美国枪击案报道中的安全教育和应急处理借鉴意义 美国东部小学枪击案后，美国网络、报纸、电视等视频媒体不断广播着事件的进展、官方新闻发布、各方观点、各种采访等等，使人们很直观了解事情的过程和细节。比如纽约时报对事件的很多细节进行了报道。其中在出现枪击后，小学的老师和学生以及周边人们如何应对，对于中国的学校开展安全教育和应急处理是很有借鉴意义的。 1 、学校老师是不是应该培训一些相关应对措施？学校应该制定相关预案。报道中看到枪击中，老师都带领学生采取了一定的躲避措施。； 2 、学生是不是应该进行必要的安全教育？前段时间，在地震演练中出现事故，很可能会导致很多学校为了避免事故而放弃相关演练，这是很悲哀的选择。有了平时的安全教育，也许在行动指挥上有决定性的帮助。 3 、政府、警察如何有效快速对学校这种特殊场所实施帮助？相信，美国在无法禁枪的情况下，只能增加学校的安全保障支出，当然最终还是要提高上学的成本。 4 、学校周边基础设施，如医院、消防等，是不是有充分的疏散、救助准备？ 5 、邻近的人们是不是时刻关注学校这种特殊场所，随时提供力所能及的帮助？ 6、事后对当事人的心理帮助等？ 相比美国的报道，河南学校的事件是不是也应该反思，而不只是寄希望社会上不要出现精神不正常的危害者。 27 Killed in Connecticut Shooting, Including 20 Children （ The New York Times ） A gunman killed 26 people, 20 of them children between ages 5 and 10, in a shooting on Friday morning at an elementary school in Newtown, Conn., about 65 miles northeast of New York City, the authorities said. The gunman, who was believed to be in his 20s, walked into a classroom at Sandy Hook Elementary School, where his mother was a teacher. He shot and killed her and then fatally shot 20 students, most in the same classroom. He also fatally shot five other adults, and then killed himself inside the school. One person was also injured in the shooting. Another body related to the case was at another scene, the authorities said, declining to be more specific. A law enforcement official identified the assailant as Adam Lanza and said that a brother, Ryan Lanza, had been questioned. The mass shooting is among the deadliest in the nation’s history. “The majority of those who died today were children, beautiful little kids between the ages of 5 and 10 years old,” a visibly distraught President Obama said in remarks televised nationally. After pausing to compose himself for perhaps five long seconds, Mr. Obama said, “They had their entire lives ahead of them: birthdays, graduations, weddings, kids of their own.” Then the president wiped the corner of his eye. Some witnesses described a harrowing scene inside the school with the sounds of gunfire followed by the sounds of screams as terrified students and staff members hid in classrooms, closets and wherever they could quickly take shelter. One 9-year-old said he was in the gymnasium when the shooting erupted. “We were in the gym, and I heard really loud bangs,” said the boy, as he stood shivering and weeping outside the school with his father’s arms draped around him. “We thought that someone was knocking something over. And we heard yelling, and we heard gunshots. We heard lots of gunshots. We heard someone say, ‘Put your hands up.’ I heard, ‘Don’t shoot.’ “ We had to go into the closet in the gym. Then someone came and told us to run down the hallway. There were police at every door. There were lots of people crying and screaming.” Yvonne Cech, a school librarian, said that she, two library clerks, a library catalog assistant and 18 fourth graders had spent 45 minutes locked in a closet during the shootings. “The SWAT team escorted us out,” she said, and then all 18 children were reunited with their parents. Another student at the school told an NBC station in Connecticut: “I was in the gym and I heard like seven loud booms, and the gym teachers told us to go in the corner and we huddled . We all heard these booming noises, and we started crying. So the gym teachers told us to go into the office where no one could find us . Then a police officer told us to run outside.” The State Police said the Newtown police called them shortly after 9:30 a.m., said Lt. J. Paul Vance of the State Police. “On- and off-duty troopers responded to the school and with Newtown police immediately upon arrival entered the school and began an active shooter search,” Lieutenant Vance said. Eighteen of the students were pronounced dead at the school, and two others were taken to hospitals where they were declared dead. All the adults who were fatally shot at the school were pronounced dead at the scene. Law enforcement officials said the weapons used by the gunman were a Sig Sauer and a Glock, both handguns . The police also found an M4 carbine at the scene that they believe belonged to the gunman. Meredith Artley, the managing editor of CNN.com, said someone who works at the school told her the shooting happened in the hallway. “She described it as a ‘Pop, pop, pop,'” Ms. Artley said . “She said three people went out into the hall and only one person came back, the vice principal, she said, who was shot in the leg or the foot, who came crawling back. She cowered under the table and called 911 . There must have been a hundred rounds.” As news of the shooting spread, frantic family members descended on the scene and were taken to a nearby firehouse, where teachers and students who had been evacuated from the school had been taken by the authorities. Some clergy members were also at the firehouse. “The teachers wrote down the names of all the children,'’ said Msgr. Robert Weiss, the pastor at St. Rose of Lima in Newtown. “The ones who were unaccounted for, those parents went to another room and wrote their names on a list.” “It was around, obviously,” he added, “the number that passed away.” Another clergy member at the firehouse, Rabbi Sholom Deitsch of Chabbad Jewish Center in Ridgefield, Conn., said: “I see a lot of fear and disbelief in people’s eyes. It’s a very difficult scene, one I’ve never seen in my life.” Gov. Dannel P. Malloy of Connecticut, who was at the scene of the shooting comforting relatives of victims , called the killings a “tragedy of unspeakable terms.” Mayor Michael R. Bloomberg of New York, who has been a vocal advocate for gun control in the United States, issued an exasperated statement criticizing national leaders for failing to do more to stop gun violence. “We have heard all the rhetoric before,” he said. “What we have not seen is leadership – not from the White House and not from Congress.” Mr. Bloomberg waited to issue his statement until after Mr. Obama spoke, hoping that he would hear something more specific on gun control. But he did not. “ President Obama rightly sent his heartfelt condolences to the families in Newtown ,” Mr. Bloomberg said. “But the country needs him to send a bill to Congress to fix this problem. Calling for ‘meaningful action’ is not enough. We need immediate action.” The school, located among wooded hills and suburban tracts in Fairfield County, 12 miles east of Danbury, serves kindergarten through fourth grade. The school has about 700 students. “It’s just a little country school,” Robert Place, 65, said as he stood nearby. “The look is very ′50s or ′60s. One floor. It’s always had a good reputation. People come to Newtown for the schools.” Lillian Bittman, a former chairwoman of the Newtown Board of Education, has three children who attended Sandy Hook. “It’s a place that feels like my house, a place that feels like my home,'’ she said. “It’s as if he walked into my house and did this. I’m not alone in feeling this. Everyone I talked to feels that way. When people left Sandy Hook, when they aged out, they were sad. They were sad their kids wouldn’t be part of that community.” The school’s principal, Dawn Hochsprung, was reportedly one of those shot. But at the home of her daughter Cristina Hassinger, in Oakville, Conn., the family was still awaiting any news of her fate. “We’re looking for any hope,” said Ryan Hassinger, the son-in-law of the principal. “I looked on Twitter and it says that she is passed,” Mr. Hassinger said. But, he added, the family was “just waiting.” Mr. Obama was briefed on the shooting at 10:30 a.m., the White House said. “We’ve endured too many of these tragedies in these past few years, and each time I learn the news I react not as a president but as anyone else would as a parent, and that was especially true today,” Mr. Obama said on Friday afternoon. “I know there’s not a parent in America who doesn’t feel the same overwhelming grief that I do.” Maureen Kerins, a hospital nurse who lives close to the school, learned of the shooting from the television and hurried to the school to see if she could help. “I stood outside waiting to go in, but a police officer came out and said they didn't need any nurses, so I knew it wasn’t good,” Ms. Kerins said. In front of a senior center next door to the school, a 20-year-old woman was with her 4-year-old sister, who was in the school at the time of the shooting. The woman went to pick up her young sister along with their mother. The girl had her arms and legs wrapped around her. When a reporter asked the woman what the little girl knew of what had happened, the woman said, “Absolutely nothing, and we don’t plan to tell her anything.”
在院访问学者项目的支持下，我有幸来到 Penn state 的材料科学与工程系进行短期的访问学习， Penn state 的材料科学与工程方向 在美国高校中排名很靠前，实力不菲，这样一个国际上比较著名的研究机构，每年吸引了大量的研究人员，来这里开展或短期或长期的科研工作，不同国家地区的人来到这里，不仅带来了新的想法，新的思路，同时也有着不同的工作方法、生活习惯等等，可以说人员流动性，复杂性恐怕要远高于国内的研究院所。而研究的内容也涉及了各种材料，其化学物理性能各种各样，在这样的情况下，如何保证实验室和科研工作安全的正常的运转？他们的一些管理经验，值得我们借鉴。 1. 实验室的钥匙和门卡要到系里专职人员那里填表登记后才能领用，并且在离校时要归还，门卡开放的具体实验室房间根据具体工作需要确定，并记录在电脑系统中，这也就意味着，每个人能进出的实验场所及出入时间都有记录；通过这样一种形式，也给你一种感觉，你可以自由出入你的工作场所，但也不是什么地方都可以随便乱闯乱进的，这不仅是对公共财产安全的一种保证，其实也是对人身安全的一种保证，你不可以随便出入你不了解的实验场所以免发生意外，通过电脑记录，也可以知道你去了哪里，在意外的情况下可以及时的发现并寻找到你。 2. 能进实验室了，如何开展实验工作？第一步就是要进行实验安全教育，关于这点，我感触很深， 首先我感觉他们的实验室安全防护意识很强，不管你是学生还是访问学者，不管你是长期还是短期在这里工作，也不分外来人员还是本校员工，只要你想在他们的实验室里开展实验工作，他们都严格执行首先要对你进行安全培训和考试的程序； 其次就是安全教育的形式和内容非常人性化，向专职人员申请安全培训和考试后，他们会发一个电子版的 安全教育手册，和一个网上考试的链接给你，并告诉你如果你感觉准备好了就可以随时网上登录参加考试。 安全教育手册详细讲述了在实验室进行物理化学实验时所需注意的事项，在手册序言中这样写道：我们会自然而然的认为每个人天生就知道如何进行安全防护， 但问题是人们不可能就他们意识不到的潜在危险进行提问。 （ It is often automatically assumed that everyone is born with good common sense and therefore should practice good safety. The problem is that one cannot ask the right questions if one is not aware of the potential hazards. ）。 记住：进行实验室安全防护是为了我们自己好，为了和我们一起在实验室工作的同事好。 （ remember that safe laboratory practice is to our own benefit as well as our colleagues working in the labs with us. ）这两句话概括了这本手册的目的， 人们不可能就他们意识不到的潜在危险进行提问 ，所以我们提供相关的信息给你，指出各种可能的潜在危险。同时也指出了安全教育的核心：是为了人的安全，进行实验室安全防护是为了我们以及和我们一起在实验室工作的同事好的事情。理解了以上两点，你接着读下去也就不会对该手册 讲述的角度和内容感到奇怪了。 手册没有告诉你，你做错了什么样的事会罚你多少钱，做错了什么样的事会给你记过，做错了什么样的事会开除你，做错了什么样的事会造成多少钱的直接经济损失和间接经济损失。手册告诉你的是：紧急情况下如何求助，受伤时如何紧急处理，化学药品的标注，如何正确的放置、运输、转移化学药品、气瓶等，一些有毒化学药品具体伤害及中毒表现等等 hellip; 这手册中，我不只一次看到这样的句子：如果你感觉事故局势超出你的控制能力，应迅速关好门离开，并去最近的电话地点求助，同时要及时通知附近的同事撤离。这样的安全教育，告诉我们在力所能及的情况下保护好自己，保护好同事，读来甚觉 温暖。 在国内也曾参加过安全教育，往往更多是从物的层面上展开，集中开个会，严肃认真的强调下一定要注意安全，出了安全事故会造成什么样的损失等等，对于从正面的角度，讲述如何在日常工作中进行正确的操作，如何避免受伤，受伤了如何处理等等，涉及的内容却很少。 于是我在想，我们进行安全教育的最终目的是什么？是为了保护国家财产不受损失吗？是为了保持连续 N 年的文明单位称号吗？我们应该用什么样的方式来进行安全教育，应该用什么样的方式来让大家重视安全？美国的方法的也许会给我们另外一种思考的角度。 3. 实验仪器的使用，国内的许多高校院所，往往有专门的实验测试中心，专职的实验测试人员，管理操作各种大型设备。但是在这里，包括像 TEM ， SEM ， XRD 等涉及大型仪器设备的实验也都是由实验者自己操作完成的。但这并不意味着，可以随时、随地、随便的使用相关的仪器设备，首先他们有完善的网上预约；做 XRD 、激光等有辐射性射线的实验时，还必须进行相关的安全课程培训和考试，告诉你可能的危险和防护措施；同时，某些仪器还有相关的培训课程，作为公共课滚动开班，网上报名。他们也有相关的仪器维护管理人员，在你初次使用仪器时，对你进行实验操作指导，在实验操作中遇到问题，可以随时找他们寻求帮助。这样的仪器管理机制，一方面锻炼了实验者的实际动手能力，同时也保证了仪器的安全正常运行，我想这也是值得我们国内借鉴的方法。 近年来国家不断增加科研投入，我们许多科研院所的硬件设施与国外已经不相上下，有些地方的装备条件甚至已经超过了国外研究机构，但是如何让这些高精尖的设备高效的运转，如何创造一个安全舒适的科研氛围，让广大科研人员全身心的投入到科学研究工作中去，创造更多的科研成果，也许在科研实验室管理的软环境的建设上，我们还要有更多的思考。
标签: 安全教育
