主要研究成果与论著被引用情况： http://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=enq=VenterbtnG=Searchas_sdt=2000as_ylo=as_vis=0 The sequence of the human genome stanford.edu A Sprague, T Stockwell, R Turner, E Venter , M Wang, M - science, 2001 - sciencemag.org Note to users. If you're seeing this message, it means that your browser cannot find this page's style/presentation instructions -- or possibly that you are using a browser that does not support current Web standards. Find out more about why this message is appearing, and what ... Cited by 7651 - Related articles - BL Direct - All 36 versions The genome sequence of Drosophila melanogaster fullerton.edu , R Svirskas, C Tector, R Turner, E Venter , AH Wang, X - Science, 2000 - sciencemag.org Note to users. If you're seeing this message, it means that your browser cannot find this page's style/presentation instructions -- or possibly that you are using a browser that does not support current Web standards. Find out more about why this message is appearing, and what ... Cited by 3411 - Related articles - BL Direct - All 7 versions The complete genome sequence of the gastric pathogen Helicobacter pylori Borodovsky, PD Karp, HO Smith, CM Fraser, JC Venter - Nature, 1997 - nature.com Helicobacter pylori, strain 26695, has a circular genome of 1,667,867 base pairs and 1,590 predicted coding sequences. Sequence analysis indicates that H. pylori has well-developed systems for motility, for scavenging iron, and for DNA restriction and modification. Many putative ... Cited by 2331 - Related articles - BL Direct - All 12 versions Complete genome sequence of the methanogenic archaeon, Methanococcus jannaschii , OR White, HO Smith, CR Woese, JC Venter - US Patent , 2004 - Google Patents US006797466B1 (12) United States Patent Bult et al. (io) Patent No.: US 6,797,466 Bl (45) Date of Patent: Sep. 28,2004 (54) COMPLETE GENOME SEQUENCE OF THE METHANOGENIC ARCHAEON, METHANOCOCCUS JANNASCHII (75) Inventors: Carol J. Bult, Bar Harbor, ... Cited by 2014 - Related articles - BL Direct - All 16 versions Genome sequence of the human malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum Subramanian, C Mungall, JC Venter , DJ Carucci, SL - Nature, 2002 - nature.com The parasite Plasmodium falciparum is responsible for hundreds of millions of cases of malaria, and kills more than one million African children annually. Here we report an analysis of the genome sequence of P. falciparum clone 3D7. The 23-megabase nuclear genome ... Cited by 1831 - Related articles - BL Direct - All 10 versions Environmental genome shotgun sequencing of the Sargasso Sea washington.edu JC Venter , K Remington, JF Heidelberg, AL Halpern, D - Science, 2004 - sciencemag.org We have applied whole-genome shotgun sequencing to microbial populations collected en masse on tangential flow and impact filters from seawater samples collected from the Sargasso Sea near Bermuda. A total of 1.045 billion base pairs of nonredundant sequence was ... Cited by 1510 - Related articles - All 18 versions The complete genome sequence of the hyperthermophilic, sulphate-reducing archaeon Archaeoglobus fulgidus GJ Olsen, CM Fraser, HO Smith, CR Woese, JC Venter - Nature, 1997 - nature.com Archaeoglobus fulgidus is the first sulphur-metabolizing organism to have its genome sequence determined. Its genome of 2,178,400 base pairs contains 2,436 open reading frames (ORFs). The information processing systems and the biosynthetic pathways for essential ... Cited by 1076 - Related articles - BL Direct - All 11 versions Genomic sequence of a Lyme disease spirochaete, Borrelia burgdorferi umd.edu , K Horst, K Roberts, B Hatch, HO Smith, JC Venter - Nature, 1997 - nature.com The genome of the bacterium Borrelia burgdorferi B31, the aetiologic agent of Lyme disease, contains a linear chromosome of 910,725 base pairs and at least 17 linear and circular plasmids with a combined size of more than 533,000 base pairs. The chromosome ... Cited by 1231 - Related articles - BL Direct - All 20 versions DNA sequence of both chromosomes of the cholera pathogen Vibrio cholerae nodak.edu , HO Smith, RR Colwell, JJ Mekalanos, JC Venter , CM - Nature, 2000 - nature.com Fig. S1. Phylogenetic tree of Transketolase 1 (tktA) homologs. The tree shows the genes of the V. cholerae tktA from the large chromosome and the small chromosome group together, suggesting a recent duplication. Homologs of tktA were identified by BLASTP and PSI-BLAST ... Cited by 897 - Related articles - BL Direct - All 21 versions Mutations of two P/WS homologues in hereditary nonpolyposis colon cancer , CM Fraser, MD Adams, JC Venter , MG Dunlop, SR - 1994 - nature.com HEREDITARY nonpolyposis colorectal cancer (HNPCC) is one of man's commonest hereditary diseases 1 . Several studies have implicated a defect in DNA mismatch repair in the pathogenesis of this disease 28 . In particular, hMSH2 and hMLHl homologues of the bacterial DNA ... Cited by 1147 - Related articles - BL Direct - All 8 versions , F Zhong, W Zhong, R Gibbs, JC Venter , MD Adams, S - Science, 2000 - sciencemag.org A comparative analysis of the genomes of Drosophila melanogaster, Caenorhabditis elegans, and Saccharomyces cerevisiae--and the proteins they are predicted to encode--was undertaken in the context of cellular, developmental, and evolutionary processes. The ... Cited by 1083 - Related articles - BL Direct - All 13 versions The genome sequence of the malaria mosquito Anopheles gambiae patola.org Birney, P Bork, PT Brey, JC Venter , J Weissenbach, FC - Science, 2002 - sciencemag.org Note to users. If you're seeing this message, it means that your browser cannot find this page's style/presentation instructions -- or possibly that you are using a browser that does not support current Web standards. Find out more about why this message is appearing, and what ... Cited by 993 - Related articles - BL Direct - All 33 versions Evidence for lateral gene transfer between Archaea and bacteria from genome sequence of Thermotoga maritima ncsu.edu , JA Eisen, O White, SL Salzberg, HO Smith, JC Venter , - Nature, 1999 - nature.com The 1,860,725-base-pair genome of Thermotoga maritima MSB8 contains 1,877 predicted coding regions, 1,014 (54%) of which have functional assignments and 863 (46%) of which are of unknown function. Genome analysis reveals numerous pathways involved in degradation of sugars ... Cited by 973 - Related articles - All 20 versions A whole-genome assembly of Drosophila psu.edu , Q Zhang, X Zheng, GM Rubin, MD Adams, JC Venter - Science, 2000 - sciencemag.org We report on the quality of a whole-genome assembly of Drosophila melanogaster and the nature of the computer algorithms that accomplished it. Three independent external data sources essentially agree with and support the assembly's sequence and ordering of contigs across the ... Cited by 847 - Related articles - BL Direct - All 58 versions Sequence identification of 2, 375 human brain genes iupui.edu JM Kelley, TR Utterback, JW Nagle, C Fields, JC Venter - Nature, 1992 - biology.iupui.edu LETTERS TO NATURE well as their overall quantity as a subfraction of DOC, is only summarily known2,3-8,28. Likewise, we lack precise knowledge about the real straining (and aggregation or agglutination) capacity of oikopleurid food-concentrating filters12. But even a very ... Cited by 658 - Related articles - All 7 versions Complete genome sequence of Neisseria meningitidis serogroup B strain MC58 Smith, CM Fraser, ER Moxon, R Rappuoli, JC Venter - Science, 2000 - sciencemag.org The 2,272,351-base pair genome of Neisseria meningitidis strain MC58 (serogroup B), a causative agent of meningitis and septicemia, contains 2158 predicted coding regions, 1158 (53.7%) of which were assigned a biological role. Three major islands of horizontal DNA transfer ... Cited by 719 - Related articles - BL Direct - All 7 versions JOURNAL Submitted (SEP-1996) to the EMBL/GenBank/DDBJ databases. MEDLINE PUBMED RP REVISIONS. COMMENT ualberta.ca , KV Small, CM Fraser, HO Smith, JC Venter , - , 1995 - wishart.biology.ualberta.ca ... A., Kelley JM, Weidman JF, Phillips CA, Spriggs T., Hedblom E., Cotton MD, Utterback TR, Hanna MC, Nguyen DT, Saudek DM, Brandon RC, Fine LD, Fritchman JL, Fuhrmann JL, Geoghagen NSM, Gnehm CL, McDonald LA, Small KV, Fraser CM, Smith HO, Venter JC TITLE ... Cited by 696 - Related articles - Cached - All 2 versions Complete genome sequence of Treponema pallidum, the syphilis spirochete , M Sandusky, J Weidman, HO Smith, JC Venter - Science, 1998 - sciencemag.org The complete genome sequence of Treponema pallidum was determined and shown to be 1,138,006 base pairs containing 1041 predicted coding sequences (open reading frames). Systems for DNA replication, transcription, translation, and repair are intact, but catabolic and ... Cited by 700 - Related articles - BL Direct - All 6 versions Complete genome sequence of a virulent isolate of Streptococcus pneumoniae , F Yang, HO Smith, JC Venter , BA Dougherty, DA - Science, 2001 - sciencemag.org The 2,160,837-base pair genome sequence of an isolate of Streptococcus pneumoniae, a Gram-positive pathogen that causes pneumonia, bacteremia, meningitis, and otitis media, contains 2236 predicted coding regions; of these, 1440 (64%) were assigned a biological role. ... Cited by 634 - Related articles - BL Direct - All 9 versions Genome-wide association study identifies novel breast cancer susceptibility loci nih.gov S Townshend, K Tucker, J Tyler, D Venter , J Visvader, I - Nature, 2007 - nature.com Nature is the international weekly journal of science: a magazine style journal that publishes full-length research papers in all disciplines of science, as well as News and Views, reviews, news, features, commentaries, web focuses and more, covering all branches of science and ... Cited by 652 - Related articles - BL Direct - All 20 versions Sequence and analysis of chromosome 2 of the plant Arabidopsis thaliana cam.ac.uk , O White, JA Eisen, SL Salzberg, CM Fraser, JC Venter - Nature, 1999 - nature.com Arabidopsis thaliana (Arabidopsis) is unique among plant model organisms in having a small genome (130140 Mb), excellent physical and genetic maps, and little repetitive DNA. Here we report the sequence of chromosome 2 from the Columbia ecotype in two gap-free ... Cited by 519 - Related articles - BL Direct - All 24 versions Identification of vaccine candidates against serogroup B meningococcus by whole-genome sequencing gatech.edu , NJ Saunders, DM Granoff, JC Venter , ER Moxon, G - Science, 2000 - sciencemag.org Neisseria meningitidis is a major cause of bacterial septicemia and meningitis. Sequence variation of surface-exposed proteins and cross-reactivity of the serogroup B capsular polysaccharide with human tissues have hampered efforts to develop a successful vaccine. To overcome ... Cited by 554 - Related articles - All 19 versions E-CELL: software environment for whole-cell simulation oxfordjournals.org , S Tanida, K Yugi, JC Venter , CA Hutchison 3rd - , 1999 - Oxford Univ Press ... simulation Masaru Tomita 1 , Kenta Hashimoto 1 , Kouichi Takahashi 1 , Thomas Simon Shimizu 1,3 , Yuri Matsuzaki 1 , Fumihiko Miyoshi 1 , Kanako Saito 1 , Sakura Tanida 1 , Katsuyuki Yugi 1 , J.Craig Venter 2 and Clyde A. Hutchison III 2 ... Cited by 541 - Related articles - BL Direct - All 26 versions Global transposon mutagenesis and a minimal Mycoplasma genome syntheticgenomics.com Cline, O White, CM Fraser, HO Smith, J Craig Venter - Science, 1999 - scienceonline.org This copy is for your personal, non-commercial use only. ... . clicking here colleagues, clients, or customers by ... , you can order high-quality copies for your ... If you wish to distribute this article to others ... Permission to republish or repurpose articles or portions of articles Cited by 493 - Related articles - All 23 versions Multifactorial analysis of differences between sporadic breast cancers and cancers involving BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations oxfordjournals.org , LM Farid, D Venter , A Antoniou, A - JNCI Journal of the , 1998 - jnci.oxfordjournals.org Background: We have previously demonstrated that breast cancers associated with inherited BRCA1 and BRCA2 gene mutations differ from each other in their histopathologic appearances and that each of these types differs from breast cancers in patients unselected for family ... Cited by 385 - Related articles - BL Direct - All 8 versions Chromosome 2 sequence of the human malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum O White, HO Smith, CM Fraser, MD Adams, JC Venter - Science, 1998 - scienceonline.org MJ Gardner, H. Tettelin, LM Cummings, S. Shallom, T. Mason, K. Yu, C. Fujii, J. Pederson, K. Shen, L. Zhou, GG Sutton, R. Clayton, O. White, HO Smith, CM Fraser, MD Adams, JC Venter , The Institute for Genomic Research, 9712 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, MD ... Cited by 390 - Related articles - BL Direct - All 7 versions Rapid cDNA sequencing (expressed sequence tags) from a directionally cloned human infant brain cDNA library , MB Soares, AR Kerlavage, C Fields, JC Venter - Nature genetics, 1993 - nature.com A human infant brain cDNA library, made specifically for production of expressed sequence tags (ESTs) was evaluated by partial sequencing of over 1,600 clones. Advantages of this library, constructed for EST sequencing, include the use of directional cloning, size selection, ... Cited by 337 - Related articles - All 2 versions Isolation of a candidate human telomerase catalytic subunit gene, which reveals complex splicing patterns in different cell types oxfordjournals.org , GR Hime, DJ Venter , PK Keese, EL - Human molecular , 1997 - Oxford Univ Press ... subunit gene, which reveals complex splicing patterns in different cell types Andrzej Kilian* , David DL Bowtell 1 , Helen E. Abud 1 , Gary R. Hime 1 , Deon J. Venter 1 , Paul K. Keese 2 , Emma L. Duncan 3 , Roger R. Reddel 3 and Richard A. Jefferson ... Cited by 427 - Related articles - BL Direct - All 19 versions The diploid genome sequence of an individual human plosjournals.org Frazier, SW Scherer, RL Strausberg, JC Venter - PLoS , 2007 - biology.plosjournals.org Presented here is a genome sequence of an individual human. It was produced from ~32 million random DNA fragments, sequenced by Sanger dideoxy technology and assembled into 4,528 scaffolds, comprising 2,810 million bases (Mb) of contiguous sequence with ... Cited by 440 - Related articles - Cached - All 46 versions Genome sequence and comparative analysis of the model rodent malaria parasite Plasmodium yoelii yoelii , OR White, SL Salzberg, JC Venter , CM Fraser, SL - Nature, 2002 - nature.com Species of malaria parasite that infect rodents have long been used as models for malaria disease research. Here we report the whole-genome shotgun sequence of one species, Plasmodium yoelii yoelii, and comparative studies with the genome of the human malaria parasite ... Cited by 406 - Related articles - BL Direct - All 11 versions http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science_and_environment/10138849.stm 'Artificial life' breakthrough announced by scientists Page last updated at 13:58 GMT, Friday, 21 May 2010 14:58 UK E-mail this to a friend document.write(' Printable version '); Printable version News QA Ethics Profile Craig Venter is one of science's more colourful characters Maverick is a word that seems to follow Craig Venter around. The biologist and entrepreneur turned the effort to map the human genome into a competitive race and, in so doing, was vilified by the scientific community. Dr Venter has certainly not gained a reputation for modesty about his achievements. Is my science of a level consistent with other people who have gotten the Nobel? Yes, he was once quoted as saying. And he is a very wealthy user of Lear Jets and private yachts. But his efforts in the field of human genomics have undeniably helped speed up the entire process. After the publication of the human genome, Dr Venter turned his attention to another grand project: the creation of a synthetic life form. Scientists at the US-based J Craig Venter Institute have been busily working on the endeavour for more than a decade. They have now published details of the result, an organism called Synthia, in the prestigious journal Science. Born in 1946, as a boy, Dr Venter did not exemplify good scholarship and at 18 he chose to devote his life to the surfing pleasures of the beaches in Southern California. Three years later, in 1967, he was drafted into the Vietnam conflict. As an orderly in the naval field hospital at Da Nang, he tended to thousands of soldiers wounded during the Tet offensive. This inspired two important changes in him: a determination to become a doctor and a conviction that time should never be wasted. Life was so cheap in Vietnam. That is where my sense of urgency comes from, he said. Need for speed During his medical training he excelled in research rather than practice. By the 1980s, the early days of the revolution in molecular biology, he was working at the government-funded US National Institute of Health and soon realised the importance of decoding genes. Dr Venter says the synthetic cell could spark an industrial revolution But the work was messy, tedious and agonisingly slow. So, in 1987, when he read reports of an automated decoding machine, he soon had the first one in his lab. This speeded things up - but not enough. Then came Dr Venter's real breakthrough. He realised that he did not need to trawl the entire genome to find the active parts, because cells already use those parts naturally. He switched his attention from the DNA blueprint to the messenger molecules (called RNA) that a cell makes from that blueprint. He was then able to churn out gene sequences at unprecedented rates. His success shocked some, most notably the co-discoverer of DNA, James Watson, who famously dismissed the relatively crude results obtained as work any monkey could do. The criticism, and the failure to secure further public research funding, prompted Dr Venter to leave the NIH in 1992 and set up a private research institute, The Institute for Genomic Research. And, in 1995, he again stunned the scientific establishment by unveiling the first, complete genome of a free-living organism, Haemophilus influenzae, a major cause of childhood ear infections and meningitis. His greatest challenge to the establishment came in May 1998, when he announced the formation of a commercial company, Celera Genomics, to crack the entire human genetic code in just three years. At that point, the public project was three years into a 10-year programme. Industrial revolution? Both efforts published their results in 2001. What some saw as Dr Venter's disregard for scientific conventions such as open access to data brought him opprobrium in some circles. Nevertheless, the financial rewards were enough to leave him in a highly unusual position for a scientist - with enough money and resources to do the science he wanted without having to tap the usual bureaucratic sources for funding and infrastructure. In 2006, he formed the J Craig Venter Institute which would spearhead the labour to create the world's first synthetic life form. Dr Venter kept the scientific journals and the media abreast of developments, trumpeting several key advances as he edged closer to his goal. Dr Craig Venter says yeast, chemicals, and computers were used by scientists But he has pursued other projects in the meantime. Dr Venter has roamed the oceans in his yacht, Sorcerer II, collecting life forms in an unprecedented genetic treasure hunt. The project aims to sequence genomes from the vast range of microbes living in the sea, to provide scientists with a better understanding of the evolution and function of genes and proteins. The synthetic life breakthrough, when it was announced, was not without controversy. But Dr Venter will have come to expect that. I think they're going to potentially create a new industrial revolution, he said of the synthetic microbes. If we can really get cells to do the production that we want, they could help wean us off oil and reverse some of the damage to the environment by capturing carbon dioxide. http://news.sciencenet.cn//htmlnews/2010/5/232504.shtm 否认要做上帝 克莱格文特尔：科学怪兽搞出了人造生命 内容提要：美国科学家克莱格文特尔5月20日宣布成功制造出人造细胞辛西娅之后，引起全世界的震动。文特尔这个极具争议性的人物也再次来到媒体的聚光灯前。有评论说，如果能够引领一个领域的科学家是大牛或者巨牛的话，他绝对是牛魔王级别的怪兽。 大器晚成的叛逆学者 文特尔的研究经历却远非一帆风顺的。1946年，文特尔在盐湖城降生，不久全家移居到了加州的密尔布莱，文特尔就在这里长大。上高中的时候，文特尔曾在游泳队中打破过游泳纪录，却差点因学习成绩不好而退学。他整天不是追女孩就是去冲浪。他弟弟，如今担任美国宇航局设计师的基恩说：他当时在学习上没什么动力，他对这些根本不上心。 越战爆发之后，他曾受征召加入美国海军。在新兵智力测试中，他得了最高分35000分，此后接受了医院医护兵的训练，并被派往越南战场，他对战争深恶痛绝，一直在设法回国。但越战对他影响很大，他因此意识到生命的珍贵。文特尔凭着自己的聪明，终于找到了一个离开越南的借口，回到了加利福尼亚。 越战结束后，他才奋发学习，开始修读大学课程。不过他上的大学和他上的中小学一样，都属于二三流水平。他的学术生涯是从进入加州一所称为圣马帝奥学院的社区大学开始。之后文特尔在加州大学圣地亚哥分校得到了三个学位，分别是1972年的生物化学学士，与1975年的生理学及药理学哲学博士。 虽然上的大学无法和哈佛等常青藤联盟相比，然而工作以后，文特尔所到之处却能威震朝野。 一人单挑6国科学家 第一次大幅关于他的报道是成立塞莱拉基因公司，与人类基因组计划唱对台戏。人类基因组计划是由美国科学家于1985年率先提出，于1990年正式启动的。美国、英国、法国、德国、日本和中国等6个国家的顶级科学家共同参与了这一价值达30亿美元的人类基因组计划。按照这个计划的设想，在2005年，要把人体内约10万个基因的密码全部解开，同时绘制出人类基因的谱图。但是到1997年，在耗费了巨额资金和一半预定时间之后，多国合作小组仅完成了3%的测序工作。 在人类基因组计划进行的同时，文特尔创立了塞莱拉基因公司，并宣称他将在无政府投资条件下早于多国合作小组完成人类基因组计划。就在1991年，文特尔开发出新的测序技术，采用了如散弹枪等一系列新的方法并很快真的追上了多国合作小组。看到自己即将失利，多国合作小组在美国总统克林顿的撮合下开始与塞莱拉合作，在2000年6月完成了90%，2001年初完成了99%的人类基因组草图。 等到人类基因组公布的时候，是他第一次红得发紫的时候，和克林顿以及布莱尔携手宣布一项实验结果，可谓前无古人后无来者。有趣的是，他本人的基因图谱也在随后发表在了《自然》上，有谣言说根据他的基因推测他易患耵聍（也就是耳屎）、反社会、高血压和心脏病。 但随后他就被塞莱拉公司炒鱿鱼了。他当年因为学术圈不得志，开了塞莱拉公司准备垄断人类基因组的生意。结果最后半被迫半自愿的开放了基因组的源代码，不能为公司创造价值，不得不走人了事。 不过鉴于他在人类基因组研究中所做的杰出贡献，权威的美国《时代》周刊将他选为2000年度科学家和仅次于美国总统当选人乔治W布什的年度风云人物，又在2007年将他选进世界上最有影响力的人之一。 立志解放碳资源 被塞莱拉公司炒鱿鱼之后，他没忘记其目标以及投资人的意愿，即制造一种生物可以解决能源问题，而可能的方向就是人造一种藻。文特尔创建了克莱格文特尔研究所，这家研究机构跨足许多不同领域。2005年，他与其他人合伙建立了合成基因组公司，专门以经过改造的微生物生产作为替代燃料的乙醇与氢。文特尔的研究小组有一艘由游艇改装成的研究船，称为魔法师二号，专门研究海洋微生物。 早在文特尔的辛西娅诞生之前，就有科学家考虑人造人的问题，不过这都没能被很好的证实。虽然辛西娅离人造人差距还有十万八千里，但在伦理和国家利益的驱动下，人造病毒和细菌可能会快速进入进程，各国都会加紧破解发展文特尔的方法，以期在医疗、能源和生物武器等问题上有所发展。 3年前他接受《泰晤士报》采访时曾被问到，如果研制出人造生命，你觉得有什么意义？文特尔当时的回答是，在未来20年，合成基因组学将制造出任何东西。这会改变整个工业结构，让化学工业服务于生物工程，把生物圈的碳资源解放出来，燃烧它们，利用它们。这将是我这辈子最大的贡献。 人造细胞问世后，激起巨大反响。反对者指责克莱格文特尔想扮演上帝，人为创造出本不存在的生物。而支持者则认为这是生物学的一大进步，前途无量。 文特尔称不想扮上帝 克莱格文特尔告诉记者，他们用了四瓶化学物质为他们的人造细胞设计了染色体，然后把这个基因信息植入另一个修改过的细菌细胞中，这个由合成基因组控制的细胞具有自行复制的能力。文特尔透露，他们是经过15年的努力才研制出第一个合成细胞。 研究报告说，这项技术或可用来制造特定的藻类，以净化导致气候暖化的二氧化碳，可能为炼油厂生产新的碳氢化合物清洁能源。研究人员也希望研发的这项技术有助于加速疫苗生产，以及制造新食材和化学物质。 加拿大一家国际科技监督组织的托马斯警告，合成生物学是高风险、以牟利为前提的领域，人类对这方面了解得不多，不应贸然制造新的有机体。托马斯担心实验室内制造出的生命体，最终成了脱缰的有机体，对现有的自然生物多样性造成威胁，此外，它也可能用来制造生物武器。 在接受BBC访问时，文特尔表示他并非要扮演上帝，成为造物者，他指出，每当和生物相关的医学或者科学研究取得突破时，这种说法就会出现。他说，这项研究有助于将来量身定做生物，协助解决粮食不足、全球暖化和污染等问题。 全球科学界展开激辩 人造生命辛西娅问世后，有些科学家认为这种方法并没有前途，因为设计新的有机生物要花费很多年时间。加利福尼亚州拉霍亚市斯克里普斯研究所的生物学家杰拉尔德乔伊斯说：这项研究的功能非常强大，能够发行并控制一个基因组的每个基因字符，因为这意味着你可以植入不同的基因。 《人工生命》杂志编辑、美国里德大学哲学家马克比道说，辛西娅的出现在生物学和生物技术的发展上具有决定性意义。 美国宾西法尼亚大学生物伦理学教授阿瑟卡普兰对英国《自然医学》月刊记者说，文特尔及其团队的成就违反了一个生命本质的基本理念。 在这一领域工作的一些科学家说，他们担心的是，一旦这些新奇的有机体进入现实世界，人类还缺乏手段来制衡它们可能带来的风险。按照定义说，它们非常前沿，我们可能无法简单地将它们同某些已知的危险细菌和病菌相提并论。 在印度海得拉巴成立了细胞和分子生物中心的著名遗传学家PM巴尔加瓦也直截了当地表示，虽然文特尔是一名杰出的科学家，但这次他却夸大了自己成就的重要性。巴尔加瓦说：文特尔的团队从一个细胞中提取出DNA，然后用大量其他物质取而代之。这充其量只能算是多位点基因工程。 南丹麦大学的斯蒂恩拉斯马森的看法和巴尔加瓦不谋而合。他在一份公开的声明中说：在人们了解生命之时，在一个现代细胞中制造一个合成基因组目前具有里程碑式的意义。然而，文特尔团队的这种彻底的基因工程在我看来并不能称为合成细胞。 美国环境组织地球之友批评说，合成基因组是一项危险的新技术，在有效的规章出台之前，文特尔先生应该立即停止进一步的研究。部分非政府组织认为，即使是用在环境方面（比如人们希望细菌能够用来中和温室气体），合成细胞的作用也被夸大了。 更多阅读 英国BBC相关报道（英文） 学界担忧首个人造单细胞生物双刃剑效应 世界首个人造生命在美诞生 http://news.sciencenet.cn/htmlnews/2010/5/232453.shtm 世界首个人造生命在美诞生 能够自己生长繁殖；为今后人造微生物的应用研究铺平了道路 美国生物学家克雷格文特尔制造生命的过程 据《每日邮报》报道，美国生物学家克雷格文特尔( Craig Venter )在实验室中制造出世界首个人造生命细胞。 克雷格文特尔将一种称为丝状支原体丝状亚种的微生物的DNA进行重塑，并将新的DNA片段粘在一起，植入另一种细菌中。新的生命由此诞生，这种新生的微生物能够生长、繁殖，并产生一代又一代的人造生命。植入的DNA片段包含约850个基因，而人类的DNA图谱上共有约20000个基因。 这个人造生命被戏称为人造儿(synthia)，它是人类科学史上一个革命性的成果，为今后人造微生物的应用研究铺平了道路。在未来，人类也许能够建立微生物制造厂，制造出微生物药剂、微生物燃料，以及能够分解污染物的微生物清洁工。 然而，科学的发展总是一把双刃剑。道德主义者指责制造人工生命是渎神，是藐视生命。有人担心人造儿开启了潘多拉的魔盒，为未来制造生化武器奠定了基础，而实验室一个微小的失误就可能产生新的瘟疫，夺去数百万人的生命。 更多阅读 《科学》网站相关报道（英文） 《纽约时报》相关报道（英文） http://news.sciencenet.cn/htmlnews/2010/5/232459.shtm 学界担忧首个人造单细胞生物双刃剑效应 美国私立科研机构克雷格文特尔研究所研究人员5月20日报告说，他们培育出第一个由人工合成基因组控制的细胞，从而向人造生命形式迈出了关键一步。人造生命相关技术的应用前景固然广阔，但其双刃剑效应绝不可忽视。 这些研究人员人工合成了一种名为蕈状支原体的细菌的脱氧核糖核酸（DNA），并将其植入另一个内部被掏空的、名为山羊支原体的细菌内。经过多次失败，他们最终使植入人造DNA的细菌获得新生，并开始在实验室的培养皿中繁殖。研究人员希望借此更好地了解驱动所有生命的基础机制，并利用基因工程制造某些种类的细菌，用于生产燃油或消解毒性废物等。 对于这项成果，科学界反应不一，有些科学家评价颇高，但也有相当一部分科学家心情复杂，态度审慎。 给出高评价的，有美国拉特格斯大学分子生物学家理查德埃布赖特。他说：这是人与自然关系的一个转折点，历史上第一次有人创造了一个完整的带有预定特性的细胞。斯坦福大学生物医学伦理中心主任戴维马格努斯甚至认为，这项研究可能开启基因工程新纪元。 20日出版的新一期《经济学人》杂志封面文章预测，将来有一天，新的细菌、动物或者植物等生命体将被电脑设计，最后被人类制造出来。在某种程度上，这种创造生命的举动比第一颗原子弹爆炸更能证明人类掌控自然的能力。 与此同时，也有相当一部分科学家的评价比较谨慎，认为文特尔研究所只是部分合成了现有细胞，并未跨越无中生有、创造生命的界限。波士顿大学生物医学专家詹姆斯柯林斯表示，他不认为上述合成的单细胞生物体意味着一种人造生命形式的诞生，它只是一个带有人造基因组的生物体，而非人造生物体。 美国总统奥巴马也注意到了这项成果。他当天致信负责生物伦理问题研究的一个总统委员会的主席、宾夕法尼亚大学校长埃米古特曼，要求委员会评估这类研究在医学、环境、安全等领域的影响。 事实上，近年来，克隆技术、干细胞技术和基因工程等飞速发展，但它们引发的伦理和道德之争从未止息。对待人造生命，在看到其巨大应用前景时，也要时刻警醒其可能带来的危害。 《经济学人》杂志认为，人造生命看起来是一件令人惊奇的事，这种技术具有众多优势。就短期而言，可以应用于制造更好的药物、农产品、绿色燃料以及促进化学工业的发展；但从长期来看，谁也不知道它可能带来什么样的后果，这种技术与生俱来地存在着危险，如果滥用可能导致恐怖的灾难。 该刊因此提出了这样的问题：如何控制这些能自我复制的人造生命？谁能拥有人造生命基本工具的专利权？这些问题的答案无疑在于各国政策制定者如何保持理性，戒慎警惕，对此类技术加强管制。 奥巴马在致信古特曼时也表示，需要确定这类技术的合适伦理界限，将其危害控制到最小程度。环保组织地球之友也认为，必须确保相关法规到位，以保护环境和人类健康免受这项有潜在危险的新技术伤害。 更多阅读 世界首个人造生命在美诞生 美研究人员首次合成人造单细胞生物 首例人造生命在美诞生 奥巴马下令评估伦理风险 特别声明：本文转载仅仅是出于传播信息的需要，并不意味着代表本网站观点或证实其内容的真实性；如其他媒体、网站或个人从本网站转载使用，须保留本网站注明的来源，并自负版权等法律责任；作者如果不希望被转载或者联系转载稿费等事宜，请与我们接洽。 打印 发E-mail给： 以下评论只代表网友个人观点，不代表科学网观点。 ? 2010-5-23 0:19:51 匿名 IP:117.131.30.* 欧美这帮人创造了现代文明，有一天也得毁了现代文明 ［回复］ 2010-5-22 23:53:49 匿名 IP:122.239.255.* 担心毫无必要，搞伦理学的就是找事，不然他们做什么 ［回复］ 2010-5-22 20:51:21 匿名 IP:210.34.20.* 引用：上个世纪是物理学给人类带来了灾难，本世纪该轮到生物学了....比原子弹更恐怖的发明 比原子弹可拍的发明是房改。科技变化永远没有民政变化震撼。 ［回复］ 2010-5-22 20:00:55 dxflqm IP: 觉得前几天刚开始的报道不准确 不知什么原因。 看刚开始的报道，我觉得就是转基因 看来今天的报道，说是人工合成的DNA，转入另一个生物 才知道 确实是人工合成的生命。 ［回复］ 2010-5-22 19:17:48 匿名 IP:124.115.220.* 毋庸置疑，这是一个伟大的进步，一次革命！但世界是否因而受益，就看人类智慧的平衡危机的能力了 ［回复］ http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/abstract/science.1190719 Published Online May 20, 2010 Science DOI: 10.1126/science.1190719 Science Express Index Research Articles Creation of a Bacterial Cell Controlled by a Chemically Synthesized Genome Daniel G. Gibson, 1 John I. Glass, 1 Carole Lartigue, 1 Vladimir N. Noskov, 1 Ray-Yuan Chuang, 1 Mikkel A. Algire, 1 Gwynedd A. Benders, 2 Michael G. Montague, 1 Li Ma, 1 Monzia M. Moodie, 1 Chuck Merryman, 1 Sanjay Vashee, 1 Radha Krishnakumar, 1 Nacyra Assad-Garcia, 1 Cynthia Andrews-Pfannkoch, 1 Evgeniya A. Denisova, 1 Lei Young, 1 Zhi-Qing Qi, 1 Thomas H. Segall-Shapiro, 1 Christopher H. Calvey, 1 Prashanth P. Parmar, 1 Clyde A. Hutchison, III, 2 Hamilton O. Smith, 2 J. Craig Venter 1 ,2 ,* We report the design, synthesis, and assembly of the 1.08-Mbp Mycoplasma mycoides JCVI-syn1.0 genome starting from digitized genome sequence information and its transplantation into a Mycoplasma capricolum recipient cell to create new Mycoplasma mycoides cells that are controlled only by the synthetic chromosome. The only DNA in the cells is the designed synthetic DNA sequence, including watermark sequences and other designed gene deletions and polymorphisms, and mutations acquired during the building process. The new cells have expected phenotypic properties and are capable of continuous self-replication. 1 The J. Craig Venter Institute, 9704 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, MD 20850, USA. 2 The J. Craig Venter Institute, 10355 Science Center Drive, San Diego, CA 92121, USA. * To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: jcventer@jcvi.org
标签: 人造生命
