德国神学家、教师和博物学家 Christian Konrad Sprengel (1750--1816) ---- 歌德反对他、达尔文喜欢他 德国神学家、教师和博物学家 Christian Konrad Sprengel (1750--1816) 与诗人及博物学家歌德 (Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, 1749--1832) 几乎是同龄人。 有一种说法， 1782 年身为教师的 Christian Konrad Sprengel 的健康状况出现了问题。他结识了医生兼业余植物学家 Ernst Ludwig Heim (1747--1834) 。后者激发了 Christian Konrad Sprengel 对植物的兴趣。 1787—1793 年， Christian Konrad Sprengel 独立开展了传粉生物学研究。 他对很多植物的花的结构进行了严谨的科学观察， 天才般地发现了有些两性花的雌雄蕊异熟现象 (dichogamy) 。 1793 年， Christian Konrad Sprengel 出版了一部传世之作 -- 《大自然的秘密：花的结构和传粉之发现》。翌年， Christian Konrad Sprengel 不仅失去了教职，而且遭到 歌德的差评和猛烈反对 。 Christian Konrad Sprengel 的大作 被忽视了近半个世纪。 1838 年夏， Charles Darwin FRS ( 达尔文 , 1809--1882) 开始 传粉生物学的观察和研究 。达尔文在 1859 年出版的《物种起源》及后来的植物学著作里引述并高度评价了 Christian Konrad Sprengel 的卓越研究。 最后，值得一提的是 “Sprengel” 家族对德国植物学和古植物学的发展做出了重要贡献。在 “ 德国古植物学之伞 ” 专题，我曾谈到过 Anton Sprengel (1803--1851) 。在 Christian Konrad Sprengel 之后，我计划谈谈他的侄子 Kurt Polycarp Joachim Sprengel (1766--1833) 。 --------------------------- Brief life chronology of German theologist, teacher and naturalist Christian Konrad Sprengel (1750--1816) --1750: Born in Brandenburg, Germany ; --1770: Began to study theology and philosophy at the University of Halle ; --1774: Became a teacher of the Great Frederick's orphanage and the military school in Berlin; --1780: Moved to Spandau ( a borough of Berlin ) to serve as rector of the Great Lutheran Town School; --Initiated strong interest in plants largely because of the inspiration of German physician and amateur mycologist and botanist Ernst Ludwig Heim(1747--1834); --1787: B egan to observe the pollination of Geranium flowers during the summer of 1787 ; --1787: Co-worked with German botanist Carl Ludwig Willdenow (1765--1812) on Florae Berolinensis Prodromus ; ---1793: Published Das entdeckte Geheimniss der Natur im Bau und in der Befruchtung der Blumen ( The secret of nature discovered in the structure and pollination of flowers ); --1794: Dismissed, but with a pension; then went to Berlin; --1816: Died in Berlin at age of 66. =========== P.S. --1833: Scottish botanist and palaeobotanis Robert Brown FRS(1773--1858) published an article about pollination and cited some of Christian Konrad Sprengel’s research; --1841: At the advice of Robert Brown FRS, Charles Darwin FRS (1809--1882) read Christian Konrad Sprengel’s book; --1859: Charles Darwin FRS confirmed Christian Konrad Sprengel’s observations about dichogamy in the chapter “Natural Selection” of the Origin of Species (1859); --1862: Charles Darwin FRS made comments on Christian Konrad Sprengel’s research in the Orchids (1862); --1876: Charles Darwin FRS made further comments on Christian Konrad Sprengel’s research in the Cross and Self Fertilization (1876). --------------------------- Lectures on Neobotany Palaeobotany-20 German theologist, teacher and naturalist Christian Konrad Sprengel (1750--1816) and pollination biology 德国神学家、教师和博物学家 Christian Konrad Sprengel (1750--1816) 2017 年 6 月 相关阅读 ： Lectures on Neobotany and palaeobotany: a teaching project and catalogue 古今植物学大讲堂 ( 工作目录 ) http://blog.sciencenet.cn/blog-225931-1031964.html 2017-2-6 21:44 ---- German theologist, teacher and naturalist Christian Konrad Sprengel (1750--1816) https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_Konrad_Sprengel https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_Konrad_Sprengel https://www.britannica.com/biography/Christian-Konrad-Sprengel ----------- Timeline of microscopes 显微镜的时间表 https://www.nobelprize.org/educational/physics/microscopes/timeline/ ( 转载 -- http://blog.sciencenet.cn/blog-225931-1055400.html 2017-5-17 09:46) --- 植物形态解剖学 : Neo Paleo- 植物学（ 2 ） 结构植物学 : Neo Paleo- 植物学 (2) Morphology Anatomy: Neobotany+Paleobotany(No.2) Structural Botany: Neobotany+Paleobotany(No.2) Macroscope( 宏观镜 ) vs Microscope( 显微镜 )(in English with Chinese introduction) http://blog.sciencenet.cn/blog-225931-951574.html 2016-1-21 00:16 --------- 古植物学的故事（ 84 ）： 钻研古植物学要读《维管植物比较形态学》 Story of Palaeobotany Series (84): Graduate students majored in palaeobotany should spend enough time in perusal of Comparative Morphology of Vascular Plants co-authored by A. S. Foster and E. M. Gifford. http://blog.sciencenet.cn/blog-225931-396369.html 发表于 2010-12-23 7:17:57 ============================= 古今植物学大讲堂 Lectures on Neobotany Palaeobotany-17a Antony van Leeuwenhoek (1632—1723) and plant anatomy (Chinese Part) 为何显微镜宗师列文虎克 (1632--1723) 的植物学贡献被忽略？ http://blog.sciencenet.cn/blog-225931-1057189.html 2017-5-26 09:56 -------- 古植物学的故事 521 期 Story of Paleobotany Series (No.521) The Epic of Palaeobotany-521 《德国古植物学之伞》 Umbrella of German Palaeobotany (43) German botanist and palaeontologist Anton Sprengel (1803--1851) 德国植物学家和古生物学家 Anton Sprengel (1803--1851) http://blog.sciencenet.cn/blog-225931-1026781.html 2017-1-10 23:01 ------------- 古植物学的故事 436期 Story of Paleobotany Series (No.436) Umbrella of British Palaeobotany (37) 英国著名植物学家 Robert Brown FRS (1773--1858) http://blog.sciencenet.cn/blog-225931-968110.html 2016-4-605:05 ===========================
9 月 22 日 We had politics classes for the first time in Chang‘an Campus.Our teacher’s name is Wang Junshuan,and I thought his lecture was very good.So I wrote down many words which were not only on the ppt but also Mr. Wang said. I went to Chang'an Campus from Yanta Campus by school bus.On the way,I sat beside my adviser Mr.Zhang,and told him what I’m reading and thinking these several days .I’m reading a thin interesting book about teaching technology and ability of maths in class.I felt my constructure of knowledge is like a small magnet,which can not absorb thick books ,but only little ideas.I also told Mr. Zhang some articles and papers I wrote before. In the afternoon,I planed to go to the library to read newspapers and surf on the Internet.But I followed some students to a classroom and enjoyed an interesting English optional class. I’m very satisfied with my experience today.But to my surprise in the evening, I found a series of wonderful books written by professors of The Chinese Academy of Sciences in the library.
The mediocre teacher tells, the good teacher explains, the superior teacher demonstrates, the great teacher inspires. --William Arthur Ward. 平庸的老师,说教;好的老师,解说;更好的老师,示范;伟大的老师,启发.---威廉A.沃德 A teacher affects eternity; no one can tell where his influence ends. --Henry Adams.
We will take the English final test this morning.The teacher assigned each team a topic,our team's topic is "how to educate a child?".well,that's a good question.Here I want express my own opinoin on this topic. First of all,the importance of education can not be too much emphasized.Because it is closely connected with the future of our nation. Education help us to developourscience and technology， education improvethe people's quality ,and it's the education help us lead a better life.In my piont of view,children's education plays the most important role in a man's life.To educate a child well，parents are their children's best teachers.because of this,in the family，the parents should create a good atmosphere ，they must set a good example to their children. Secondly，the children's chioce should be amply respected.parents must give their children enough personal space and freedom,which is very important in the westen education.while in china，it has always been overlooked . Finally,a famousphilosopher once said:"edcation is the power of awakening consciousness",I couldn't agree more! The children themselves should form a good habit,it has a close relationship with the family 、 school and society.Here I want to say,education is not only the parents' responsibility,but the every member of our nation!
Dear Sir/Madam: As a teacher at xxxx school, I am writing to provide you a recommendation for Miss/Mr.xx so as to help you assess her/his application for acceptance into your program and consideration for financial aid. Considered a promising student with originality and sophistication in her/his thinking, (she/he was asked, in the spring semester of 1999, to develop a subsystem of a DBMS project for her B.S.thesis, for which I was the chief leader. T his subsystem was designed to manage the information of materials in NO.1 Fo undry Plant of Dongfeng Auto Works.To do the job, she/he read many books about software engineering and took some courses in Database Principles and Management. Keenly aware that the design of a DBMS decides the quality of the whole software system, she did her/his utmost from the beginning of the project.). From analyzing user’s requirements to designing the whole system, from the detailed designing to the final programming, she was very level-headed and full of innovation every step of the way. Taking full advantage of her ability and creativity, she firmly focused herself on her objective and gnored all distractions. She successfully reached her goal. In the final software testing, only a few bugs were found in her subsystem. My appreciation of her talelent was thus confirmed.Miss is a very personable woman, friendly and helpful, and she has always been a team player in her work. I would greatly appreciate it if you could give her application for candidac y to your Ph.D. program favorable consideration. Should you need any further information in your deliberation, please do not hesitate to contact me. Sincerely xxxx
Teachers A Most Significant Influence Everyone is unique, but the key to unlock what is special in each individual is elusive. Teaching provides a special opportunity to support the journey to search for the key. To explore and reach out potential in areas great and small is motivational and can be inspirational. The interplay between psychological well being and realising that potential is well recognised. More challenging are the practical solutions to develop a problem solving approach to the knocks along the way. I congratulate the committee of the Positive Schools conference in providing a forum to tackle the problems and share solutions
NEW YORK TIMES Florida governor vetoes teacher merit pay bill By Trip Gabriel and Damien Cave New York Times POSTED: 01:30 a.m. HST, Apr 16, 2010 Share 0 Comments (Single Page View) | Return to Paginated View MIAMI Gov. Charlie Crist has been jawboned and buttonholed as he has traveled around the state in recent days, and his office was deluged with 120,000 messages. Passions have not run so high in Florida, the governor said, since the controversy over ending the life of Terry Schiavo in 2005. This time, the point of contention was eliminating tenure for Florida public school teachers and tying their pay and job security to how well their students were learning. On Thursday, Crist picked a side, vetoing a bill passed last week by the Florida Legislature that would have introduced the most sweeping teacher pay changes in the nation. The veto puts Crist, a moderate Republican, at odds with his party base in the Republican-controlled Legislature. His decision has also renewed speculation that he might drop out of the Republican primary for a U.S. Senate seat and run in the general election as an independent. For months he has been trailing the more conservative Republican candidate, Marco Rubio, a Tea Party favorite, in polls. Crist said Thursday that his decision was not political. He cited the incredible outpouring of opposition by teachers, parents, students, superintendents, school boards and legislators. The bill was supported by the Florida Department of Education and statewide business groups, which expressed disappointment in the governor's decision, saying that teachers should be held more accountable. But the governor, announcing his veto in the Capitol in Tallahassee, said the changes envisioned would put teachers in jeopardy of losing their jobs and teaching certificates, without a clear understanding of how gains will be measured. Linking teacher pay to student achievement has long been a goal of some education reformers. They are mostly conservatives, but their ranks also include people in the Obama administration. They argue that teachers should be treated like people in most professions, and paid based on how effective they are. The issue has made for a season of strange bedfellows, with the Obama administration's chief education initiative, Race to the Top, seemingly encouraging just the kind of overhaul that Florida Republicans endorsed and that teachers and their allies furiously opposed. Race to the Top dangles $4.3 billion in grants before states that develop programs that promote teacher accountability and parental choice in schooling. In the first round of grant awards last month, Florida did not win but came close, and the merit pay bill was promoted as a way to improve the state's chances of winning $700 million in aid. Analysts said the state had the most ground to gain specifically in this area for the federal contest. The vetoed bill is consistent with what Race to the Top wants, said Andy Smarick, an education policy analyst who was an official in the U.S. Education Department under President George W. Bush. Reformers have tried to draft policies that allow student-achievement data to be used to reward good teachers and identify poor ones. When Florida proposed strict accountability measures, teachers, parents and administrators pushed back. They argued that the proposed systembasing renewal of teacher contracts and at least half their raises on how well students did on standardized testswould hold them responsible for factors in students' lives beyond their control. I am not a puppet master; I can't pull strings and make them perform, said Amy Horr, a second-grade teacher in the Miami-Dade School District who attended a rally Monday. I can't even make them come to school. The president of the state teachers union, Andy Ford, argued that the pressure on children will be immense when the teachers' salary evaluation, contract and certification are all tied to that score. Teachers coordinated a huge phone and e-mail campaign to lobby the governor, in part through a 70,000-member Facebook group. Reactions on the site moments after the noontime veto were ecstatic: Sweet victory! and Woohoo!!! I love you Charlie Crist ... For now!!! Republican leaders of the Legislature, who said they did not have time to resubmit a new bill before the end of the current session, criticized the governor. Former Gov. Jeb Bush, who backed the bill, said in a statement that Governor Crist has jeopardized the ability of Florida to build on the progress of the last decade, during which Republicans ushered in other controversial changes that they say are responsible for rising student achievement statewide. It is unclear what Crist's veto will mean for him politically. Even some Tea Party followers had turned to opposing the pay and tenure overhauls because of the increased bureaucracy. A Quinnipiac poll published Thursday showed that if Christ ran as an independent candidate in the Senate contest, he would finish narrowly ahead of Rubio and Kendrick Meek, the Democratic candidate. Repeatedly, Crist has said he would not run as an independent. With an April 30 deadline for switching parties, some political analysts said his veto could be a final push to close the gap with Rubio. He's betting on the fact that the Republican legislators themselves have been catching some heat for this, said Susan A. MacManus, a political science professor at the University of South Florida, referring to the merit-pay bill. He'll wait and see if this moves the polls within the Republican ranks; he still has time to make a decision. A few hours after his veto, Crist attended a rally in his honor on the steps of Leon High School in Tallahassee, which was draped with a big sign saying, Thank You, Governor Crist. The people spoke, and they spoke loudly, and boy, did I hear from them this week, the governor told the crowd of teachers, students and administrators. Manny Joanos, energy director for Leon County schools and a Republican, said that he had been leaning toward Rubio in the Republican primary, but that Crist had changed his mind. I'll be voting for the governor, he said. Crist again declined to say whether he would remain a Republican. That's the last thing on my mind right now, he said. Gary Fineout contributed reporting from Tallahassee and Catharine Skipp from Miami. MIAMI Gov. Charlie Crist has been jawboned and buttonholed as he has traveled around the state in recent days, and his office was deluged with 120,000 messages. Passions have not run so high in Florida, the governor said, since the controversy over ending the life of Terry Schiavo in 2005. This time, the point of contention was eliminating tenure for Florida public school teachers and tying their pay and job security to how well their students were learning. On Thursday, Crist picked a side, vetoing a bill passed last week by the Florida Legislature that would have introduced the most sweeping teacher pay changes in the nation. The veto puts Crist, a moderate Republican, at odds with his party base in the Republican-controlled Legislature. His decision has also renewed speculation that he might drop out of the Republican primary for a U.S. Senate seat and run in the general election as an independent. For months he has been trailing the more conservative Republican candidate, Marco Rubio, a Tea Party favorite, in polls. Crist said Thursday that his decision was not political. He cited the incredible outpouring of opposition by teachers, parents, students, superintendents, school boards and legislators. The bill was supported by the Florida Department of Education and statewide business groups, which expressed disappointment in the governor's decision, saying that teachers should be held more accountable. But the governor, announcing his veto in the Capitol in Tallahassee, said the changes envisioned would put teachers in jeopardy of losing their jobs and teaching certificates, without a clear understanding of how gains will be measured. Linking teacher pay to student achievement has long been a goal of some education reformers. They are mostly conservatives, but their ranks also include people in the Obama administration. They argue that teachers should be treated like people in most professions, and paid based on how effective they are. The issue has made for a season of strange bedfellows, with the Obama administration's chief education initiative, Race to the Top, seemingly encouraging just the kind of overhaul that Florida Republicans endorsed and that teachers and their allies furiously opposed. Race to the Top dangles $4.3 billion in grants before states that develop programs that promote teacher accountability and parental choice in schooling. In the first round of grant awards last month, Florida did not win but came close, and the merit pay bill was promoted as a way to improve the state's chances of winning $700 million in aid. Analysts said the state had the most ground to gain specifically in this area for the federal contest. The vetoed bill is consistent with what Race to the Top wants, said Andy Smarick, an education policy analyst who was an official in the U.S. Education Department under President George W. Bush. Reformers have tried to draft policies that allow student-achievement data to be used to reward good teachers and identify poor ones. When Florida proposed strict accountability measures, teachers, parents and administrators pushed back. They argued that the proposed systembasing renewal of teacher contracts and at least half their raises on how well students did on standardized testswould hold them responsible for factors in students' lives beyond their control. I am not a puppet master; I can't pull strings and make them perform, said Amy Horr, a second-grade teacher in the Miami-Dade School District who attended a rally Monday. I can't even make them come to school. The president of the state teachers union, Andy Ford, argued that the pressure on children will be immense when the teachers' salary evaluation, contract and certification are all tied to that score. Teachers coordinated a huge phone and e-mail campaign to lobby the governor, in part through a 70,000-member Facebook group. Reactions on the site moments after the noontime veto were ecstatic: Sweet victory! and Woohoo!!! I love you Charlie Crist ... For now!!! Republican leaders of the Legislature, who said they did not have time to resubmit a new bill before the end of the current session, criticized the governor. Former Gov. Jeb Bush, who backed the bill, said in a statement that Governor Crist has jeopardized the ability of Florida to build on the progress of the last decade, during which Republicans ushered in other controversial changes that they say are responsible for rising student achievement statewide. It is unclear what Crist's veto will mean for him politically. Even some Tea Party followers had turned to opposing the pay and tenure overhauls because of the increased bureaucracy. A Quinnipiac poll published Thursday showed that if Christ ran as an independent candidate in the Senate contest, he would finish narrowly ahead of Rubio and Kendrick Meek, the Democratic candidate. Repeatedly, Crist has said he would not run as an independent. With an April 30 deadline for switching parties, some political analysts said his veto could be a final push to close the gap with Rubio. He's betting on the fact that the Republican legislators themselves have been catching some heat for this, said Susan A. MacManus, a political science professor at the University of South Florida, referring to the merit-pay bill. He'll wait and see if this moves the polls within the Republican ranks; he still has time to make a decision. A few hours after his veto, Crist attended a rally in his honor on the steps of Leon High School in Tallahassee, which was draped with a big sign saying, Thank You, Governor Crist. The people spoke, and they spoke loudly, and boy, did I hear from them this week, the governor told the crowd of teachers, students and administrators. Manny Joanos, energy director for Leon County schools and a Republican, said that he had been leaning toward Rubio in the Republican primary, but that Crist had changed his mind. I'll be voting for the governor, he said. Crist again declined to say whether he would remain a Republican. That's the last thing on my mind right now, he said. Gary Fineout contributed reporting from Tallahassee and Catharine Skipp from Miami. http://www.starbulletin.com/news/nyt/20100416_Florida_governor_vetoes_teacher_merit_pay_bill.html
标签: teacher
