看到一篇介绍图书管理系统的文章，关注了下，这些系统对个人或者组织的图书文献管理应该有一定的帮助，不过有的配置还是比较复杂。简单整理下，就不翻译了： VuFind Library resource portal designed and developed for libraries by libraries。 Koha Serves more than 1000 academic, public, and private libraries Evergreen Consortial-quality library software Greenstone Comprehensive digital library creation, management, and distribution package OpenBiblio Library administration web interface PMB Library automation system based on PHP and MySQL 都是开源、可以在linux下运行的系统，点击链接直接访问网站，基于Web的比如VuFind有在线demo。 消息来源： http://www.linuxlinks.com/article/20100712163238358/LibraryManagementSystems.html
1. 我很喜欢它。 False: I very like it. True: I like it very much. 2. 这个价格对我挺合适的。 False: The price is very suitable for me. True: The price is right. suitable(合适的、相配的)最常见的用法是以否定的形式出现在告示或通知上，如：下列节目儿童不宜。The following programme is not suitable for children在这组句子中用后面的说法会更合适。 3. 你是做什么工作的呢？ False: Whats your job? True: Are you working at the moment? whats your job这种说法难道也有毛病吗？是的。因为如果您的谈话对象刚刚失业，如此直接的问法会让对方有失面子，所以您要问：目前您是在上班吗，Are you working at the moment，接下来您才问：目前您在哪儿工作呢， where are you working these days，或者您从事哪个行业呢，What line of work are you in，顺带说一下，回答这类问题时不妨说得具体一点，不要只是说经理或者秘书。 4. 用英语怎么说？ False: How to say in English? True: How do you say this in English? How to say是在中国最为泛滥成灾的中国式英语之一，这决不是地道的英语说法。同样的句子有：请问这个词如何拼写，How do you spell that please，请问这个单词怎么读，How do you pronounce this word。 5. 明天我有事情要做。 False: I have something to do tomorrow. True: Sorry but I am tied up all day tomorrow. 用I have something to do来表示您很忙，这也完全是中国式的说法。因为每时每刻我们都有事情要做，躺在那里睡大觉也是事情。所以您可以说我很忙，脱不开身：Im tied up.还有其他的说法：Im afraid I cant make it at that time. I,d love to, but I cant,I have to stay at home. 6. 我没有英文名。 False: I havent English name. True: I dont have an English name. 许多人讲英语犯这样的错误，从语法角度来分析，可能是语法功底欠缺，因为have在这里是实义动词，而并不是在现在完成时里面那个没有意义的助动词。所以，这句话由肯定句变成否定句要加助动词。 明白道理是一回事，习惯是另一回事，请您再说几话： 我没有钱；I dont have any money. 我没有兄弟姐妹；I dont have any brothers or sisters. 我没有车。I dont have a car. 7. 我想我不行。 False: I think I cant. True: I dont think I can. 这一组然是个习惯问题，在语法上称为否定前置，这就是汉语里面说我想我不会的时候，英语里面总是说我不认为我会。以后您在说类似的英语句子的时候，只要您留心，也会习惯英语的说法的。 8. 我的舞也跳得不好。 False: I dont dance well too. True: I am not a very good dancer either. 当我们说不擅长做什么事情的时候，英语里面通常用not good at something，英语的思维甚至直接踊跃到：我不是一个好的舞者。 9. 现在几点钟了？ False: What time is it now? True: What time is it, please? What time is it now这是一个直接从汉语翻译过的句子，讲英语的时候没有必要说now，因为您不可能问what time was it yesterday或者what time is it tommorow。所以符合英语习惯的说法是：请问现在几点了？还有一种说法是：how are we doing for time这句话在有时间限制的时候特别合适 10. 我的英语很糟糕。 False: My English is poor. True: I am not 100% fluent, but at least I am improving. 有人开玩笑说，全中国人最擅长的一句英文是：My English is poor实话说，我从来没有遇到一个美国人对我说：My Chinese is poor。无论他们的汉语是好是坏，他们会说: I am still having a few problem, but I'm getting better。当您告诉外国人，您的英语很poor，so what(那又怎么样呢) 是要让别人当场施舍给我们一些英语呢，还是说我的英语不好，咱们不谈了吧。另外一个更大的弊端是，一边不停的学英语，一边不停地说自己的英语很poor，这正像有个人一边给车胎充气，又一边在车胎上扎孔放气。 我坚信，如果现在就苦下功夫，把EPTIP系列教材吃通吃透，您的IT职业英语水平立即就会迅速的提高。您以后和外国IT同行交流时再也不用说：我的英语很poor。您可以实事求事地说，我的英语还不算十分流利，但至少我在进步。 11. 你愿意参加我们的晚会吗？ False:Would you like to join our party on Friday? True: Would you like to come to our party on Friday night? join往往是指参加俱乐部或者协会，如：join a health club; join the Communist Party。事实上，常常与party搭配的动词的come 或者go。如go a wild party，或者come to a Christmas Party。 12. 我没有经验。 False:I have no experience. True: I am afraid I dont know much about that. I have no experience这句话听起来古里古怪，因为您只需要说：那方面我懂得不多，或者这方面我不在行，就行了。I am not really an expert in this area. 13. 我没有男朋友。 False: I have no boyfriend. True: I dont have a boyfriend. 14. 他的身体很健康。 False: His body is healthy. True: He is in good health. You can also say: Hes healthy. 15. 价钱很昂贵/便宜。 False: The price is too expensive/cheap. True: The price is too high/ rather low. 16. 我们下了车。 False: We got off the car. True: We got out of the car. 17. 车速快了。 False: The speed of the car is fast. True: The car is speeding. Or The car is going too fast. 18. 这个春节你回家吗？ Will you be going back home for the Spring Festival? False: 是的，我回去。Of course! （这一句是错的） True: 当然。Sure. / Certainly.（这种说法是正确的） 以英语为母语的人使用of course的频率要比中国的学生低得多，只有在回答一些众所周知的问题时才说of course。因为of course后面隐含的一句话是当然我知道啦！难道我是一个傻瓜吗？因此，of course带有挑衅的意味。在交谈时，用sure或certainly效果会好得多。同时，of course not也具挑衅的意味。正常情况下语气温和的说法是certainly not。 19. 我觉得右手很疼。 False:I feel very painful in my right hand. True: My right hand is very painful.Or My right hand hurts(aches). 20. 他看到她很惊讶。 False: He looked at her and felt surprised. True: He looked at her in surprise. 21. 我读过你的小说但是没料到你这么年轻。 False: I have read your novels but I didn't think you could be so young. True: After having read your novel,I expected you would be older. 22. 她脸红了，让我看穿了她的心思。 False:Her red face made me see through her mind. True: Her red face told me what she was thinking. 23. 看到这幅画让我想到了我的童年时代。 False:The sight of these pictures made me remember my own childhood. True: Seeing these pictures reminded me of my own childhood. 24. 别理她。 False: Don't pay attention to her. True: Leave her alone. 25. 我在大学里学到了许多知识。 False: I get a lot of knowledge in the university. True: I learned a lot in universit http://conanufo.blog.163.com/blog/static/23590191200841114052601/
From: http://www.langware.com/index.php?/content/view/30/45/ Ontology http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontology From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia In philosophy, ontology is the study of being or existence. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontology_(computer_science) Ontology (computer science) From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia In both computer science and information science, an ontology is a data model that represents a set of concepts within a domain and the relationships between those concepts. It is used to reason about the objects within that domain. http://www-ksl.stanford.edu/kst/what-is-an-ontology.html What is an Ontology? Short answer: An ontology is a specification of a conceptualization. http://www.jfsowa.com/ontology/ The subject of ontology is the study of the categories of things that exist or may exist in some domain. The product of such a study, called an ontology, is a catalog of the types of things that are assumed to exist in a domain of interest D from the perspective of a person who uses a language L for the purpose of talking about D. http://www.formalontology.it/ Ontology is the theory of objects and their ties. Ontology provides criteria for distinguishing various types of objects (concrete and abstract, existent and non-existent, real and ideal, independent and dependent) and their ties (relations, dependences and predication). http://ontology.buffalo.edu/ State University of New York at Buffalo Department of Philosophy; Ontology http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/11258a.htm Ontology is not a subjective science as Kant describes it (Ub. d. Fortschr. d. Met., 98) nor an inferential Psychology, as Hamilton regards it (Metaphysics, Lect. VII); nor yet a knowledge of the absolute (theology); nor of some ultimate reality whether conceived as matter or as spirit, which Monists suppose to underlie and produce individual real beings and their manifestations. http://pespmc1.vub.ac.be/ONTOLI.html Ontology (the science of being) is a word, like metaphysics, that is used in many different senses. It is sometimes considered to be identical to metaphysics, but we prefer to use it in a more specific sense, as that part of metaphysics that specifies the most fundamental categories of existence, the elementary substances or structures out of which the world is made. http://www.aaai.org/AITopics/html/ontol.html Ontological analysis clarifies the structure of knowledge. Given a domain, its ontology forms the heart of any system of knowledge representation for that domain. Without ontologies, or the conceptualizations that underlie knowledge, there cannot be a vocabulary for representing knowledge....Second, ontologies enable knowledge sharing. -from What Are Ontologies, and Why Do We Need Them? B. Chandrasekaran, Jorn R. Josephson, V. and Richard Benjamins http://www.daml.org/ontologies/ DAML Ontology Library http://ontology.buffalo.edu/smith/articles/ontologies.htm Ontology as a branch of philosophy is the science of what is, of the kinds and structures of the objects, properties and relations in every area of reality. Ontology in this sense is often used in such a way as to be synonymous with metaphysics. In simple terms it seeks the classification of entities. In the field of information processing there arises what we might call the Tower of Babel problem. http://www.linguistics-ontology.org/ The GOLD Community is a vision to bring together those interested in the best-practice encoding of linguistic data. http://emeld.org/documents/GLOT-LinguisticOntology.pdf A linguistic ontology for the semantic web http://www.formalontology.it/linguistic-relativity.htm Language and Thought: Ontological Problems Ontology and the Linguistic Relativity (Sapir-Whorf) Hypothesis http://ontology.teknowledge.com/ This site contains information about the SUMO (Suggested Upper Merged Ontology). This ontology is being created as part of the IEEE Standard Upper Ontology Working Group. The goal of this Working Group is to develop a standard upper ontology that will promote data interoperability, information search and retrieval, automated inferencing, and natural language processing. The SUMO has been translated into various representation formats, but the language of development is a variant of KIF (a version of the first-order predicate calculus). http://www.fb10.uni-bremen.de/anglistik/langpro/webspace/jb/info-pages/ ontology/ontology-root.htm This page is a collection of starting points for information on ontologies gathered together for ease of reference for our own ontology-related projects. It is made available as is in case it is of use to anyone else. http://www.cs.vu.nl/~guus/papers/Hage05a.pdf A Method to Combine Linguistic Ontology-Mapping Techniques We discuss four linguistic ontology-mapping techniques and evaluate them on real-life ontologies in the domain of food. Furthermore we propose a method to combine ontology-mapping techniques with high Precision and Recall to reduce the necessary amount of manual labor and computation. http://zimmer.csufresno.edu/~wlewis/projects/DDLOD.html Data-Driven Linguistic Ontology Development Universitt Bremen The intent of the DDLOD project is to semi-automatically capture a picture of the semantic space of the field of linguistics, and use this snapshot to make the Generalized Ontology for Linguistic Description (GOLD) as complete and comprehensive as possible. http://linguistlist.org/emeld/tools/ontology.cfm Markup: Linguistic Ontology Traditionally markup has been defined as systematic annotation designed to reveal a text's typographical and informational structure. Linguistic markup might be broadly described as annotation representing: (a) the grammatical structure of text couched in the focus language and (b) the structure of documents presenting a linguistic description or analysis of such text. http://www.aifb.uni-karlsruhe.de/WBS/pci/annotation.pdf Ontology-based linguistic annotation Institute AIFB; University of Karlsruhe http://zimmer.csufresno.edu/~wlewis/projects/DDLOD-overview.html The World Wide Web has become a primary source for disseminating data on the worlds languages, with a variety of language data regularly posted to the Web, including large numbers of scholarly papers on language. Often embedded in these documents are enriched language data encoded in the form of Interlinear Glossed Text (IGT). IGT is a standard method for presenting linguistic data, and consists of a line of language data, usually broken down by morpheme, a line of grammatical and gloss information aligned with the text in the first line, and a line representing the translation. http://cogprints.org/4009/ The ontology of signs as linguistic and non-linguistic entities: a cognitive perspective http://www.phil.uni-passau.de/linguistik/linguistik_urls/urls.php?CAT=computing: Software:Ontology+Engineering Linguistics Links Database Computing Software Ontology Engineering JATKE (unified platform for ontology learning) OntoLT (middleware for ontology extraction from text) Protg (ontology editor and knowledge-base editor) Text2Onto (framework for ontology learning from text) TextToOnto (ontology construction using text mining techniques) http://www.phil.uni-passau.de/linguistik/linguistik_urls/urls.php?CAT=computing:Software Linguistics Links Database Department of General Linguistics at the University of Passau. http://www.cs.utexas.edu/users/mfkb/related.html Some Ongoing KBS/Ontology Projects and Groups Knowledge-Base Projects, Groups, and Related Material http://sigart.acm.org/ai/ontology.html A lot of stuff for linguistics, networks and computers. http://www.essex.ac.uk/linguistics/clmt/other_sites/index_1.html A lot of links for linguistics, networks and computers. No longer maintained. http://www.sim.hcuge.ch/ontology/03_MedicalLinguistics.htm The Service d'Informatique Mdicale (SIM) is part of the Radiology and Medical Informatics Department of the University Hospitals of Geneva, This entity is in charge of development of medical applications like patient record, medical orders and other knowledge based applications. A group of SIM has been long specialized for Natural Language Processing. http://linguistlist.org/emeld/school/classroom/ontology/index.html E-MELD school of best practices in digital language documentation http://linguistlist.org/emeld/workshop/2005/papers/saulwick-paper.doc . Semantic relations in ontology mediated linguistic data integration http://llc.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/21/suppl_1/29 Oxford Journals Literary and Linguistic Computing Designing and Implementing an Ontology for Logic and Linguistics http://www.legenden.dk/blog/2003/12/links.html Online Philosophy List of philosophers with online papers about: Language, Linguistics, Metaphysics, Epistemology, Logic and Mathematics http://www.let.uu.nl/linguistics/log/ EBoLi - an E-Book for Linguistics http://suo.ieee.org/email/msg12240.html Multi-Source Ontology (MSO) Draft Ballot Question http://xml.coverpages.org/xml.html Extensible Markup Language (XML) and links for ontology. http://www.onlineoriginals.com/showitem.asp?itemID=287articleID=10 A GENETIC INTERPRETATION OF RICOEUR'S PHILOSOPHY OF LANGUAGE Furnishing Ricoeur's theory of language with an ontology that is consistent with his own assumptions http://www.clres.com/dict.html ACL SIGLEX Resource Links http://swik.net/ontology?index ontology Pages Filter by Tag related to ontology http://www.cs.brandeis.edu/~jamesp/arda/time/readings.html The site contains References and Links; General References; Ontology WG; Corpus WG; TimeML WG http://nlp.shef.ac.uk/links.html Natural language processing group http://www.imi.uni-luebeck.de/~ingenerf/terminology/Term-oth.html Materials about Basic Sciences and; Terminology; Ontology; Artificial Intelligence; Knowledge Representation; Computational Linguistics; Information Retrieval http://citeseer.ist.psu.edu/704251.html Introduction The World Wide Web has the potential to become a primary source for storing and accessing linguistic data, including data of the sort that are routinely collected by field linguists. Having large amounts of linguistic data on the Web will give linguists, indigenous communities, and language learners access to resources that have hitherto been difficult to obtain. For linguists, scientific data from the world's languages will be just as accessible as information in on-line http://citeseer.ist.psu.edu/760180.html Class Relation Predicate GrammaticalRelation Aspect Tense Case Agreement Attribute GrammaticalAttribute Gender Person Number 7 4.2 Details of the Ontology As much as possible we tried to use existing elements of the SUMO. First of all SUMO already includes a good semiotics architecture for the representation and the communication of information in general. Expanded from the original SUMO somewhat are the basic segments of language, which are classified as LinguisticExpressions http://www.loa-cnr.it/Files/SOIA.pdf SOIA Semantics and Ontology of InterAction Joint project ISTC - IRIT (CNRS-UPS, Toulouse, France) http://opim-sun.wharton.upenn.edu/~asa28//useful_semiotics_research_links.htm Useful Semiotics, linguistics, semantics, syntactics, controlled language, domain-specific language, etc. Research Links http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0097-8507(198309)59%3A3%3C708%3AEILO%3E2.0.CO%3B2-L Essays in Linguistic Ontology http://www.jfsowa.com/ontology/lexicon.htm The lexicon is the bridge between a language and the knowledge expressed in that language. Every language has a different vocabulary, but every language provides the grammatical mechanisms for combining its stock of words to express an open-ended range of concepts. Different languages, however, differ in the grammar, the words, and the concepts they express. http://www.cs.bilkent.edu.tr/~erayo/ontology/html/bookmarks/Ontologies/ Linguistics_Oriented/index.html Annotated Ontology Resources: Linguistics Oriented http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL_udi=B6V0N-47TFMYT-5 _user=10_coverDate=11%2F15%2F2002_rdoc=1_fmt=_orig=search_ sort=dview=c_acct=C000050221_version=1_urlVersion=0_userid=10md5 =85bb0f32be97f1d75abcbd7652951834 Linguistic kleptomania in computer science Department of Informatics, Aristotle University, Thessaloniki, Greece http://www.fi.muni.cz/gwc2004/proc/118.pdf One Dead Armadillo on WordNet's Speedway to Ontology Institute for Formal Ontology and Medical Information Science, University of Leipzig http://www.ling.su.se/DaLi/research/index.htm Research in Computational Linguistics at SU http://xml.coverpages.org/muleco.html Multilingual Upper-Level Electronic Commerce Ontology (MULECO) http://xml.coverpages.org/oil.html Ontology Interchange Language (OIL) http://xml.coverpages.org/owl.html OWL Web Ontology Language http://xml.coverpages.org/oml.html Ontology and Conceptual Knowledge Markup Languages http://xml.coverpages.org/shoe.html Simple HTML Ontology Extensions (SHOE) http://xml.coverpages.org/xol.html XOL - XML-Based Ontology Exchange Language http://www.cstr.ed.ac.uk/ University of Edinburgh The Centre for Speech Technology Research http://www.cl.cam.ac.uk/research/nl/index.html Natural Language and Information Processing Group University of Cambridge; Computer Laboratory; NLIP Group Computer Laboratory, University of Cambridge
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