvancesInPaleobotany.htm 会议组织者特别安排了 Jack A. Wolfe教授追思会 。Robert A. Spicer 是 Jack A. Wolfe教授的第一位博士后研究人员，与 Jack A. Wolfe有长期而密切的合作。Spicer教授播放了 Jack A. Wolfe教授生前从事野外工作的一些照片与记录片。 David L. Dilcher教授做了非常感人的书面发言，他高度评价了Jack A. Wolfe教授的学术成就，追忆 Jack A. Wolfe教授的真诚和友谊。美国Smithsonian Institution古生物部Scott Wing博士和德克萨斯州立大学生物系Gary R. Upchurch博士都曾跟随 Jack A. Wolfe教授从事博士后研究，他们回忆了与 Jack A. Wolfe教授一起工作的学术经历。 Jack A. Wolfe教授生前的同事和合作者，如：美国西俄勒冈大学地球科学系Jeffrey A. Myers博士、科罗拉多州国家公园服务处Herbert W. Meyer博士等也在会上介绍了与 Jack A. Wolfe教授合作研究的一些往事，表达了对Wolfe教授的怀念。 三、 Jack A. Wolfe教授的学术贡献 美国艾达荷大学（University of Idaho ）古气候学家Judith Totman Parrish 教授做了题为“The Impact of Jack A. Wolfe’s Work on Paleoclimatology—A Paleoclimatologist’s View”的报告。她在报告中介绍了Jack A. Wolfe 在古气候学研究中的贡献与影响： Quantitative estimates of mean annual temperature and other paleoclimatic parameters from angiosperm leaves ； Quantitative estimates of climate from forest structure ； The importance of evolution in assessing the paleoclimatic information in plants; The importance of sample provenance in paleoclimatic analysis ； Academic scions （此处指“博士后”研究人员）. Jack A. Wolfe教授生前主要供职于美国地质调查局（USGS），他只招收博士后研究人员，其中包括 Bob Spicer, Scott Wing, Gary Upchurch ，这3位古植物学家在过去的25年里 发表文章已超过110篇，即每年至少4篇。 很多同行都认为 Jack A. Wolfe非常聪明。我特别感激他生前对我的帮助和鼓励。他确实是TALENT INDIVIDUAL，而且学识广博。他对科学研究无比执著，一以贯之，让人敬仰。Jack A. Wolfe的研究工作很严谨、很系统，有些论文非常厚重、且具有长期影响，让人敬畏。他在叶相分析中的开拓性工作展示了他的科学天赋和敬业精神。毫无疑问，Jack A. Wolfe是新生代植物与全球变化研究的一面旗帜，他的工作对于这一领域的深入研究具有长期影响。 我认为生是偶然的，死是必然的。对我们自身而言，我们无法选择生，但是我们可以选择死：我们在追求一种工作方式或生活方式的同时，实际上是在追寻一种死亡的方式。除了 Jack A. Wolfe，还有一位科学家的名字时常在我的脑海里闪现----他就是为世人敬仰的邓稼先（1924—1986）。我相信，如果一位科学工作者能明白他（或她）确实“为科学而生、为科学而死”，那么，他（或她）会有无私无畏、一往无前的勇气和力量。 四、推荐一篇文章 Bob Spicer 和 Estella Leopold 曾合作撰写一篇怀念 Jack A. Wolfe教授的文章。该文比较详细地叙述了Jack A. Wolfe的成长经历和奋斗历程。感兴趣的朋友参阅： Announcements In Memoriam: Jack A. Wolfe, 1936-2005. Paleobotanist http://mcintosh.botany.org/plantsciencebulletin/psb-2006-52-2.php#Jack 五、 Jack A. Wolfe教授的文章目录（部分） Jack A. Wolfe教授独著： Wolfe, J.A. 1969. Neogene floristic and vegetational history of the Pacific Northwest. Madrono 20:83-110. Wolfe JA. 1971. Tertiary climatic fluctuations and methods of analysis of Tertiary floras. Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatic.Palaeoecol. 9(1): 27-57 Wolfe J. A. 1972. An interpretation of Alaska Tertiary floras, inGraham, Alan, ed., Floristics and Palaeofloristics of Asia and Eastern North America: Amsterdam, Elsevier, p. 210-233. Wolfe, J. A., 1974. Fossil forms of Amentiferae. Brittonia, 23:334-355 Wolfe, J. A., 1976. Stratigraphic interpretations of some pollen types from the Campanian and lower Maestrichtian rocks (Upper Cretaceous ) of the Middle Atlantic States. U. S. Geol. Surv. Prof. pap., 977., 18pp Wolfe, J.A. 1977. Paleogene floras from the Gulf of Alaska region. U.S.G.S. Professional Paper 997:1-108. Wolfe J. A. 1978. A palaeobotanical interpretation of Tertiary climates in the Northern Hemisphere. Am. Sci. 66: 694-703 Wolfe, J.A. 1979. Temperature parameters of humid to mesic forests of eastern Asia and relation to forests of other regions of the Northern Hemisphere and Australasia. U.S.G.S. Professional Paper 1106:1-37. Wolfe, J.A. 1980. Tertiary climates and floristic relationships at high latitudes in the Northern Hemisphere. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, and Palaeoecology 30:313-323. Wolfe, J. A., 1981. Palaeoclimatic significance of the Oligocene and Neogene floras of northwestern United States. In: K. J.Niklas (Editor) Paleobotany, Paleoecology and Evolution, vol. 2. Praeger, New York, N, Y., pp.79-101 Wolfe JA. 1985. Distribution of major vegetational types during the Tertiary (Geohpys. Monogr., 32). In The Carbon Cycle and Atmosphere CO2: Natural Variations Archean to Present, ed. ET Sundquist, WS Broecker, Am. Geophys. Union, Washington, D. C.,pp. 357-375. Wolfe, J. A., 1985. Probabilities of high-latitude glaciers during the Tertiary. Geol. Soc. Am. Abstr. Program. 17(7):753 Wolfe, J. A., 1987. Late Cretaceous-Cenozoic history of deciduousness and the terminal Cretaceous event. Paleobiology. 13:215-226 Wolfe J. A., 1989. A leaf architectural analysis of the Hamamelididae, in Crane P. R., and Blackmore S., eds., Evolution, systematics, and fossil history of the Hamamelidae, V.1----Introduction and "lower" Hamamelidae: Oxford, England,Clarendon Press, p. 75-104. Wolfe J. A., 1990a. Estimates of Pliocene precipitation and temperature based on multivariate analysis of leaf physiognomy, in Gosnell L.B., and Poore R. Z., eds., Pliocene climates-- Scenario for global warming: U. S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 90-94, p. 39-42. Wolfe JA. 1990b. Palaeobotanical evidence for a marked temperature increase following the Cretaceous/Tertiary boundary. Nature. 343:153-156 Wolfe JA. 1992a. An analysis of present-day terrestrial lapse rates in the western conterminous United States and their significance to paleoaltitudinal estimates. US Geol. Surv. Bull. 1964. p. 35 Wolfe JA. 1992b. Climatic, floristic, and vegetational changes near the Eocene/Oligocene boundary in North America. In Eocene- Oligocene Climatic and Biotic Evolution, ed. DR Prothero, WA Berggren, pp. 421-436. Princeton, NJ: Princeton Univ. Press Wolfe, J.A. 1993. A method of obtaining climatic parameters from leaf assemblages. U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 2040, 71 pp. Wolfe JA. 1994a. Tertiary climatic changes at middle latitudes ofwestern North America. Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol. 108:195-205 Wolfe JA. 1994b. An analysis of Neogene climates in Beringia. Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol. 108:207-216 Wolfe, J.A. 1995. Paleoclimatic estimates from Tertiary leaf assemblages. Annual Reviews of Earth and Planetary Science 23:119-142. Jack A. Wolfe为第一作者的合著文章： Wolfe J.A., and Hopkins D.M. 1967. Climatic changes recorded by Tertiary and floras in northwestern North American. In Tertiary Correlations and Climatic Changes in the Pacific, ed. K. Hatai, pp. 67-76, Japan: Sasaki Wolfe, J. A. and Pakiser, H. M., 1971. Stratigraphic interpretations of some Cretaceous microfossil floras of the Middle Atlantic States. U. S. Geol. Surv. Prof. Pap., 750-B:B35-B47 Wolfe, J.A. and T. Tanai. 1980. The Miocene Seldovia Point flora from the Kenai Group, Alaska. U.S.G.S. Professional Paper 1105:1-52. Wolfe J.A., and Poore RZ. 1982. Tertiary marine and nonmarine climatic trends. In Climate in Earth History, ed. W. Berger, JC. Crowell, pp. 154-158. Washington, DC: Natl. Acad. Sci. Wolfe, J.A. and G.R. Upchurch, Jr. 1986. Vegetation, climate and floral changes at the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary. Nature 324:148-152. Wolfe, J.A. and G.R. Upchurch, Jr. 1987. Leaf assemblages across the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary in the Raton Basin, New Mexico and Colorado. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science, U.S.A. 84:5096-5100. Wolfe J.A. and Upchurch GR. Jr. 1987. North American nonmarineclimates during the Late Cretaceous. Palaeogeogr.Palaeoclimatol.Palaeoecol. 61:33-77 Wolfe J. A. and Schorn H. E., 1989. Palaeoecologic, paleoclimatic,and evolutionary significance of the Oligocene Creek flora, Colorado: Palaeobiology, v.15, p. 180-198. Wolfe J.A., and Wehr WC. 1991. Significance of the Eocene fossil plants at Republic, Washington. Washington Geol. 19:18-24 Wolfe, J.A., H.E. Schorn, C.E. Forest and P. Molnar. 1997. Paleobotanical evidence for high altitudes in Nevada during the Miocene. Science 276:1672-1675. Wolfe J. A., Forest C. E.and Molnar P., 1998. Paleobotanical evidence of Eocene and Oligocene paleoaltitudes in midlatitude western North America. Geological Society of America Bulletin 110:664-678
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