今天比利时的同学发来一条微信，说比利时的一个 24 岁姑娘 Laura 将在今年夏天的某一天在注射死亡中结束自己的生命。她身体健康，没有任何器质性疾病，喜欢喝咖啡并乐于在剧院里消磨闲暇时光。但由于抑郁症，长期抱有自杀倾向，她申请了安乐死并得到了批准。 于是大家便在微信群里讨论起了安乐死，就有了下面的对话： J ：我很感动。我觉得这才是真正的人道。世界上反对安乐死的人都是冷酷的伪君子。他人没有权利阻止任何人对生和死的选择权。 F ： J ，我同意你的观点。一个人不想在这世界上活了，心里该有多痛苦、多脆弱（心里看不到任何亮光）。可要自己结束自己的生命，那又需要何等的勇气！只是安乐死后一切就结束了吗？什么是生命的真正意义？我们这些正在经历自然死的人不都是在被动接受慢性安乐死的行尸走肉吗？！ Y ：终于谈到最根本的问题：生命的意义。我个人认为：生命就是 DNA 复制，因此生命的根本意义就是复制 DNA 。每一个生命个体把自己的 DNA 复制了、传下去了，就完成了一半生命的任务。生命的另一半任务就是帮助群体 DNA 的复制和繁衍。人类所有活动的意义就是保证人类 DNA 的复制和繁衍。当一个人自己不能复制 DNA 也不能帮助别人复制 DNA 时，他、她的生命就不再有意义。 Z ： Y ，太简单化了吧？如果这样，我们还挑、谈什么男女朋友啊？ Y ：生命就是这么简单。挑婚姻对象是为了更好地复制 DNA 。 F ：复制 DNA 才多大的事，那用得着战争和苦难吗？ Y ：战争就是为了更好复制自己和自己种族的 DNA ，因为战争是生存矛盾到了你死我活的境界。不从肉体上消灭你，我的 DNA 就得不到复制。苦难是为了存活，存活是为了复制 DNA 。 Z ：生物学的 好 与芸芸众生的 个人所好 没什么关系吧？ Y ：当然有关系。每一个思维和行为上的“好”都和 DNA 复制相关，都是为了更好地复制 DNA 。 J ： Y ，说的不错，但是并没有回答问题。为什么每个人都要承担这个生命延续或者 DNA 复制的任务？我们并没有选择来到这个世界。 Y ：生命的出现是自然的规律。自然界存在的物质在合适的条件下就产生了生命，生命的发展和进化成为今天的你和我也是自然的造就，不是你我能选择的。今天在地球上活着的所有生命都有要复制 DNA 的欲望。没有复制 DNA 欲望的个体和群体就被自然选择淘汰了。自杀也是一种淘汰的机制，安乐死是文明自杀。而人这种动物是有意志的，这种意志就是抵抗自然的力量。 Z ：自杀是个体上的 apoptosis （程序化死亡） , 战争是群体上的 apoptosis, 是诱导型的。这两种都是 program 的，只是人们不知道 , 或者是不原意承认罢了。 Y ：人这种动物有了一个重要的变化，那就是有了理智，能够逐步认识自然规律并在一定范围内能够反自然规律而行。 Z ：人定胜天嘛 Y ：人不一定能胜天，但至少是可以做一些努力。如果只是被动地顺从自然规律，人类最后就是走向灭亡。努力了可能会避免或减缓灭亡。自杀和安乐死也是这样，是 apoptosis ，是自然规律，但在人的努力下，可以避免或减缓。
诺贝尔奖得主德迪夫和霍金选择科学的安乐死? 安乐死的不科学? 阅读科学网 ( 霍金公开表示支持安乐死) ,让我想起了另一位著名的科学家 德迪夫 ， 科学的安乐死， 什么是 安乐死 的 科学 定义？ 什么是 死的科学 定义？ 什么是 安乐的科学 定义？ 什么是 死的 技术 测量指标？ 什么是 安乐的 技术 测量指标？ 一个人如果死了，他怎么能活过来-回来生活告诉我们 他 高兴地死了 ( 安乐死) ？非死过的人告述，你真知道死得安乐？ 当被问及是否相信投胎轮回，影星/导演史泰龙说：“你有没有看到任何蝴蝶蹦出来说，我前世是一个人，现在我 投胎 轮回 是一只蝴蝶！” 这听起来像一个迷惑推理： “子非鱼，焉知鱼之乐”-- 惠子曰：“子非鱼， 安知鱼之乐 ？” 庄子 曰：“ 子非我 ，安知我不知鱼之乐？” 庄周 和 惠施 在濠水桥上散步。庄子随口说道：“河里那些鱼儿游动得从容自在，它们真是快乐啊！”一旁惠施问道：“你不是鱼，怎么会知道鱼的快乐呢？” 庄子回答说：“你不是我，怎么知道我不了解鱼的快乐？”惠施又问道：“我不是你，自然不了解你；但你也不是鱼，一定也是不能了解鱼的快乐的！ ”庄子安闲的回答道：“我请求回到谈话的开头，刚才你问我说：‘你是在哪里知道鱼是快乐的？’， 这说明你是在已经知道我了解鱼的快乐的情况 下才 问我的。那么我来告诉你，我是在 濠水 的岸边知道鱼是快乐的。” “子非鱼，焉知鱼之乐”这句话原本有三重的意思。 本来可以简单地理解为异类之间无法相通，彼此之间并没有办法交流感情，只因为青菜萝卜各有所好，很难强求，当然就是说， 鱼有鱼的欢乐，你有你的悲伤。 古人在说这句话的时候用的是 谐音字 ，所以就变成了“子非余，焉知余之乐”，意思很平实，人心隔肚皮，一个人有一个人的心愿， 你不可能完全理解，所以，你的悲伤，你的欢乐都属于你自己，是别人夺不走要不去的。 例句:我自己的意思和古人不大一样，我有时觉得自己如果不是头脑不正常一定就是 愚不可及 ， 因为在平常人看来舒适美满的生活方式对我来说就如同毒药一般的难以忍受，而唯一能够让我尽情享受的除了娱乐就是工作， 因为只有这两样东西可以完全地占据我的心灵，让我达到 物我两忘 的境地，而这在我看来都是愚不可及的， 而我却乐在其中实在是不为常人所能接受，因此，“子非愚，焉知愚之乐”。 子非鱼，安知鱼之乐：其实即便是鱼，也不见得会知道做鱼的乐趣。且看世间庸庸大众，又有多少人懂得做人的乐趣呢？ ( http://baike.baidu.com/view/57583.htm ) 77777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777 诺贝尔奖德迪夫和霍金的 可以 选择 安乐死.普通人如何？ 普通人 选择安乐死或负担不起安乐死! 德迪夫 选择搬回他的祖国比利时他选择 安乐死 ，因为美国不合法化 安乐死 (**) 。这是一个道德和法律的问题：谁可以决定谁 的 可以生或死 - 一个大问题！你怎么样？请问你愿意让其他人来决定自己的命运，是死是活？回答“是”或“不是”，这意味着在医疗，社会， 经济领域的很多并发症影响效应！ 例如，你是怎么知道这一说法，真还是假的？“必须有保障，真正关心的人想结束自己的生命，并没有被加压或不知情的情况下同意。”如何 保障? 你怎么知道 被加压 ？ 你怎么知道 不知情? 谁说了算？ 创意科学家，他们是人类的思想先锋 - 迟早， 先进的技术指导 辅助自杀合法化--科技能确定一个人 为死亡 的意志 。 公众将接受通过先进的技术指导 的 安乐死 。 (** Switzerland and several U.S. states are among places where some forms of euthanasia or assisted suicide are legal under certain circumstances. 瑞士和美国的几个州是地方之间某种形式的安乐死或协助自杀在某些情况下是合法的。) Reading this article (below)reminded me of another famous scientist, Nobel laureate Christian René De Duve ( 勒内·德迪夫). Christian René De Duve chose to move back to his native country Belgium for his choice of death as America doesn't legalize the dead. That is an ethical and legal issue: Who can decide who can live or die - a big issue! How about you? Will you willing to let another person to decide your fate of live or die? Answer either Yes or not, meaning a lot of complications in medical, social, economic areas! ! For example, how do you know this statement, truth or fault? There must be safeguards that the person concerned genuinely wants to end their life and are not being pressurised into it or have it done without their knowledge and consent as would have been the case with me. How can you safeguards ? How can you determine genuinely wants to end their life and are not being pressurised into it? Who got the final say? Somehow, creative scientists may come up with a sensitive and humane technology to determine how strong a person's will to die. Such more objective, not subjective, standard may lead a well accepted process to assisted suicide. Pioneer scientists, leaders of thought, need to convince the public that is a wise choice, not by saying or doing, but by providing a rock solid data set to set up such a standard. Asked if believed in reincarnation, movie star/director Sylvester Stallone said Have you seen any butterfly pop out and saying, I was a human and now I'm a butterfly! One way is to say that dying experience is real? How do you know? Any reality check? Again, who got the say? 77777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777 Some references for my record of original thought and reading: (see Listening to Nobel Laureate Christian René De Duve （中文翻译见后）本文引用地址： http://bbs.sciencenet.cn/blog-847277-651874.html ) 诺奖得主德迪夫以安乐死方式逝世 曾揭示复杂细胞的起源 已有 52 次阅读 2013-6-13 19:16 |个人分类:科学新闻|系统分类:人物纪事 诺奖得主德迪夫以安乐死方式逝世曾揭示复杂细胞的起源 2013-05-09来源：生物360作者：koo608720 诺奖得主德迪夫以安乐死方式逝世 曾揭示复杂细胞的起源 因发现溶酶体而获得1974年诺贝尔生理学奖的比利时生物学家克里斯汀·德迪夫（Christian de Duve），在5月4日选择了安乐死。他出生于1917年， 在生命的最后几周，他给自己的朋友写信告诉了他们自己选择安乐死的原因，并在子女到齐之后执行了安乐死，享寿95岁。在比利时安乐死已经合法化。 信中提到：“在家中跌倒后，便决定选择自己结束生命。要说我不怕死，那是夸大其词，但我不怕死后的世界，因为我不是教徒。 当我消失时，就是消失了，什么也不会留下。” 克里斯汀·德迪夫（Christian de Duve），比利时生物学家，他主要的研究领与在生物化学与细胞生物学，1974年因“细胞的结构和功能组织方面的发现 （for their discoveries concerning the structural and functional organization of the cell）”而与阿尔伯特·克劳德、 乔治·埃米尔·帕拉德分享了诺贝尔生理学或医学奖。 上世纪50年代，他利用刚刚出现的细胞分级分离技术（通过超速离心来分离细胞成分），发现了溶酶体（lysosome）和过氧化物酶体（peroxisome）， 让人们对细胞内部结构有了更清楚的认识，极大推动了细胞生物学研究。因为这一发现，他获得了1974年诺贝尔生理学或医学奖。 后来，随着研究的深入，德迪夫的兴趣逐渐转向细胞起源，例如内共生学说 本文引用地址： http://blog.sciencenet.cn/blog-615675-699352.html 777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777 作者：孝文 来源：新浪科技 发布时间：2013-9-27 11:12:47 选择字号： 小 中 大 http://news.sciencenet.cn/htmlnews/2013/9/283212.shtm 霍金公开表示支持安乐死：病人有权结束生命 霍金教授说，应该允许身患绝症和遭受巨大病痛的人结束自己的生命，同时为他们提供适当的保护措施。 这是霍金60年代和发妻简的合影。后来，他因不治之症坐上轮椅。1985年霍金患上肺炎，简考虑关掉维持他生命的机器的电源，但最后她没有那么做。结婚25年多后，他们离婚。 霍金和第二任妻子伊莱恩-梅森结婚，得到亲朋好友的祝福。 据国外媒体9月26日报道，史蒂芬-霍金教授公开表示支持对身患绝症的人实施安乐死。这位71岁科学家在过去50年中患有运动神经元病，以前曾表示不支持这种死亡权利，因为“希望总是有的”。 但在最近一次将重新激起有关安乐死激烈辩论的采访中，这位宇宙学家说：“我们不能让动物遭罪，为什么人类就不行呢？”他说：“我认为，那些身患绝症同时遭受巨大病痛的人应该有权力选择结束自己的生命，而那些帮助他们结束生命的人不应得到被起诉的下场。必须为真心想要结束生命的人提供保护措施。他们不能在压力太大的情况下做这件事。他们也可以在没有相关知识或没有得到家人同意下进行安乐死。我就是这样的情形。” 霍金21岁被确诊患上不治之症，医生说他只能活两三年。1985年霍金患上一场肺炎，只能靠一部生命维持机生存。当时，他的发妻简-霍金选择关掉电源。但这位著名教授同疾病进行顽强抗争，完成最畅销的科普著作《时间简史》。它在全球卖出1000多万本。 只有5%运动神经元病患者在确诊后活过10年。这种疾病又叫肌萎缩侧索硬化症或路格里克氏病。霍金2006年提到安乐死时表示：“如果是自愿的，受病痛折磨的人应该有权利结束自己的生命。但我认为这会是个大错误。尽管生命看似很坏，但你总能找到事做，也会像别人一样取得成功。有生命，就有希望。” 更多阅读 赫芬顿邮报相关报道（英文） 特别声明：本文转载仅仅是出于传播信息的需要，并不意味着代表本网站观点或证实其内容的真实性；如其他媒体、网站或个人从本网站转载使用，须保留本网站注明的“来源”，并自负版权等法律责任；作者如果不希望被转载或者联系转载稿费等事宜，请与我们接洽。 2013-9-27 20:14:25 hkcpvli 人之将死，其言也善。 2013-9-27 19:09:19 cqp 没有治不好的病. 我的猜想. 2013-9-27 18:35:01 zhkj 支持安樂死。醫盜橫行，求生就是傾家蕩產，赴死才能眷屬稍安。錢財敗盡難逃死，苟延殘喘能幾天。 By Roxanne Palmer 1.4K SHARE When he isn’t advancing our understanding of black holes, quantum mechanics and relativity, Stephen Hawking writes books, like A Brief History of Time , that explain the origin of the universe. That book spent 147 weeks on the New York Times Best Seller List and has sold 10 million copies. He is, most agree, wicked smart. In his recently published autobiography My Brief History , Hawking—who has a motor neuron disease that has left him almost completely paralyzed and communicating through a speech-generating device—offers five life lessons on how to become a genius. They are not exactly scientific, but you can take that up with him. 1) Don’t work too hard at school. Hawking says the prevailing attitude among undergraduates at Oxford University, when he studied there, was anti-work: “I once calculated that I did about 1,000 hours’ work in the three years I was there, about an hour a day,” he wrote. Lectures? Those are for chumps. 2) Don’t miss opportunities by being too cool. “We affected an air of complete boredom and the feeling that nothing was worth making an effort for. One result of my illness has been to change all that. When you are faced with the possibility of an early death, it makes you realize that life is worth living and that there are lots of things you want to do.” Seize the moment, or carpe diem, as Oxford types would say. 3) Keep it simple. When writing A Brief History of Time , he abandoned jargon and mathematical formulae to make science understandable for the rest of us. “I was sure that nearly everyone is interested in how the universe operates, but most people cannot follow mathematical equations.” He has trouble with them, too. “This is partly because it is difficult for me to write them down, but mainly because I don’t have an intuitive feeling for equations. Instead I think in pictorial terms, and my aim in the book was to describe these mental images in words, with the help of familiar analogies and a few diagrams.” The moral: You don’t have to be a genius to know that jargon kills brain cells. 4) Have fun. Hawking has a long history of pranksterism, and he’s placed numerous bets with fellow scientists on the nature of black holes. One was with Caltech scientist John Preskill over the “information paradox” – Hawking believed information swallowed up by a black hole is hidden forever from the rest of the universe and will never be released, even if a black hole evaporates. Later Hawking determined that some information does return when a black hole disappears, but not in a useful way. By way of illustration, after paying off his bet by giving Preskill a baseball encyclopedia, Hawking wrote, “but maybe I should have just given him the ashes.” So lighten up! Geniuses like bad jokes too. 5) Always look for the silver lining (even if you contract Lou Gehrig’s disease). Hawking was diagnosed with the neurodegenerative condition known as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), or Lou Gehrig’s disease, in his early 20s. It has slowly robbed him of the ability to walk, move his arms, even speak. But, Hawking says, “my disability has not been a serious handicap in my scientific work. In fact, in some ways I guess it has been an asset: I haven’t had to lecture or teach undergraduates, and I haven’t had to sit on tedious and time-consuming committees. So I have been able to devote myself completely to research.” In other words, Hawking was given lemons, and he made Champagne.
导读 到了某个关键的时刻，人“不求好活，只求好死。” 其实，按照现行的法律，安乐死现在已经是必须实行的治疗方法，现在已经是合法的，根本不需要改变法律的表述。实现安乐死是医生的义务。为什么医生现在一般不会不执行？仅仅是因为医生不关心病人。如果关心，安乐死是医生最基本的义务。 因为，安乐死的本质是治疗，而不是终结治疗。为什么说本质是治疗？因为安乐死的本质是永久性的治疗病人的病痛。当然，也有局限，不是治疗的疾病。但仍然是一种治疗。医生如果有能力治疗疾病本身，他就有权利回避治疗病痛。如果没有能力治疗疾病本身，就有义务治疗病痛。因此，医生回避安乐死，仅仅是渎职。 Right-to-die man Tony Nicklinson dead Tony Nicklinson, a man with locked-in瘫痪 syndrome病 who fought for the right for doctors to legally end his life, has died. The 58-year-old was paralysed瘫痪 from the neck down after suffering a stroke中风 in 2005 and described his life since then as a "living nightmare噩梦". Last week Mr Nicklinson, from Melksham, Wiltshire, lost his High Court case 败诉to allow doctors to end his life. His family said he died at home at 10:00 BST after contracting pneumonia肺炎. Mr Nicklinson's family said his health had deteriorated毁 rapidly in the days prior to his death. 'Goodbye world' Messages sent from Mr Nicklinson's personal Twitter account said: "You may already know, my Dad died peacefully this morning of natural causes. he was 58." Analysis James Gallagher Health and science reporter, BBC News When Tony Nicklinson had a catastrophic毁灭 stroke it left his body almost completely paralysed, however, his intellect was undimmed清晰. He overcame the difficulty of communicating through blinking眨眼 to launch 发起a challenge on the law on assisted 受助suicide and murder, which went further than any before. Mr Nicklinson wanted the "right-to-die" yet was unable to take his own life or take a cocktail of lethal drugs prepared for him. He would need to be killed by someone else, which would constitute构成 murder. Mr Nicklinson wanted the law changed to ensure doctors would not be charged if they took his life. It would have been a huge change to the law. While High Court judges said the case was "deeply moving" they ruled that the issue was for Parliament to decide. Mr Nicklinson said he was "devastated" by the decision裁决 and last week had vowed发誓 to continue the challenge. "Before he died, he asked us to tweet: 'Goodbye world the time has come, I had some fun'." A third post, attributed to his wife, Jane, and grown-up children Lauren and Beth, said: "Thank you for your support over the years. We would appreciate需要 some privacy安静 at this difficult time." A message sent from the Twitter account of Mr Nicklinson's daughter Beth said: "RIP @TonyNicklinson. Couldn't have asked for a better dad, so strong. You are now at peace, we will be fine. I love you xxx" Mr Nicklinson had been paralysed since suffering a stroke while on a business trip to Athens雅典. He had campaigned for the law to be changed to allow doctors to assist his suicide without fear of prosecution. Prior to last week's case, in an article he wrote for the BBC, he had described his life as "a living nightmare". He wrote: "What I find impossible to live with is the knowledge that... I have no way out - suicide - when this life gets too much to bear忍受." He added: "It cannot be acceptable in 21st Century Britain that I am denied the right to take my own life just because I am physically handicapped." However, three High Court judges rejected his plea for the law to be changed, saying the issue should be left to Parliament. Another man, known only as Martin, who is 47, also lost his case to end his life with medical help. Following the ruling, Mr Nicklinson's wife described the decision as "one-sided" and said her husband was "absolutely heartbroken伤心". Wiltshire Police said the force was not investigating Mr Nicklinson's death. A spokesman said: "His death certificate has been signed by a doctor, so it is not a matter for Wiltshire Police or the coroner法医." More on This Story .related-links-list li { position: relative; } .related-links-list .gvl3-icon { position: absolute; top: 0; left: 0; } Related Stories Nicklinson loses right-to-die bid 16 AUGUST 2012 , HEALTH 'Why dad must be helped to die' 16 AUGUST 2012 , HEALTH Tony Nicklinson 'should have right to die' 22 JUNE 2012 , WILTSHIRE 'My life is a living nightmare' 19 JUNE 2012 , WILTSHIRE Locked-in man's 'years of misery' 19 JUNE 2012 , HEALTH 'Locked-in' man sends first tweet 14 JUNE 2012 , WILTSHIRE Go-ahead for right-to-die hearing 12 MARCH 2012 , UK $render("page-see-also","ID"); From other news sites Kent Messenger Locked-in syndrome sufferer dies 9 mins ago The Journal Tony Nicklinson: Right-to-die campaigner and locked-in syndrome sufferer passes away 26 mins ago Daily Record Locked-in sydrome sufferer Tony Nicklinson dies 58 mins ago About these results
http://www.gopubmed.org/web/gopubmed/1?WEB16OWEB10O00h001000900001 22,143 documents semantically analyzed 1 2 3 4 Top Years Publications 1993 1,083 1996 1,075 1997 1,055 1995 1,033 1994 1,009 2000 907 2004 890 2005 874 1998 874 1992 872 2001 840 1999 836 2003 787 1991 759 2002 741 1990 637 1988 526 2006 519 2009 517 2008 498 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 ... 7 Top Countries Publications USA 5,352 United Kingdom 753 Canada 557 Netherlands 463 Germany 337 Australia 333 Belgium 161 Japan 141 France 139 Brazil 139 Sweden 135 Italy 131 Israel 129 Switzerland 111 Spain 97 New Zealand 76 Norway 67 South Africa 55 Denmark 52 Guyana 51 1 2 3 ... 7 1 2 3 ... 61 Top Cities Publications New York 267 Boston 242 London 175 Chicago 172 Amsterdam 138 Cleveland 131 Toronto 116 San Francisco 115 Philadelphia 112 Seattle 105 Portland 99 Washington 92 Baltimore 90 Houston 83 Los Angeles 83 Utrecht 82 St. Louis 82 Montreal 75 Davis 73 Pittsburgh 69 1 2 3 ... 61 1 2 3 ... 138 Top Journals Publications Bmj 602 Hastings Cent Rep 565 Lancet 439 J Med Ethics 418 Ny Times (print) 409 Jama-j Am Med Assoc 395 Issues Law Med 372 J Clin Ethics 314 J Am Geriatr Soc 307 J Am Vet Med Assoc 283 Arch Intern Med 271 Can Med Assoc J 225 Vet Rec 211 Ann Intern Med 209 New Engl J Med 205 Camb Q Healthc Ethic 199 Linacre Q 186 Med J Australia 174 Crit Care Med 172 J Palliative Care 155 1 2 3 ... 138 1 2 3 ... 534 Top Terms Publications Humans 18,503 Euthanasia 10,019 Euthanasia, Passive 5,815 Withholding Treatment 5,258 Patients 5,194 United States 4,413 Decision Making 4,410 Ethics, Medical 4,386 Physicians 4,335 Terminal Care 3,331 Suicide, Assisted 3,236 Life Support Care 3,218 Right to Die 3,075 Animals 3,060 Aged 2,863 Terminally Ill 2,639 Jurisprudence 2,555 Suicide 2,498 Adult 2,481 Personal Autonomy 2,445 1 2 3 ... 534
标签: 安乐死
