1967年朗兰兹 Robert Phelan Langlands 写给韦伊的信里说 罗伯特·朗兰兹，1967年。 照片错没错？ https://publications.ias.edu/rpl/paper/2651 这张是真的罗伯特·朗兰兹 网传： 1967年1月朗兰兹（Robert Phelan Langlands）写信给安德烈•韦伊（André Weil）时，说： “ 如果您愿意把它看作是纯粹的推测，我会很感激；如果不愿意，我相信您身边就有一个废纸篓 。” 可是，在《Letter to André Weil》里，似乎没有找到这句话？ https://publications.ias.edu/letter-to-Weil 这封信，是朗兰兹（Robert Phelan Langlands）获得 （1）2018年 The Abel Prize （2）1995年 Wolf Prize in Mathematics 的“代表作”（私人信件）？ 特此求证： 朗兰兹的信里，到底有没有这句话？ 相关链接： 罗伯特·朗兰兹_百度百科 https://baike.baidu.com/item/%E7%BD%97%E4%BC%AF%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E6%9C%97%E5%85%B0%E5%85%B9 朗兰兹纲领_百度百科 https://baike.baidu.com/item/%E6%9C%97%E5%85%B0%E5%85%B9%E7%BA%B2%E9%A2%86 科学网，2018-03-22，2018年度阿贝尔奖出炉 加拿大数学家因提出“朗兰兹纲领”获奖 http://news.sciencenet.cn/sbhtmlnews/2018/3/333476.shtm?id=333476 Robert Phelan Langlands， https://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Langlands.html Robert P. Langlands https://www.ias.edu/scholars/langlands Robert P. Langlands receives the Abel Prize https://www.abelprize.no/c73016/seksjon/vis.html?tid=73017 http://english.dnva.no/nyheter/vis.html?tid=73025 The Norwegian Academy of Science and Letters has decided to award the Abel Prize for 2018 to Robert P. Langlands of the Institute for Advanced Study, Princeton, USA “for his visionary program connecting representation theory to number theory.” Robert P. Langlands Winner of Wolf Prize in Mathematics - 1995 http://www.wolffund.org.il/index.php?dir=sitepage=winnerscs=179language=eng The Prize Committee for Mathematics has unanimously decided that the Prize for 1995/6 be jointly awarded to: Robert P. Langlands Institute for Advanced Study Princeton, New Jersey, USA for his path-blazing work and extraordinary insight in the fields of number theory, The Work of Robert Langlands，Institute for Advanced Study http://publications.ias.edu/rpl/ Letter to André Weil，Institute for Advanced Study https://publications.ias.edu/letter-to-Weil 第二类计算机构想. 中国电子科学研究院学报, 2011, 6(4): 368-374. Conception of the second class computer. Journal of China Academy of Electronics and Information Technology, 2011, 6(4): 368-374. (in Chinese) http://xueshu.baidu.com/usercenter/paper/show?paperid=71ca9b8e03891b201a12715286905b6dsite=xueshu_se http://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTotal-KJPL201104010.htm http://www.cqvip.com/QK/87495A/201104/39096952.html http://www.wanfangdata.com.cn/details/detail.do?_type=perioid=dzkxjspl201104009 感谢您的指教！ 感谢您指正以上任何错误！ 感谢您提供更多的相关资料！
凯氏带之发现者 -- 德国植物学院士 Johann Xaver Robert Caspary (1818--1887) SPS-506-German Johann Xaver Robert Caspary (1818--1887)-rev4.pdf ∮ 1 德国植物学家 Johann Xaver Robert Caspary(1818--1887) 19 世纪德国著名植物学家 Johann Xaver Robert Caspary (1818--1887) 于 1818 年出生于今属俄罗斯的历史文化名城 -- 哥尼斯堡 (Königsberg) 。该城是哲学家 伊曼努尔 · 康德 ( Immanuel Kant, 1724--1804) 的故里。 1837—1840 年， Robert Caspary 就读于哥尼斯堡大学 ( University of Königsberg / Albertus-Universität Königsberg) 学习神学和哲学，同时也学习自然科学。之后，他到波恩大学学习动物学等。 1848 年，获波恩大学博士学位。 1851 年， Robert Caspary 供职于柏林洪堡大学 ( Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität / Humboldt University of Berlin) ，与德国著名植物形态解剖学家 Alexander Carl Heinrich Braun(1805--1877) 关系密切。【注： Alexander Carl Heinrich Braun 成名较早，于 1830 年当选为 为德国科学院院士 (German Academy of Sciences--Leopoldina) 】 1859 年， Robert Caspary 返回故乡，成为哥尼斯堡大学的植物学掌门人。 1870-1871 年、 1872-1873 年， Robert Caspary 担任哥尼斯堡大学校长 (Rector of Albertus-Universität zu Königsberg) 。 Robert Caspary 主要致力于植物形态解剖学的研究。 1865 年，他在高等植物的根的初生结构中首先发现“ 凯氏带” ( Casparian strip / Casparische Streifen) 。对于化石植物研究， Robert Caspary 率先研究了琥珀中的植物化石。 Robert Caspary 一生著述很多。他于 1858 年当选为德国科学院植物学科的院士。 ∮ 2 Brief life chronology of German botanist Johann Xaver Robert Caspary (1818--1887) --1818: Born in Königsberg ( 哥尼斯堡 ), i.e. Immanuel Kant’s(1724--1804) hometown; --Studied at Kneiphöfische Gymnasium in Königsberg; --1837—1840: Studied theology and philosophy at the University of Königsberg ( German: Albertus-Universität Königsberg); studied natural sciences (entomology) --Studied zoology at the University of Bonn; --1845: Taught at the Kortegan’schen Erziehungsanstalt in Bonn; --1848: Received a doctorate degree from the University of Bonn; --Spent two and a half years in England and studied algae; --1851: Hired as a lecturer at the Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität (Humboldt University of Berlin) where German botanist Alexander Carl Heinrich Braun (1805--1877) worked from 1851 to 1877; --Married the daughter of Alexander Carl Heinrich Braun; --1858: Elected to the German Academy of Sciences—Leopoldina; --1859: Served as chair of botany at the University of Königsberg; --Served as the director of Königsberg Botanical Garden; --1865: Made the first discovery of Casparian strip / Casparische Streifen ( 凯氏带 ); --1870-1871 1872-1873: Served as the rector of Albertus-Universität zu Königsberg; --1887: Died Złotów(German: Flatow) at age of 69. Złotów (German: Flatow ) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z%C5%82ot%C3%B3w --------------------------- Qigao Sun ( 孙启高 ): 古植物学的故事 506 期 Story of Paleobotany Series (No.506) The Epic of Palaeobotany-506 《德国古植物学之伞》 Umbrella of German Palaeobotany (28) German botanist Johann Xaver Robert Caspary (1818--1887) 德国植物学院士 Johann Xaver Robert Caspary (1818--1887) November 12, 2016 相关阅读： Johann Xaver Robert Caspary (1818--1887), a German botanist https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Caspary https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Caspary https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Caspary The list of the rectors of Albertus-Universität zu Königsberg; https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liste_der_Rektoren_der_Albertus-Universit%C3%A4t_K%C3%B6nigsberg ----- Casparian strip / Casparische Streifen ( 凯氏带 ) https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casparischer_Streifen ---- Alexander CarlHeinrich Braun (10 May1805 – 29 March 1877) was a German botanist from Regensburg , Bavaria. His research centered on themorphology of plants. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Braun ======= Ludolph Christian Treviranus (September18, 1779 in Bremen – May 6, 1864 in Bonn ) was a German botanist born in Bremen . He was a younger brother to naturalist Gottfried Reinhold Treviranus (1776-1837). https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludolph_Christian_Treviranus ------- FriedrichWilhelm August Argelander (22 March1799 – 17 February 1875) was a German astronomer . He is known for his determinations of stellar brightnesses, positions, and distances. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Wilhelm_Argelander ----------- Georg August Goldfuss (Goldfuß, 18 April 1782 – 2 October 1848) was a German palaeontologist , zoologist and botanist . https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georg_August_Goldfuss ---- Franz Anton Menge (15 February 1808 in Arnsberg – 27 January 1880 in Danzig ) was a German entomologist . https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anton_Menge https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anton_Menge --- 《德国古植物学之伞》 Umbrella of German Palaeobotany (1) 古植物学的故事 （ 46 ）： 德国古植物学与古孢粉学发展史上的主要代表人物 Story of Palaeobotany Series(No.46): Renowned scientists in the history of palaeobotany and palynology inGerman http://blog.sciencenet.cn/blog-225931-334861.html 发表于 2010-6-12 21:09:43 《德国古植物学之伞》 Umbrella of German Palaeobotany (5) 古植物学的故事 162 期 360 年以来德国科学院涉及古植物学研究的院士们 Story of Palaeobotany Series (No.162): Members of the German Academy of Sciences Leopoldina pertaining to the palaeobotanical studies since 1652 http://blog.sciencenet.cn/blog-225931-575639.html http://blog.sciencenet.cn/home.php?mod=spaceuid=225931do=blogquickforward=1id=575639 2012-5-27 23:26 Geology and palaeontology members of German Academy of Sciences(Leopoldina) since 1652 1652 年以来德国科学院地质古生物学院士名单 http://blog.sciencenet.cn/blog-225931-994993.html 2016-8-7 07:47 (Compiled by Dr Qigao Sun) https://www.leopoldina.org/en/members/members-since-1652/ ---- Botanik members of German Academy of Sciences (Leopoldina) since1652 1652 年以来德国科学院植物学院士名单 http://blog.sciencenet.cn/blog-225931-994989.html 2016-8-7 07:29 (Compiled byDr. Qigao Sun) https://www.leopoldina.org/en/members/members-since-1652/ 古植物学的故事 489 期 Story of PaleobotanySeries (No.489) The Epic of Palaeobotany-489 《德国古植物学之伞》 Umbrella of German Palaeobotany (17) German Palaeobotanist August von Schenk (1815--1891) 与中国有缘的德国古植物学院士 August von Schenk ( 欣克 , 1815--1891) http://blog.sciencenet.cn/blog-225931-1001322.html 2016-9-7 05:33 ====================
导演: Agnieszka Smoczynska 编剧: Robert Bolesto 主演: Marta Mazurek / Michalina Olszańska / 金嘉·普雷斯 / Andrzej Konopka / 雅酷朴·盖尔秀 类型: 剧情 / 喜剧 / 歌舞 制片国家/地区: 波兰 语言: 波兰语 上映日期: 2016 又名: The Lure / 魅惑人魚姬(台) IMDb链接: tt5278832 Two mermaid sisters, who end up performing at a nightclub, face cruel and bloody choices when one of them falls in love with a beautiful young man. Cast: Marta Mazurek, Michalina Olszanska, Jakub Gierszal, Kinga Preis, Andrzej Konopka, Zygmunt Malanowicz. International Premiere 下载地址：（关注微信公众号“时尚军事”，回复“魅惑”在线看） http://www.yimuhe.com/file-3162306.html
Robert Hooke FRS ( 罗伯特 · 胡克 , 1635—1703) 与细胞之伟大发现 17 世纪英国物理学家和建筑师 Robert Hooke ( 罗伯特 · 胡克 , 1635—1703) 多才多艺，是一位很了不起的人物。可是，他似乎生活在牛顿 ( Sir Isaac Newton PRS, 1642—1727) 的光环下。英国皇家学会 (The Royal Society of London) 成立于 1660 年。 1663 年 5 月 20 日， Robert Hooke ( 罗伯特 · 胡克 ) 被遴选为 英国皇家学会的创始会员（院士） 。牛顿于 1672 年 1 月 11 日进入英国皇家学会。 【注：现在，英国皇家学会通常被看作是“英国国家科学院” (The UK’s Academy of Sciences) 。】 17 世纪初，欧洲出现了光学显微镜，一些人开始摆弄这种时髦“玩具”。 1663—1664 年间， Robert Hooke 利用显微镜对多种小物体进行了大量观察（见附录），并充分发挥了他的绘画天赋绘制了精美的图片。 1665 年， Robert Hooke用 英文发表了《显微图志》 ( 完整英文题目是“ Micrographia--Some Physiological Descriptions of Minute Bodies Made by Magnifying Glasses with Observations and Inquiries Thereupon ”) 。 Fig.1. The title page of Robert Hooke’ s ( 罗伯特 · 胡克 , 1635— 1703) Micrographia Robert Hooke 利用显微镜观察 软木片，发现了植物细胞 (cell)(“… I could exceeding plainly perceive it to be all perforated and porous, much like a Honey-comb, but that the pores of it were not regular; yet it was not unlike a Honey-comb in these particulars...”) 。这是一个伟大的发现！对于 Robert Hooke这一 科学观察来说，也许这是他科学生涯中的一件小事；但对于植物学 ( 乃至整个生物学 ) 来说，这是一件大事。细胞的发现是人类认识自然的一次大飞跃，是由宏观向微观的大飞跃。 尽管 Robert Hooke 不是植物学家，但是他用显微镜观察 软木片之工作可以被看作是现代木材解剖学的先驱性研究。纵观植物形态解剖学的发展历史，这项工作是一个里程碑。 非常有趣的是 Robert Hooke 还用显微镜观察了木化石，并与现代木材进行详细的比较。通过仔细的观察对比和严谨分析， Robert Hooke 提出了“ 化石是生物体的遗迹”之科学论断。根据已有的公开文献，我认为， Robert Hooke 是利用显微镜观察化石植物的第一人。 【注：荷兰人 Antonie Philips van Leeuwenhoek ( 列文虎克 , 1632--1723) 利用显微镜观察微生物取得了巨大成就。 Antonie Philips van Leeuwenhoek 在植物学上也有重要发现，他首次观察了木质部中的孔纹导管 (pitted vessel) 。 Antonie Philips van Leeuwenhoek 于 1680 年 1 月 29 日被遴选为英国皇家学会会员。 】 ----------------------- Structural Botany-12 OUTLINE: Robert Hooke FRS ( 罗伯特 · 胡克 , 1635—1703) and the great discovery of cell Qigao Sun( 孙启高 ) ∮1 Scientific method Francis Bacon ( 弗朗西斯 · 培根 , 1561--1626): Skeptical approach Observation experiment Logic--Inductive reasoning 用质疑态度、通过观察和实验、运用归纳法认识世界 重复性：证实与证伪 Reproducibility (Repeatability): Verification or Falsifiability ∮2 Neobotany palaeobotany Structural botany vs evolution: Gross morphology Micro-structure morphology Ultrastructural morphology (超微结构) 关于现代植物学和古植物学研究的重复性问题：如何证实？如何证伪？ ∮3 Microscopes Light / Optical Microscope Scanning Electron Microscope—SEM Transmission Electron Microscope—TEM Synchrotron Radiation X-ray Tomographic Microscopy—SRXTM The application of SRXTM to fossil plants: Friis, E.M. , Crane,P.R., Pedersen, K.R., Bengtson, S., Donoghue, P. C. J., Grimm, G. W. Stampanoni, M., 2007. Phase-contrast X-ray microtomography links Cretaceous seeds with Gnetales andBennettitales. Nature 450 : 549-552. Friis, E. M., Marone,F., Pedersen, K.R., Crane, P.R. and Stampanoni, M., 2014. Three-dimensionalvisualisation of fossil flowers, fruits, seeds and other plant remains usingsynchrotron radiation X-ray tomographic microscopy (SRXTM): New insights intoCretaceous plant diversity. Journal of Paleontology 88 : 684-701. Friis, E.M. , Pedersen,K.R and Marone, F., 2014. Arcellites punctatus sp. nov.: a newmegaspore from the Early Cretaceous of Portugal studied using high resolutionsynchrotron radiation x-ray tomographic microscopy (SRXTM). Grana 53 :91-102. ∮4 The use of the earliest microscopes Robert Hooke FRS ( 罗伯特 · 胡克 , 1635—1703), an English physicist and architect Robert Hooke FRS ( 罗伯特 · 胡克 , 07/18/1635—03/03/1703 ） =Original fellow of the Royal Society on May 20, 1663. --- Antonie Philips van Leeuwenhoek ( 列文虎 克 , 1632--1723), a Dutch tradesman and scientist Antoni van Leeuwenhoek (10/24/1632—08/26/1723)=Elected a Fellow of the Royal Society on January 29, 1680. ===================== NB: Sir Isaac Newton PRS ( 牛顿 , 12/25/1642—03/20/1727)—Elected to the Royal Society on January 11, 1672. ∮5 Robert Hooke FRS ( 罗伯特 · 胡克 , 1635—1703) great discovery of cell A list of Robert Hooke’s (1635—1703) observations using microscope in his book Micrographia which appeared in 1665-- Title: Micrographia--Some Physiological Descriptions of Minute Bodies Made by Magnifying Glasses with Observations and Inquiries Thereupon Author: Robert Hooke 5-1 The great discovery of cell Robert Hooke’s observations on cork: “Observ. XVIII. Of the Schematisme or Texture of Cork , and of the Cells and Pores of some other such frothy Bodies.” Fig.2. Cell structure of cork by Robert Hooke (1635--1703) “I took a good clear piece of Cork, and with a Pen-knife sharpen'd as keen as a Razor, I cut a piece of it off, and thereby left the surface of it exceeding smooth, then examining it very diligently with a Microscope , me thought I could perceive it to appear a little porous; but I could not so plainly distinguish them, as to be sure that they were pores, much less what Figure they were of: But judging from the lightness and yielding quality of the Cork, that certainly the texture could not be so curious, but that possibly, if I could use some further diligence, I might find it to be discernable with a Microscope , I with the same sharp Penknife, cut off from the former smooth surface an exceeding thin piece of it, and placing it on a black object Plate, because it was it self a white body, and casting the light on it with a deep plano-convex Glass , I could exceeding plainly perceive it to be all perforated and porous, much like a Honey-comb, but that the pores of it were not regular; yetit was not unlike a Honey-comb in these particulars.” “That’s a small step for a man, a giant leap for mankind.” 5-2 The first observation of fossil wood using microscope Robert Hooke’s observations on charcoal, modern wood and fossil wood: “Observ. XVI. Of Charcoal ,or burnt Vegetables .” “Observ. XVII. Of Petrify'dwood , and other Petrify'd bodies .” --------------------------- Qigao Sun ( 孙启高 ): 古今植物学大讲堂 Lectures on Neobotany Palaeobotany 植物演化生物学讲座 -12 Lectures on Evolutionary Biology of Plants (12) 植物形态解剖学 : Neo Paleo- 植物学（ 12 ） 结构植物学 : Neo Paleo- 植物学 (12) Morphology Anatomy: Neobotany+Paleobotany (No.12) Structural Botany: Neobotany+Paleobotany (No.12) OUTLINE: Robert Hooke FRS ( 罗伯特 · 胡克 , 1635—1703) and the great discovery of cell Robert Hooke FRS ( 罗伯特 · 胡克 , 1635—1703) 与细胞之伟大发现 October 28, 2016 相关阅读： Robert Hooke FRS ( 罗伯特 · 胡克 , 1635—1703) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Hooke =========== Appendix: A list of Robert Hooke’s(1635—1703) observations using microscope in his book Micrographia which appeared in 1665: http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/15491 Observ. I. Of the Point of asharp small Needle. Observ. II. Of the Edge of aRazor. Observ. III. Of fine Lawn, orLinnen Cloth. Observ. IV. Of fine waledSilk, or Taffety. Observ. V. Of watered Silks,or Stuffs. Observ. VI. Of Small GlassCanes. Observ. VII. Of some Phænomena ofGlass drops. Observ. VIII. Of the fierySparks struck from a Flint or Steel. Observ. IX. Of the Coloursobservable in Muscovy Glass, and other thin Bodies . Observ. X. Of Metalline ,and other real Colours. Observ. XI. Of Figures observ'din small Sand. Observ. XII. Of Gravel inUrine. Observ. XIII. Of the small Diamants ,or Sparks in Flints . Observ. XIV. Of several kindesof frozen Figures . I. Several Observables in the six-branched Figuresform'd on the surface of Urine by freezing. II. Observables infigur'd Snow . III. Several kinds of Figuresin Water frozen. Observ. XV. Of Kettering-stone ,and of the pores of Inanimate bodies. Observ. XVI. Of Charcoal ,or burnt Vegetables . Observ. XVII. Of Petrify'dwood , and other Petrify'd bodies . Observ. XVIII. Ofthe Schematisme or Texture of Cork ,and of the Cells and Pores of some other such frothy Bodies. Observ. XIX. Ofa Plant growingin the blighted or yellow specks of Damask-rose-leaves , Bramble-leaves ,and some other kind of leaves. Observ. XX. Of blueMould , and of the first Principles of Vegetation arising from Putrefaction . Observ. XXI. Of Moss ,and several other small-vegetative Substances. Observ. XXII. Of common Sponges ,and several other Spongie fibrousbodies. Observ. XXIII. Of the curioustexture of Sea-weeds . Observ. XXIV. Of the surfacesof Rosemary ,and other leaves. Observ. XXV. Of the stingingpoints and juice of Nettles , and some other venomousPlants. Observ. XXVI. Of Cowage ,and the itching operation of some bodies. Observ. XXVII. Of the Beard ofa wilde Oat ,and the use that may be made of it for exhibiting always to the Eye thetemperature of the Air, as to driness and moisture. Observ. XXVIII. Of the Seeds of Venus looking-glass,or Corn Violet. Observ. XXIX. Of the Seeds of Tyme . Observ. XXX. Of the Seeds of Poppy . Observ. XXXI. Of Purslane-seed . Observ. XXXII. Of the Figure ofseveral sorts of Hair , and of the texture of the skin . Observ. XXXIII. Of the Scales ofa Soal ,and other Fishes. Observ. XXXIV. Of the Sting of aBee. Observ. XXXV. Of the contextureand shape of the particles of Feathers . Observ. XXXVI. Of Peacoks , Ducks ,and other Feathers ofchangeable colours. Observ. XXXVII. Of the Feet of Flies ,and several other Insects . Observ. XXXVIII. Of the Structureand motion of the Wings of Flies . Observ. XXXIX. Of the Eyes andHead of a Greydrone-Fly , and of several other creatures. Observ. XL. Of the Teeth of a Snail . Observ. XLI. Of the Eggs of Silk-worms ,and other Insects. Observ. XLII. Of a blue Fly . Observ. XLIII. Of the Water-Insect or Gnat . Observ. XLIV. Of the tufted orBrush-horn'd Gnat . Observ. XLV. Of the greatBelly'd Gnat orfemale Gnat . Observ. XLVI. Of the whitefeatherwing'd Moth or TineaArgentea . Observ. XLVII. Of the ShepherdSpider , or long legg'd Spider . Observ. XLVIII. Of the hunting Spider ,and several other sorts of Spiders . Observ. XLIX. Of an Ant or Pismire . Observ. L. Of the wandring Mite . Observ. LI. Of the Crab-like Insect. Observ. LII. Of the smallSilver-colour'd Book-worm . Observ. LIII. Of a Flea . Observ. LIV. Of a Louse. Observ. LV. Of Mites . Observ. LVI. Of a smallCreature hatch'd on a Vine. Observ. LVII. Of the Eels inVinegar. --------- Observ. LVIII. Of a new Propertyin the Air ,and several other transparent Mediums nam'd Inflection ,whereby very many considerable Phænomena are attemptedto be solv'd, and divers other uses are hinted. Observ. LIX. Of multitudes ofsmall Stars discoverableby the Telescope . Observ. LX. Of the Moon . ==============
丹佛城市公园，在丹佛市中心偏北，靠近自然博物馆。这张照片是秋冬时节的公园，而我们昨天游玩时，春光明媚，虽然上周还下过一尺半的雪。 这两尊大炮都是南北战争中的真家伙，重达1万6千磅，在当时威力惊人。只是过于笨重，长途运输不知要累死多少马匹。 池塘中心是乌雀的天堂，至少有100个鸟巢。水面浮着成群的白鹅灰鸭。 母亲站在马丁·路德·金纪念碑前。 春风拂面绿草如茵，远方雪山依旧。 苏格兰诗人Robert Burns（1759—1796）的雕像和纪念碑。碑文：“A Poet Peasant Born Who More Of Fame’s Immortal Power Unto His Country Brings Than All Her Kings.”（一个农民出生的诗人，他给他的国家赢来的不朽声誉超过她所有的国王。）2009年Robert Burns被苏格兰电视台的观众选为最伟大的苏格兰人（第二名是William Wallace，电影《勇敢的心》的主角）。 他最著名的作品是《友谊地久天长》（Auld Lang Syne）： 怎能忘记旧日朋友， Should old acquaintance be forgot, 心中能不怀想？ and never brought to mind? 旧日朋友岂能相忘？ Should old acquaintance be forgot, 友谊地久天长！ and old lang syne? 副歌： CHORUS: 友谊万岁，朋友， For auld lang syne, my dear, 友谊万岁！ for auld lang syne, 举杯痛饮，同声歌颂， we'll take a cup of kindness yet, 友谊地久天长！ for auld lang syne. 这首歌因被经典电影《魂断蓝桥》用作主旋律而流行全世界。在许多东方国家，大学、高中毕业生喜欢唱这首歌表达伤感的离情别绪，而在西方以及香港，人们通常会在新年来临之际演唱，主调欢快喜庆。
刚才在网上注意到 Robert Rosenberg 教授于2015年4月3日去世了。【1】 罗教授是美国西北大学化学系博士毕业生，在威斯康星的劳伦斯大学退休后被西北聘请为访问教授，每年为高年级本科生讲授化学热力学课程。我在就读期间，给罗老师担任过2次助教，我和太太还被邀请到他家里过感恩节。 每次罗老师都会愉快地把学生的评语给我看。里头有说英文欠佳的，也有不少人认为从我的习题课上学到很多有意思的东西。罗老师曾经鼓励我：“you will be a very good teacher”. 很惭愧，除了偶尔在京城客串几场课，我基本是日夜陶醉于勾画不同特征的分子结构，教书也许是以后的一个梦想。 罗老师著有《化学热力学》（2008年都第7版了, 早在1981年就被翻译成中文）和《物理化学原理》（1977）2本教材，被国外的大学广泛使用。【2】 另外，西北化学系在网上附上罗老师的著名科普文章，《冰为何那么滑？》以此表达对罗老师的纪念。【3】 参考： 【1】 https://blogs.lawrence.edu/news/2015/04/robert-rosenberg-1926-2015-chemistry-professor-mentored-lawrences-nobel-prize-winner.html 【2】 http://www.wiley.com/WileyCDA/WileyTitle/productCd-0470285222.html http://www.997788.com/s_50_17038427/ （中文版） http://www.amazon.com/Principles-Physical-Chemistry-Robert-Rosenberg/dp/0195019873 【3】 http://www.chemistry.northwestern.edu/documents/about/RosenbergPhysicsToday.pdf
美国古植物学家 Robert Wilson Baxter 1914年出生于巴拿马，1995年初在堪萨斯州去世。 1949年，Robert Wilson Baxter从华盛顿大学植物系（Washington University in St.Louis）获得博士学位 。然后,R. W. Baxter到堪萨斯大学植物系工作，1983年退休。 1960年，RobertWilson Baxter担任美国植物学会古植物学分会长（Chairperson）。参见： http://www.botany.org/paleo/officers.html#Former Former Section Officers, Paleobotanical Section, Botanical Society of America Year-1960 Year Meeting Location Month Elected Chairperson Secretary /Treasurer Editor/compiler Bibliography Web Manager Editorial Rep. Amer. J. Bot. 1960 Stillwater 8/59 R.W. Baxter T. Delevoryas W. N. Stewart ∮1 教育背景 1937 ： Bachelor'sdegree in botany from Washington University in St. Louis ； 1947: Master'sdegree in botany from Washington University in St. Louis ； 1949:Ph.D. in botany from Washington University in St. Louis. R obert Wilson Baxter在华盛顿大学植物系（Washington University in St. Louis）完成的硕士学位论文基本信息如下： Author: Baxter,Robert W. (Robert Wilson), 1914-1995. Title: An investigation of the vegetative structures of the genusSphenophyllum found in Illinois coal balls Published: 1947 Description: 1v Thesis: Thesis(M.S.)--Washington Univ., 1947 OtherAuthor: Washington University (Saint Louis, Mo.). Theses OCLC/BibUtil #: 26108181 Robert Wilson Baxter在华盛顿大学植物系（Washington University in St. Louis）完成的博士学位论文基本信息如下： Author: Baxter, Robert W. (Robert Wilson), 1914-1995. Title: A study of the American Medullosae and related Pteridospermae Published:1949 Description:61 . illus Thesis:Thesis (Ph.D.)--Washington Univ., 1949. Dept. of Botany Subjects: Medullosae / Pteridospermae OtherAuthor: Washington University (Saint Louis,Mo.). Theses. Botany OCLC/BibUtil #:26327388 ∮ 2 研究领域 主要研究煤核植物化石 (Coal balls) 。 ∮3 部分论著 Some pteridosperm stems and fructifications withparticular reference to the Medullosae RW Baxter - Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden, 1949 - JSTOR Peltastrobus reedae: a new sphenopsid cone from thePennsylvanian of Indiana RW Baxter - Botanical Gazette, 1950 – JSTOR Ankyropteris glabra, a new American species of theZygopteridaceae RW Baxter - American Journal of Botany, 1951 - JSTOR Coal Balls: New Discoveries in Plant Petrifactions fromKansas Coal Beds RW Baxter - Transactions of the Kansas Academy of Science (1903), 1951 –JSTOR The coal-age flora of Kansas. II. On the relationshipsamong the genera Etapteris, Scleropteris and Botrychioxylon RW Baxter - American Journal of Botany, 1952 - JSTOR Cardiocarpus magnicellularis sp. nov., a preliminaryreport RW Baxter , EA Roth - Transactions of the Kansas Academy of Science ( …,1954 - JSTOR Palaeostachya andrewsii, a new species of calamitean conefrom the American Carboniferous RW Baxter - American Journal of Botany, 1955 - JSTOR A first report of coal balls from the Pennsylvanian of NewBrunswick, Canada RW Baxter - Canadian Journal of Botany, 1960 - NRC Research Press The role of morphological paleobotany in the botanicalsciences RW Baxter - Phytomorphol, 1961 - kbd.kew.org A comparison of the Paleozoic seed genera,Mitrospermum and Kamaraspermum RW Baxter - Phytomorphology, 1971 - International Society of Plant … A comparative study of nodal anatomy in Peltastrobusreedae and Sphenophyllum plurifoliatum RW Baxter - Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology, 1972 - Elsevier A new fertile schizaeaceous fern from Middle PennsylvanianIowa Coal Balls . RW Baxendale, RW Baxter - Universityof Kansas Science Bulletin, 1977 - agris.fao.org Corynepterisinvolucrata, sp. nov., a new fertile fern of possible zygopterid affinitiesfrom the Pennsylvanian of Kansas RW Baxter , RW Baxendale - 1976 -kuscholarworks.ku.edu ------------------------ 孙启高 2015 年 5 月8 日整理 ===================== 参见 ： Robert Wilson Baxter(1914--1995) http://www.findagrave.com/cgibin/fg.cgi?page=grGRid=23832243 Paleobotany at a Glance of University of Kansas http://naturalhistory.ku.edu/paleobotany/about http://paleobotany.bio.ku.edu/default.htm 古植物学的故事 228 期 Story of Palaeobotany Series (No.228) Umbrella of American palaeobotany--1: An unfinished list of American palaeobotanists http://blog.sciencenet.cn/blog-225931-826366.html 2014-9-10 05:45 古植物学的故事 347 期 Story of Palaeobotany Series (No.347) Umbrella of American palaeobotany—105 - Arthur Johnson Eames（1881--1969） Umbrella of American palaeobotany—105 - 谁是“ A . J . Eames”？ 美国植物形态学家 —Arthur Johnson Eames（1881--1969） American phytomorphologist— Arthur Johnson Eames（1881--1969） http://blog.sciencenet.cn/blog-225931-887413.html 2015-5-5 04:45 古植物学的故事 348 期 Story of Palaeobotany Series (No.348) Umbrella of American palaeobotany—106 - 谁是“ T. Just”？ 美国植物学家、古植物学家 — TheodorKarl Just (1904--1960) American botanist and palaeobotanist-- Theodor Karl Just (1904--1960) http://blog.sciencenet.cn/blog-225931-887617.html 2015-5-5 22:06 古植物学的故事 349 期 Story of Palaeobotany Series (No.349) Umbrella of American palaeobotany—107 - 谁是“ C.A. Brown ”？ 美国植物学家 — Clair Alan Brown (1903--1982) American botanist- Clair Alan Brown(1903--1982) http://blog.sciencenet.cn/blog-225931-887896.html 2015-5-6 21:52 古植物学的故事 350 期 Story of Paleobotany Series (No.350) Umbrella of American paleobotany-108 - Norman William Radforth (1912--1999) 加拿大古植物学家和孢粉学家 — Norman William Radforth (1912--1999) Canadian paleobotanist and palynologist--NormanW illiam Radforth (1912--1999) http://blog.sciencenet.cn/blog-225931-888352.html 2015-5-8 05:57 古植物学的故事 232期 Story of Palaeobotany Series (No.232) 美国科学院院士、古植物学家 Henry N Andrews （1910--2002）的学术传承 Umbrella of American palaeobotany-3: The botanical andpalaeobotanical lineages of great American palaeobotanist Henry N Andrews （1910--2002） with some European connections (in Chinese) http://blog.sciencenet.cn/blog-225931-839693.html 2014-10-30 01:51 ================
Robert Arbuckle Berner (1935--2015) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Berner an American scientist known for his contributions to the modeling of the carbon cycle . 这个模型很有意思----地质历史时期大气二氧化碳浓度的变化规律。 Berner教授生前非常关心来自植物化石的生物学证据。 =================== Robert Arbuckle Berner (1935--2015): a ‘giant of geology’ http://news.yale.edu/2015/01/13/memoriam-robert-berner-giant-geology Robert A_ Berner Autobiography.pdf Don Canfield Tribute to Berner.pdf
Zenas公理，能在期刊发表了吗？ 我写的 1 页 短文《“同行评议”悖论 与Zenas公理》，好人编 辑说：“文章完成审阅，可以在我刊发表。” 关 于“ Zenas公 理”是“谁公开的，在哪里公开的？”的说明，不 知道是否合适？感谢您的指教！ 一、私人信件的著作权 中华人民共和国中央人民政府，2010-02-26，《中华人民共和国著作权法》 http://www.gov.cn/flfg/2010-02/26/content_1544458.htm 第三条 本法所称的作品，包括以下列形式创作的文学、艺术和自然科学、社会科学、工程技术等作品： （一）文字作品； （二）口述作品； 国家知识产权局，2014-03-10，《书信作品著作权保护探析》 http://www.sipo.gov.cn/mtjj/2014/201403/t20140307_913572.html 书信作为写信者的创作成品，是独创性活动的结晶，具有怎样的作品属性？笔者认为，书信，尤其是名人的书信，因其个人文学素养、个人生活经历、个人独到之见解等因素，具有独创性特征。根据著作权法相关规定，创作作品的公民是作者，书信作为文字作品，且落款多有写信人署名，所以书信著作权的归属应当是写信人。 二、科技界对私人信件的态度 1995年罗伯特•朗兰兹（Robert P. Langlands）获得沃尔夫数学奖（Wolf Prize in Mathematics）。在介绍朗兰兹工作时，多处都引用朗兰兹的私人信件作为证据： 普林斯顿高等研究院（英语：Institute for Advanced Study，简称 IAS） The Work of Robert Langlands http://publications.ias.edu/rpl Functoriality http://publications.ias.edu/rpl/section/21 Editorial comments: In January of 1967, while he was at Princeton University, Langlands wrote a letter of 17 hand-written pages to Andre Weil outlining what quickly became known as `the Langlands conjectures';. This letter even today is worth reading carefully, although its notation is by present standards somewhat clumsy. 普林斯顿高等研究院是一个各个领域的科学家做最纯粹的尖端研究，而不受任何教学任务、科研资金或者赞助商压力的研究机构。 http://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-cn/%E6%99%AE%E6%9E%97%E6%96%AF%E9%A1%BF%E9%AB%98%E7%AD%89%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6%E9%99%A2 英国苏格兰圣安德鲁斯大学 ， University of St Andrews, Scotland， Robert Phelan Langlands http://www-history.mcs.st-and.ac.uk/Biographies/Langlands.html In 1967 he wrote a letter to Weil which contains profound mathematical ideas which continue to drive a whole area of mathematical research. The letter was 17 pages hand-written and sent in January 1967. It sketched what soon became known as the Langlands conjectures. Weil had the letter typed and this typed version circulated widely among mathematicians interested in the topics. Casselman writes in that the letter contained:- ... a collection of far-reaching and uncannily accurate conjectures relating number theory, automorphic forms, and representation theory . Theses have formed the core of a program still being carried out, and have come to play a central role in all three subjects. Other letters of Langlands also proved remarkably important. While he was in Ankara in 1967-68 he wrote to Serre with ideas which would eventually be formulated as the Deligne - Langlands conjecture; this was proved eventually by Kazhdan and Lusztig . 三、有时间戳的互联网文字，其“著作权”效用，不应低于私人信件吧？ 张志东，2008-01-05，Top Journals 是标准吗-1 精选 http://blog.sciencenet.cn/blog-2344-13949.html 甘永超，2012-07-30，转载《随想：关于中国大陆的科研制度与文化》 http://bbs.tech110.net/archiver/?tid-23125-page-5.html 即对我2012-06-03《随想：关于中国大陆的科研制度与文化》的转载： http://blog.sciencenet.cn/blog-107667-578255.html 人大经济论坛，2013-12-28，Zenas公理：最顶级期刊发表的论文，一定不是最具创新性的【转载】 http://bbs.pinggu.org/forum.php?mod=viewthreadaction=printabletid=2811402 以上材料，能证明“Zenas公理”公开的著作权吗？ 感谢您的指教！特别是 法学等相关专业 的专家的指教！ 相关链接： 2015-01-01，新年喜讯：Zenas公理被外国人实证！ http://blog.sciencenet.cn/blog-107667-855579.html 姜殿玉，2015-02-03，关于中外著作权观念的一点感慨 http://blog.sciencenet.cn/blog-1288786-865056.html 如果读国外的书，你就会发现外国人很注重出处。即使是未被正式以论文或著作形式发表出来的，也要要注明发现者是谁。例如囚徒困境是美国普林斯顿大学塔克教授在给心理学家讲学时举的一个例子，并未正式发表，但是后人在研究或介绍囚徒困境时都不忘把塔克的名字写上——吃水不忘开井人。
据美国休斯敦大学网站消息，著名地球物理学家Robert E. Sheriff教授追掉会12月13日将在德州举行。 （A memorial service for Dr. Sheriff will be held at 2 p.m., December 13 at the Settegast-Kopf Co. at Sugar Creek, 15015 Southwest Freeway, Sugar Land, Texas. A reception will follow.）Robert E. Sheriff教授于今年11月19日在美国德州去世，享年92岁。 以下引自： http://www.geosc.uh.edu/news-events/stories/2014/1121-sheriff-memoriam.php Robert E. Sheriff, professor emeritus in the University of Houston’s Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences and long-time departmental benefactor, passed away in Missouri City on November 19. The department mourns the loss of such an admirable, selfless man. Dr. Sheriff had an illustrious career both in industry and academia impacting the lives of many colleagues, students, and the geophysics community worldwide. Those who knew Bob Sheriff share a common set of descriptions for him – mentor, teacher, friend, and role model. After starting graduate school in physics at Ohio State University, Dr. Sheriff interrupted his education to work for The Manhattan Project in Oak Ridge, Tennessee. It was there that he met his wife, Margaret. They married in 1945, and he returned to Ohio State to complete his Ph.D. in physics. Through the course of their marriage, they had six children – Anne, Rick, Jeanne, Susan, Barbara, and Linda. Dr. Sheriff began working for Chevron in California in 1950. Geophysics research was in its infancy, and he was eager to learn. Throughout the course of his career at Chevron, he traveled the world supervising work in numerous locations and relocating his family to Trinidad and Australia. Dr. Sheriff may be best known in the geophysics community for writing the Encyclopedic Dictionary of Applied Geophysics. What started out as a short booklet describing terms related to the rapidly growing geophysics industry grew to more than 400 pages. First published by the Society for Exploration Geophysicists in 1973, it is in its 4th edition. It is still the SEG’s best seller, with 7,500 copies sold in 2014. “It has been translated into at least 75 languages, maybe more,” said Hua-wei Zhou, chair of the UH Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences. “It is the exploration geophysicist’s bible; people refer to it all the time.” Dr. Sheriff came to Houston in 1970 and began serving as an adjunct professor of geophysics at UH. After retiring from Chevron, he was the vice president of development at Seiscom-Delta. In 1980, he became a full tenured professor at UH. He was a gifted teacher and cared deeply about his students. Dr. Sheriff would share his opinions without any reluctance and pointed out weaknesses of students, telling them how to improve. His input and guidance helped his students learn to be able to find issues and solve them later on in their careers. “Bob is the reason why I joined UH,” said Zhou, who holds the Margaret S. Sheriff College Professorship in Geophysics. “I read his books while I was in graduate school. When I finally became a colleague of Bob’s, he was bigger than anyone I had known before. He was so unselfish, helping people any way he could.” Over the years, Robert and Margaret Sheriff established four endowments at the University of Houston, giving almost $2 million in support of the Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences. The endowments are the Margaret S. Sheriff College Professorships in Geophysics, the Robert E. Sheriff College Professorship in Sequence Stratigraphy, the Robert and Margaret Sheriff Faculty Chair in Applied Seismology, and the Sheriff Endowment in Applied Geophysics. The Sheriffs also set up a scholarship through the Society of Exploration Geophysicists for international graduate students coming to UH to study geophysics. More than 100 students have been funded through their generosity. “Bob Sheriff was a huge figure, a guru in his field. He was much more than just a good and generous person. He was academically a giant,” Zhou said. To make a gift in Dr. Sheriff’s memory, the family has requested that contributions be made to the Robert and Margaret Sheriff Endowment in Applied Geophysic s at the University of Houston.
以下内容引自Geoexpro杂志2014 年11月第四期上 Thomas Smith 的文章“Never Hold Back”，以此纪念92岁高龄逝去的美国著名地球物理学家Robert E. Sheriff 教授（1922~2014）。 Possibly best known for the Encyclopedic Dictionary of Exploration Geophysics, first published in 1973, Bob Sheriff’s accomplishments go literally to the ends of the earth – from his family’s travels to his contributions to geophysics and education. Now in its fourth edition, the encyclopedic dictionary has remained one of the Society of Exploration Geophysics’ (SEG) best sellers. It is a valuable and comprehensive reference that is a must to just about anyone in the oil and gas business. This alone would have been a bequest that would have assured Bob’s place in the upper echelon of the science. However, his contributions to geophysics and seismology, teaching at the University of Houston and short courses around the world, writing text books and articles, have all made Dr. Sheriff a household name to both students and professionals in geophysics. Adding to this, the Sheriff Scholarships for the SEG Foundation that finances foreign graduate students at the University of Houston, as well as endowed Chairs and Professorships at the University, proves his influence is truly global. Getting Started After graduating with degrees in physics and chemistry, young Bob Sheriff entered graduate school at Ohio State to study physics. The year was 1943 when the US was deeply involved in World War II. Bob was soon to be out of university deferments necessary to stay in school so he interviewed with The Manhattan Project at Oak Ridge, Tennessee, where he landed a job. “The pilot plant was manned by a bunch of physics graduate students from all over the country,” says Bob. “We talked freely among ourselves… my Oak Ridge experience magnificent as we taught each other.” Working at Oak Ridge also brought Bob another life-changing experience. A sister of a pilot plant colleague joined The Manhattan Project team as a chemist. Bob was introduced to the new employee and they “hit it off beautifully”. Bob and Margaret, the chemist, were soon married in 1945. The couple stayed at Oak Ridge until the spring of 1946 before returning to Ohio State University to complete graduate studies. Bob was able to teach physics classes while in graduate school until he received a scholarship from the National Science Foundation. Margaret worked on a geology degree. While still a student, Bob interviewed with Chevron and received an offer for a job at their La Habra facility (a technical center that operated from 1948 until it was closed in 1999) in Orange County, California. Anne, their first of six children, arrived in 1950 and they made their move to “the mountains and a sea shore” as Margaret put it. Being from Kansas, California had quite the appeal and she thought they were “set for life”. Little did she know where their future adventures would bring them… Becoming a Wandering ‘Geo’physicist “I knew nothing about geophysics ,” says Bob. “Dr. Allen Reilly, the manager of the La Habra facility, was just starting geophysics research. He told me it was easier to teach geology to a physicist than physics to a geologist. This is how I became a geophysicist.” Bob joined SEG at that time “to get their magazine and learn geophysics” and has been an active member ever since. During his early days at Chevron, Bob was eager to learn all he could about geophysics, including how things were done in the field. This would lead to the start of a yearning to see the world. After a year and a half of assigned projects at La Habra, he was transferred to New Orleans where he worked with a geophysicist who was on Chevron’s research committee. They traveled to geophysical operations all over the country. “I got to meet lots of important people and see lots of situations,” recalls Bob. After transferring back to California, Bob began supervising seismic work in foreign locations, mainly Latin America and the Caribbean, and he spent a considerable amount of time visiting these locations. He was then transferred to Port of Spain, Trinidad. At that time, Margret was pregnant with their sixth child. Bob came back for the birth and when number six, Linda, was nine weeks old, Margaret and the family made the move to Trinidad. Two years later, they all moved on to Perth, Australia. The transfer to Australia came with an added benefit for the Sheriff family – a six-week vacation plus a week of travel time. “Between company geophysics courses and visiting our offices along the way, I managed to stretch our vacations to three months,” says Bob. Consequently they were able to plan some very extensive trips to all corners of the world. After over five years there, Bob requested a transfer back to the United States. “Our children knew a lot about the rest of the world but little about the US, so we figured it was time to move back,” Bob recalls. The ‘Glossary’ is Born While their time in Australia was filled with traveling adventures, Bob still had a job to do, which included training and familiarizing personnel with new terms and concepts in geophysics. To fill this need, he created a 30-page pamphlet describing various geophysical terms in an industry that was evolving quickly.Bob also used it as a recruiting tool when visiting Australian universities. The glossary was distributed to other companies that were part of the Australian joint operation. One of those companies was Shell, which distributed it throughout their organization. The Sheriff family returned to the States in 1966 and settled again in New Orleans. By then, one of the past SEG presidents had received a copy of the geophysical glossary that Shell had distributed and recommended it to the SEG membership. “I was asked to update and expand the glossary,” says Bob, “but I was concerned about Chevron releasing this update. Well, the current president of SEG was Neal Smith, also a Chevron employee, who thought ‘releasing it to SEG would be good for the company’. I reported this to my manager and it was first published as one of the issues of Geophysics magazine.” Bob received the Kauffman Gold Medal, which is awarded for outstanding contributions to the advancement of the science of geophysical exploration. The little 30-page glossary had by then grown to 429 pages in its 4th edition as the Encyclopedic Dictionary of Applied Geophysics. A Second Career While in New Orleans, Bob was contacted by his old boss, Lloyd Geldart, from La Habra, California, who was teaching at McGill University in Montreal. Bob was asked to review the chapter on seismic work for a revised geophysics book series by Eve and Keys. “I told Geldart that the chapter was not acceptable because it did not describe geophysics as it is done today,” says Bob. “Consequently, I joined a group of authors and wrote the new seismic chapter for the book.” This would be the start of Bob joining the academic ranks and writing more geophysical text books. Bob was transferred to Houston in 1970, retiring from Chevron after 25 years of employment, and went to work with Seiscom Delta. While at Chevron in Houston, he had joined the University of Houston as an adjunct geophysics professor for four years, and continued teaching for another five years during his employment with Seiscom Delta. In 1980, the very respected geophysicist, Milton Dobrin, who had developed the university’s geophysics program, died suddenly while jogging in the early morning hours in Houston. That is when Bob began his second career in earnest, becoming a full tenured professor. Bob not only taught at the University, but also spent a lot of time teaching short courses for the American Association of Petroleum Geologists (AAPG) on a number of different subjects. One he is particularly proud of was Seismic Stratigraphy. He had written a paper on the subject, and subsequently a book, and was invited to help teach the course in 1975. He brought this new concept to many skeptical geologists and geophysicists. The project turned out to be a success and was repeated for several years, eventually expanding to four courses a year. Bob taught other courses for different sponsors, especially overseas. “To provide time to teach these courses plus some sightseeing, I often took halftime positions at the university,” recalls Bob. “People were eager to have me teach them and I ran across many good students. That is when Margaret and I endowed the Sheriff Scholarships of the SEG Foundation. It finances two foreign graduate students every year at the University of Houston. It is wonderful to give deserving students the opportunity to advance their education. It is one of the things I have been very proud of.” Bob quit teaching in 2006 but his manner of teaching lives on through the people he touched along the way. Hua-Wei Zhou came to the University of Houston in 1989 partly because of Bob’s influence on exploration geophysics. He had this to say about Bob Sheriff: “…a giant figure in the world of exploration geophysics… When I think about Bob, a number of key words pop up in my mind: kindness, honesty, hardworking, seeking perfection, generosity and wisdom.” Wouldn’t everyone want such a legacy? http://www.geoexpro.com/articles/2014/10/never-hold-back
Robert Sheriff sharing his expertise in seismic stratigraphy. (Credit: Robert Sheriff Collection) 美国著名地球物理学家Robert E. Sheriff 教授11月19日在美国德克萨斯州 密苏里市去世，享年92岁。 Robert E. Sheriff 1922年出生在美国，长期致力于勘探地球物理教育与研究，对地球物理勘探做出了杰出的贡献。他的专著”“ Encyclopedic Dictionary of Exploration Geophysics”和“Exploration seismology”是全球地球物理工作者喜欢的教科书。他的去世是全球地球物理界的重大损失。我们中国地球物理同仁对 Robert E. Sheriff 教授的去世表示沉痛的哀悼，对其 家人 ， 朋友和同事致以最诚挚的慰问。 Dr. Robert E. Sheriff learned early in his career “to never withhold information or ideas for later use,” leaving a lasting legacy to his family, the geophysics community, and our society Bob and Margaret traveled the world throughout his career. They are pictured here in Turkey in 1989. (Credit: Robert Sheriff Collection) . The entire family adventured together to see and learn about the cultures and world around us. Pictured in Japan in 1965 are (back row from left to right) Margaret, Jeanne, Anne, Rick, and Bob; (front row from left to right) Barbara, Susan, and Linda. (Credit: Robert Sheriff Collection) 后排右1是Robert E. Sheriff 教授。1965年Robert E. Sheriff 教授在日本的全家福
开组会的时候，导师经常有提到langer 的某篇文章工作多么细致，思路多么新颖。读文献的时候也经常读到Robert Langer写的一些综述，前些天查了一下他的资料，我勒个去……我和我的小伙伴们都惊呆啦…… Robert Langer，1948年8月29日出生，截止今天，他有超过1230篇文章，1020项专利（509项已授权），参与创建20多家公司，其主要成就在控释给药系统及透皮给药系统，组织工程，再生医学，他还是当选美国三大科学院院士（美国科学院、美国工程院和医学院）年纪最轻（43岁时）的人，根据维基百科的阐述，截止2013年5月1日，其H指数为147，文章他引近9万次。他提出无线控制药物输送系统并在人体获得成功，即开发可编程、可无线控制的微芯片的设想，它可以在植入患者人体后传输药物。 下面是其在MIT主页的介绍（ http://web.mit.edu/langerlab/langer.html ） Robert S. Langer is the David H. Koch Institute Professor (there are 11 Institute Professors at MIT ; being an Institute Professor is the highest honor that can be awarded to a faculty member). Dr. Langer has written over 1,230 articles. He also has 1,020 patents (509 issued) worldwide. Dr. Langer’s patents have been licensed or sublicensed to over 250 pharmaceutical, chemical, biotechnology and medical device companies. He is the most cited engineer in history. View CV (pdf) He served as a member of the United States Food and Drug Administration’s SCIENCE Board, the FDA’s highest advisory board, from 1995 -- 2002 and as its Chairman from 1999-2002. 其他参考文献 1.维基百科对Robert Langer的介绍 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Langer 2.发表在nature上的一篇记者的跟随Robert Langer的报道（ Profile: Being Bob Langer） http://www.nature.com/news/2009/090304/full/458022a.html 3. 无线控制药物输送系统人体实验取得成功 http://web.mit.edu/newsoffice/2012/wireless-drug-delivery-0216.html 4.生物谷2011年相关报道：（ 诺贝尔生理学或医学奖热门人选：Robert S. Langer） http://www.bioon.com/trends/news/506243.shtml 记不清在哪本书里面看到的一句话，说当读到大师的作品的时候，唯有不断的赞叹。 这里我想说，当看到牛人的简介的时候，也只有不断的感叹！ 好吧，勉励自己！
现场感受学术大师的魅力 （王德华） 11th International Congress of Ecology ICC London ExCel INTECOL 2013: into the Next 100 Years 18 to 23 August 2013 第 11 届国际生态学大会。 日程很满，专题众多，大师云集。 没有纸质的会议摘要集，会议日程安排（活动、报告和墙报）就厚厚的一本。 每天需要提前查看每天的报告内容，忙碌于穿梭在各个会场中，去听自己感兴趣的内容。很多有趣的报告，时间冲突，也只好错过。 学术界对学术大腕还是很崇敬的，尤其是大师级的学者。 在第一天的日程中，发现了 Robert May 主持一个专题 (S5) 的下半场：生物地理和生态学。 知道 Robert May ，是做学生的时候，读过我的博士生导师孙儒泳先生组织翻译的《理论生态学》这本书。虽然看不懂，还是翻过不少次。那本著作也曾在自己的书架上放过多日。 后来也读过 R May 的文章，如关于生物多样性的文章，关于地球上有多少物种的文章等，关于生态系统稳定性和复杂性的文章等等，都是些理论性很强、很有指导意义的文章。在生态学教科书上， R May 的研究成果、理论和思想也已经很普遍了。不知不觉，这位生态学学者逐渐在自己的脑海里形成了“大师”的地位。大师，真不是封的，不是吹出来的，是自然形成的。 早早到了会场，一会儿见到一个穿着西服、消瘦但精神矍铄的老学者走到会场前面坐下，凭感觉他就是 R May 了。他很认真地主持着，耐心地提醒着每个报告人的时间（每个报告 15 分钟，包括提问时间）。做报告的青年学者们应该是了解 R May 的，看得出有些青年学者很激动。 最吸引人的是第三天的专题“ Emphasising the importance of basic science in ecology ”(SYMP26) ，最后一个报告是 Robert May ，报告题目是 Ecology: from cabinets of curiosities to basic scientific understanding. 由于前一个报告人没有到场，主持人提议可以对前面的报告人的问题继续讨论。国际会议上，时间安排很严格，一般不会随便改变日程安排，不会提前和推迟，这样有利于参会者选听自己喜欢的报告。逐渐到了 R May 的报告时间，会场里的听众逐渐多了起来，最后是会议室都做不下了，周边也站满了听众。一下子就感觉到大学者的学术魅力。专题安排了 R May 40 分钟的报告，报告讲得很科普，都是大问题，都是很有个人见解的问题。 70 多岁的老人，在一个小专题上做学术报告，神采飞扬，声音洪亮，时而幽默，时而严肃。他在上台的时候，把自己的西服放在了屏幕下的地毯上，手里拿着打印出来的 PPT 演讲稿，讲一部分把演讲稿随意丢在地毯上。报告后，蹲下身来捡拾起报告期间丢在地毯上的演讲稿。你怎么看，都不像学术大师，可这就是活生生的学术大师。从报告结束后听众的掌声，就知道大家对他是多么尊重。尊重，不是帮他提包，帮他拿衣服，帮他捡演讲稿，跟他合影，让他签名 …. 整个过程，你就是感到尊重和敬仰。报告后的问题提问时间，更是达到了高潮。你在现场就体会到了什么是真正的学术大腕。尽管学术会议期间，一般不欢迎拍照，面对那个激动的场面，我还是忍不住拿出了相机。 也曾记得 2005 年在日本召开的国际哺乳动物学大会上，种群生态学家 Charles Krebs 在会议上只有一张墙报，墙报内容很简单，很显眼的就是墙报中间那张澳大利亚小家鼠大爆发的黑白图片。在茶歇时间，他的墙报前俨然成了一个学术会场，大家围在他的周围，聆听他的演讲。这就是大学者的影响力，大学者的胸怀和风范。 关于 Robert May 的简历大家可以到网络上查一下，他的那些头衔那一条都不得了。就是这样一位有着显赫地位的大科学家，看不出一点盛气凌人的架势来。 以下信息来源于牛津大学动物学系的网站： Robert, Lord May 简历： l Professorship at Oxford University l Fellow of Merton College, Oxford. l President of The Royal Society (2000-2005), l Chief Scientific Adviser to the UK Government and Head of the UK Office of Science and Technology (1995-2000). l Member of the UK Government’s Climate Change Committee (an independent body established by the Climate Change Bill, to advise on targets and means of achieving them), l Non-Executive Director of the UK Defense Science Technology Laboratories l Chaired the Trustees of the Natural History Museum. His career includes l Personal Chair in Physics at Sydney University aged 33 l Class of 1877 Professor of Zoology l Chairman of the Research Board at Princeton, l Move to Britain and Oxford as Royal Society Research Professor in 1988. 研究兴趣 : l How populations are structured and respond to change, particularly with respect to infectious diseases and biodiversity; l The structure and dynamics of ecosystems (and – more recently – other networks, such as banking systems), with particular emphasis on their response to disturbance, natural or human-created 荣誉： l He was awarded a Knighthood in 1996, and appointed a Companion of the Order of Australia in 1998, both for “Services to Science”. l In 2001 he was one of the first 15 Life Peers created by the “House of Lords Appointments Commission”, which was established as an independent mechanism for appointing non-party-political Peers following the removal of the voting rights of hereditary Peers. l In 2002, The Queen appointed him to the Order of Merit (the fifth Australian in its 100-year history). l His many honors include: the Royal Swedish Academy’s Crafoord Prize (bioscience and ecology’s equivalent of a Nobel Prize); l the Swiss-Italian Balzan Prize (for “seminal contributions to biodiversity”); l Japanese Blue Planet Prize (“for developing fundamental tools for ecological conservation planning”). l Foreign Member of the US National Academy of Sciences, l Overseas Fellow of the Australian Academy of Sciences, l Honorary Fellow of the Royal Academy of Engineering l In 2007 he received the Royal Society’s Copley Medal its oldest (1731) and most prestigious award, given annually for “outstanding achievements in research in any branch of science”. 代表作： May, R.M. McLean, A.R. (Eds). (2007) Theoretical Ecology: Principles and Applications. Oxford University Press, Oxford. Pp. 257 + ix May, R.M. (2004) Uses and abuses of mathematics in biology. Science, 303, 790-793 May, R.M. (2006) Network structure and the biology of populations. TREE, 21 No.7 July, 394-400 Hsieh, C-h., Reiss, C.S., Hunter, J.R., Beddington, J.R., May, R.M Sugihara, G. (2006). Fishing elevates variability in the abundance of exploited species. Nature, 443, 859-862 May, R.M., Sugihara, G Levin, S.A. (2008). Ecology for Bankers Nature, 451, 893-895 R May 主持青年报告专题 R May 在专题会议上做报告。左上方屏幕下面是他的西服。 R May 走进听众席，回答代表的问题。
The Adventures of Augie March by Saul Bellow All the King’s Men by Robert Penn Warren American Pastoral by Philip Roth An American Tragedy by Theodore Dreiser Animal Farm by George Orwell Appointment in Samarra by John O’Hara Are You There God? It’s Me, Margaret by Judy Blume The Assistant by Bernard Malamud At Swim-Two-Birds by Flann O’Brien Atonement by Ian McEwan Beloved by Toni Morrison The Berlin Stories by Christopher Isherwood The Big Sleep by Raymond Chandler The Blind Assassin by Margaret Atwood Blood Meridian by Cormac McCarthy Brideshead Revisited by Evelyn Waugh The Bridge of San Luis Rey by Thornton Wilder Call It Sleep by Henry Roth Catch-22 by Joseph Heller The Catcher in the Rye by J.D. Salinger A Clockwork Orange by Anthony Burgess The Confessions of Nat Turner by William Styron The Corrections by Jonathan Franzen The Crying of Lot 49 by Thomas Pynchon A Dance to the Music of Time by Anthony Powell The Day of the Locust by Nathanael West Death Comes for the Archbishop by Willa Cather A Death in the Family by James Agee The Death of the Heart by Elizabeth Bowen Deliverance by James Dickey Dog Soldiers by Robert Stone Falconer by John Cheever The French Lieutenant’s Woman by John Fowles The Golden Notebook by Doris Lessig Go Tell it on the Mountain by James Baldwin Gone With the Wind by Margaret Mitchell The Grapes of Wrath by John Steinbeck Gravity’s Rainbow by Thomas Pynchon The Great Gatsby by F. Scott Fitzgerald A Handful of Dust by Evelyn Waugh The Heart Is A Lonely Hunter by Carson McCullers The Heart of the Matter by Graham Greene Herzog by Saul Bellow Housekeeping by Marilynne Robinson A House for Mr. Biswas by V.S. Naipaul I, Claudius by Robert Graves Infinite Jest by David Foster Wallace Invisible Man by Ralph Ellison Light in August by William Faulkner The Lion, The Witch and the Wardrobe by C.S. Lewis Lolita by Vladimir Naboko Lord of the Flies by William Golding The Lord of the Rings by J.R.R. Tolkein Silmarillion Loving by Henry Green Lucky Jim by Kingsley Amis The Man Who Loved Children by Christina Stead Midnight's Children by Salman Rushdie Money by Martin Amis The Moviegoer by Walker Percy Mrs. Dalloway by Virginia Woolf Naked Lunch by William Burroughs Native Son by Richard Wright Neuromancer by William Gibson Never Let Me Go by Kazuo Ishiguro 1984 by George Orwell On the Road by Jack Kerouac One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest by Ken Kesey The Painted Bird by Jerzy Kosinski Pale Fire by Vladimir Nabokov A Passage to India by E.M. Forster Play It As It Lays by Joan Didion Portnoy's Complaint by Philip Roth Posession by A.S. Byatt The Power and the Glory by Graham Greene The Prime of Miss Jean Brodie by Muriel Spark Rabbit, Run by John Updike Ragtime by E.L. Doctorow The Recognitions by William Gaddis Red Harvest by Dashiell Hammett Revolutionary Road by Richard Yates The Sheltering Sky by Paul Bowles Slaughterhouse-Five by Kurt Vonnegut Snow Crash by Neal Stephenson The Sot-Weed Factor by John Barth The Sound and the Fury by William Faulkner The Sportswriter by Richard Ford The Spy Who Came in From the Cold by John LeCarre The Sun Also Rises by Ernest Hemingway Their Eyes Were Watching Godby Zora Neale Hurston Things Fall Apart by Chinua Achebe To Kill a Mockingbird by Harper Lee To the Lighthouse by Virginia Woolf Tropic of Cancer by Henry Miller Ubik by Philip K. Dick Under the Net by Iris Murdoch Under the Volcano by Malcolm Lowrey Watchmen by Alan Moore Dave Gibbons White Noise by Don DeLillo White Teeth by Zadie Smith Wide Sargasso Sea by Jean Rhys
Iman Marvian1, 2 and Robert W. Spekkens1 1Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada N2L 2Y5 2Institute for Quantum Computing, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada N2L 3G1 (Dated: May 11, 2011) The asymmetry properties of a state relative to some symmetry group specify how and to what extent the given symmetry is broken by the state. Characterizing these is found to be surprisingly useful for addressing a very common problem: to determine what follows from a systems dynamics (possibly open) having that symmetry. We demonstrate and exploit the fact that the asymmetry properties of a state can also be understood in terms of information-theoretic concepts. We show that for a pure state and a symmetry group G, they are completely specified by the characteristic function of the state, defined as (g) ≡ h |U(g)| i where g ∈ G and U is the unitary representation of interest. Based on this observation, we study several important problems about the interconver- sion of pure states under symmetric dynamics such as determining the conditions for reversible transformations, deterministic irreversible transformations and asymptotic transformations. 1105 1816v1
Fernando G.S.L. Brand˜ao,1, 2 Micha l Horodecki,3, 4 Jonathan Oppenheim,5 Joseph M. Renes,6, 7 and Robert W. Spekkens8 1Departamento de Fısica, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil 2Centre for Quantum Technologies, National University of Singapore, Singapore 3Institute for Theoretical Physics and Astrophysics, University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland 4National Quantum Information Centre of Gdansk, Sopot, Poland 5Department of Applied Mathematics and Theoretical Physics, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom 6Institut f¨ur Angewandte Physik, TU Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany 7Institut f¨ur Theoretische Physik, ETH Zurich, Z¨urich, Switzerland 8Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics, Waterloo, Canada (Dated: November 17, 2011) The ideas of thermodynamics have proved fruitful in the setting of quantum information theory, in particular the notion that when the allowed transformations of a system are restricted, certain states of the system become useful resources with which one can prepare previously inaccessible states. The theory of entanglement is perhaps the best-known and most well-understood resource theory in this sense. Here we return to the basic questions of thermodynamics using the formalism of resource theories developed in quantum information theory and show that the free energy of thermodynamics emerges naturally from the resource theory of energy-preserving transformations. Specifically, the free energy quantifies the amount of useful work which can be extracted from asymptotically-many copies of a quantum system when using only reversible energy-preserving transformations and a thermal bath at fixed temperature. The free energy also quantifies the rate at which resource states can be reversibly interconverted asymptotically, provided that a sublinear amount of coherent superposition over energy levels is available, a situation analogous to the sublinear amount of classical communication required for entanglement dilution. 1111 3882v1
From: Robert L. Byer, President, American Physical Society To: Members of the American Physical Society Re: URGENT CONGRESSIONAL ACTION NEEDED TO AVERT STEEP BUDGET REDUCTIONS THE ISSUE On January 1st, 2013, absent congressional action, automatic, across-the-board federal spending cuts of 8 to 9% will take effect. The cuts will apply to both defense spending and non-defense discretionary domestic spending, including science research and education. Entitlement programs, including Social Security and Medicaid are exempt. The automatic cuts, or sequestrations, are mandated by the 2011 Budget Control Act (BCA), because the Joint Select Committee on Deficit Reduction (the "Supercommittee") failed to agree to a $1.2 trillion deficit-reduction package. To avoid sequestration, Congress must act in the current "Lame Duck" session or retroactively repair the damage after the 113th Congress convenes in January. The Department of Energy Office of Science would lose $400 million; NSF, $586 million; NASA Science $417 million; and NIH, $2.52 billion. It would mean staff furloughs, a significant reduction in operating time for user facilities, and a reduction in new NSF grants by as much as one-third. ACTION REQUIRED It is imperative that you convey to your Senators and members of Congress the impact of the sequester before the January 1st deadline in order to encourage progress on a deficit reduction package that takes a balanced approach to the debt problem. I ask that you call the offices of your Senators and members of Congress directly using the following suggested points: . It is important that the United States get its fiscal house in order. A balanced approach is required. . Investments in scientific research lead to innovation and sustainable economic growth. . Science and technology are key drivers in economic growth . Historically, scientific research has enjoyed bipartisan support. Please note that I may ask you to repeat this message in January if Congress fails to address the issue in the lame duck session. To find contact information for your Senator: Go to www.senate.gov . In the upper right-hand corner, click in the drop-down box and select your home state. The next page will provide you with telephone numbers for each of your Senators' Washington, DC offices. To find contact information for your member of Congress: Go to www.house.gov . In the upper right-hand corner, under "Find your Representative", enter your home zip code and click "Go". The next page will provide the name of your member. Click on the member's name and you will be directed to his or her homepage. Scroll to the bottom of that page to get to the Washington, D.C. and district office phone numbers. You can place your call to either one, but we recommend calling the Washington office. To stop receiving email from APS, click on the link below. http://ultron.aps.org/cgi-bin/scrconf?MID=61111835UNIT=APSOPA=-1
http://www.ks.uiuc.edu/Research/namd/mailing_list/namd-l.2011-2012/0437.html Re: VMD inorganic builder plugin From: Robert Brunner ( rbrunner_at_illinois.edu ) Date: Thu Mar 17 2011 - 14:17:48 CDT Next message: Branko: "GBIS and ABF" Previous message: Chris Harrison: "Re: New NAMD version 2011-03-03 uses" In reply to: dota alexiou: "VMD inorganic builder plugin" Messages sorted by: The VMD distribution currently contains experimental parameters for amorphous silica, crystalline SiO2, and crystalling Si3N4. These parameters were used for particular projects in the TCB group, and may or may not be suitable for other types of simulations. The plugin does not include parameters for other material types. Robert On Mar 17, 2011, at 5:36 AM, dota alexiou wrote: Hello. I have a question about the inorganic builder plugin in VMD. In the tutorial it says: (Task menu/Build device) : ''Save par file: For some material types,the plugin includes a parameter file in the CHARMM format which may be appropriate for some simulations..." Which are these materials for which i can use NAMD-VMD a parameter file already exsist also the CHARMM FF i use through NAMD can perform the calculations??? .."for some simulations??"...i guess the simulations of an inorganic material combined with proteins,needs to add new parameters in CHARMM FF?thank u! ---------------------------------------------- Robert Brunner rbrunner_at_illinois.edu 217-333-7677
今年的诺贝尔化学奖授予Brian K. Kobilka及其前导师Robert J. Lefkowitz,他们的贡献是对于G蛋白偶联受体（GPCR）的研究。其中Brian K. Kobilka于世界上首次解析了人GPCR肾上腺受体的结构，又于去年解析了GPCR与G蛋白异源三聚体的复合物的结构，到此，GPCR的生化、分子及结构研究终获圆满！诺贝尔化学奖是时候颁发了！ 由于施一公的努力（猜测，很可能），今年四月份，Brian K. Kobilka受聘于清华大学客座教授。报道见 http://news.tsinghua.edu.cn/publish/news/4205/2012/20120418115554189814495/20120418115554189814495_.html 。新闻报道中说：Kobilka表示， 非常荣幸能成为清华大学这座知名学府的一员 ，感谢清华大学对自己的支持和认可。他介绍了在GPCRs领域的最新工作成果，希望可以在彼此科研力量结合下，优势互补，共同做出新的突破。 今年的诺贝尔化学奖可以算清华大学的一个成果吗？ 【小插曲：今年我去清华大学生命学院参加那个LCP workshop.其间，去二楼溜达，在浏览颜宁老师办公室外的各位PI的简介时，发现Kobilka和他的夫人回来了，然后我就上前去问了Kobilka 教授两个问题：其中一个是为什么还没有解析嗅觉受体的结构呢？同时他的夫人在开“高仿学者”的门，直到问题讨论结束，门也没打开。然后我上前帮忙，左拧右拧才打开了。颜老师，这是怎么回事呢？】
Robert J. Lefkowitz Brian K. Kobilka The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2012 was awarded jointly to Robert J. Lefkowitz and Brian K. Kobilka "for studies of G-protein-coupled receptors" Greetings to the 2012 Nobel Laureates in Chemistry TO CITE THIS PAGE: MLA style: "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2012". Nobelprize.org. 10 Oct 2012 http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/2012/ ARTICLE CHEMISTRY The Nobel Prize in Chemistry Read more about the Nobel Prize in Chemistry and the development of modern chemistry RECOMMENDED: THE NOBEL PRIZE APP EVENTS 2012 NOBEL WEEK DIALOGUE The Genetic Revolution and its Impact on Society A new free event on 9 December with discussions on genetics and genomics FOLLOW US Youtube Facebook Twitter Nobelprize.org Monthly RSS 2012年诺贝尔化学奖：G蛋白偶联受体 两位美国科学家因研究细胞膜表面受体的突出贡献，分享2012年诺贝尔化学奖。 2012年诺贝尔化学奖被授予两位美国科学家：罗伯特•莱夫科维茨（Robert J. Lefkowitz）和布莱恩•科比尔卡（Brian Kobilka），以表彰他们在G蛋白偶联受体（G-protein-coupled receptors，GPCRs）研究上所做的突出贡献。G蛋白偶联受体是环境信息进入细胞内部的门户，并触发细胞内一系列响应。大约半数药物通过G蛋白偶联受体产生效应。 背景解析：细胞表面的灵巧受体 数十亿细胞精密地协调工作，构成了你的身体。每个细胞通过微小的受体感知环境，以适应新情况。罗伯特•莱夫科维茨和布莱恩•科比尔卡对这类受体中的重要一族——G蛋白偶联受体——取得了突破性的研究成果，因此获得2012年诺贝尔化学奖。 长期以来，细胞如何感知环境一直是个迷。科学家早已知道，肾上腺素（adrenalin）等激素可以产生显著的效果：提升血压、加速心跳。他们怀疑，在细胞表面有这些激素的某种接收器。但在20世纪的大部分时间里，人们并不清楚这些接收器由什么组成，以及它们如何工作。 1968年，莱夫科维茨开始利用放射性同位素追踪这些受体。他将碘同位素结合到多种激素上，然后通过观测同位素的放射性，他发现了若干种受体，包括一种肾上腺素受体即β-肾上腺素受体（β-adrenergic receptor）。他的研究团队从细胞膜上提取到这种受体并初步阐明其工作机制。 在1980年代，该研究团队取得了下一个重大突破。新加入的科比尔卡开始尝试从庞大的人类基因组中分离出编码β-肾上腺素受体的基因。为此，他采用了一种创造性的方法，并由此获得成功。研究人员在分析β-肾上腺素受体基因的同时，发现这种受体与眼睛中捕获光线的一种受体相似。这使他们意识到存在一大类受体，它们结构相似并以同样的方式实现功能。 这就是我们今天所知的“G蛋白偶联受体”，对应大约一千个基因。这些受体种类繁多，感受对象涵盖光、味道、气味、肾上腺素、组织胺（histamine）、多巴胺（dopamine）和血清素（serotonin，即5-羟色胺）等。大约半数的药物通过G蛋白偶联受体产生效用。 莱夫科维茨和科比尔卡的研究对于我们认识G蛋白偶联受体的功能有重要贡献。在2011年，科比尔卡取得又一突破。他和他的研究团队成功地捕获到β-肾上腺素受体被一个激素分子激活并向细胞内传递信号的瞬间图像。这幅图像本身就是分子研究的杰作——数十年探索的结晶。
第二次世界大战期间，许多科学家遭到了不同程度的破害或残害。所以当时也有许多科学家为了避免监狱里的摧残，事先准备好了“应急措施”。 对晶体化学做出卓越贡献挪威地球化学家Goldschmidt就是其中一位。那时他随身带着一粒氰化物胶囊，以备被捕后使用。 当一位狱友（同监狱的一位力学教授）向他索要一粒氰化物胶囊时，他回答说：这种毒胶囊只供化学教授用来结束自己的生命，而作为力学教授的您应该选用绳索来解决问题。 瞧，这才是科学家的性格与幽默！ （from 《THE COMING OF MATERIALS SCIENCE》 by Robert W. Cahn）
For the sake of privacy protection, I have deleted those sentences which are personal enough to leak the author's information. The original post: It was recently explained to me by a professor at XX College that the poem by Robert Frost, The Road Not Taken, was meant to be satirical. He has even been quoted as saying "One stanza of 'The Road Not Taken' was written while I was sitting on a sofa in the middle of England: Was found three or four years later, and I couldn't bear not to finish it. I wasn't thinking about mys elf there, but about a friend who had gone off to war, a person who, whichever road he went, would be sorry he didn't go the other. He was hard on himself that way." That completely made life so much better to hear that. Although I'm sure that whoever decides on the curriculum for American Lit in this country would disagree on this, I really think that when you cover satire in your American Lit. classes from now on, you should tell them this story. It really makes life so much nicer, in a strange, small way. My roommate is reading Socrates (Plato) right now, and she hates it. I don't blame her. Reading Socrates is like sticking your head in a pot of boiling water, and then transferring it to the Potomac. In essence, it is painful. So I told her to read it as satire, and that has made all the difference ; ) My mom asked me if I felt it was better satirically because it really says that you have to make choices and that is the way it is. I said that people always make huge deals about what "the right" decision is in a given situation (not necessarily when it comes to ethics, but just situations where you have to made a decision) ... And, for instance, my decision to ... Those were two decisions that could both be great, and they would probably bring me to two very different places in my life. My calling may have even changed, .... But we can't dwell on one decision as the one that "makes all the difference," because we can't know that. In either case our lives go on. And, unlike literal roads, the other decision doesn't exist once we have chosen a road. Because time is linear, any "going back" would actually still be going forward. And this is why I am glad I ... Because it has helped me to think about things like this o.O Paths cannot be compared. They are just so different. And you cannot see all the consequences of your decisions- even the decision that you made. Because our decisions have such a huge influence on so many different things that I don't think any one decision can be considered to have more of an impact than others. I mean some will obviously be remembered, like Obama becoming president ... But there were so many tiny little decisions made that led up to the large decisions. BTW, I have been taught to live in the present, and to not always live for the future, but to be content where I am. I know this is an important lesson for myself, because so often I sit and think about what the future could be like, when all along I am moving along toward that future, without efforts to live through the present. It's like when you are so excited for the weekend, that you forget to live through the week. Reply from one of her friends: Yeah, I like that explanation of the poem better, I think. That we shouldn't agonize over our decisions and search for "the one right answer" because we will never find it - there is a choice between two good paths, with possibly two completely different endings. But both will lead to a good adventure, ... and we must listen for that. But I agree that it is a bad idea to look back at our life choices and waste our time wondering what our lives would be had we chosen the other path. I mean, it's interesting to speculate a little, but there's a fine line between healthy curiosity and wasting one's time wondering about the past. Reply from another friend: I could not agree with you more on that, you never know what the road not taken would have been like. You never know which road would have made more difference, because you simply cannot compare.
说它重要，是因为最近比较受关注，涉及到转基因。 文章标题：β-Carotene in Golden Rice i s as good as β-carotene in oil at providing vitamin A to children 作者： Guangwen Tang, Yuming Hu, Shi-an Yin, Yin Wang, Gerard E Dallal, Michael A Grusak, and Robert M Russell 作者单位： - Author Affiliations 1From the Carotenoids Health Laboratory, USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, Boston, MA (GT, GED, and RMR); the Hunan Province Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Changsha, China (YH); Maternal Child Nutrition, National Institute for Nutrition and Food Safety, Beijing, China (SY); the Zhejiang Academy of Medical Sciences, Hangzhou, China (YW); the USDA-ARS Children's Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX (MAG); and the Office of Dietary Supplements, NIH, Bethesda, MD (RMR). 项目支持基金： This material is based on work supported by the US Department of Agriculture under Cooperative Agreements 581950-9-001, 58-6250-6-001, and 581950-7-707; by a grant from the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, NIH (NIDDK DK620021); and by a grant on spinach and pure labeled β-carotene from the National Technology Research and Development Program in the 11th Five Year Plan of China (2008BAI58B03). Address correspondence to G Tang, Jean Mayer USDA, Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Tufts University, 711 Washington Street, Boston, MA 02111. E-mail: guangwen.tang@tufts.edu. Abstract Background: Golden Rice (GR) has been genetically engineered to be rich in β-carotene for use as a source of vitamin A.（标题里的Golden Rice） Objective: The objective was to compare the vitamin A value of β-carotene in GR and in spinach with that of pure β-carotene in oil when consumed by children. Design: Children (n = 68; age 6–8 y,这68个都是中国儿童？全文里应该有交待) were randomly assigned to consume GR or spinach (both grown in a nutrient solution containing 23 atom% 2H2O) or β-carotene in an oil capsule. The GR and spinach β-carotene were enriched with deuterium (2H) with the highest abundance molecular mass (M) at Mβ-C+2H10. Retinyl acetate in an oil capsule was administered as a reference dose. Serum samples collected from subjects were analyzed by using gas chromatography electron-capture negative chemical ionization mass spectrometry for the enrichments of labeled retinol: Mretinol+4 (from β-carotene in oil), Mretinol+5 (from GR or spinach β-carotene), and Mretinol+10 (from retinyl acetate). Results: Using the response to the dose of retinyl acetate (0.5 mg) as a reference, our results (with the use of AUC of molar enrichment at days 1, 3, 7, 14, and 21 after the labeled doses) showed that the conversions of pure β-carotene (0.5 mg), GR β-carotene (0.6 mg), and spinach β-carotene (1.4 mg) to retinol were 2.0, 2.3, and 7.5 to 1 by weight, respectively. Conclusions: The β-carotene in GR is as effective as pure β-carotene in oil and better than that in spinach at providing vitamin A to children. A bowl of ∼100 to 150 g cooked GR (50 g dry weight) can provide ∼60% of the Chinese Recommended Nutrient Intake of vitamin A for 6–8-y-old children. This trial was registered at www.clinicaltrials.gov as NCT00680212. 结论：肯定有中国儿童根据实验的安排吃过 Golden Rice。 2009年还有篇类似的文章： Golden Rice is an effective source of vitamin A , 这个研究中用了两男三女，年龄在41-70 . 上述研究应该是这个研究的继续。如果没有遇到这事估计还有第三篇文章，得补齐8-到40这个年龄段的资料。首先发表的文章用了5个志愿者（2009），而后面的研究（2012）用了68个6-8岁的儿童，可能有中国儿童。中国儿童缺VA？ 涉事方之一湖南衡阳调查回应称，江口中心小学接受湖南省疾控中心和中国疾控中心营养与食品安全所委托的课题“植物中类胡萝卜素在儿童体内转化成为维生素A 的效率研究”。湖南疾控中心亦表示，所有原材料全部在当地采购，没有使用转基因大米及任何转基因食品，也未与美国及境外的任何机构发生直接关系（http://news.sciencenet.cn/htmlnews/2012/9/268955.shtm）。 文中的支持项目spinach and pure labeled β-carotene from the National Technology Research and Development Program in the 11th Five Year Plan of China (2008BAI58B03)和 “植物中类胡萝卜素在儿童体内转化成为维生素A 的效率研究”是不是一回事 ？ 江口中心小学的学生是否吃了 Golden Rice?
美国明尼苏达大学骨科Coe A. Wijidicks和Robert F. Laprade等在2010年8月份的Knee Surgery, Sports Traumatology, Arthroscopy（膝关节外科、运动创伤、关节镜杂志）上撰文，提出了在进行膝关节内侧副韧带损伤修复或重建时要注意隐神经的缝匠肌分支。 文中称：在进行膝关节内侧结构修复或重建做手术入路时候要小心避免损伤隐神经的缝匠肌分支。然而，对于膝关节内侧重建，有可能在手术中受伤的相对于体表标志的大致区域在以前的文献中还未见报道。本文的研究目的是阐明隐神经缝匠肌分支相对于内侧副韧带浅层的走行路线。10个非配对、新鲜冷冻尸体膝关节被用于本实验。这10个膝关节没有做被过手术、也没有膝关节疾病。将这10个膝关节解剖来确定这些膝关节的内侧结构。在这10个膝关节上全部确认了隐神经的缝匠肌分支。从关节线以下2厘米的膝关节内侧副韧带浅层前边缘到隐神经的缝匠肌分支的垂直距离是4.8 +/- 0.9 厘米。从关节线以下4厘米的膝关节内侧副韧带浅层前边缘到隐神经的缝匠肌分支的垂直距离是4.1 +/- 0.8 厘米。从关节线以下6厘米的膝关节内侧副韧带浅层前边缘到隐神经的缝匠肌分支的垂直距离是3.8 +/- 0.8 厘米。随着向远端远离膝关节关节线，内侧副韧带浅层前边缘到隐神经的缝匠肌分支的垂直距离在减少。本文确立了在进行膝关节内侧结构修复或重建的时候隐神经缝匠肌分支的相对解剖标志。熟悉这些解剖标志到隐神经缝匠肌分支的相对距离，我们就能够评价术中隐神经缝匠肌分支的容易受损伤的潜在区域。 相关链接： http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19859696 Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 2010 Aug;18(8):1105-9. Epub 2009 Oct 27. Sartorial branch of the saphenous nerve in relation to a medial knee ligament repair or reconstruction . Wijdicks CA , Westerhaus BD , Brand EJ , Johansen S , Engebretsen L , LaPrade RF . Source Orthopaedic Biomechanics Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Minnesota, 2450 Riverside Avenue South, R200, Minneapolis, MN 55454, USA. Abstract Surgical approaches to repair or reconstruct the medial knee structures note caution to avoid the sartorial branch of saphenous nerve . However, the approximate area of potential iatrogenic nerve injury has not been previously described in relation to landmarks for a medial knee reconstruction . The purpose of this study was to define the course of the sartorial branch of the saphenous nerve in relation to the superficial medial collateral ligament . A total of ten non-paired, fresh-frozen cadaveric knees, with no evidence of prior injury or disease were utilized. Dissection to identify the medial knee structures was performed. The sartorial branch of the saphenous nerve was identified in all specimens. The perpendicular distance from the anterior border of the superficial medial collateral ligament 2 cm distal from the joint line to the sartorial branch of the saphenous nerve was 4.8 +/- 0.9 cm. The distance from the anterior border of the superficial medial collateral ligament to the sartorial branch of the saphenous nerve decreased as the distance was increased distally with a mean distance of 4 cm (4.1 +/- 0.8 cm) distal from the joint line and 6 cm (3.8 +/- 0.8 cm) distal from the joint line. We have characterized the surgically relevant landmark anatomy of the sartorial branch of the saphenous nerve in regards to performing a repair or reconstruction of the medial knee structures. Familiarity with these anatomic landmarks and associated distances from the sartorial branch of the saphenous nerve , we can assess the potential area of vulnerability to this nerve branch intraoperatively. 江苏省徐州医学院附属医院骨科 关节镜、 膝关节外科、 骨科运动医学 方向 高绪仁 编译 高绪仁：每天以解决膝关节问题为乐：） 每天努力提高自己的技术和服务水平 不仅仅是解决其膝关节问题，更是给其带来希望、未来和新生！
A Man ' s A Man For A ' That 无论何时都要保持尊严 （是男人还他妈在乎这个？） For A ' That 意思是“for all that" (Robert BurnS是我喜爱的苏格兰诗人，喜爱他有两个重要的原因，一是他代表了出身平民的苏格兰的一种气节；同时，也表现的才华横溢。“A Man's A Man For A' that" 可直译为“不管怎么讲，男人总应该是男人”又通常被中国人翻译为“无论如何都要保持尊严”。我情愿在此把它翻译为“是男人还他妈在乎这个？”（主要疏解内心的愤懑！）。这首诗歌深受西方人的喜爱，特别是在苏格兰，曾被看作可代替国歌的歌曲。因此，他理所当然地成了彭斯的代表作之一，主要表达了诗人的社会平等思想；和自由主义思想，也是19世纪社会主义思想的象征。） Is there for honest poverty That hings his head, an' a ' that ? The coward slave, we pass him by （胆小的奴才，我们无需搭理） We dare be poor for a ' that ! （我们敢于贫穷！） For a ' that , an' a ' that , Our toils obscure, an' a ' that ; The rank is but the guinea' s stamp, The man ' s the gowd(=gold) for a ' that . What though on hamely fare we dine, Wear hoddin grey, an' a ' that ? Gie(给这些傻B) fools their silks, and knaves their wine-- A man ' s a man for a ' that . (男人还他妈在乎那个？） For a ' that , an' a ' that , Their tinsel(华而不实）show, an' a ' that , The honest man , tho' e'er sae poor(though ever so poor), Is king o' men (King of Men) for a ' that . Ye see yon(yongder) birkie(别看那些傻B神气的样子), ca'd(called) a lord, Wha(who) struts, an' stares, an' a ' that ? Thou' hundreds worship at his word, （尽管他一呼百应） He' s but a coof(他只不过是一个蠢货) for a ' that . For a ' that , an' a ' that , His ribband(绶带), star, an' a ' that , The man o' independent mind, （男人的独立的头脑） He looks and laughs at a ' that . A prince can mak a belted knight(封爵), A marquis（侯爵）, duke（公爵）, an' a ' that ! But an honest man ' s aboon his might(这里的aboon=above) Guid faith,(=good faith) he mauna fa' that (=he must not claim that ) ! For a ' that , an' a ' that , Their dignities, an' a ' that , The pith o' sense(真知灼见的力量) an' pride o' worth,(这本是值得哥自豪的品格) Are higher rank than a ' that . （难道还有比这更他妈高贵的吗？！） Then let us pray that come it may(那么让我都他妈为这祈祷！), As come it will(那它必成现实！) for a ' that , That Sense and Worth, o'er a ' the earth, Shall bear the gree(=赢得胜利), an' a ' that ! For a ' that , an' a ' that , It' s comin(=coming) yet for a ' that , (这一切都将成为既定事实） That man to man , the world o'er, Shall brithers(=brother, 难道哥们儿还他妈在乎这些？) be for a ' that .
The Department of Economics and Robert Wood Johnson Foundation (RWJF) Center for Health Policy at the University of New Mexico invite applications for a one-year postdoctoral position, to begin August 2012. Contingent on award of funds, the successful candidate will participate in a NSF Science of Science and Innovation Policy (SciSIP) grant-funded research project to assess the efficiency and productivity of federal biomedical research investments. Applicants with strong backgrounds in public economics and quantitative methods, particularly econometric methods for panel count data, will be preferred. This project is a cross-disciplinary, cross-institution collaboration with Dr. David Newman at the University of California – Irvine, and will combine economic analysis with state-of-the-art methods from statistical machine learning, to assess the relative efficiency and efficacy of research and development expenditures across the U.S. National Institutes of Health (NIH) portfolio of extramural projects. The project's novel combination of econometrics, topic modeling, and document classification will permit analysis of massive collections of grant abstracts and scientific publications, identification of latent research topics present in NIH-funded research, assessment of possible spillover effects across research topics, and evaluation of causal linkages between changes in NIH funding by research topic and scientific advances. Our planned research also includes refinement of existing economic theory to produce normative evaluations of the allocation of public research spending. Applicants must have earned a PhD in the past two years (2010-2012), with demonstrable commitment to excellence in research and teaching. Candidates with related research interests in health economics and policy may be eligible for a joint appointment through the RWJF Center. Depending on candidate's interests, opportunities may also arise to teach one or more courses in the department's undergraduate economics program. To apply, please submit a letter of interest, CV, names of three references (with contact information including current email address), and 1 or 2 research papers by May 15, 2012, via email to healthsr@unm.edu . At least one of the papers should be sole-authored, to serve as a writing sample. Letters of reference should be sent directly by their writers to the same email address, with the applicant's first and last name in the subject line.
Now close the windows Robert Frost Now close the windows and hush all the fields: 现在就关上窗子，让周围安静 If the trees must, let them silently toss; 如果树林也必需静下来，那让它们慢慢地摇 No bird is singing now, and if there is, 鸟们现在也不再歌唱？如果还有鸟留下来？ Be it my loss. 那么，请我的失落重新回来 It will be long ere the marshes resume, 我的失落出现在那湿地形成之前 It will be long ere the earliest bird: 它甚至先于那些古老的鸟儿而生 So close the windows and not hear the wind,因此关上窗子吧！不要再听那风声 But see all wind-stirred. 但观它们被风卷起在空中
在材料科学领域，控制聚合物的结构形态以达到某种预设的性质或特征，一直是一个重要的研究目标。 一支来自美国GIT（the California Institute of Technology）的，由Robert H. Grubbs教授领衔的研究团队，挑战了这一难题，成功合成了一种大环有机纳米结构。论文在线发表在2011年5月的 Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 期刊上（2009年IF=11.848）。 他们从各种各样的大单体（macromonomers）出发，利用一种能够促进环扩张转位聚合（ring expansion metathesis polymerization，REMP）的钌基催化剂（如下图），制备出了超高分子量的环形刷子聚合物（cyclic brush polymers，CBPs）。产物用静态LS及GPC-LS作了表征，同时用AFM技术进行了成像测定，表明直径大约有100-180 nm大小。 Reference : Synthesis and Direct Imaging of Ultrahigh Molecular Weight Cyclic Brush Polymers , Yan Xia, Andrew J. Boydston, Robert H. Grubbs, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2011 . DOI: 10.1002/anie.201101860
Lessons Learned from Robert Maxwell’s International Fraud Case California CPA magazine: January/February 2008 Damien B.M. English Brian D. Rowbotham, principal with Rowbotham Company LLC, spent 14 years investigating the international fraud case of Robert Ian Maxwell. Maxwell was born in Czechoslovakia, changed his name three times, and was dubbed the “Bouncing Czech” by British tabloids because he managed to embezzle more than 1 billion in British pounds dur-ing his professional career. It started with Maxwell Communication Corporation, which became the flagship enterprise for his numerous ventures— most with questionable beginnings. Immediately after his death in 1991, a number of Maxwell’s loans went into default, forcing his public and private enterprises into bankruptcy. It turned out that embezzled funds were used to acquire investments and set up an illegal share support scheme. While the big banks recovered most of their loans, the professional advisers and bankers hired by Maxwell didn’t have a high success rate. The following QA with Rowbotham details his experiences with the case, as well as provides some lessons learned. Q: Describe your entrée into the Maxwell case. How would you describe working on such a high-profile assignment? A: After Maxwell’s corporate empire went into bankruptcy, there were private and institutional creditors for public compa-nies and subsidiaries in Europe and the U.S.; privately owned companies; U.K. pen-sion plans; and private foundations. In total, assets were approximately $2 billion and liabilities $4 billion. Initially, Price Waterhouse, (now PwC), was in charge of the investigation and bankruptcy proceedings for Arthur Andersen (post-Enron and EY), Robson Rhodes (London) and Rowbotham. Initially, there was in excess of 200 professionals working on the Maxwell fraud and bank-ruptcy actions in the U.K. in the early 1990s. We were referred by an international bank due to the firm’s international experience. Maxwell commingled the funds of all groups, in part to deceive the auditors and outside regulators. We had many meetings with representatives of the other creditor groups, and we all had to work cooperatively to determine how and where the missing funds were misappropriated. There were intense negotiations over the ownership of assets in the various groups since each firm represented a different creditor group. Working on the engagement was a challenge due to constant negotiations. On one occasion, I flew to New York with our European counsel to meet with a law firm that had assisted Maxwell with past acqui-sitions. The law firm had documents that would help with our tracing of the funds. After they escorted us to a large conference room with several partners, instead of giving us documents as promised, they served us with a summons. Unknown to us, they had filed a lawsuit against Maxwell companies for back fees since I was representing several companies that had still owed the law firm. In New York, a lawyer has a lien over original client documents if their fees are not paid, a quaint New York custom to say the least. I recall a meeting in London where all the parties had to discuss and agree on how to divide the proceeds from the sale of one of the Maxwell companies. Title was clouded so each party came with their own documents to prove ownership. The lead British attorney for one of the creditor groups had a very confrontational manner. There were huge egos arguing over huge sums. The British negotiate with great theatrics, which most Americans find uncomfortable. Over time, negotiations became a routine and the intimidation tactics became less upsetting and more entertaining and predictable. We also crossed swords with the British barristers defending Ian and Kevin Maxwell against criminal charges. They hired the top white-collar criminal defense firms in London. Because the barristers would not help us with docu-ment requests, we likewise would not assist them. The key things I learned during these negotiations included: • Do your homework so nobody can shake your confidence about the facts. • Try to map out the outcome you want. • Don’t take things personally and try to be pleasant and cooperative. • However, if someone is inappropriate with their comments, feel free to shoot back; doing nothing encourages disrespect. In negotiations, the worst thing you can do to the other party is to walk out. We did this in one instance and attitudes immediately turned around. • When you’re heading into lengthy negotiations, there’s safety in numbers. If negotiations last several days, you’ll tire out, and those with bigger teams will wear you down and prevail. • In negotiations where several parties are involved, it’s impor-tant to include everyone in the process. If someone is bypassed or not copied on key correspondence, you can bet that they will throw a wrench into the works to make the point that they can’t be overlooked. • Do the best you can. Q: What was it like working with forensic accountants and legal advisers in other countries? A: Cultural differences played a big part in the process. Working with French lawyers turned out to be very time con-suming and a lot of patience was required. Americans tend to want to move quickly. In general, the French don’t like the way Americans work. I would define the French lawyers as more of a society unto themselves not withstanding the urgent needs of the clients. During litigations against large law firms in New York there was a tendency for shouting and intimidation tactics similar to the British. Since the fraud was principally committed in the U.K., most of the work took place in London. In the U.K., accounting firms are generally appointed to oversee bankruptcy actions. They have a similar role as a U.S. trustee in bankruptcy in the U.S., but with a much broader range of duties. As a result, the insolvency practices in the U.K. are very profitable. Q: It seemed Robert Maxwell had enough money to transcend the rules. Why is that able to happen and can it be stopped? A: Maxwell was able to manipulate people and institutions with a variety of tactics. • He was a physically large and intimidating person. • He was extremely confident and grand with his style. • He was viewed as being very successful because he courted others who were successful. • He hired the same professionals and used the same investment bankers, so professional fees were inducements to look the other way. • He confused people with elaborate holding structures and by using companies with similar names. This tactic was similarly used with Enron where the analysts didn’t understand the numbers. • Maxwell had complete control of cash transactions where fraud was being committed. • Lack of internal controls was a huge problem. Had auditors and regulators insisted on changes, the magnitude of the fraud would have been less devastating. • Warning signs of problems went unheeded. People don’t want to rock the boat. Q: You quote the Department of Trade and Industry as saying that both the audit and the regulatory functions failed in this case “due to poorly trained staff.” Is this a problem specific to this case, or more widely spread? A: Government agencies are strapped for proper resources and there is often turnover of more experienced people. To some extent, they need to rely on independent accountants, however, accountants don’t audit for fraud. Q: What, in your opinion, has been SOX’s impact oncurbing fraud? Is there something missing in theseefforts? A: The following is effective: 1. Boards more involved with audit process. 2. Diversification of advisers. 3. Lawsuits keep accounting firms on the watch, such as when it comes to internal policing. 4. Rotating partner responsibility on large jobs. 5. Criminal sanctions for executive officers. Ineffective under SOX includes: 1. Audit committee members are not chosen by the board. The CEO and CFO still select audit committee members for the board to approve, so the audit committees are still friends of the executive team. 2. Audit committee members are supposed to be independent under SOX. However, many audit committee members still own options or company shares. Q: What do CPAs need to consider in terms of fraud? What advice would you give them? A: Experience in past engagements on high-pressure jobs with competing interests and not being afraid to ask tough questions is helpful. Q: How have the roles of corporate gatekeepers, such as controllers, CFOs, internal CPAs, etc. changed as a result of the various corporate accounting scandals and resulting regulations? A: The ultimate victims of major frauds are often the employees of the defrauded companies. Careers and finances of many mid- and senior-level employees can be destroyed for life. Big frauds are orchestrated at the top for the benefit of the owners or senior management, not for the employees. The biggest defense may be an educated workforce, so employees are their own watchdogs. Damien B.M. English is CalCPA’s managing editor. You can reach him at damien.english@calcpa.org . http://www.calcpa.org/Content/24898.aspx
Laptops, workstations, PlayStations, iPhones--they would all be impossible without Robert Dennard's invention of DRAM By Sally Adee/May 2009 PHOTO: David Yellen Ask Robert Dennard about the invention of DRAM, and he will probably do three things. First, he will show you the patent notebooks IBM encouraged its inventors to keep, which hold all his ideas about dynamic random-access memory, meticulously dated and witnessed by other people, ”to make sure we had proof of our inventions.” He stores these pristine notebooks in an armoire under a wall crowded with his awards. Second, he will spend half an hour showing you how he had the revolutionary idea of substituting a single transistor and a single capacitor for the memory technology then being usedmagnetic rings, like miniature Cheerios, each of which stored one bit based on the polarity of its magnetic field. He will draw the circuit diagram for the one-transistor DRAM, including every amplifier, data line, and inverter. Finally, he will comment on a certain online article that suggests that Intel engineers, rather than Dennard and IBM, should be credited with the invention of DRAM. Intel released a three-transistor DRAM in 1970, three years after Dennard entered the one-transistor DRAM into his patent notebook. The misattribution annoys Dennard to no end: ”They asked someone from Intel who worked on the chip, ’Did you invent DRAM?’ And he said, ’We don’t care about inventions. We care about products.’ ” Dennard pauses. ”A lot of people think Intel invented DRAM, because they were the first to come out with something labeled dynamic RAM,” he says. Just about everywhere else, Dennard is credited as the father of DRAM, and for that achievement he is being awarded this year’s IEEE Medal of Honor. The wrestling over who gets credit is no hopelessly irrelevant teapot tempest. Random-access memory inhabits pretty much everything that has electrons coursing through it: your laptop, car, game console, digital camera, and cellphone. The amount of RAM in these devices might even be taken as a kind of shorthand for their approximate level of performance. That’s because ever-increasing memory capacity is one of the key factors driving the evolution of most electronics. Semiconductor memory is now a large extended familyincluding EEPROM (electrically erasable programmable read-only memory) and NAND flasheach category with different drawbacks and benefits. But dynamic random-access memory is an important ancestor. ”Random access” means what it says: A microprocessor can withdraw any stored ”word” (8 bits of data) from this memory in any order. In Dennard’s one-transistor DRAM, each bit of data is stored separately inside its own capacitor. A single transistor controls both reading and writing. A charged capacitor means ”1,” and an uncharged capacitor means ”0.” The word dynamic in the name derives from the fact that the act of reading the bit discharges it and it must be rewritten back into memory. A capacitor’s charge eventually wanes, so the memory must be reinfused with fresh charge several times per second to prevent it from losing information. That fact led one researcher to joke that Dennard had won prestigious awards not for his invention but rather for having the temerity to refer to such a thing as ”memory.” Amazingly, in an industry defined by its constant advances and compulsory forward movement, the one-transistor DRAM has endured for 40 years. In 1958, when Dennard walked into IBM’s still-unfinished Thomas J. Watson Research Center for his first day at work, he didn’t know exactly how a transistor worked. In those days, not too many engineers actually did. Dennard, fresh out of Pittsburgh’s Carnegie Institute of Technology (now Carnegie Mellon University), had just earned a Ph.D. in electrical engineering after completing undergraduate and master’s work in EE at Southern Methodist University, in Dallas. But what he recalls most fondly is his first educational experience, one from a bygone era. ”At the National Inventor’s Hall of Fame, a bunch of us guysall very successfulwere having a conversation, and we found out that all of us went to one-room schoolhouses,” he says. ”That was the common denominator.” Growing up in a 5000-person farm community near the Louisiana border of Texas, that’s all there was. No Baby Einstein classes for Dennard, no Mozart symphonies on a phonograph. The Depression was just ending; his community hadn’t been electrified. ”We survived just fine,” he says, adding that the secret to his success was that he had a lot of spare time as a child. ”I learned everything very slowly and concentrated deeply,” he recalls. In those days, he wasn’t interested in science or engineering at all. ”I had a crystal radio,” he declares, ”but I never got that thing to work.” What he loved was science fiction; he devoured old anthologies that included authors like Edgar Rice Burroughs and H.G. Wells. ”One story really influenced me,” he recalls. ”It was about probability.” The short story, ”Inflexible Logic,” by Russell Maloney, was published in 1940. To test the theory that patterns would emerge out of randomness, a man assembled six monkeys and set them to typing, to see if they would come up with anything rational or intelligible. After quite a short time, the monkeys began to write some very familiar prose. The man shared the results with his friend, a professor. ”And the monkey was coming up with great stuff, and was walking around scratching his head and thinking, It couldn’t have happened so soon.” Dennard pauses and laughs uproariously. ”So he shoots the monkey!” Science fiction was as close as he got to an interest in science until he took physics classes at SMU, which he attended on a dual academic/band scholarship as a French horn player. He liked his physics classes, particularly the emerging field of semiconductor physicsso much so that he decided to pursue a doctorate in electrical engineering, which was then an interesting discipline that in some ways hadn’t quite found itself. ”I had some advanced physics courses, solid-state materials, and so forth,” he says, ”but I still didn’t understand exactly how a transistor operated.” Armed with his Ph.D., he followed some friends to IBM, which was on a research-scientist hiring binge. He figured he’d stay for a few years. Fifty-one years later, he’s still there. He started as a staff engineer in the applied research group, studying what were then brand-new metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistor (MOSFET) designs and circuit applications. Then one day in the fall of 1966, he attended an internal IBM Research review conference. One project was an attempt to commercialize magnetic core memory, the standard at the time. The magnetic rings were strung together on a mesh of wire, forming a grid perhaps 30 centimeters on a side. ”The truth is, it probably wouldn’t have worked,” Dennard says. ”But it looked good. It was still big, but they had put lots of bits in there.” Dennard went home that night wondering if he could replace the magnetic ring with a small capacitor to store charge. So for the next couple of months he worked on the problem every day and every night. ”The first thing I did was put a transistor in series with a capacitor. Then you could write the charge into the capacitor and turn it off.” But how to read it? After months of hair pulling, Dennard was seized with his great eureka moment: a single field-effect transistor and data line could both read and write the charge stored in the capacitor. So in 1967 he detailed his invention in his standard-issue IBM patent notebook, and so was born the one-transistor dynamic random-access memory. DRAM, like almost all great inventions, has many fathers. Three years before Dennard drew his circuit diagram in his notebook, fellow IBMers Arnold Farber and Eugene Schlig had created a memory cell with two transistors and two resistors. A year later, in 1965, IBM researchers refined that idea into a 16-bit monolithic memory array. Also that year, J.D. Schmidt developed a semiconductor random-access memory, but he used six MOSFETs per memory cell, inflating both the footprint and power consumption. Dennard’s patent for a one-transistor DRAM was awarded in 1968, but IBM didn’t turn it into a product. Instead it shipped computers that used six-transistor SRAM, a technology the company considered less risky. Then, in 1970, Intel released the first commercially available DRAM memory chip, the three-transistor 1103, which could store 1024 bits . But that’s not what people mean when they speak of DRAM today, Dennard insists. ”That’s why they don’t call it ’one-transistor DRAM,’ ” he says. ”It’s just DRAM.” Dennard also conceived the scaling theory of MOSFETs, which predicted that the speed of any chip would increase in direct proportion to the decrease in size of its transistors. This theory is commonlyand erroneouslyfolded into Moore’s Law, which actually predicted only the continuing size decreases, not the associated performance increases. ”Bob Dennard was the person who correlated scaling with performance, and it’s as important as DRAM,” insists Juri Matisoo, who worked on magnetic memory at IBM in the 1960s before Dennard wiped out the competition with semiconductor memory. Matisoo went on to become vice president of technology at the Semiconductor Industry Association. ”Moore was projecting the timescale; the IBM people described how to actually do it.” The sprawling T.J. Watson research complex in Yorktown Heights, N.Y., is 61 kilometers north of New York City, but it borrows the city’s grid layout, with 40 numbered alleys on each of its three levels. You can’t get lost. The Watson campus architecture, finished in 1961, rejected the caste system of corporate ambition: No offices have windows. Instead, architect Eero Saarinen crafted an enormous communal corridor with a three-story wall of windows overlooking rolling hills and leafy greenery in the summer, bare branches under ice and snow in winter. That bucolic view is available to Nobel Prize winners and postdocs in equal measure. Dennard’s window view is a bit of a cheat. He doesn’t actually have a window. But his door does open directly onto the magnificent corridor; his is one of only three offices with that luxury. For all the spartan egalitarianism, Saarinen designed the offices in a bright spectrum of cheery colors. Dennard’s office is as brash and upbeat as a Piet Mondrian print. Big color blocks of built-in filing cabinets cover an entire wall. Dennard spent the majority of his career in a blue office buried in the center of the building; the first-among-equals office he has now is a happy lime green. The IEEE Edison Medal hanging on the wall behind his desk squeezes in next to a row of IBM awards, which in turn rub elbows with a Lemelson-MIT Lifetime Achievement Award. On the armoire beneath, haphazard stacks of plaques suggest that at some point Dennard gave up the 40-year jigsaw puzzle of fitting all the honors onto a single wall. Soon Dennard will need to reorganize again to make room for his 2009 additions: the Charles Stark Draper Prizean annual US $500 000 award conferred by the National Academy of Engineeringand the IEEE Medal of Honor. ”They’re not making it any easier,” he says, laughing, as he examines his favorite, the heavy bronze National Medal of Technology awarded to him in 1988 by President Ronald Reagan. ”We just didn’t imagine how far it would go,” he says, of the one-transistor cell, ”how much it would totally change computing.” The wall opposite the awards is almost completely filled by a chalkboard that hasn’t been erased in months, or maybe years. Its runes are of different sizes, with some squeezed into the spaces between previous scribblings. There is a small patch of equations with signs for high-k metal dielectrics. In another corner, barely visible under some fresher chalkings, is an equation for measuring capacitance. Dennard preserves them all as artifacts of the part he likes most about his role at IBM, which is mentoring incoming employees. ”It’s not official mentoring; it’s more like being a professor at a university,” he explains. ”I work with the new people. I work with them on projects, helping define them, monitor progress, and develop the people. Some of them like it. Others want to stay well away,” he laughs. Ghavam Shahidi, who is also an IBM Fellow, says he benefited from Dennard’s perspective when he started at the company as a postdoc 20 years ago. ”I knew of him for years before I came to IBM,” he says. ”I only knew of his accomplishments, and that was very intimidating at first. I thought, Here’s the man who invented DRAM. This guy is famous.” But Shahidi says Dennard was so approachable, down-to-earth, and humble that the impression did not last. ”He was not the way I imagined him at all.” Shahidi, who is credited with the development of silicon-on-insulator semiconductor technology at IBM, says many of his epiphanies were born out of long talks with Dennard. ”He’s great to sit down with and just throw out ideas. He has a broad perspective that he applies to narrow problems.” Dennard applies his perspective liberally, including to the recurring ”the end is near” refrain that plagues the semiconductor industry. ”The first paper warning of the end of scaling was published by RCA before I even got into this business,” he grouses. ”You can always find a reason things can’t be done.” ”That’s the thing about the future,” he exclaims. ”It’s totally unexpected. It’s been the same for 50 yearswe could never see anything more than three years down the road.” Photo: David Yellen Robert Dennard Most Recent Awards: Charles Stark Draper Prize, IEEE Medal of Honor Date of Birth: 5 September 1932 Birthplace: Carthage, Texas Family: wife, Jane Bridges, software consultant and teacher; two adult daughters from a previous marriage, each with two children Pets: Two Scottish terriers, Bonnie and Ferguson Favorite Leisure Activity: Scottish country dancing, two nights a week, and choral singing Mantra: ”Attitude is everything.” Current Title: IBM Fellow Favorite Movie: ”I don’t watch movies. They’re too loud. The last one I loved was La Ronde , which I saw in graduate school 55 years ago.” Dennard Video Interview: See the video profile of Robert Dennard on ieee.tv. PAGE 1 2 // View All TAGS: DRAM // Medal of Honor // Robert Dennar http://spectrum.ieee.org/semiconductors/memory/thanks-for-the-memories/0
现在就关上窗户 鲍海飞 译 2011-1-7 美国诗人 Robert Frost 的诗歌，总是很独特。每个人的心中都有着不宁静的时候，看看，领略一下他的感受，我们的内心深处是不是也常常有这种感觉。 关上窗户，让大地静悄悄； 若树如此，让其默默地摇； 林中无鸟放歌喉，如果有， 是我之失。 沼泽处处，盈盈还需时日， 鸟儿群群，鸣鸣为时尚早， 所以关窗，莫听风生喧闹， 却见风搅。 附原诗： Now close the windows Robert Frost Now close the windows and hush all the fields: If the trees must, let them silently toss; No bird is singing now, and if there is, Be it my loss. It will be long ere the marshes resume, I will be long ere the earliest bird: So close the windows and not hear the wind, But see all wind-stirred.
金色年华 鲍海飞 译 当你知道她的时候，她已经不在了；当你回头看的时候，你再也看不到了。 Robert Frost的这首诗歌,Nothing gold can stay,岁月流金,不知道有多少个翻译版本. 看看,是否想起了什么. Nothing Gold Can Stay --Robert Frost Nature's first green is gold, Her hardest hue to hold. Her early leaf's a flower ； But so only an hour. Then leaf subsides to leaf. So Eden sank to grief ， So dawn goes down to day. Nothing gold can stay. 自然初绿是金，最难持留如新， 初现叶儿是花，却只绽放一瞬， 一叶一叶凋零，伊甸落寞伤心， 黎明渐至白昼，没有永存之金。 这里的伊甸是指美好的乐园，曾经亚当和夏娃的乐园。 那雨后的彩虹，那大地的新绿，那金色的年华，还有那么多，那么多
Robert C. Gallo, M.D. Director, Institute of Human Virology and Division of Basic Science, University of Maryland School of Medicine 科学研究生涯与学术成就： http://f1000medicine.com/member/6622613538609988 http://www.ihv.org/about/bios/gallo.html 主要论著与被引用情况： http://scholar.google.com.hk/scholar?hl=enq=Robert+C.+GallobtnG=Searchas_sdt=2000as_ylo=as_vis=0 Detection and isolation of type C retrovirus particles from fresh and cultured lymphocytes of a patient with cutaneous T-cell lymphoma pnas.org , PA Bunn, JD Minna, RC Gallo - Proceedings of the , 1980 - National Acad Sciences BERNARD J. POIESZ*, FRANCIS W. RUSCETTI*, ADIF. GAZDARt, PAUL A. BUNNt, JOHN D. MINNAt, AND ROBERT C . GALLO *t *Laboratoryof Tumor Cell Biology,Building 37, National Cancer Institute and tNational Cancer Institute-Veterans Administration Oncology Branch, ... Cited by 3291 - Related articles - All 10 versions Frequent detection and isolation of cytopathic retroviruses (HTLV-III) from patients with AIDS and at risk for AIDS aliveandwellsf.org RC Gallo , SZ Salahuddin, M Popovic, GM Shearer, M - Science, 1984 - sciencemag.org References and Notes 1. Centers for Disease Control Task Force on Kaposi's Sarcoma and Opportunistic Infections, N. Engl. J. Med. 306, 248 (1982). 2. JPHanranhan, G. P. Wormser, CP Ma- quire, LJ DeLorenzo, G. Davis, ibid. 307, 498 (1982). 3. JW Curran et al., ibid. 310, 69 (1984). 4. ... Cited by 2703 - Related articles - All 13 versions Detection, isolation, and continuous production of cytopathic retroviruses (HTLV-III) from patients with AIDS and pre-AIDS aliveandwellsf.org M Popovic, MG Sarngadharan, E Read, RC Gallo - Science, 1984 - AAAS Cited by 2688 - Related articles - All 12 versions Complete nucleotide sequence of the AIDS virus, HTLV-III Papas, J Ghrayeb, NT Chang, RC Gallo , F Wong-Staal - 1985 - nature.com The complete nucleotide sequence of two human T-cell leukaemia type III (HTLV-III) proviral DNAs each have four long open reading frames, the first two corresponding to the gag and pol genes. The fourth open reading frame encodes two functional polypeptides, a large ... Cited by 1664 - Related articles - All 4 versions Continuous growth and differentiation of human myeloid leukaemic cells in suspension culture SJ Collins, RC Gallo , RE Gallagher - 1977 - nature.com ATTEMPTS to develop long-term suspension cultures of human myeloid leukaemic cells have met with limited success. Lymphoblastoid lines carrying the EpsteinBarr virus genome occasionally arise during such attempts but these lymphoid cells originate from contaminating B ... Cited by 1692 - Related articles - All 4 versions Identification of RANTES, MIP-1alpha, and MIP-1beta as the major HIV-suppressive factors produced by CD8+ T cells , AL DeVico, A Garzino-Demo, SK Arya, RC Gallo , P - Science, 1995 - sciencemag.org Mutant receptors that fail to bind ethyl- ence 269,1712 (1995). (USDA) grant 9403009, and the DOE-NSF-USDA ... REFERENCES AND NOTES Suresh K. Arya, Robert C . Gallo ,*t Paolo Lussot ... 1. FB Abeles, PW Morgan, ME Saltveit Jr., Ethyl- ... For expression of the NH2-terminal ... Cited by 1915 - Related articles - All 12 versions Terminal differentiation of human promyelocytic leukemia cells induced by dimethyl sulfoxide and other polar compounds pnas.org Ruscetti, RE Gallagher, RC Gallo - Proceedings of the , 1978 - National Acad Sciences ... STEVEN J. COLLINS, FRANCIS W. RUSCETTI, ROBERT E. GALLAGHER, AND ROBERT C . GALLO * Laboratory of Tumor Cell Biology, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20014 Communicated by Charlotte Friend, February 21, 1978 ... Cited by 1294 - Related articles - All 10 versions Human c -myc onc gene is located on the region of chromosome 8 that is translocated in Burkitt lymphoma cells pnas.org , J Erikson, D Patterson, RC Gallo , - Proceedings of the , 1982 - National Acad Sciences ... (somatic cell hybrids/Southern blotting technique/recombination/cancer) RICCARDO DALLA-FAVERA*, MARCO BREGNI*, JAN ERIKSONt, DAVID PATTERSONf, ROBERT C . GALLO *, AND CARLO M. CROCEt *Laboratory ... Cited by 985 - Related articles - All 9 versions The role of mononuclear phagocytes in HTLV-III/LAV infection , P Markovits, DM Markovitz, MH Kaplan, RC Gallo , M - Science, 1986 - sciencemag.org Cells with properties characteristic of mononuclear phagocytes were evaluated for infectivity with five different isolates of the AIDS virus, HTLV-III/LAV. Mononuclear phagocytes cultured from brain and lung tissues of AIDS patients harbored the virus. In vitro-infected ... Cited by 1313 - Related articles - All 5 versions 3'-Azido-3'-deoxythymidine (BW A509U): an antiviral agent that inhibits the infectivity and cytopathic effect of human T-lymphotropic virus type III/lymphadenopathy- pnas.org , MH St Clair, SN Lehrman, RC Gallo , - Proceedings of the , 1985 - National Acad Sciences 3'-Azido-3'-deoxythymidine (BW A509U): An antiviral agent that inhibits the infectivity and cytopathic effect of human T-lymphotropic virus type III/lymphadenopathy-associated virus in vitro ... (inhibition of human T-lymphotropic virus type mI/thymidmne analogue/acquired immune deficiency ... Cited by 1086 - Related articles - All 11 versions Antibodies reactive with human T-lymphotropic retroviruses (HTLV-III) in the serum of patients with AIDS , M Popovic, L Bruch, J Schupbach, RC Gallo - Science, 1984 - AAAS Cited by 938 - Related articles - All 9 versions Isolation of a new type C retrovirus (HTLV) in primary uncultured cells of a patient with Sezary T-cell leukaemia , FW Ruscetti, MS Reitz, VS Kalyanaraman, RC Gallo - 1981 - nature.com Retroviruses have been isolated from many animal species and several have been shown to be the aetiological agents of naturally occurring leukaemias, lymphomas and sarcomas (for recent reviews see ref. 1). There is evidence that these viruses or components of them are ... Cited by 492 - Related articles - All 4 versions Isolation of human T-cell leukemia virus in acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) RC Gallo , PS Sarin, EP Gelmann, M Robert -Guroff, E - Science, 1983 - AAAS Cited by 648 - Related articles - All 5 versions Onc gene amplification in promyelocytic leukaemia cell line HL-60 and primary leukaemic cells of the same patient R Dalla Favera, F Wong-Staal, RC Gallo - 1982 - nature.com Cellular onc genes are a group of evolutionarily conserved sequences which are homologous to the transforming genes (v-onc) of oncogenic retroviruses 1 . Their function in normal cells is not yet known, but the sequence homology between viral and cellular onc genes is ... Cited by 512 - Related articles - All 3 versions Detection of lymphocytes expressing human T-lymphotropic virus type III in lymph nodes and peripheral blood from infected individuals by in situ hybridization pnas.org ME Harper, LM Marselle, RC Gallo , - Proceedings of the , 1986 - National Acad Sciences ... individuals by in situ hybridization (viral RNA/expresslon/3S-labeled RNA probe) MARY E. HARPER*, LISA M. MARSELLEt, ROBERT C . GALLO *, AND FLOSSIE WONG-STAAL* *Laboratory of Tumor Cell Biology, National ... Cited by 602 - Related articles - All 9 versions Human T-lymphotropic retroviruses F Wong-Staal, RC Gallo - 1985 - nature.com The first human retroviruses have been discovered during the past six years. They cause two diseases which involve disturbances of the growth of the T4 lymphocyte, a remarkably specific target cell type. This cell, which is central to the regulation of the immune system, is ... Cited by 538 - Related articles - All 6 versions The trans-activator gene of HTLV-III is essential for virus replication Gonda, A Aldovini, C Debouk, RC Gallo , F Wong-Staal - 1986 - nature.com Studies of the genomic structure of human T-lymphotropic virus type III (HTLV-III) and related viruses, implicated as the causal agent of acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS), have identified a sixth open reading frame in addition to the five previously known within the ... Cited by 480 - Related articles - All 5 versions HTLV-III expression and production involve complex regulation at the levels of splicing and translation of viral RNA , RF Jarrett, A Aldovini, RC Gallo , F Wong-Staal - Cell, 1986 - Elsevier The African green monkey nonlymphoid cell line cos-1 produces infectious HTLV-III virus following transfection with biologically active molecular clones of HTLV-III. Transfected cos-1 cells produce large amounts of viral RNA and protein. We have used this rapid transfection system to ... Cited by 541 - Related articles - All 10 versions Serological analysis of a subgroup of human T-lymphotropic retroviruses (HTLV-III) associated with AIDS , RV Gilden, MA Gonda, MG Sarngadharan, RC Gallo - Science, 1984 - AAAS Cited by 427 - Related articles - All 9 versions The human type- C retrovirus, HTLV, in blacks from the Caribbean region, and relationship to adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma Blattner, VS Kalyanaraman, M Robert - - Journal of Cancer, 1982 - interscience.wiley.com Type- C RNA tumor viruses have been implicated in the etiology of naturally occurring leukemias and lymphomas of animals. Human T-cell leukemidlymphoma virus (HTLV) is the first human virus of this class consistently identified in association with a specific type of human ... Cited by 366 - Related articles - All 3 versions Antibodies that inhibit fusion of human immunodeficiency virus-infected cells bind a 24-amino acid sequence of the viral envelope, gp120 pnas.org , A Langlois, RC Gallo , LO Arthur, PJ - Proceedings of the , 1988 - National Acad Sciences JAMES R. RUSCHE*, KASHI JAVAHERIAN*, CHARLENE MCDANALt, JOAN PETRO*, DEBRA L. LYNN*, RAYMOND GRIMAILA*, ALPHONSE LANGLOISt, ROBERT C . GALLO *, LARRY 0. ARTHUR, PETER J. FISCHINGER, DANI P. BOLOGNESIt, SCOTr D. PUTNEY*, AND ... Cited by 435 - Related articles - All 5 versions Identification and characterization of conserved and variable regions in the envelope gene of HTLV-III/LAV, the retrovirus of AIDS cell.com Parks, WP Parks, SF Josephs, RC Gallo , F Wong-Staal - Cell, 1986 - Elsevier To determine the extent and nature of genetic variation present in independent isolates of HTLV-III/LAV, the nucleotide sequences of the entire envelope gene and parts of gag and pol were determined for two AIDS viruses. The results indicated that variation throughout the ... Cited by 506 - Related articles - All 9 versions Molecular characterization of human T-cell leukemia (lymphotropic) virus type III in the acquired immune deficiency syndrome rethinkingaids.com , SK Arya, JE Groopman, RC Gallo , F Wong-Staal - Science, 1984 - rethinkingaids.com RESEARCH ARTICLE Molecular Characterization of Human T-Cell Leukemia (Lymphotropic) Virus Type III in the Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome George M. Shaw, Beatrice H. Hahn, Suresh K. Arya Jerome E. Groopman, Robert C . Gallo Flossie ... Cited by 501 - Related articles - All 9 versions Translocation and rearrangements of the c -myc oncogene locus in human undifferentiated B-cell lymphomas R Dalla-Favera, S Martinotti, RC Gallo , J Erikson, CM - Science, 1983 - AAAS Cited by 376 - Related articles - All 5 versions The V3 domain of the HIV1 gp120 envelope glycoprotein is critical for chemokinemediated blockade of infection , AL DeVico, A Garzino-Demo, A Cara, RC Gallo , P - Nature Medicine, 1996 - nature.com The ability of CD8 + T cells derived from human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)infected patients to produce soluble HIVsuppressive factor(s) (HIVSF) 13 has been suggested as an important mechanism of control of HIV infection in vivo 4,5 . The C C chemokines RANTES, MlPl ... Cited by 395 - Related articles - BL Direct - All 3 versions HTLV-III-neutralizing antibodies in patients with AIDS and AIDS-related complex M Robert -Guroff, M Brown, RC Gallo - 1985 - nature.com The isolation of the human T-cell leukaemia (lymphotropic) virus type III (HTLV-III or lymphadenopathy-associated virus) from cells of many patients with acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) 1,2 presented the first evidence that the virus was the aetio-logical ... Cited by 345 - Related articles - All 5 versions Genetic variation in HTLV-III/LAV over time in patients with AIDS or at risk for AIDS rethinkingaids.com , F Wong-Staal, RC Gallo , ES Parks, WP - Science( , 1986 - rethinkingaids.com Genetic Variation in HTLV-III/LAV Over Time in Patients with AIDS or at Risk for AIDS Beatrice H. Hahn, George M. Shaw, Maria E. Taylor, Robert R. Redfield, Phil D. Markham, SZ Salahuddin, Flossie Wong-Staal, Robert С Gallo , Elizabeth S. Parks, Wade P. Parks In a ... Cited by 451 - Related articles - All 9 versions Synergy between basic fibroblast growth factor and HIV-1 Tat protein in induction of Kaposi's sarcoma hiv1tat-vaccines.info M Raffeld, A Cafaro, HK Chang, JN Brady, RC Gallo - Nature, 1994 - hiv1tat-vaccines.info ARTICLES crust is sufficient to lead to an 'inverse boudinage' style of folding (Fig. 6). The total amount of strain is difficult to estimate. If, based on the fit to the coherence data, the upper mantle deforms as a 50-km elastic plate, the amount of shortening obtained by 'unfolding' the ... Cited by 406 - Related articles - BL Direct - All 9 versions Trans-acting transcriptional regulation of human T-cell leukemia virus type III long terminal repeat -Staal, SZ Salahuddin, M Popovic, S Arya, RC Gallo , - Science, 1985 - sciencemag.org (Fig. 1). Other membrane components, such as minor glycoproteins and macro- glycolipids, probably also are present, and in principle could contribute to the inhibition. However, because band 3 is the major component and liposomes are effective at low concentrations, a reason- able ... Cited by 359 - Related articles - All 6 versions Cellular genes analogous to retroviral onc genes are transcribed in human tumour cells. , TS Papas, EH Westin, F Wong-Staal, RC Gallo , SA - Nature, 1982 - ncbi.nlm.nih.gov Polyadenylated RNAs of certain human tumour cell lines are shown to contain transcripts related to the cell-derived transforming onc genes of molecularly cloned primate, murine or avian transforming retrovirus genomes. Thus, analogues of retroviral transforming genes are both present ... Cited by 375 - Related articles - All 5 versions Induction of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 in HIV-1 Tat-stimulated astrocytes and elevation in AIDS dementia pnas.org , W Halliday, C Power, RC Gallo , EO - Proceedings of the , 1998 - National Acad Sciences Activated monocytes release a number of substances, including inflammatory cytokines and eicosanoids, that are highly toxic to cells of the central nervous system. Because monocytic infiltration of the central nervous system closely correlates with HIV-1-associated dementia, it has ... Cited by 339 - Related articles - BL Direct - All 13 versions A molecular clone of HTLV-III with biological activity AG Fisher, E Collalti, L Ratner, RC Gallo , F Wong-Staal - 1985 - nature.com Acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) is an epidemic immunosuppressive disease characteristically associated with a depletion of T lymphocytes of the helper/inducer phenotype 1 . Numerous converging lines of research have implicated a human T-cell lymphotropic retrovirus, HTLV-III, in the ... Cited by 309 - Related articles - All 5 versions Computer-assisted analysis of envelope protein sequences of seven human immunodeficiency virus isolates: prediction of antigenic epitopes in conserved and nih.gov , BH Hahn, GM Shaw, RC Gallo , F Wong-Staal, - Journal of , 1987 - Am Soc Microbiol JOURNAL OF VIROLOGY, Feb. 1987, p. 570-578 0022-538X/87/020570-09$02.00/0 Copyright 1987, American Society for Microbiology ... Computer-Assisted Analysis of Envelope Protein Sequences of ... SUSANNE MODROW,1 BEATRICE H. HAHN,2 GEORGE M. SHAW,2 ... Cited by 351 - Related articles - All 8 versions Functional and morphologic characterization of human T cells continuously grown in vitro FW Ruscetti, DA Morgan, RC Gallo - The Journal of Immunology, 1977 - Am Assoc Immnol Copyright 1977 by The Williams Wilkins Co. ... FUNCTIONAL AND MORPHOLOGIC CHARACTERIZATION OF HUMAN T CELLS CONTINUOUSLY GROWN IN VITRO 1 ... FRANCIS W. RUSCETTI, DORIS A. MORGAN AND ROBERT C . GALLO 2 ... From the Department of Cell Biology, Litton ... Cited by 334 - Related articles - All 4 versions Nucleotide sequence of cloned cDNA of human c -myc oncogene R Watt, LW Stanton, KB Marcu, RC Gallo , CM Croce, G - 1983 - nature.com Like other transforming genes of retro viruses, the v-myc gene of the avian virus, MC29, has a homologue in the genome of normal eukaryotic cells. The human cellular homologue, c -myc, located on human chromosome 8, region q24 qter (refs 1, 2), is translocated into ... Cited by 230 - Related articles - All 3 versions Transformation of human umbilical cord blood T cells by human T-cell leukemia/lymphoma virus pnas.org Wantzin, PS Sarin, D Mann, RC Gallo - Proceedings of the , 1983 - National Acad Sciences Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA Vol. 80, pp. 5402-5406, September 1983 Medical Sciences ... 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大爱无疆 鲍海飞 2010-8-2 树高千丈叶落归根，总能让我们涌动一份思乡之情，那是绿叶对根的情义。然而，你再看看那奔腾的大海和绵延的海岸，那海水无尽的奔腾、汹涌澎湃，浪里来，浪里去，潮来朝往，海水击打海岸，卷起的何止千堆雪!那大海和海岸千万年的相守、磨砺，一动一静，一唱一和。任海水澎湃，那弯弯曲曲的海岸有多宽广的胸怀！谁能说还有比这更大的挚爱、忠诚和奉献。 挚爱 Devotion Robert Frost The heart can think of no devotion Greater than being shore to ocean - Holding the curve of one position, Counting an endless repetition. 心难道出有何爱， 能够胜过岸对海 - 固守持一绵绵延， 默数无尽浪打拍。 其实，那是多少的砺炼无尽浪打拍。
暂避 鲍海飞 译 2010-7-12 山雨欲来风满楼，你看在那花园上，风和雨又凑到了一起。他们要干什么？你听雨说： Lodged --Robert Frost ? The rain to the wind said, ? 'You push and I'll pelt.' ? They so smote the garden bed ? That the flowers actually knelt, ? And lay lodged--though not dead. ? I know how the flowers felt. 雨对云说， ?你来推我急降。 ??他们就这样重创了花床 , ??竟使花儿都跪到了地上， ??卧在那里不动 ---虽没死亡。 ??我知道花儿的感觉怎样。 不过，你再听一遍，雨又是怎样说的： 雨对风说， 你尽摧来我尽泼。 花床恶遭风雨祸， 花儿无力腰都折， 没死僵卧身哆嗦， 花之心境我知何。 (花之心境我知觉。) 那些花本来是被风吹倒而跪下。不过我更相信那些花宁折不屈，虽折而不断。暴风骤雨过后，那些花在篱下喘息，花儿会一直这样吗？她会挺起腰杆来吗？ 从 Robert Frost的一贯风格看来，他大部分的诗歌的结局都不是给出一个正面或者完整的答案，都是让读者自己去思考那应该是一个什么样的结局。因此，我觉得I know how the flowers felt。还是花之心境我知何。可能要比花之心境我知觉。会更好一些。
无锁之门 鲍海飞 2010-6-29 我的那扇门本来就是敞开的，已经敞开多少年了，我记不清了；上面没有锁在锁，其实根本就没有锁。在一个荒凉的夜晚，忽然响起了敲门声，这一声也许来得太迟，让我等得太久，我早已经没有心里准备。这一突如其来的敲门声却让我惊慌失措，我赶紧吹灭了灯。当又一敲门声响起来的时候，竟然把我吓得跳窗而走。然而，我还是念念不忘那是谁或者什么在敲打着我的门。我怀着恐惧还是把他请进来。或许，我早就习惯那一个人的生活。 然而就这一声，从此，我便离开了那个无锁之门，跳入了红尘，在尘世中又继续躲藏起来。 这就是 Robert Frost的又一篇名作，The lockless door《无锁之门》。 其实，那个小房本来就在世间，本来就在红尘。 也许是谁在敲打着一颗痛苦的心，尘世的声音既让人感到亲切，又让人感到生疏可畏。在怕什么那？在躲藏什么？ 难道每个人都在躲藏、遮掩着什么？ 难道这是每个人孤独和恐惧的写照吗？ 无锁之门 The lockless door Robert Frost It went many years, But at last came a knock, And I thought of the door With no lock to lock. 时过多少年，敲门声忽响， 我知那门上，本无锁在锁。 I blew out the light, I tip-toed the floor, And raised both hands In prayer to the door. 我急吹灭灯，踮脚地板上， 举起手一双，对门祷告忙。 But the knock came again My window was wide; I climbed on the sill And descended outside. 敲门声又响，窗户本大敞； 慌把窗台上，急忙跳出窗。 Back over the sill I bade a Come in To whoever the knock (whoever,whatever) At the door may have been. 又从窗后返，随即喊进来， 也不管是谁，把那门敲响。 So at a knock I emptied my cage To hide in the world And alter with age. 就这一声响，从此空蜗房， 世间把身藏，岁月浸风霜。
雪尘 鲍海飞 译 走在冬天的旷野里，恰好看见一只栖息于树上乌鸦。仰着头，看着那乌鸦，不曾想那只乌鸦，正在抖动，树上的雪随之而落，洒落到地上和身上。 就在那一刻，心为之一振，不禁松了一口气。 长青树虽然被雪覆盖，然而却傲然挺立于冬雪之中；那乌鸦独立于枝头，是在凝望，还是欲展翅待飞？振落的雪尘在天空中飘飘洒洒、漫天飞舞。那雪尘、那乌鸦、还有那长青树（铁衫树），更加鲜明，尽显尽透生命。在那空旷的天地间，在那一瞬间，抖落的雪尘让绿色生机重现，让雪花飞舞，让世间的生机焕发活力。 Robert Frost的这首诗 Dust of Snow《雪尘》 ，也许会给我们带来别样的感觉。 挺立的长青树、枝头的乌鸦、曼舞的雪尘，还有旁立的我 . 生命在冬天里，冬天里的生命 Dust of Snow Robert Frost The way a crow Shook down on me The dust of snow From a hemlock tree Has given my heart A change of mood And saved some part Of a day I had rued. 雪尘 长青树上，乌鸦轻动， 抖落雪尘，洒落我身。 我心方醒，情为之动， 整日伤悲，些许释容。
一片残雪 鲍海飞 译 2010-6-7 ??那是圣洁的雪，晶莹、洁白，世界是那么美丽！怎么，忽然发现，在那一个角落里，现在只剩下一片雪，随着时间的流逝，表面污渍沉积；就像一张报纸被风被雨吹过来，混合着泥土，蜷缩在那角落里。美丽洁白的雪已经不见，就和那些曾经读过的新闻一样，也一并忘却了。 Robert Frost所写的这样一首简短的小诗，也引来人们无数的猜测和遐思。美好的事物真的就这么容易让人忘怀吗？ ?? A Patch of Old Snow --Robert Frost There's a patch of old snow in a corner ?? That I should have guessed ?? Was a blow-away paper the rain ?? Had brought to rest. ??角落里有一片残雪 ??我原以为那是 ??一张随雨而飘至的报纸 ??在那暂时歇息。 ?? It is speckled with grime as if ?? Small print overspread it, ?? The news of a day I've forgotten - ?? If I ever read it. ??上面点点污渍好似 ??印满了的小字， ??我早忘记是哪天的新闻 - ??即使我曾读过(毕)。
荒漠之地 鲍海飞 2010-5-24 世间什么最荒凉？是那空旷的原野？还是不尽的星空？那空旷的原野也许并不能把人吓倒，不尽的星空也许不会让人感觉孤独。天宇中，哪颗星会投下灿烂的光辉？照耀着大地是否也能照耀到你？孤独也许不能把人吓倒。然而有一种恐惧、一种荒凉却让人不寒而栗，那是什么？看看， Robert Frost的这首著名的诗歌，他也许会告诉你点点滴滴. Desert Places Robert Frost Snow falling and night falling fast, oh, fast In a field I looked into going past, And the ground almost covered smooth in snow, But a few weeds and stubble showing last. 夜落雪飘急又急， 独步原野望天际； 漫天飞雪罩大地， 唯有杂草残梗遗。 The woods around it have it - it is theirs. All animals are smothered in their lairs. I am too absent-spirited to count; The loneliness includes me unawares. 森林白雪空寂寂， 无奈走兽穴中息； 心不在焉不再想， 不意我亦空孤寂。 And lonely as it is, that loneliness Will be more lonely ere it will be less - A blanker whiteness of benighted snow WIth no expression, nothing to express. 孤寂独处雪夜地， 未到尽时更凄迷； 落地白雪岂能知， 无言无语无思绪。 They cannot scare me with their empty spaces Between stars - on stars where no human race is. I have it in me so much nearer home To scare myself with my own desert places. 天际之间无人迹， 空旷天宇我不惧； 天地尽在我心宇， 心之荒地更恐惧 。
一只小鸟 鲍海飞 译 2010-5-5 A minor bird Robert Frost I have wished a bird would fly away, And not sing by my house all day; 愿鸟展翼，快快飞走， 不要整天，房前啾啾； Have clapped my hands at him from the door When it seemed as if I could bear no more. 有时似乎，难以忍受， 站在门前，向它拍手。 The fault must partly have been in me. The bird was not to blame for his key. 几分过错，应该在我， 无可指责，鸟儿歌喉。 And of course there must be something wrong In wanting to silence any song. 自然内里，必有缘由， 只想静寂，莫闻鸣啾。
雪夜林阻 鲍海飞 译 2010-4-26 Robert Frost的每一首诗，几乎都充满着深深的哲理和对人生的探讨，《Stopping by Woods on a snowy Evening》这首诗歌我在中学的时候就读过，但今天也许才领会其中的一点点滋味。 深夜的森林隐藏着恐惧，但是作者并不恐惧。因为作者知道这片森林是属于谁的，他与自然是和谐的，统一的。他并不孤单，他有一个伴侣是小马。他凝望着着这片森林，他喜欢森林，空大远深，融入其中。看似平静的一首小诗,但却意味深长。森林意味着什么?大雪又意味着什么？作者还要踏上一个什么旅程？所有的一切都是未知。 Stopping by Woods on a snowy Evening Robert Frost Whose woods these are I think I know. His house is in the village, though; He will not see me stopping here To watch his woods fill up with snow. 谁家森林我知道， 林中就有其住房； 不晓我会停这里， 飞雪漫林遥遥望。 My little horse must think it queer To stop without a farmhouse near Between the woods and frozen lake The darkest evening of the year. 我的小马心生疑， 驻足身边无农房； 一年当中最黑夜， 森林冰湖两茫茫。 He gives his harness bells a shake To ask if there is some mistake. The only other sound's the sweep Of easy wind and downy flake. 小马轻摇铃铛响， 试问有何不妥当； 但见漫漫雪花舞， 但闻徐徐微风唱。 The woods are lovely, dark and deep, But I have promise to keep, And miles to go before I sleep, And miles to go before I sleep. 森林可爱幽又深， 但我诺言要遵守， 睡前要赶几里长, 睡前要赶几里长。
找水去 鲍海飞 译 这里也发生了干旱，我多想和他们一起，在那一个月朗星稀的夜晚，提桶携缸，穿过田野，穿过森林，去找到那甘甜的溪水。 Going for water Robert Frost (18741963). A Boys Will. 1915. The well was dry beside the door, And so we went with pail and can Across the fields behind the house To seek the brook if still it ran; 门边水井已枯干， 提桶携罐房后穿。 穿田越野欲前寻， 小溪是否清水淌。 Not loth to have excuse to go, Because the autumn eve was fair (Though chill), because the fields were ours, And by the brook our woods were there. 早就想找借口去， 只因秋日黄昏美， 只因田园透芬芳， 森林家园小溪旁。 We ran as if to meet the moon That slowly dawned behind the trees, The barren boughs without the leaves, Without the birds, without the breeze. 飞奔好似见月亮， 月亮慢慢爬树上， 树上无叶枝干秃， 没有鸟栖没风扬。 But once within the wood, we paused Like gnomes that hid us from the moon, Ready to run to hiding new With laughter when she found us soon. 一入丛林把步停， 似有精灵帮我们， 悄悄藏起躲月亮， 发现大笑再躲藏。 Each laid on other a staying hand To listen ere we dared to look, And in the hush we joined to make We heard, we knew we heard the brook. 彼此关照手相牵， 仔细听来再敢瞧， 悄无声息拢上前， 听见小溪轻声唱。 A note as from a single place, A slender tinkling fall that made Now drops that floated on the pool Like pearls, and now a silver blade. 叮叮咚咚溪水唱， 似有音符从天降， 池塘一条银练展， 犹如珍珠浮水上。
未选择的路 鲍海飞 译 2010-3-29 一幕一幕的悲剧，年轻人为什么这么悲观， 三思而后行啊！很多人生的重大决择是靠直觉，直觉是由心而发的。即使是后悔选择了错误的道路，那就重新选择另一条路！人未必胜得了天，但应该相信事在人为，尽管有时事与愿违。我们走的每一步都是由自己决定的，错过的一切难道就是命运的安排？应该好好珍惜得到的，我们还有父母还有朋友啊。人一生多么短暂，要知道珍惜。把这首 Robert Frost的诗献给年轻的学者和每个人。 The Road Not Taken Robert Frost Two roads diverged in a yellow wood, And sorry I could not travel both And be one traveler, long I stood And looked down one as far as I could To where it bent in the undergrowth; 黄树林，岔路口， 只遗憾，难两走， 一行旅，站立久， 一路望，尽远瞅， 林重重，路悠悠。 Then took the other, as just as fair And having perhaps the better claim, Because it was grassy and wanted wear; Though as for that, the passing there Had worn them really about the same, 择另路，不可否， 也许有，好理由， 草丛丛，把人诱， 细思量，此处过， 所磨砺，无薄厚。 And both that morning equally lay In leaves no step had trodden black Oh, I kept the first for another day! Yet knowing how way leads on to way, I doubted if I should ever come back. 那天早，两路口， 落叶满，无人走， 另一条，留以后 ! 虽然晓，路遥遥， 我担忧，难回头。 I shall be telling this with a sigh Somewhere ages and ages hence: two roads diverged in a wood, and I -- I took the one less traveled by, And that has made all the difference 轻声叹，往事道， 多年前，在某处， 人在旅，岔路口， 择一路，少人走， 所不同，终造就。
标签: Robert
