Plant anatomy-17b: Antony van Leeuwenhoek FRS (1632—1723) Outline of Antony van Leeuwenhoek FRS (1632—1723) and plant anatomy Antony van Leeuwenhoek FRS (1632—1723) ∮ 1 Brief life chronology and relevant backgrounds --1629: ; --1632 (October 24): Antony van Leeuwenhoek (1632—1723) was born in Delft of the Netherlands; --1634 (April9): ; --1638 (January 8): (6 years old) Father Philips Thonis Leeuwenhoek buried in Nieuwe Kert; --1640 (December 1): Mother Margriete Jacobs van de Berch (1594--1664) married Jacob de Molijn (1594--1649); --1641 (January 1): (9 years old) Began to attend school in Warmond; --1646 (January 1): Apprenticed with his uncle ( Pieter Douchy ) in Benthuizen; --1646 (May8): ; --1648 (January1): (16 years old) Apprenticed with Scottish linen merchant William Davidson(??1616--??1689) in Amsterdam; --1649 (May2): ; --1654 (July29): (22 years old) Married his first wife Barbara de Meiji (c.1629--1666); --1654(October 12): ; --1655 (February 16): (23 years old) Bought a house and shop on the west side of the Hippolytursbuurt and worked as a draper to support his family; --1655 (September 15): Son Philips (first so named) baptized; --1656 (September 24): Daughter Maria Thonis Leeuwenhoek (1656--1745); --1660 (March26): Appointed as an official of city magistrate’s court; --1664 (September 3): Mother Margriete Jacobs van de Berch (1594--1664) buried in OudeKerk; --1665 (September 1): ; --1666 (June27): Son Philips (third) buried in Oude Kerk; --1666 (July14): (34 years old) First wife Barbara de Meij (c.1629--1666) buried in OudeKerk; --1666 (October 10): Appointed as a district supervisor; --1667 (May18): Appointed as a curator of estate of Simon de Bourbon (1633--??); --1668 (January 1): (36 years old) Traveled to England; --1669 (February 4): Certified as a surveyor after passing the oral examination; --1671 (January 25): (39 years old) Married second wife Cornelia Johannes Swalmius(1634--1694); --1673 (April28): (41 years old) Wrote letter to German theologian Henry Oldenburg FRS(1619--1677), who is an original fellow of the Royal Society (RS) in London,the first secretary of the RS, the founding editor and publisher of the journal PhilosophicalTransactions of the Royal Society andthe creator of scientific peer review; --1673 (May18): (41years old) First letter was published in the Philosophical Transactions ; --1673 (August 17): ; --1674 (August 1): (42 years old) First observed microbes; --1675 (September 15): (43 years old) First observed microbes in the rain water; --1676 (November 18): Visited by Gottfried Wilhelm ( von ) Leibniz ( 戈特弗里德 · 威廉 · 莱布尼茨 ,1646--1716); --1677 (September 5): ; --1677 (November 15): Robert Hooke FRS ( 罗伯特 · 胡克 ,1635—1703) demonstrated the discovery of microbes observed by Antony vanLeeuwenhoek; --1678 (March18 and 31): Wrote letters to British microscopist and plant anatomist Nehemiah Grew FRS (1641—1712); --1679 (August 15): Appointed as city inspector of imported and exported liquids orwine gauger; --1680 (January 29): (48 years old) Elected to the Royal Society (London) on January 29, 1680; --1680 (February 17): ; --1680 (April5): British physicist and microscopist Robert Hooke FRS ( 罗伯特 · 胡克 , 1635—1703) send Leeuwenhoek official notice of the election as fellow of the Royal Society; --1694 (June6): (62 years old) Second wife Cornelia Johannes Swalmius (1634--1694) died; --1685 (February 13): Visited by Thomas Molyneux FRS (1661--1733) on behalf of theRoyal Society; --1685 (August 27)--1692: British astronomer Edmond Halley FRS (1656--1742) once served as editor of the Philosophical Transactions and he did not publish any of Leeuwenhoek’s letters in thescientific journal from 1685 to 1693; --1692 (February 1): Robert Hooke FRS ( 罗伯特 · 胡克 ,1635—1703) called Leeuwenhoek the microscope’s “single votary”; --1693 (January 1): English naturalist Richard Waller FRS (c.1646--?1715) served as secretary of the Royal Society from 1691 to 1693 and again from 1710 to 1714, and he edited the Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society from 1691 to1693. Richard Waller resumed to publish Leeuwenhoek’s letters; --1693 (November 30): Irish physician andentrepreneur Hans Sloane FRS (1660—1753) was elected secretary to the Royal Society; From then on, he edited the Philosophical Transactions of theRoyal Society for the following 20 years when he published a total of 68letters written by Leeuwenhoek; --1694 (November 29): ; --1698 (January 1): Visited by Tsar Peter theGreat of Russia ( 彼得大帝 ,1672--1725); --1700 (January 1): Visited by Irish physicianand entrepreneur Hans Sloane FRS (1660—1753), who was editor of t he PhilosophicalTransactions of the Royal Society; --1701 (August 1): (69 years old) 50 th publications in the Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society in London; --1703 (March3): ; --1704 (January 1): Tried to resign from the city inspector / wine gauger job; --1711 (December 23): Delft’s mayors annulled Leeuwenhoek’s position of district supervisor; --1712 (March25): ; --1721 (May1): (89 years old) 100 th publications in the Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society in London; --1722 (July13): Received payment from the city for inspector / wine gauger duties; --1723 (August 26): (91 years old) Died in Delft of the Netherlands at age of 91. ∮ 2 Botanical observations and publications 2-2 A list of plant materials observed by Antony van Leeuwenhoek FRS (1632—1723) using microscopes (1) Grains Meal Shoot, grass blade, and root of barley Grain of barley Meal of wheat, rye, and barley Meal of oat and bean Meal of bean and green pea (2) Fruit / Seeds Seed and vessels of pear Seeds of pear; vessels of trees Seeds of apple and bean Seeds of Cotton, Palm, or Date-Stones, Cloves, Nutmegs, Goose-Berries, Currans, Tulips, Cassia, Lime-Tree Seeds of Figs, Strawberries Seeds of Oranges Seeds of Polypodium. (3) Tropical plants Nut of coconut / Nut and rind of coconut Vessels and sheath of coconut / Wood of coconut tree Ebony / lignum vitae / cinchona / cinnamon / nutmeg (4) Other plants cork from Quercus suber Wood of Fraxinus (ash) Iris florentina Smilax Elm Spruce Bark of Trees Willow Leaves Celandine 2-2 An incomplete list of letters published in the Philosophical Transactions 1673 Leeuwenhoek, A. van The Figures of some of Mr. Leeuwenhoecks Microscopical Observations, formerly publish't (in Numb. 94. p. 6037.6038) together with their Explication 1673 Leeuwenhoek, A. van A Specimen of Some Observations Made by a Microscope, Contrived by M. Leewenhoeck in Holland, Lately Communicated by Dr. Regnerus de Graaf 1675 Leeuwenhoek, A. van Other Microscopical Observations, Made by the Same, about the Texture of the Blood, the Sap of Some Plants, the Figure of Sugar and Salt, and the Probable Cause of the Difference of Their Tasts 1676 Leeuwenhoek, A. van Extract of a Letter Written to the Publisher by Mr. Leewenhoeck from Delft, April 21. 1676; Concerning the Texture of Trees ... 1677 Leeuwenhoek, A. van An Extract of a Letter from Mr. Anthony Van Leeuwenhoek, to the R. S. Containing His Obseruations on the Seeds of Cotton, Palm, or Date-Stones, Cloves, Nutmegs, Goose-Berries, Currans, Tulips, Cassia, Lime-Tree: On the Skin of the Hand, and Pores, ... 1677 Leeuwenhoek, A. van Mr. Leewenhoecks Letter Written to the Publisher from Delff the 14th of May 1677, Concerning the Observations by him Made of the Carneous Fibres of a Muscle, and the Cortical and Medullar Part of the Brain; as Also of Moxa and Cotton 1683 Leeuwenhoek, A. van An Abstract of a Letter from Mr. Anthony Leewenhoeck of Delft to Mr. R. H. concerning the Appearances of Several Woods, and Their Vessels 1693 Leeuwenhoek, A. van An Extract of a Letter from Mr. Anth. Van. Leeuwenhoek, containing Several Observations on the Texture of the Bones of Animals Compared with That of Wood: On the Bark of Trees: On the Little Scales Found on the Cuticula, etc. 1693 Leeuwenhoek, A. van A Letter from Mr. Anth. Van Leeuwenhoek concerning the Seeds of Plants, with Observations on the Manner of the Propagation of Plants and Animals 1694 Leeuwenhoek, A. van The Extract of Another Letter from Mr. Anthony van Leuwenhock, to the Royal Society; Concerning the Difference of Timber Growing in Different Countries, and Felled at Different Seasons of the Year 1696 Leeuwenhoek, A. van An Extract of a Letter from Mr. Leewenhoek, Dated the 10th of July, An. 1696. Containing Microscopical Observations on Eels, Mites, the Seeds of Figs, Strawberries, etc. 1697 Leeuwenhoek, A. van Part of a Letter of Mr. Anthony van Leeuwenhoeck, Dated Delst, Sept. 10. 1697. concerning the Eggs of Snails, Roots of Vegetables, Teeth, and Young Oysters 1701 Leeuwenhoek, A. van Part of a Letter of Mr Anthony van Leuwenhoeck, F. R. S. concerning Excrescencies Growing on Willow Leaves, etc 1702 Leeuwenhoek, A. van Part of a Letter from Mr Antony van Leeuwenhoek, F. R. S. concerning Green Weeds Growing in Water, and Some Animalcula Found about Them 1702 Leeuwenhoek, A. van A Letter from Mr Anthony van Leuwenhoek, concerning the Seeds of Oranges, etc. 1704 Leeuwenhoek, A. van A Letter from Mr Anthony Van Leeuwenhoek, F. R. S. concerning the Barks of Trees 1704 Leeuwenhoek, A. van A Letter from Mr Antony Van Leeuwenhoek, concerning the Tubes or Canals That Convey the Yellow Sap in the Herb Called Chelidonium Majus, or Celandine, etc. 1704 Leeuwenhoek, A. van Observations on the Seed-Vessels and Seeds of Polypodium. In a Letter from Mr Anthony Van Leeuwenhoek, F. R. S. 1704 Leeuwenhoek, A. van A Letter from Mr Antony Van Leuwenhoek, F. R. S. Concerning Some Fossils of Swisserland, etc 1706 Leeuwenhoek, A. van Microscopical Observations on the Seeds of Several East-India Plants, by Mr Anthony van Leeuwenhoek, F. R. S. 1720 Leeuwenhoek, A. van Observations upon the Vessels in Several Sorts of Wood, and upon the Muscular Fibres of Different Animals. By the Same Curious and Inquisitive Person 1720 Leeuwenhoek, A. van Observations upon the Seeds of Plants. By the Same. Translated by John Chamberlayne, Esq; ∮3 Julius von Sachs’(1832--1897) degrading comments in 1875 Julius von Sachs (1832--1897), 1875. Geschichte der Botanik vom 16. Jahrhundert bis 1860.München : R. Oldenbourg. I—XII, 1—612 ∮ 4 Antony van Leeuwenhoek FRS (1632—1723) and plant anatomy 4-1 Ford B.J., 1981a.Leeuwenhoek's specimens discovered after 307 year. Nature 292: 407. Ford B.J. 1981b. Thevan Leeuwenhoek specimens. Notes and Records of the Royal Society of London. 36:37–59 Ford B.J.,1982. The Origins of plant anatomy—Leeuwenhoek’s cork sections examined. IAWA Bulletin n.s., 3 (1):7-10 4-2 Baas P., 1982. Antoni van Leeuwenhoek and his observation on the structure of the woody cell wall . IAWA Bulletin n.s., Vol. 3 (1):3-6 --------------------------- Qigao Sun ( 孙启高 ): 古今植物学大讲堂 Lectures on Neobotany Palaeobotany 植物演化生物学讲座 -17b Lectures on Evolutionary Biology of Plants (17b) 植物形态解剖学 : Neo Paleo- 植物学（ 17b ） 结构植物学 : Neo Paleo- 植物学 (17b) Morphology Anatomy: Neobotany+Paleobotany (No.17b) Structural Botany: Neobotany+Paleobotany (No.17b) Antony van Leeuwenhoek FRS (1632—1723) and plant anatomy (English Part) 为何显微镜宗师列文虎克 (1632--1723) 的植物学贡献被忽略？ 2017 年 5 月 相关阅读： Lectures on Neobotany and palaeobotany: a teaching project and catalogue 古今植物学大讲堂 ( 工作目录 ) http://blog.sciencenet.cn/blog-225931-1031964.html 2017-2-6 21:44 Dutch businessman and microscopist Antony vanLeeuwenhoek FRS ( 安东尼 · 列文虎克 , 1632—1723) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonie_van_Leeuwenhoek http://lensonleeuwenhoek.net http://lensonleeuwenhoek.net/category/bibliography/Philosophical%20Transactions Delft city of the Netherlands( 荷兰 代尔夫 特市 ) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delft Timeline of microscopes 显微镜的时间表 https://www.nobelprize.org/educational/physics/microscopes/timeline/ ( 转载 -- http://blog.sciencenet.cn/blog-225931-1055400.html 2017-5-17 09:46) 植物形态解剖学 : Neo Paleo- 植物学（ 2 ） 结构植物学 : Neo Paleo- 植物学 (2) Morphology Anatomy: Neobotany+Paleobotany(No.2) Structural Botany: Neobotany+Paleobotany(No.2) Macroscope( 宏观镜 ) vs Microscope( 显微镜 )(in English with Chinese introduction) http://blog.sciencenet.cn/blog-225931-951574.html 2016-1-21 00:16 --------- Julius von Sachs (1832--1897), 1875. Geschichte der Botanik vom 16. Jahrhundert bis 1860.München : R. Oldenbourg. I—XII, 1—612 ------- Ford B.J., 1981a.Leeuwenhoek's specimens discovered after 307 year. Nature 292: 407. Ford B.J. 1981b. The van Leeuwenhoek specimens. Notes and Records of the Royal Society of London. 36:37–59 Ford B.J.,1982. The Origins of plant anatomy—Leeuwenhoek’s cork sections examined. IAWABulletin n.s., 3 (1):7-10 ------ Baas P. , 1982. Antoni van Leeuwenhoek and his observation on the structure of the woody cell wall . IAWA Bulletin n.s., Vol. 3 (1):3-6 Pieter Baas, Systematic, phylogenetic, and ecological wood anatomy—History and perspective, pp.23--58 In: New Perspectives in WoodAnatomy / edited by P. Baas. Published on the occasionof the 50th anniversary of the International Association of Wood Anatomists (IAWA) The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff / Dr W. Junk Publishers, 1982. I—vi, 252 ---- Lane N., 2015. The unseen world: reflections on Leeuwenhoek (1677) ‘Concerning little animals’. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B 370:20140344. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2014.0344 -------- 结构植物学 : Neo Paleo- 植物学 (12) Morphology Anatomy: Neobotany+Paleobotany (No.12) Structural Botany: Neobotany+Paleobotany (No.12) OUTLINE: Robert Hooke FRS ( 罗伯特 · 胡克 , 1635—1703) and the great discovery of cell Robert HookeFRS ( 罗伯特 · 胡克 , 1635—1703) 与细胞之伟大发现 http://blog.sciencenet.cn/blog-225931-1011524.html 2016-10-29 02:00 ---------- Structural Botany: Neobotany+Paleobotany (No.14) English plant anatomist Nehemiah Grew FRS (1641--1712), a founder of plant anatomy 植物解剖学奠基人 Nehemiah Grew FRS (1641--1712) http://blog.sciencenet.cn/blog-225931-1035175.html 2017-2-21 23:06 Structural Botany: Neobotany+Paleobotany (No.13) 解剖学和胚胎学先驱 Marcello Malpighi FRS (1628--1694) Marcello Malpighi FRS (1628--1694)—a pioneer of anatomy and embryology http://blog.sciencenet.cn/blog-225931-1033090.html 2017-2-12 03:21 -- 古植物学的故事（ 84 ）： 钻研古植物学要读《维管植物比较形态学》 Story of Palaeobotany Series (84): Graduate students majored in palaeobotany should spend enough time in perusal of Comparative Morphology of Vascular Plants co-authored by A. S. Foster and E. M. Gifford. http://blog.sciencenet.cn/blog-225931-396369.html 发表于 2010-12-23 7:17:57 ============================= 古今植物学大讲堂 Lectures on Neobotany Palaeobotany 植物演化生物学讲座 -17a Lectures on Evolutionary Biology of Plants (17a) 植物形态解剖学 : Neo Paleo- 植物学（ 17a ） 结构植物学 : Neo Paleo- 植物学 (17a) Morphology Anatomy: Neobotany+Paleobotany (No.17a) Structural Botany: Neobotany+Paleobotany (No.17a) Antony van Leeuwenhoek FRS (1632—1723) and plant anatomy (Chinese Part) 为何显微镜宗师列文虎克 (1632--1723) 的植物学贡献被忽略？ http://blog.sciencenet.cn/blog-225931-1057189.html 2017-5-26 09:56 ===========================
植物解剖学奠基人 Nehemiah Grew FRS (1641--1712) 在植物解剖学领域，我们通常将英国医生、植物学家 Nehemiah Grew (1641--1712) 和意大利 解剖学、胚胎学先驱 Marcello Malpighi 【 中文译名“ 马尔切罗 · 马尔皮 基”， (1628--1694) 】 并称为植物解剖学领域的奠基人 (co-founder of plant anatomy) 。 1641 年， Nehemiah Grew 出生于英格兰的 Warwickshire 。他父亲 Obadiah Grew(1607--1689) 毕业于牛津大学，是一位知名的异见人士。 1659 年， Nehemiah Grew 入读剑桥大学， 1661 年毕业获学士学位。 1664 年前后，他开始使用显微镜进行植物解剖学研究。 1671 年， Nehemiah Grew 在荷兰 Leiden 大学获得医学博士学位。 Nehemiah Grew 从荷兰返回英国后住在 Coventry 行医。 1672 年， Nehemiah Grew 发表了他的植物解剖学著作 —“ The Anatomy of Vegetables Begun ” 。同年，在英国皇家学会创始人之一 John Wilkins FRS (1614--1672) 等人的劝说下， Nehemiah Grew 离开 Coventry 到伦敦定居，一方面便于科学研究，另一方面有利于行医。纵观 Nehemiah Grew 的职业生涯，他一生主要靠行医谋生，得到英国皇家学会的资助几乎是微乎其微。虽然 Nehemiah Grew 并非职业科学家，他对植物解剖学等研究领域做出了重大贡献。 【 抱歉---此处的图片无法上传 】 Fig.1. A Plate from Grew's Anatomy Nehemiah Grew 的代表作为“ Anatomy of Plants （ 1682 ）”，流传甚广。 Nehemiah Grew 提出了 “薄壁组织” (parenchyma) 等术语，认为这些组织由“细胞” (cell) 组成； 观察并描述了木材的次生生长 (Secondary growth of wood) 等现象，对花、种子等进行了结构植物学研究。 Nehemiah Grew 利用显微镜对花粉形态开展了先驱性的观察和研究。 Nehemiah Grew 是一位多才多艺的研究者。他是指纹学 (dactyloscopy) 的先驱。 1671 年， Nehemiah Grew 被遴选为英国皇家学会会员（院士 /FRS—Fellow of the Royal Society of London ）。 1712 年， Nehemiah Grew 在伦敦辞世。 200 年后，也就是在 1913 年出版《英国植物学的创造者》 ( Makers of British Botany ) 。英国著名的植物形态解剖学家、植物学史专家 Agnes Robertson Arber FRS (1879--1960) 在这本书中对 Nehemiah Grew 的工作进行了权威性的评述。感兴趣的读者可以阅读此书。 --------------------------- Brief life chronology of English plant anatomist Nehemiah Grew (1641--1712), a founder of plant anatomy --1641: Born in Warwickshire, west midlands of England ; --Received early education in Coventry, England; --1659: Matriculated into Pembroke College, Cambridge; --1661: Graduated from Pembroke College, Cambridge and obtained a B.A. degree in Feb.,1661; --1664: Initiated the research of plant anatomy using microscopes; -- 1670: Completed the work-- “ The Anatomy of Vegetables begun ”; --1671: Received a doctorate degree of medicine (M.D) from Leiden University in the Netherland with a dissertation entitled “ Disputatio medico-physica de liquore nervoso ”; --Returned to England and lived in Coventry to practice medicine; --1671: Elected to the Royal Society of London onFeb. 11, 1671; --1672: Published the following work in London-- The Anatomy of Vegetables Begun, With a General Account of Vegetation Founded Thereon ; --1672: Moved from Coventry to London largely because of the persuasion of the bishop of Chester John Wilkins FRS, one of founder fellows of the Royal Society of London; --1673: Published-- An idea of a Phytological History Propounded Together With a Continuation of the Anatomy of Vegetables, Particularly Prosecuted Upon Roots, and an Account of the vegetatian of Roots, Grounded Chiefly Thereupon ; --1675: Published-- The Comparative Anatomy of Trunks, Together With an Account of Their Vegetation Grounded Thereupon ; --1677—79: Served as Secretary of the Royal Society of London; --1680: Elected to an Honorary fellow of the Royal College of Physicians (of London); --1682: Published the monumental work “ The Anatomy of Plants With an Idea of a Philosophical History of Plants and Several Other Lectures Read Before the Royal Society ” . “ Anatomy of Plants ” contains “ Anatomy of Vegetablesbegun” , “ Anatomy of Roots” , “ Anatomy of Trunks” and “ Anatomy of Leaves, Flowers, Fruits and Seeds” .Nehemiah Grew is believed to be the first to describe pollen using microscope; --1712: Died in London at age of 71. --------------------------- Qigao Sun ( 孙启高 ): 古今植物学讲座 Lectures on Neobotany Palaeobotany 结构植物学 : Neo Paleo- 植物学 (14) Structural Botany: Neobotany+Paleobotany (No.14) English plant anatomist Nehemiah Grew FRS(1641--1712), a founder of plant anatomy 植物解剖学奠基人 Nehemiah Grew FRS (1641--1712) Feb.5, 2016 相关阅读： Agnes Arber FRS, 1913. Nehemiah Grew (1641—1712) In: Francis Wall Oliver (ed.) Makers of British botany https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Makers_of_British_botany/Nehemiah_Grew_1641%E2%80%941712 English plant anatomist Nehemiah Grew (1641--1712), a pioneer of plant anatomy https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nehemiah_Grew http://www.encyclopedia.com/people/science-and-technology/botany-biographies/nehemiah-grew ------ 古今植物学讲座 (0--12) Catalogue of Lectures for Neobotany and palaeobotany (0--12) http://blog.sciencenet.cn/blog-225931-1031964.html 2017-2-6 21:44 结构植物学 : Neo Paleo- 植物学 (13) Structural Botany: Neobotany+Paleobotany (No.13) 解剖学和胚胎学先驱 Marcello Malpighi FRS (1628--1694) Marcello Malpighi FRS (1628--1694)—a pioneer of anatomy and embryology http://blog.sciencenet.cn/blog-225931-1033090.html 2017-2-12 03:21 =============
Marcello Malpighi FRS (1628--1694)—a pioneer of anatomy and embryology 解剖学和胚胎学先驱 Marcello Malpighi FRS (1628--1694) 17 世纪意大利科学家 Marcello Malpighi 【 中文译名“ 马尔切罗 · 马尔皮 基”， (1628--1694) 】是解剖学、胚胎学先驱。 Marcello Malpighi 的研究范围比较广。他率先应用显微镜研究了两栖类、哺乳类和昆虫类呼吸的解剖学基础，还涉及动物胚胎学和植物解剖学等领域，取得了一系列开拓性的重大研究成果 (seminal or novel results) 。在植物解剖学领域，学术界通常将 Marcello Malpighi 和英国科学家 Nehemiah Grew (1641--1712) 并称为该领域的奠基人 (co-founder of plant anatomy) 。 Marcello Malpighi 关于植物解剖学的代表作是 “ Anatome Plantarum ” 。 Marcello Malpighi 用显微镜对花、种子、实生苗等材料进行结构植物学研究， 从个体发育的角度 研究植物的生活史 (life cycle) 。 1669 年 3 月 4 日 Marcello Malpighi 被遴选为英国皇家学会会员（院士 / FRS—Fellow of the Royal Society in London) 。 --------------------------- Brief life chronology of Marcello Malpighi (1628--1694)—a pioneer of anatomy and embryology --1628: Born in Crevalcore near Bologna, Italy; --1645: Began to study Aristotelian philosophy at the University of Bologna; -1653: Received a doctorate degree of medicine and philosophy; --Initiated teaching and research of anatomy and medicine with microscopes; --1656: Appointed as a professor of theoretical medicine at the University of Pisa; --1659: Returned to the University of Bologna; --1661: Discovered the pulmonary and capillary network connecting small arteries with small veins; --1663: Appointed as a professor of Physics at the Academy of Messina in Sicily; --1666: First to see the red blood cells; --1667: Departed his university of Messina for his hometown near Bologna and worked as a physician while conducting anatomical research; --1669: Became a fellow of the Royal Society (London) on March 4, 1669; --1673: Conducted embryological studies on chick; --1675: Published part of “ Anatome Plantarum ”; --1679: Published part of “ Anatome Plantarum ”; --1684: House in Bologna was burned down, resulting in the damage to scientific research; --1691: Invited to Rome to work as a papal physician and teach medicine in the Papal Medical School, and prepared for research treatise for the Royal Society of London; --1694: Died of stroke in Rome at age of 66; --1697: A posthumous volume of “ Anatome Plantarum ” appeared. --------------------------- Qigao Sun ( 孙启高 ): 古今植物学大讲堂 Lectures on Neobotany Palaeobotany 植物演化生物学讲座 -13 Lectures on Evolutionary Biology of Plants (13) 植物形态解剖学 : Neo Paleo- 植物学（ 13 ） 结构植物学 : Neo Paleo- 植物学 (13) Morphology Anatomy: Neobotany+Paleobotany(No.13) Structural Botany: Neobotany+Paleobotany (No.13) 解剖学和胚胎学先驱 Marcello Malpighi FRS (1628--1694) Marcello Malpighi FRS (1628--1694)—a pioneer of anatomy and embryology Jan.29, 2017 相关阅读： Catalogue of Lectures for Neobotany and palaeobotany (0--12) 古今植物学讲座 (0--12) http://blog.sciencenet.cn/blog-225931-1031964.html 2017-2-6 21:44 Marcello Malpighi (1628--1694)—a pioneer of anatomy and embryology https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcello_Malpighi https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcello_Malpighi https://www.britannica.com/biography/Marcello-Malpighi John B. West,2013. Marcello Malpighi and the discovery of the pulmonary capillaries and alveoli. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 304: L383–L390, 2013. First published February 1, 2013; doi:10.1152/ajplung.00016.2013 解剖学、胚胎学先驱 Marcello Malpighi 【 中文译名“ 马尔切罗 · 马尔皮 基”， (1628--1694) 】 http://baike.baidu.com/view/551199.htm English plant anatomist Nehemiah Grew (1641--1712), a pioneer of plant anatomy https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nehemiah_Grew 古植物学的故事（ 84 ）： 钻研古植物学要读《维管植物比较形态学》 Story of Palaeobotany Series (84): Graduate students majored in palaeobotany should spend enough time in perusal of Comparative Morphology of Vascular Plants co-authored by A. S. Foster and E. M.Gifford. http://blog.sciencenet.cn/blog-225931-396369.html 发表于 2010-12-23 7:17:57 =============
Robert Hooke FRS ( 罗伯特 · 胡克 , 1635—1703) 与细胞之伟大发现 17 世纪英国物理学家和建筑师 Robert Hooke ( 罗伯特 · 胡克 , 1635—1703) 多才多艺，是一位很了不起的人物。可是，他似乎生活在牛顿 ( Sir Isaac Newton PRS, 1642—1727) 的光环下。英国皇家学会 (The Royal Society of London) 成立于 1660 年。 1663 年 5 月 20 日， Robert Hooke ( 罗伯特 · 胡克 ) 被遴选为 英国皇家学会的创始会员（院士） 。牛顿于 1672 年 1 月 11 日进入英国皇家学会。 【注：现在，英国皇家学会通常被看作是“英国国家科学院” (The UK’s Academy of Sciences) 。】 17 世纪初，欧洲出现了光学显微镜，一些人开始摆弄这种时髦“玩具”。 1663—1664 年间， Robert Hooke 利用显微镜对多种小物体进行了大量观察（见附录），并充分发挥了他的绘画天赋绘制了精美的图片。 1665 年， Robert Hooke用 英文发表了《显微图志》 ( 完整英文题目是“ Micrographia--Some Physiological Descriptions of Minute Bodies Made by Magnifying Glasses with Observations and Inquiries Thereupon ”) 。 Fig.1. The title page of Robert Hooke’ s ( 罗伯特 · 胡克 , 1635— 1703) Micrographia Robert Hooke 利用显微镜观察 软木片，发现了植物细胞 (cell)(“… I could exceeding plainly perceive it to be all perforated and porous, much like a Honey-comb, but that the pores of it were not regular; yet it was not unlike a Honey-comb in these particulars...”) 。这是一个伟大的发现！对于 Robert Hooke这一 科学观察来说，也许这是他科学生涯中的一件小事；但对于植物学 ( 乃至整个生物学 ) 来说，这是一件大事。细胞的发现是人类认识自然的一次大飞跃，是由宏观向微观的大飞跃。 尽管 Robert Hooke 不是植物学家，但是他用显微镜观察 软木片之工作可以被看作是现代木材解剖学的先驱性研究。纵观植物形态解剖学的发展历史，这项工作是一个里程碑。 非常有趣的是 Robert Hooke 还用显微镜观察了木化石，并与现代木材进行详细的比较。通过仔细的观察对比和严谨分析， Robert Hooke 提出了“ 化石是生物体的遗迹”之科学论断。根据已有的公开文献，我认为， Robert Hooke 是利用显微镜观察化石植物的第一人。 【注：荷兰人 Antonie Philips van Leeuwenhoek ( 列文虎克 , 1632--1723) 利用显微镜观察微生物取得了巨大成就。 Antonie Philips van Leeuwenhoek 在植物学上也有重要发现，他首次观察了木质部中的孔纹导管 (pitted vessel) 。 Antonie Philips van Leeuwenhoek 于 1680 年 1 月 29 日被遴选为英国皇家学会会员。 】 ----------------------- Structural Botany-12 OUTLINE: Robert Hooke FRS ( 罗伯特 · 胡克 , 1635—1703) and the great discovery of cell Qigao Sun( 孙启高 ) ∮1 Scientific method Francis Bacon ( 弗朗西斯 · 培根 , 1561--1626): Skeptical approach Observation experiment Logic--Inductive reasoning 用质疑态度、通过观察和实验、运用归纳法认识世界 重复性：证实与证伪 Reproducibility (Repeatability): Verification or Falsifiability ∮2 Neobotany palaeobotany Structural botany vs evolution: Gross morphology Micro-structure morphology Ultrastructural morphology (超微结构) 关于现代植物学和古植物学研究的重复性问题：如何证实？如何证伪？ ∮3 Microscopes Light / Optical Microscope Scanning Electron Microscope—SEM Transmission Electron Microscope—TEM Synchrotron Radiation X-ray Tomographic Microscopy—SRXTM The application of SRXTM to fossil plants: Friis, E.M. , Crane,P.R., Pedersen, K.R., Bengtson, S., Donoghue, P. C. J., Grimm, G. W. Stampanoni, M., 2007. Phase-contrast X-ray microtomography links Cretaceous seeds with Gnetales andBennettitales. Nature 450 : 549-552. Friis, E. M., Marone,F., Pedersen, K.R., Crane, P.R. and Stampanoni, M., 2014. Three-dimensionalvisualisation of fossil flowers, fruits, seeds and other plant remains usingsynchrotron radiation X-ray tomographic microscopy (SRXTM): New insights intoCretaceous plant diversity. Journal of Paleontology 88 : 684-701. Friis, E.M. , Pedersen,K.R and Marone, F., 2014. Arcellites punctatus sp. nov.: a newmegaspore from the Early Cretaceous of Portugal studied using high resolutionsynchrotron radiation x-ray tomographic microscopy (SRXTM). Grana 53 :91-102. ∮4 The use of the earliest microscopes Robert Hooke FRS ( 罗伯特 · 胡克 , 1635—1703), an English physicist and architect Robert Hooke FRS ( 罗伯特 · 胡克 , 07/18/1635—03/03/1703 ） =Original fellow of the Royal Society on May 20, 1663. --- Antonie Philips van Leeuwenhoek ( 列文虎 克 , 1632--1723), a Dutch tradesman and scientist Antoni van Leeuwenhoek (10/24/1632—08/26/1723)=Elected a Fellow of the Royal Society on January 29, 1680. ===================== NB: Sir Isaac Newton PRS ( 牛顿 , 12/25/1642—03/20/1727)—Elected to the Royal Society on January 11, 1672. ∮5 Robert Hooke FRS ( 罗伯特 · 胡克 , 1635—1703) great discovery of cell A list of Robert Hooke’s (1635—1703) observations using microscope in his book Micrographia which appeared in 1665-- Title: Micrographia--Some Physiological Descriptions of Minute Bodies Made by Magnifying Glasses with Observations and Inquiries Thereupon Author: Robert Hooke 5-1 The great discovery of cell Robert Hooke’s observations on cork: “Observ. XVIII. Of the Schematisme or Texture of Cork , and of the Cells and Pores of some other such frothy Bodies.” Fig.2. Cell structure of cork by Robert Hooke (1635--1703) “I took a good clear piece of Cork, and with a Pen-knife sharpen'd as keen as a Razor, I cut a piece of it off, and thereby left the surface of it exceeding smooth, then examining it very diligently with a Microscope , me thought I could perceive it to appear a little porous; but I could not so plainly distinguish them, as to be sure that they were pores, much less what Figure they were of: But judging from the lightness and yielding quality of the Cork, that certainly the texture could not be so curious, but that possibly, if I could use some further diligence, I might find it to be discernable with a Microscope , I with the same sharp Penknife, cut off from the former smooth surface an exceeding thin piece of it, and placing it on a black object Plate, because it was it self a white body, and casting the light on it with a deep plano-convex Glass , I could exceeding plainly perceive it to be all perforated and porous, much like a Honey-comb, but that the pores of it were not regular; yetit was not unlike a Honey-comb in these particulars.” “That’s a small step for a man, a giant leap for mankind.” 5-2 The first observation of fossil wood using microscope Robert Hooke’s observations on charcoal, modern wood and fossil wood: “Observ. XVI. Of Charcoal ,or burnt Vegetables .” “Observ. XVII. Of Petrify'dwood , and other Petrify'd bodies .” --------------------------- Qigao Sun ( 孙启高 ): 古今植物学大讲堂 Lectures on Neobotany Palaeobotany 植物演化生物学讲座 -12 Lectures on Evolutionary Biology of Plants (12) 植物形态解剖学 : Neo Paleo- 植物学（ 12 ） 结构植物学 : Neo Paleo- 植物学 (12) Morphology Anatomy: Neobotany+Paleobotany (No.12) Structural Botany: Neobotany+Paleobotany (No.12) OUTLINE: Robert Hooke FRS ( 罗伯特 · 胡克 , 1635—1703) and the great discovery of cell Robert Hooke FRS ( 罗伯特 · 胡克 , 1635—1703) 与细胞之伟大发现 October 28, 2016 相关阅读： Robert Hooke FRS ( 罗伯特 · 胡克 , 1635—1703) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Hooke =========== Appendix: A list of Robert Hooke’s(1635—1703) observations using microscope in his book Micrographia which appeared in 1665: http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/15491 Observ. I. Of the Point of asharp small Needle. Observ. II. Of the Edge of aRazor. Observ. III. Of fine Lawn, orLinnen Cloth. Observ. IV. Of fine waledSilk, or Taffety. Observ. V. Of watered Silks,or Stuffs. Observ. VI. Of Small GlassCanes. Observ. VII. Of some Phænomena ofGlass drops. Observ. VIII. Of the fierySparks struck from a Flint or Steel. Observ. IX. Of the Coloursobservable in Muscovy Glass, and other thin Bodies . Observ. X. Of Metalline ,and other real Colours. Observ. XI. Of Figures observ'din small Sand. Observ. XII. Of Gravel inUrine. Observ. XIII. Of the small Diamants ,or Sparks in Flints . Observ. XIV. Of several kindesof frozen Figures . I. Several Observables in the six-branched Figuresform'd on the surface of Urine by freezing. II. Observables infigur'd Snow . III. Several kinds of Figuresin Water frozen. Observ. XV. Of Kettering-stone ,and of the pores of Inanimate bodies. Observ. XVI. Of Charcoal ,or burnt Vegetables . Observ. XVII. Of Petrify'dwood , and other Petrify'd bodies . Observ. XVIII. Ofthe Schematisme or Texture of Cork ,and of the Cells and Pores of some other such frothy Bodies. Observ. XIX. Ofa Plant growingin the blighted or yellow specks of Damask-rose-leaves , Bramble-leaves ,and some other kind of leaves. Observ. XX. Of blueMould , and of the first Principles of Vegetation arising from Putrefaction . Observ. XXI. Of Moss ,and several other small-vegetative Substances. Observ. XXII. Of common Sponges ,and several other Spongie fibrousbodies. Observ. XXIII. Of the curioustexture of Sea-weeds . Observ. XXIV. Of the surfacesof Rosemary ,and other leaves. Observ. XXV. Of the stingingpoints and juice of Nettles , and some other venomousPlants. Observ. XXVI. Of Cowage ,and the itching operation of some bodies. Observ. XXVII. Of the Beard ofa wilde Oat ,and the use that may be made of it for exhibiting always to the Eye thetemperature of the Air, as to driness and moisture. Observ. XXVIII. Of the Seeds of Venus looking-glass,or Corn Violet. Observ. XXIX. Of the Seeds of Tyme . Observ. XXX. Of the Seeds of Poppy . Observ. XXXI. Of Purslane-seed . Observ. XXXII. Of the Figure ofseveral sorts of Hair , and of the texture of the skin . Observ. XXXIII. Of the Scales ofa Soal ,and other Fishes. Observ. XXXIV. Of the Sting of aBee. Observ. XXXV. Of the contextureand shape of the particles of Feathers . Observ. XXXVI. Of Peacoks , Ducks ,and other Feathers ofchangeable colours. Observ. XXXVII. Of the Feet of Flies ,and several other Insects . Observ. XXXVIII. Of the Structureand motion of the Wings of Flies . Observ. XXXIX. Of the Eyes andHead of a Greydrone-Fly , and of several other creatures. Observ. XL. Of the Teeth of a Snail . Observ. XLI. Of the Eggs of Silk-worms ,and other Insects. Observ. XLII. Of a blue Fly . Observ. XLIII. Of the Water-Insect or Gnat . Observ. XLIV. Of the tufted orBrush-horn'd Gnat . Observ. XLV. Of the greatBelly'd Gnat orfemale Gnat . Observ. XLVI. Of the whitefeatherwing'd Moth or TineaArgentea . Observ. XLVII. Of the ShepherdSpider , or long legg'd Spider . Observ. XLVIII. Of the hunting Spider ,and several other sorts of Spiders . Observ. XLIX. Of an Ant or Pismire . Observ. L. Of the wandring Mite . Observ. LI. Of the Crab-like Insect. Observ. LII. Of the smallSilver-colour'd Book-worm . Observ. LIII. Of a Flea . Observ. LIV. Of a Louse. Observ. LV. Of Mites . Observ. LVI. Of a smallCreature hatch'd on a Vine. Observ. LVII. Of the Eels inVinegar. --------- Observ. LVIII. Of a new Propertyin the Air ,and several other transparent Mediums nam'd Inflection ,whereby very many considerable Phænomena are attemptedto be solv'd, and divers other uses are hinted. Observ. LIX. Of multitudes ofsmall Stars discoverableby the Telescope . Observ. LX. Of the Moon . ==============
T he Epic of Palaeobotany-463 Umbrella of British Palaeobotany (51) 伦敦自然历史博物馆的名家 William C. Carruthers FRS (1830--1922) SPS-463-William Carruthers Palaeobotanist Keeper of Botany BM London-rev3.pdf
The Epic of Palaeobotany-462 Umbrella of British Palaeobotany (50) 苏格兰植物学名师 John Hutton Balfour FRS FRSE(1808--1884) SPS-462-John Hutton Balfour1808-1884-rev3.pdf
The Epic of Palaeobotany-459 Umbrella of British Palaeobotany (49) 英国皇家学会院士、古植物学家 Francis Wall Oliver FRS (1864--1951) SPS-459-Francis Wall Oliver-rev1.pdf
The Epic of Palaeobotany-454 Umbrella of British Palaeobotany (45) 先当院士后当教授的英国孢粉学家、生态学家 Sir Harry Godwin FRS (1901--1985) SPS-454-Harry Godwin-rev2.pdf
British postnominal titles: CBE vs FRS CBE— Commander of the Most Excellent Order of the British Empire http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_the_British_Empire ------ FRS--Fellow of the Royal Society http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fellow_of_the_Royal_Society#Fellows
《古植物学的故事》 ( 第 197 期 ) 《英国专辑》 ( 补充之一 ) 我所认识的第一位英国古植物学家 -- Dianne Edwards （ FRS,1942-- ） Story of Palaeobotany Series (197) Dianne Edwards (FRS, 1942--), the first British palaeobotanist I have known (The 1 st Addendum to the Special Issue for British Palaeobotany) 孙启高 2013 年 5 月 18 日写于美东 一 引子 我所认识的第一位英国古植物学家是 Dianne Edwards 教授（ FRS,1942-- ）。 1996 年 3 月 14 日， Dianne Edwards 当选为英国皇家学会院士。同年 4 月， Dianne 和她先生一起访问中国，我在北京参与了部分接待工作。我记得，那是我第一次见到来自英国的古植物学家。那时， Dianne 为英国皇家学会的新科院士，可谓意气风发。她先生是一位酷爱竖琴的工程师，却已不幸身患癌症。在陪同外宾的过程，我对 Dianne 的工作和生活有所了解。 1997 年夏，我和同事们访问了英国威尔士大学 Dianne Edwards 教授的实验室。此后，我在中国和英国多次见到 Edwards 教授。 如果按照中国古植物学家徐仁院士 (1910--1992) 的说法， Dianne Edwards 教授属于“正统的古植物学家。”写作本文的目的是希望后学们要向 Dianne Edwards 学习 ---- 科研工作要聚焦，不能发散。 二 Dianne Edwards 与古植物学 剑桥大学曾于 1904 年设立植物学院 (The Botany School,University of Cambridge) ，很多年后改称植物科学系。 Dianne Edwards 曾在剑桥大学植物学院学习，获得学士与博士学位 。在剑桥大学， Dianne Edwards 跟随 Kenneth R. Sporne(1915--) 从事科学研究。 K.R. Sporne 的专长在于植物形态解剖学。虽然 K. R. Sporne 不是古植物学家，但他对古植物学非常感兴趣。 K.R. Sporne 出版过有关植物形态解剖学的几本教科书（如： The Morphology of Angiosperms 《被子植物形态学》）。有些教科书包含许多古植物学内容。 Dianne 曾跟我说过，她涉足古植物学研究是非常偶然的。 有一年，美国康奈尔大学的著名古植物学家 Harlan P. Banks (1913--1998) 访问剑桥大学。 Dianne Edwards 聆听了 Harlan P. Banks 的学术报告，对早期陆地植物研究 (early land plants) 产生了浓厚兴趣。 Harlan P.Banks 是 20 世纪研究泥盆纪植物的著名古植物学家之一，他于 1980 年当选为美国科学院院士。 Harlan P. Banks 对 Dianne Edwards 的学术生涯影响巨大。 1965 年， Dianne Edwards 在剑桥开始研究早泥盆纪植物 (Lower Devonian plants ，距今约 4 亿年 ) ，作为她的博士论文研究工作。 1968 年， Dianne Edwards 获得剑桥大学博士学位。 Dianne Edwards 的博士学位论文基本信息： Thesis title: Aninvestigation of certain Devonian plants / Dianne Edwards. Author(s): Edwards, Dianne. Other entries: Universityof Cambridge. Facu lty of Biology 'A'. Botany. Physical description: 2 v. Note: Date: 30January 1968. Thesis (Ph.D) - University of Cambridge, 1968. Url for this record: http://search.lib.cam.ac.uk/?itemid=|manuscrpdb|28264 Dianne Edwards 从剑桥大学获得博士学位后到康奈尔大学跟随 Harlan P. Banks 从事博士后研究。 在结束康奈尔大学的博士后研究后， Dianne Edwards 回到英国威尔士大学 继续她的科学研究。几十年来， Dianne Edwards 一直聚焦早泥盆纪植物的研究，她对科研非常勤勉执著，成就斐然。 Dianne Edwards 非常幸运，因为她有一位非常得力的助手 -- Mrs Lindsey Axe 。 自 1984 年以来 Lindsey Axe 一直帮助 Dianne Edwards 从事大量的技术支持工作，包括大量的扫描电镜工作。 三 Dianne Edwards 与中国 自 1986 年以来， Dianne Edwards 先后多次访问中国。她是中国古植物学界及植物学界的老朋友。 Dianne Edwards 与中国同行开展了多项合作，包括英国皇家学会与中国科学院的合作。她曾到中国很多学术机构进行学术交流，并到许多省区开展野外工作。 四 古植物学之本色 下文是 Dianne Edwards 和她的同事们于 2012 年发表的论文，刊物 Reviewof Palaeobotany and Palynology 的影响因子（ IF ）为 2.0 左右。但这是一篇正统的古植物学论文，一方面体现了剑桥大学植物学院的学术传统，另一方面反映了现代古植物学的真正本色。 D. Edwards, J.L. Morris, J.B.Richardson, L. Axe, K.L. Davies, 2012. Notes on sporangia and spore masses containing tetrads or monads from the Lower Devonian (Lochk ovian) of the Welsh Borderland, U.K. Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology, 179:56—86 致谢 我要感谢 Dianne Edwards 教授与我分享她学习古植物学并为之奋斗的经历，感谢她对我的鼓励。我要感谢中国科学院植物研究所王祺博士（“化石网”古植物学负责人之一）提供有关文献。 相关阅读 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cantab http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cantabrigian Dianne Edwards: http://www.cardiff.ac.uk/about/honours/categories/dianne-edwards.h tml Distinguished for her investigations intothe nature of the earliest land plant fossils. Professor Dianne Edwards is distinguishedfor her investigations into the nature of the earliest land plant fossils. Byskillful application of scanning electron microscopy, and the painstaking useof such techniques as the preparation of polished surfaces of pyritised planttissue, Dianne has elucidated the anatomy and morphology of numerous lateSilurian and early Devonian plants and thrown new light on the evolutionaryevents surrounding the first colonization of the land. In carefully documentedfield work in Wales, the Welsh Border, Scotland and other parts of the worldshe has greatly extended our knowledge of early land plant life, and addedprecision to the evolutionary time scale of the vascular plants which dominatethe Earths land flora today. Together with many collaborators she hasdemonstrated the earliest known occurrences of vascular tissue, stomata andmiospores in situ in fossil plant organs. Above all, Dianne has demonstrated anunexpected diversity in what has previously been regarded as a limited group ofstructurally simple, undistinguished Palaeozoic plants. As a former trustee ofthe National Botanical Gardens of Wales, she has been heavily involved in thefoundation and survival of this important scientific and cultural resource. Professor Dianne Edwards is a botanistwho carries out interdisciplinary research relating to the invasion of the landby plants, some 400 million years ago and the impact of early land vegetationon the evolution of animals, lithosphere and atmosphere. Professor Dianne Edwards researchspecialises in the thorough morphological and anatomical descriptions of thefossils using a wide range of techniques including scanning and transmissionelectron microscopy. With such a data base it becomes possible to speculatemore confidently on the evolution, palaeoecology, palaeophysiology andphytogeography of the plants and their roles in early terrestrial ecosystems. Professor Edwards is a DistinguishedResearch Professor at Cardiff University. She is also a Fellow of the RoyalSociety, Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, an honorary Fellow at theUniversity of Wales, Swansea, a Corresponding Member of the Botanical Societyof America. J. G. Duckettand D. Edwards, 1984. K. R. Sporne, M.A., Ph.D., Sc.D., F.L.S. BotanicalJournal of the Linnean Society , 88(1-2):iii-vii 古植物学的故事 (173 期 ) 中国当代古植物学家（之 二） 我 所认 识 的 第一位 古植物学家 -- 朱为庆 先生 (1933--) Story of Palaeobotany Series (173) Chinese Palaeobotanists (II) Weiqing Zhu (1933--): the first palaeobotanist I have known http://bbs.sciencenet.cn/home.php?mod=spaceuid=22 5931do=blogquickforward=1id=612534 2012-9-14 04:47 《古植物学的故事》（英国专辑） Story of Palaeobotany Series (special issue for Britishpalaeobotany) http:/ /bbs.sciencenet.cn/home.php?mod=spaceuid=225931do=blogquickforward=1id=411212 2011-2-8 22:00 古植物学的故事 166 期 【如何推动中国古植物学全面崛起？（之十五）】 古植物学的未来在中国 ------ 发展中国古植物学的欧美标准 http://blog.sciencenet.cn/blog-2 25931-585485.html 2012-6-24 22:23 古植物学的故事（ 92 ） Harlan P.Banks ：《比较形态学与古植物学的崛起》 Story of Palaeobotany Series (92): American palaeobotanist--HarlanP. Banks( 1913—1998) ： Comparativemorphology and the rise of paleobotany http://www.sciencetimes.com.cn/blog/user_content.aspx?id=399509 发表于 2010-12-31 13:57:23 (End) ==================
Thomas Maxwell Harris, FRS(1903--1983) Chaloner, W. G., 1985. Thomas Maxwell Harris (1903--1983). Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society 31, 228-260 Tom Harris FRS by W. G. Chaloner.pdf
古植物学的故事（编外故事） 英国皇家学会古植物学院士与外籍院士是如何遴选的？ 孙启高 2010年12月1日星期三 欧美古植物学研究的历史悠久，科学积累丰富，涌现了许多杰出的古植物学家。在欧美地区，也有许多很悠久的旨在推动现代科学技术发展的国家科学院，如：英国皇家学会（成立于1660年）、 德国科学院 ( 成立于 1652 年， German Academy of Sciences at Leopoldina)、法兰西科学院(成立于1666年)、俄罗斯科学院（成立于1724年）、瑞典皇家科学院（成立于1739年）以及美国科学院（成立于1863）等。在我的研究项目中，我有一个工作计划想把这些科学院中的古植物学院士和外籍院士之名单整理出来。这是一项很有趣的研究，但属于吃力不讨好的工作。我已初步将英国皇家学会和美国科学院以及中国科学院的古植物学院士和外籍院士之名单整理出来了，如：《350年来与古植物学有缘的英国皇家学会院士与外籍院士（1660--2010）》，但还有很多工作要做。 现在，有一个很重要的问题摆在我们面前：这些科学院的古植物学院士与外籍院士是如何遴选出来的？这个问题不简单且极为重要，因为它涉及到科学研究的体制性问题，似乎已超出了古植物学的研究范围。我考虑将此类问题暂作为《古植物学的故事》（编外故事）。本文的问题是：英国皇家学会古植物学院士与外籍院士是如何遴选的？ 英国皇家学会的历史非常悠久，已有350 年的漫长历史。让我们先来看一下近一个世纪以来该学会拥有古植物学院士与外籍院士的名单： 1871 Robert Etheridge FRS (3 Dec 1819---18 Dec 1903) Election: 8 June 1871 1894 Dunkinfield Henry Scott FRS (28 Nov 1854---29 Jan 1934) Election date: 7 June 1894 1898 Sir Albert Charles Seward FRS (9 Oct 1863---11 April 1941) Election date: 9 June 1898 1902 Robert Kidston FRS (29 June 1852 13 July 1924) Election date: 5 June 1902 1905 Francis Wall Oliver FRS (10 May 1864---14 Sep 1951) Election date: 11 May 1905 1911 William Henry Lang FRS (12 May 187429 August 1960) 4 May 1911 1917 Frederick Ernest Weiss FRS (2 Nov 1865---7 Jan 1953) Election date: 3 May 1917 1934 Hugh Hamshaw Thomas FRS (29 May 188530 June 1962) Election date: 3 May 1934 1936 Birbal Sahni FRS ( 14 Nov 1891---10 April 1949) Election date: 7 May 1936 1945 Harry Godwin FRS (9 May 1901---12 August 1985) Election date: 22 March 1945 1948 ThomasMaxwell Harris FRS (8 Jan 1903 ---1 May 1983) Election date: 18 March 1948 1976 William Gilbert Chaloner FRS (28 Nov. 1928--） Election date: 18 March 1976 1996 Dianne Edwards FRS（23 Feb 1942--） Election date: 14 March 1996 1998 Sir Peter Robert Crane FRS（18 July 1954--） Election date: 14 May 1998 目前，英国皇家学会只有3位古植物学领域的院士(FRS) ，他们是： William Gilbert Chaloner FRS (1976年当选）、 Dianne Edwards FRS（1996年当选）和 Sir Peter Robert Crane FRS（1998年当选）。最近，我写信请教Bill Chaloner教授上述问题，他回复如下： There are only three people who might be labelled palaeobotanists who are currently fellows of the Royal Society Sir Peter Crane, Prof Dianne Edwards and myself. Election of any scientist to the Royal Society goes through the same routine they need to be nominated by two scientists (who of course need to be in that field of work) and they then join a long list of candidates who are assessed by a series of ten committees, made up collectively of about 100 Fellows. Each year, the best candidates are shortlisted, and then opinions of other scientists (some from outside of Britain) are then sought of those shortlisted candidates. Finally, a list of about 50 candidates is put to the Council of the Royal Society, who then recommend some or all of these to a meeting of Fellows, who normally then elect all or most of them. The procedure for foreign members is similar, but far fewer candidates are nominated the expectation for attainment of international standing is pretty high forthese people. We elected 44 Fellows this year and only 8 foreign members. There are no foreign members at the moment who could be labelled palaeobotanists, and I am not sure that there have ever been any! 为了清楚地了解英国皇家学会院士与外籍院士的一般遴选程序和过程，建议访问该学会的官方网站。为了方便大家阅读，我将有关资料放在此处。如需引用，请直接引用原文，特此说明。 1. 英国皇家学会简介 http://royalsociety.org/ http://royalsociety.org/aboutus/ http://royalsociety.org/about-us/history/ 2. 英国皇家学会院士与院士外籍简介 http://royalsociety.org/about-us/fellowship/?from=footer The backbone of the Society is its Fellowship, which is made up of the most eminent scientists, engineers and technologists from the UK and the Commonwealth. Fellows and Foreign Members are elected for life through a peer review process on the basis of excellence in science. There are approximately 1,450 Fellows and Foreign Members, including more than 75 Nobel Laureates (PDF) . Current Fellows include Jocelyn Bell Burnell, Richard Dawkins, Stephen Hawking, Harry Kroto, Tim Berners-Lee, Paul Nurse and John Sulston. Individuals who are not eligible for election to the Fellowship in the conventional categories may be eligible for election as Honorary Fellows . Seven Honorary Fellows have been elected to date. Before 1996 some Fellows were also elected under the former Statute 12 arrangements. There are currently five members of the Royal Family who have been elected as Royal Fellows . Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II is our patron. Fellows are elected through a peer review process that culminates in a vote by existing Fellows. Each year 44 Fellows, 8 Foreign Members and up to 1 Honorary Fellow are elected from a group of over 700 candidates who are proposed by the existing Fellowship. Read the biographies of those elected in 2010 . Once elected, Fellows may use the postnominal FRS after their name, Foreign Members may use the postnominal ForMemRS after their name and Honorary Members may use the postnominal FRS after their name. Women make up about 5 percent of the Fellowship. Over the last 10 years about 10 percent of new Fellows elected to the Royal Society have been women. A complete listing of the Fellowship from 1660 to 2007 is available for download (PDF) . Fellows are invited to fulfil a range of responsibilities for the Society on a voluntary basis . Many are members of awards or grants committees, editorial boards, research panels or other bodies that oversee the work of the Royal Society. Fellows have the right to stand for election as members of the Council . They may also propose or support the nomination of candidates for election to the Fellowship or Foreign Membership and the nomination of Fellows for election as Officers or members of the Council. The Royal Society regrets to announce the deaths of theseFellows in 2010 . 3. 英国皇家学会院士与院士外籍选举 http://royalsociety.org/about-us/fellowship/election/ （Election） Introduction The process of electing Fellows of the Royal Society is highly thorough and results in the election each year of 44 Fellows , 8 Foreign Members and up to 1 Honorary Fellow , from a group of over 700 candidates who are proposed by the existing Fellowship. According to the Society's statutes, candidates for election to the Fellowship must have made a substantial contribution to the improvement of natural knowledge, including mathematics, engineering science and medical science. Each candidate is considered on his or her own merits and can be proposed from any sector of the scientific community. Every effort is made to encourage nominations of women candidates and candidates from the emerging disciplines. Download a full guide to the election process (PDF) . Nomination Each candidate for the Fellowship or Foreign Membership must be nominated by two Fellows of the Royal Society, who sign a certificate of proposal. The certificate includes a statement of the principal grounds on which the proposal is being made and is available for inspection by other Fellows. The completed certificate of proposal must be received by 30 September each year. The President of the Royal Society may additionally encourage suggestions for candidates from Vice-Chancellors of universities and Chairs and Chief Executives of Research Councils. These suggestions must also be received by 30 September each year. The proposing Fellows are responsible for informing the candidate that he or she has been nominated. The proposers must ensure, in consultation with the candidate, that all information relevant to the nomination is up to date. There is no limit on the number of new nominations made in any year. Therewere637 candidates for election as Fellows in 2010. Once nominated, candidates remain eligible for election for seven years. If not elected within this period, an individual may be proposed as a candidate again after a break of three years and then remains eligible for election for a period of three years. This three year cycle may be repeated without limit. The Society does not provide details of the identities of nominated candidates to anybody outside the Fellowship, except those individuals consulted in confidence during the refereeing process. Selection The Council of the Royal Society oversees the selection process. Two Officers , the Biological Sciences Secretary and the Physical Sciences Secretary, are responsible for the smooth running of this process. The Council appoints ten subject area committees, known as Sectional Committees (PDF) , to advise it about the selection of the list of the strongest candidates. Each candidate is considered by the relevant Sectional Committee on the basis of a full curriculum vitae, details of their research achievements, a list of all their scientific publications and a copy of their 20 best scientific papers. Members of the Sectional Committees vote in early March each year to produce a short-list. The final list of candidates is confirmed by the Council in April each year and a secret ballot of Fellows is held in May each year. A candidate is elected if he or she secures two-thirds of votes. Admission New Fellows are formally admitted to the Society at the formal Admissions Day ceremony in July, when they sign the Charter Book and the Obligation of the Fellows of the Royal Society. The Obligation reads as follows: We who have hereunto subscribed, do hereby promise, that we will endeavour to promote the good of the Royal Society of London for Improving Natural Knowledge, and to pursue the ends for which the same was founded; that we will carry out, as far as we are able, those actions requested of us in the name of the Council; and that we will observe the Statutes and Standing Orders of the said Society. Provided that, whensoever any of us shall signify to the President under our hands, that we desire to withdraw from the Society, we shall be free from this Obligation for the future. ---- ----------------- 2006年英籍华裔科学家杨子恒（Yang Ziheng， Professor of UCLUniversity College London）当选为FRS。他的个人网页上附载有一份介绍英国皇家学会及FRS的中文资料，内容如下： 英国皇家科学院（ROYAL SOCIETY）的雏形是17世纪40年代中期兴起的 隐形学院。该学院没有固定的场所，没有固定模式，由一些志同道合的自然哲学家自发组成，不定期聚会，探讨佛朗西斯培根的观点以及一些相关学术问题。1660年11月28日，皇家科学院正式成立。 皇家科学院院士的评选基本上每年一次，每次名额最多不超过44位。获此殊荣的都是在科学基础研究或工业及科技前沿研究方面有特殊贡献的科学家，如牛顿、达尔文等。根据遴选条件，获得皇家科学院院士（FRS）头衔的必须是英国公民或英联邦国家和地区的国民。皇家科学院院士的头衔是终生的，并且一旦获得该荣誉，就有权利在本人姓名后加上FRS字样。同时，皇家科学院也从国际上的知名科学家中遴选1-6位外国公民，授予外籍院士资格（Foreign Membership），其中许多是诺贝尔奖得主，比如，华人科学家、诺贝尔奖获得者杨振宁于1992年被选为外籍院士。外籍院士资格也是终生的，他们的名字后边可以加上ForMemRS字样。目前皇家科学院有1316位院士（其中20位为诺贝尔奖得主）；135位外籍院士（其中46位为诺贝尔奖得主）。 院士的评选有严格的程序。评选的主要指标是学术成就。被推荐的院士候选人必须由两位院士联合签署推荐书。推荐书必须在每年的9月30日以前提交皇家科学院。候选人的数量没有限制。一旦被提名候选，就可以保留7年候选资格，7年后没有被选中，则每3年更新一次资格。院士的评选由学院委员会（the Council）负责组织的。委员会指定10个评选分会，每个分会的成员一般不超过15位。各分会根据研究背景，将候选人分成三类：主流科学家（Mainstream），即那些在科学知识、科学思维领域有建树的学者；应用科学家（Applied science），指那些在应用科学研究中有创新的学者；一般科学家（General Science），指那些在非基础科学研究领域有贡献的学者。评选分会根据候选人的推荐信、相关资料（包括简历、学术著作、20篇学术论文复印件等）以及通过向熟悉候选人的同行私下了解情况后，在每年的1月份确定候选人初选名单（Long list）；每年3月底，各评选分会根据各候选人的学术成果强弱，形成入选名单（Short list），提交给学院委员会。4月份，委员会确认44位正式候选人名单（Final list），并将其公布给全体院士。5月份，由全体院士参加的年度选举大会匿名选出年度的44名院士及6名（或以下）外籍院士。新院士一般在每年7月份参加了入院仪式后，正式被列入院士名单。 2006年的44位院士中，牛津大学入选4位、剑桥大学6位、UCL大学3位、帝国理工大学3位。 驻英使馆教育处 2006年6月 上述中文资料出处： http://abacus.gene.ucl.ac.uk/ziheng/ 特别致谢：在写作过程中得到英国皇家学会古植物学院士 Bill Chaloner教授的大力帮助，特此致谢！ 相关资料： 古植物学的故事（39 ）---350年来与古植物学有缘的英国皇家学会院士与外籍院士（1660--2010） http://www.sciencenet.cn/blog/user_content.aspx?id=328266 发表于 2010-5-24 23:43:30 http://350.royalsociety.org/ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Academy_of_Sciences http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Academy_of_Sciences_Leopoldina http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Society http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Swedish_Academy_of_Sciences http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Academy_of_Sciences http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_National_Academy_of_Sciences http://royalsociety.org/ http://www.leopoldina-halle.de/cms/en/academy.html
古植物学的故事( 39) 350年来与古植物学有缘的英国皇家学会院士与外籍院士（1660--2010） Story of Palaeobotany Series (No.39): Fellows and Foreign members of the Royal Society (London) regarding palaeobotany---In commemoration of the 350 th anniversary of the Royal Society (London) (by Qigao Sun) ---- ----谨以此文纪念英国皇家学会成立350周年！ 英国皇家学会（ The Royal Society ）成立于 1660 年 11 月底，其英文全名为 The Royal Society of London for the Improvement of Natural Knowledge （ 伦敦皇家自然知识促进学会 ）。 该学会 是世界上历史最悠久而且从未中断过的科学学会，它在英国实际上起着全国科学院的作用 (UKs Academy of Sciences)。 今年是英国皇家学会成立 350周年，有许多纪念活动。 参见： http://royalsociety.org/ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Society http://350.royalsociety.org/ 目前的英国皇家学会有 4 种 院士 （或称会员）：第一类是 从英国及英联邦成员国遴选出的著名科学家和工程师，称作 Fellow of the Royal Society ( 简称 FRS ) ，这是学会的主体；第二类是 Royal Fellows ，目前仅有 4 名这种 院士 ，均是皇室成员； 第三类是 Honorary Fellows ，已选出 7 名荣誉 院士 ）；第四类是 Foreign Members （简称 ForMemRS--Foreign Member of the Royal Society) ） --- 外籍 院士 从英联邦以外的国家和地区选举产生。 英国皇家学会每年增选44名院士（ FRS ）和几名外籍 院士 （ ForMemRS ） 。该学会于 2010年5月20日选举产生44名 FRS 、 8 名 ForMemRS 和 1 名荣誉 院士 。目前 英国皇家学会拥有 1371名院士 和 144 名外籍 院士 。 我在《古植物学的故事》第13期简要介绍了英国古植物学的发展情况，文中提及当选英国皇家学会院士的几位古植物学家，如： Sir Albert Charles Seward（1863---1941）、 Thomas Maxwell Harris (1903 --1983)等。他们对英国乃世界古植物学的学术传承起着很重要的促进作用。参见： http://www.sciencenet.cn/blog/user_content.aspx?id=269898 为了便于全面研究国际古植物学的发展历史，尤其是欧洲古植物学的兴起过程与世界影响，我认为有必要对350年以来涉猎或专门从事古植物学研究的英国皇家学会院士和外籍院士的学术历史进行梳理，得到一份有趣的清单， 按照当选年份排列如下 ： 1667 John Ray FRS (29 Sep 1627--17 Jan 1705) Election date: 7 Nov 1667 1747 Emanuel Mendez da Costa FRS (5 June 1717--31 May 1791) Election date: 26 Nov 1747 1811 Robert Brown FRS (21 Dec 1773--10 June 1858) Election date:12 Dec 1811 1828 John Lindley FRS (5 Feb 17991 Nov 1865) Election date: 17 Jan 1828 1828 Christian Leopold von Buch ForMemRS (26 Apr 1774--4 March 1853) Election date: 15 May 1828 Foreign Member 1837 Christian Gottfried Ehrenberg ForMemRS (19 April 1795--27 June 1876) Foreign member Election date: 27 April 1837 1838 Joseph Bancroft Reade FRS (5 April 180112 Dec 1870 ) Election date: 18 Feb 1838 1839 Charles Darwin FRS (?12 Feb 180919 Apr 1882) Election: 24 Jan 1839 1840 William Hutton FRS (?21 March 1797 --?21 November 1860) Election date: 4 June 1840 1851 Charles James Fox Bunbury FRS (4 Feb 1809 --18 June 1886) Election: 5 June 1851 1852 Adophe-Theodore Brongniart ForMemRS (14 Jan 1801--18 Feb 1876) Election date: 25 Nov 1852 Foreign member 1854 William Crawford Williamson FRS (24 Nov 1816--23June 1895) Election date: 1 June 1854 1856 Edward William Binney FRS (7 Dec 1812 --19 Dec 1881) Election date: 5 June 1856 1862 Sir William Dawson FRS (13 Oct 1820 --19 Nov 1899) Election date: 5 June 1862 1871 Robert Etheridge FRS (3 Dec 1819--18 Dec 1903) Election: 8 June 1871 1894 Dunkinfield Henry Scott FRS (28 Nov 1854--29 Jan 1934) Election date: 7 June 1894 1898 Sir Albert Charles Seward FRS (9 Oct 1863--11April 1941) Election date: 9 June 1898 1902 Robert Kidston FRS (29 June 1852 -13 July 1924) Election date: 5 June 1902 1905 Francis Wall Oliver FRS (10 May 1864--14 Sep 1951) Election date: 11 May 1905 1911 William Henry Lang FRS (12 May 187429 August 1960) 4 May 1911 1917 Frederick Ernest Weiss FRS (2 Nov 1865--7 Jan 1953) Election date: 3 May 1917 1934 Hugh Hamshaw Thomas FRS (29 May 188530 June 1962) Election date: 3 May 1934 1936 Birbal Sahni FRS ( 14 Nov 1891--10 April 1949) Election date: 7 May 1936 1945 Harry Godwin FRS (9 May 1901--12 August 1985) Election date: 22 March 1945 1948 ThomasMaxwell Harris FRS (8 Jan 1903 --1 May 1983) Election date: 18 March 1948 1976 William Gilbert Chaloner FRS (28 Nov. 1928--） Election date: 18 March 1976 1996 Dianne Edwards FRS（23 Feb 1942--） Election date: 14 March 1996 1998 Sir Peter Robert Crane FRS（18 July 1954--） Election date: 14 May 1998 现代古植物学的兴起经历了一个很漫长的历史发展过程。在17世纪至19世纪，专职从事古植物学研究的人（即职业古植物学家）很少，但有些博物家、地质学家、植物学家等有时涉猎化石植物的研究，如：英国的达尔文（18091882）和德国的 Christian Gottfried Ehrenberg（17951876）等。正是由于这些众多业余古植物学家的大胆探索才逐步推动了现代古植物学的产生。 在上述清单中有3名外籍院士 。其中，法国植物学家 Adophe-Theodore Brongniart ForMemRS (1801---1876)被称作为现代古植物学的奠基人，俗称古植物学之父，他于1852年11月25日当选为英国皇家学会的外籍 院士 。他还是瑞典皇家科学院的外籍院士。参见： http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolphe-Th%C3%A9odore_Brongniart 有人认为Sir Albert Charles Seward (1863--1941)是英国现代古植物学的一代宗师。他是职业古植物学家，毕业于剑桥大学，19061936年任剑桥大学植物学教授，其间担任过剑桥大学副校长（Vice-Chancellor,19241926）。1898年他当选为英国皇家学会 院士 ，时年 35岁。英国伦敦自然历史博物馆(NHM London)古植物部有个Seward Library，主要是纪念这位著名古植物学家的。参见： http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Charles_Seward Albert Charles Seward教授从事古植物学研究，主要是由于他早年深受 William Crawford Williamson(1816--1895)的影响。 Seward教授不仅在古植物学的实际研究中取得了重要成就，而且为现代古植学的不断发展及国际化培养了俊才，他堪称世界古植物学史上继往开来的学者之一。在Seward教授的学生中， Hugh Hamshaw Thomas(18851962) 、Birbal Sahni(1891--1949)和ThomasMaxwell Harris(1903--1983)都是20世纪国际古植物学界著名的古植物学家，他们分别于1934年、1936年和1948年当选为英国皇家学 会院士 。真可谓是名师出高徒！ Birbal Sahni是第5位当选为英国皇家学会 院士 的印度人。中国古植物学家徐仁先生（ 19101992）于1943年到印度跟随Birbal Sahni教授学习古植物学。1949年4月3日Birbal Sahni和他的同事们创建了由印度政府资助的古植物学研究所 。该研究所是迄今为止世界上唯一的一个古植物学研究所。非常不幸的是：Birbal Sahni积劳成疾，于研究所成立后一个星期（1949年4月10日）与世长辞。从某种意义上讲，Birbal Sahni为古植物学而生、为古植物学而死！（有关资料参见： http://www.bsip.res.in/history.htm ） ThomasMaxwell Harris是一位精神执著、工作认真的优秀古植物学家，他的代表作是：自1961年至1979年先后出版了5卷 The Yorkshire Jurassic flora ，属于罕见的系列专著。 Harris教授如此 系统、厚重而严谨的研究成果让人敬畏，当属学界的治学典范。他的学生 William Gilbert Chaloner (1928--）是近几十年来英国古植物学界极有影响力的人物。Chaloner教授是学界公认的好老师，他曾带我访问英国雷丁大学(University of Reading)的Harris Garden。Peter Robert Crane（1954--）曾在雷丁大学跟随Chaloner教授学习古植物学。我在以前的文章《英国古植物学的才子与才女》中介绍过这三位英国皇家学会的古植物学 院士 。若果从 William Crawford Williamson算起，师徒5代古植物学家与英国皇家学会 院士 有缘，这不能不是一个令人惊叹的奇迹！ 孙启高 2010年5月23日写于美国康州 参考文献（略） -------------------
标签: FRS
