牛粪堆肥与化肥配施对中国东部小麦 - 玉米轮作系统有机质、容重和蚯蚓活动的影响 土壤与耕作学研究 , 156 (2): 140–147. ( 影响因子： 4.675) 郭立月 ab1 吴光磊 a1 李勇 c 李彩虹 a 刘文静 d 孟杰 a 刘海涛 a 虞晓凡 ab 蒋高明 * a （ * 通讯作者） 中国科学院植物研究所植被与环境变化国家重点实验室、中国环境科学院 摘要 将牛粪堆肥（ CMC ）与化肥（ CF ）配施于我国东部小麦 - 玉米轮作田，对土壤理化性质、生物活性和土地生产力进行了评价。对表层土壤（ 0-20cm ）有机质、碳储量和固碳量、容重、含水量、全氮含量和蚯蚓种群等指标进行了分析。该研究（ 2009-2014 年）是在相同的氮、磷、钾总量（ 375.0 kg N ha-1 yr-1 、 92.4 kg P2O5 ha-1 yr-1 和 316.3 kg K2O ha-1 yr-1 ）的基础上进行的。六个处理设计为：（ 1 ）对照，不施肥；（ 2 ） NPK ， 100%CF ；（ 3 ） NPKM1 ， 25%CMC+ 75%CF ；（ 4 ） NPKM2 ， 50%CMC+50%CF ；（ 5 ） NPKM3 ， 75%CMC+25%CF ；（ 6 ） CM ， 100%CMC 。结果表明，表层土壤有机质、含水量、全氮和蚯蚓密度与 CMC 显著正相关（ P0.01 ），土壤容重与 CMC 显著负相关。与对照相比，小麦 - 玉米轮作系统的 NPK 、 NPKM1 、 NPKM2 、 NPKM3 和 CM 年平均产量显著提高（ P ≤ 0.05 ），其中 NPKM1 产量最高。单施 CF 不仅降低了蚯蚓的 SOM 、水分和全氮含量，而且对蚯蚓活动产生了负面影响，而 CMC 则减轻了这种负面影响。该发现可能有助于在环境友好前提下，增加粮食供应，改善土壤条件与有机肥堆肥的应用。 关键词： 牛粪堆肥、化肥、土壤有机质、土壤容重、土壤含水量、蚯蚓活性 Effects of cattle manure compost combined with chemical fertilizer on topsoil organic matter, bulk density and earthworm activity in a wheat-maize rotation system in Eastern China LiyueGuo ab1 GuangleiWu a1 YongLi c CaihongLi a WenjingLiu d Jie Meng a HaitaoLiu a XiaofanYu ab Gaoming Jiang a Soil tillage research , 156 (2): 140–147. (IF=4.675) Abstract Cattle manure compost (CMC) combined with chemical fertilizer (CF) was applied to a wheat–maize rotation field, in Eastern China, to assess soil physical and chemical properties, biological activity and land productivity. Indicators of organic matter, carbon storage and sequestration, bulk density, water content, total N content and earthworm population from topsoil (0–20cm) were quantified. This consecutive study (2009–2014) was carried out on the base of the same total N, P, K application rate (375.0kg Nha − 1yr − 1, 92.4kg P2O5ha − 1yr − 1and 316.3kg K2Oha − 1yr − 1) in each treatment that was fertilized. Six treatments were designed as: (1) CK, without any fertilizer; (2) NPK, 100% CF; (3) NPKM1, 25% CMC combined with 75% CF; (4) NPKM2, 50% CMC combined with 50% CF; (5) NPKM3, 75% CMC combined with 25% CF; and (6) CM, 100% CMC. The results demonstrated that organic matter, water content, total N content and earthworm density from topsoil were significantly and positively (P≤0.01) related to CMC input, with significantly negative correlation being observed between soil bulk density and CMC input. The average annual yield of the wheat–maize rotation system significantly increased (P≤0.05) in NPK, NPKM1, NPKM2, NPKM3, and CM compared with CK, with the highest yield being obtained from NPKM1. Applying merely CF not only led to the lower SOM, water content and total N content, but also resulted in negative effects on earthworm activity, while CMC alleviated such negative effects. Our finding may help to increase food supply by improving soil conditions with organic fertilizer compost application. Keywords: Cattle manure compost, Chemical fertilizer, Soil organic matter, Soil bulk density, Soil water content, Earthworm activity
用有机肥代替化肥可缓解暖温带农田温室气体排放 刘海涛、李静、李霄、郑延海、冯素飞、蒋高明* （*通讯作者） 中国科学院植物研究所植被与环境变化国家重点实验室；中国科学院大学；山东农业大学作物生物学国家重点实验室 科学通报 （英文版），2015, 60(6): 598-606（影响因子：6.055) 焚烧作物秸秆和过度使用化肥，造成生物资源极大浪费，进一步削弱了农业生态系统作为碳汇的潜在能力。为探索农田作为碳库而不造成产量损失的潜力，我们在中国东部一个温带生态农场开展了本试验。将作物秸秆用于牛饲料，将堆肥后的牛粪返回农田，进行冬小麦和玉米轮作。设计了4种不同比例的肥料：100%牛粪、100%化肥、75%牛粪加25%化肥、50%牛粪加50%化肥。根据政府间气候变化专门委员会（IPCC）2006年国家温室气体清单指南，仔细核算了作物产量和温室气体排放量。结果表明，有机肥替代化肥可显著降低温室气体排放；施用牛粪提高土壤肥力，小麦、玉米产量也随之提高；有机肥完全取代化肥减少了温室气体排放，使农业生态系统从碳源（2.7吨二氧化碳当量/公顷/年）转变为碳库（8.8吨二氧化碳当量/公顷/年）。本发现为改善全球变化情景下的农业生态系统碳汇潜力，提供了有力的证据。 关键词： 农作物秸秆、化肥、牛粪、农作物产量、温室气体排放、气候变化 Mitigating greenhouse gas emissions through replacement of chemical fertilizer with organic manure in a temperate farmland Haitao Liu;Jing Li;Xiao Li;Yanhai Zheng;Sufei Feng;Gaoming Jiang* State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change,Institute of Botany, the Chinese Academy of Sciences; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences; State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Agronomy,Shandong Agricultural University Science Bulletin, 2015, 60(6): 598-606.(IF=6.055) Burning crop residues and excessive use of chemical fertilizers results in an enormouswaste of biological resources, which further weakens the potential capacity of the agro-ecosystem as a carbon sink. To explore the potential of farmlands acting as a carbon sink without yield losses, we conducted an experiment on a temperate eco-farm in eastern ruralChina. Crop residues were applied to cattle feed, and the composted cattle manure was returned to cropland with a winter wheat and maize rotation. Four different proportions of fertilizers were designed: 100 % cattle manure, 100 % mineral nitrogen, 75 % cattle manure plus 25 % mineral nitrogen,and 50 % cattle manure plus 50 % mineral nitrogen. Crop yield and greenhouse gas(GHG) emissions were carefully calculated according to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change(IPCC) Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories 2006. Our results showed that replacing chemical fertilizer with organic manure significantly decreased the emission of GHGs. Yields of wheat and corn also increased as the soil fertility was improved by the application of cattle manure. Totally replacing chemical fertilizer with organic manure decreased GHG emissions, which reversed the agriculture ecosystem from a carbon source(+2.7 t CO2-eq. hm-2year-1) to a carbon sink(-8.8 t CO2-eq. hm-2year-1). Our findings provide useful insights for improving agricultural ecosystems under global change scenarios. Keywords: Crop residue, Chemical fertilizer, Cattle manure, Crop yield, Greenhouse gasemissions, Climate change
牛粪养蚯蚓并种植有机玉米可增加304%经济效益 郭立月 吴光磊 李彩虹 刘文静 虞晓凡 程达 蒋高明 农业生态系统污染是由于过度使用化学肥料和牲畜粪便大量排放造成的。因此，有必要对养殖场粪肥进行安全处理，将牛粪转化为有价值的堆肥就是一种很好的出路。然而，传统堆肥相对耗时，且会造成大量养分损失。利用牛粪养殖蚯蚓并发展堆肥是一种替代方法，但目前为止开展的研究较少。本研究比较蚯蚓堆肥和牛粪普通堆肥种植的玉米产量与经济效益变化。研究结果表明，尽管蚯蚓粪营养含量低于传统堆肥，然而，蚯蚓养殖可带来2172公斤/公顷活蚓产量，为农民提供4008.1美元额外收入。此外，蚯蚓粪堆肥可增加玉米地上生物量增加7.7%，籽粒产量18.3%。蚯蚓处理牛粪并堆肥种植有机玉米可提高304%经济效益，主要通过增加籽粒产量和蚯蚓收入而实现。 上述研究结果于2015年5月份在法国Agronomyfor Sustainable Development上发表。2015年9月24日被欧盟委员会在Science for Environment Policy对该成果进行了专门介绍，供19000多名欧洲政策决策者,学者和商界人士参考。 报道网址为： http://10.255.253.201:9011/ec.europa.eu/environment/integration/research/newsalert/pdf/compost_made_by_worms_from_livestock_manure_yields_benefits_when_applied_to_maize_428na3_en.pdf Vermicomposting with maize increases agricultural benefits by 304 % Liyue Guo, Guanglei Wu, Caihong Li, Wenjing Liu, Xiaofan Yu, Da Cheng Gaoming Jiang Agron. Sustain. Dev. (2015) 35:1149–1155, INRA and Springer-Verlag France 2015 Pollution of agricultural ecosystems is due to the excessive use of mineral fertilizers and mass discharge of livestock manure. Therefore, there is a need for disposing manure safely, for instance by transforming manure into valuable compost. Traditional compostingis, however, time-consuming with considerable nutrient losses. Vermicomposting is an alternative method, but so far, there are few quantitative evaluations of vermicomposting. We therefore compared vermicomposting and traditional composting of cattle manure with maize. Our results show that the amount of nutrients from vermicomposting is lower than that from traditional composting. Nonetheless, vermicomposting yielded 2172.0 kg of earthworms per hectare, which provided an additional income of US$4008.1 to farmers. Moreover, vermicomposting increased aboveground biomass by 7.7 % and maize grain yield by 18.3 %. The global output of vermicomposting was thus higher by 304 % due to higher grain yield and earthworm income. Keywords Cattle manure .Vermicompost .Traditional compost .Maize .Economic benefits
标签: 牛粪
