【据刘实介绍，他跟饶毅属远亲，排辈份比饶高上一倍，故而本文中他的调侃并非故意占饶便宜，尽管多少有些不适当。刘实一文的批评尽管有吹毛求疵之嫌，但于中国的学术氛围却是一剂良药，中国学者的习惯就是张嘴乱扯，说错了脸都不会红一下，做学问缺乏考证精神，故而在此转载刘实文。寻正注】 今日大早（相当地早，当天的《人民日报》当天看到）起来就给我的大表侄饶毅在名人日报发表的熊文送去了一“右”一“左”的呼应。 靠“右”的一文是说《无知无畏，大表侄撞到大表叔的枪口上了！》。 靠“左”的一文是说《科学无国界、低碳通全球：紧急呼吁中国优转米出口美国》。 为什么要左右开弓？不是因为形势逼人、而是形势喜人，喜得高人手舞足蹈、非得展示一下高强的“武艺”才行。 先说“右弓”，此“弓”直言饶毅的名人日报熊文“概念混淆、逻辑混乱、空洞无物、强词夺理、东扯西拉、满嘴胡言”。 这样的指控可不是开玩笑的，搞不好要掉脑袋。 但高人就有这等本事，把脑袋伸给敌人，他们也不敢砍。因为他们没有那么硬的刀。 本来要等下午下班后再来批我那无知无畏的大表侄，但很多同志没看到我的雄文还睡不着觉，所以，我就在“忘食”午餐把大早废寝写好还没发的一篇还算有点内容的博文先发出来。 我说饶毅的名人日报熊文是满嘴胡言，根据很多。但现仅就明摆的一些事实来做示范，也算抛砖引玉。 饶毅熊文给出了好几个“诞生日”。那么就让我们绕议一番饶毅所给的这些生日。 分子生物学诞生日 饶言： 分子生物学诞生于1953年，剑桥大学英国医学研究委员会的分子生物学实验室两位年轻人，美国的博士后Jim Watson和英国的研究生Francis Crick，确定了DNA的双螺旋结构。 维语（维基百科语录）：Molecular biology （http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular_biology） While molecular biology was established in the 1930s, the term was first coined by Warren Weaver in 1938. Warren was the director of Natural Sciences for the Rockefeller Foundation at the time and believed that biology was about to undergo a period of significant change given recent advances。 遗传工程诞生日 饶言： 遗传工程诞生于1973年，斯坦福大学的Stanley Cohen和旧金山加州大学的Herb Boyer建立了很快为大家常用的重组DNA技术。 维语（维基百科语录）：Genetic engineering报（http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetic_engineering） Humans have altered the genomes of species for thousands of years through artificial selection and more recently mutagenesis. Genetic engineering as the direct manipulation of DNA by humans outside breeding and mutations has only existed since the 1970s. The term "genetic engineering" was first coined by Jack Williamson in his science fiction novel Dragon's Island, published in 1951, one year before DNA's role in heredity was confirmed by Alfred Hershey and Martha Chase, and two years before James Watson and Francis Crick showed that the DNA molecule has a double-helix structure. In 1972 Paul Berg created the first recombinant DNA molecules by combining DNA from the monkey virus SV40 with that of the lambda virus. 生物技术产业 饶言： 生物技术产业，诞生于1976年。年轻的风险投资家Robert A Swanson要求和加州大学教授Boyer谈话10分钟。交谈结束3小时后，他们决定创立用重组DNA技术为基础的公司，Genentech（“基因技术”）从此建立，成为世界第一家生物技术公司，也催生了生物技术产业。 维语（维基百科语录）：Biotechnology（http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biotechnology） Brewing was an early application of biotechnology Main article: History of Biotechnology Biotechnology is not limited to medical/health applications (unlike Biomedical Engineering, which includes much biotechnology). Although not normally thought of as biotechnology, agriculture clearly fits the broad definition of "using a biotechnological system to make products" such that the cultivation of plants may be viewed as the earliest biotechnological enterprise. Agriculture has been theorized to have become the dominant way of producing food since the Neolithic Revolution. The processes and methods of agriculture have been refined by other mechanical and biological sciences since its inception. Through early biotechnology, farmers were able to select the best suited crops, having the highest yields, to produce enough food to support a growing population. Other uses of biotechnology were required as the crops and fields became increasingly large and difficult to maintain. Specific organisms and organism by-products were used to fertilize, restore nitrogen, and control pests. Throughout the use of agriculture, farmers have inadvertently altered the genetics of their crops through introducing them to new environments and breeding them with other plants—one of the first forms of biotechnology. Cultures such as those in Mesopotamia, Egypt, and India developed the process of brewing beer. It is still done by the same basic method of using malted grains (containing enzymes) to convert starch from grains into sugar and then adding specific yeasts to produce beer. In this process the carbohydrates in the grains were broken down into alcohols such as ethanol. Later other cultures produced the process of lactic acid fermentation which allowed the fermentation and preservation of other forms of food. Fermentation was also used in this time period to produce leavened bread. Although the process of fermentation was not fully understood until Pasteur's work in 1857, it is still the first use of biotechnology to convert a food source into another form. For thousands of years, humans have used selective breeding to improve production of crops and livestock to use them for food. In selective breeding, organisms with desirable characteristics are mated to produce offspring with the same characteristics. For example, this technique was used with corn to produce the largest and sweetest crops. In the early twentieth century scientists gained a greater understanding of microbiology and explored ways of manufacturing specific products. In 1917, Chaim Weizmann first used a pure microbiological culture in an industrial process, that of manufacturing corn starch using Clostridium acetobutylicum, to produce acetone, which the United Kingdom desperately needed to manufacture explosives during World War I. Biotechnology has also led to the development of antibiotics. In 1928, Alexander Fleming discovered the mold Penicillium. His work led to the purification of the antibiotic by Howard Florey, Ernst Boris Chain and Norman Heatley penicillin. In 1940, penicillin became available for medicinal use to treat bacterial infections in humans. The field of modern biotechnology is thought to have largely begun on June 16, 1980, when the United States Supreme Court ruled that a genetically modified microorganism could be patented in the case of Diamond v. Chakrabarty. Indian-born Ananda Chakrabarty, working for General Electric, had developed a bacterium (derived from the Pseudomonas genus) capable of breaking down crude oil, which he proposed to use in treating oil spills. Revenue in the industry is expected to grow by 12.9% in 2008. Another factor influencing the biotechnology sector's success is improved intellectual property rights legislation—and enforcement—worldwide, as well as strengthened demand for medical and pharmaceutical products to cope with an ageing, and ailing, U.S. population. Rising demand for biofuels is expected to be good news for the biotechnology sector, with the Department of Energy estimating ethanol usage could reduce U.S. petroleum-derived fuel consumption by up to 30% by 2030. The biotechnology sector has allowed the U.S. farming industry to rapidly increase its supply of corn and soybeans—the main inputs into biofuels—by developing genetically modified seeds which are resistant to pests and drought. By boosting farm productivity, biotechnology plays a crucial role in ensuring that biofuel production targets are met. 大家看清了吗？连科学发展历史都没搞清的人，还想指导科学发展的未来，那不是活见鬼了吗？
标签: 人民日报
