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三大比特币证券平台证券中文资料汇总【最后更新日期:2013年9月17日】 Summary of Chinese Translations of Securities of 3 Major Stock Exchanges 【Last updated: 17th Sep, 2013】 收集整理Sorted by:miner/hl5460 ***此帖我将长期跟踪,不定期更新 I shall update this thread on irregular basis*** 鉴于国内比特币证券玩家不断增加,翻译的作品也日渐丰富。为便于大家了解相关证券的背景资料,尤其是其IPO的资料,收集整理了此帖。并有如下说明: As # of Chinese BTC investors growing and so does the translations, I feel it would be convenient to bring them together to facilitate the understanding of securities, especially IPO prospectus. It took me a while to sort it out and here are some disclaimers: ? 链接尽量争取都是首发地址,并署名,如有遗漏错误,请指正。 I try to link the 1st post to each security and with the translator’s name. Please let me know if there is any mistake or miss. We respect each individual’s effort on this. ? 本人没有对链接的翻译资料进行核对,不能保证其真实性和准确性,请大家自行甄别。 I didn’t have time to verify the translation with the original IPO file. And I can’t guarantee the integrity of those securities. Please do your homework. ? 【风险提示】比特币证券交易无任何限制,风险巨大。不要做超出个人风险承受能力之外的投资。本帖不作为任何投资参考,请以教育和娱乐心态视之。 Warning: There is no limit on the fluctuation of BTC securities (not like A share, there is a 10% limit lockdown). Rewards are usually shadowed by risks. Don’t invest more than you can lose. The thread shall not used as guidance for any kind of investments. Please view it from educational and entertaining perspective. 一、三大平台简介 ? https://btct.co /security【13/39】 = 【translated #/total #】 近期改版后共分为9大类36个品种(13种已译或有相关资料):股票(2/3)*,收入股份(1/8),存托凭证(5/9),债券(1/1),采矿合约(2/5),贷款(0/3),期货(0/4),基金(2/6),管理投资组合(0/2)。 备注:括号内数字表示已有资料证券数量/证券总数,如“股票(1/3)”表示该类内共3个品种,其中1种已译成中文或有相关的中文资料。 BTCT.CO是目前全网交易量最大的比特币交易平台,2013年8月份借labcoin及activemining上市的机会,当月交易量达到了史无前例的近200,000币。俗话说,树大招风,站长曾有一段时间想要禁止美国IP登录,以规避潜在的监管风险,后来在社区反对下没有实施。借此风波也可看出比特币证券交易在目前监管滞后的情况下,网站运营面临着不少风险。 ? https://bitfunder.com/market【10/39】 交易活跃的只有10只左右。各证券品种没有分类,打开页面时默认按24小时成交量排序,可以比较清楚地知道场内资金流向。这一做法后来也被BTCT.CO采用。 ? https://www.havelockinvestments.com/ 【6/13】 已翻译数量/总数:6/12。Havelock 是位于加拿大的网站。以小盘股为主,近来在TAT的推动下,IPO不断,发展势头迅猛。 此外,还有一些“自弹自唱”的股份,网站自己发行,也只能在该网站交易。分红多数与网站运营交易量挂钩。如796, mcxnow,btc-dice等。将另文介绍。 二、三大平台证券资料汇总 BTCT.CO 【13/39】 1. Asicminer:烤猫股票IPO时是在GLBSE网站(现已关闭),现在各个平台的烤猫股票都属于PT性质。 ASICMINER烤猫股票交易及周边信息 【Miner翻译整理】 http://blog.sina.com.cn/s/blog_d3b90b760101b8he.html Asicminer(AM或烤猫)2013年1季度财报【Miner翻译整理】 http://blog.sina.com.cn/s/blog_d3b90b760101aq99.html ASICMiner第二季度业绩报告(投资者个人分析)及新闻 【Blues翻译整理】 http://www.btcpie.com/blog_2013/09/asicminer-q2-financial-report 2. 大爆料!Labcoin—烤猫的潜在强力对手?【Blues翻译整理】 http://www.btcpie.com/blog_2013/08/labcoin-news 3. NeoBee-比特币银行(塞浦路斯)-LMB控股公司【Blues翻译整理】 http://www.btcpie.com/blog_2013/09/neobee-bitcoinbank-lmb 这个股的pre-ipo日期在9月17日,IPO日期在9月25日。三个平台同时进行。 4. CIPHERMINE.B1——固定年利率22%的虚拟企业债券【qiurong910326翻译整理】 http://bbs.btcman.com/forum.php? ... 6890fromuid=44 5. 加密货币交易所Crypto-trade.com 股票介绍【金太阳翻译整理】 http://8btc.com/thread-712-1-2.html 6. 比特币DMS证券组合解析【独行的巨蟹翻译整理】 http://blog.sina.com.cn/s/blog_5399bedb0101bkte.html 7. 比特币网游股TAT-MiniGame及其作品Eulora(罗拉颂) 【爱比特(聂)翻译整理】 http://btc8.com/thread-7-1-1.html 8. 固定算力债券PMB简介【Miner翻译整理】 http://blog.sina.com.cn/s/blog_d3b90b760101aux6.html 9. 电子安全公司SA BTC债券介绍【木风翻译整理】 http://8btc.com/thread-505-1-2.html 10. 固定算力债券SELLING介绍【虎嗅翻译整理】 http://8btc.com/thread-602-1-1.html 11. 介绍CryptX 发行的矿机股票PETA-MINE【木风翻译整理】 http://8btc.com/thread-619-1-1.html ? Bitfunder.com 【10/39】 1. 澳大利亚勘探公司KENILWORTH股票介绍【虎嗅翻译整理】 http://8btc.com/thread-600-1-1.html 2. Btcquick网站基本情况及分析【Miner翻译整理】 http://blog.sina.com.cn/s/blog_d3b90b760101c3yb.html 3. 比特币文化衫电商:Bitcoin Pride 股票介绍【aisen翻译整理】 http://8btc.com/thread-555-1-2.html 4. 比特币投资基金discovery【Miner翻译整理】 http://8btc.com/thread-774-1-1.html ? https://www.havelockinvestments.com/ 【6/13】 1. 沙尘暴来了!公募基金Sandstorm介绍【Blackbeard翻译整理】 http://8btc.com/thread-732-1-1.html 2. 小盘股比特币交易所Dealcoin股票介绍【Blockchain翻译整理】 http://8btc.com/thread-728-1-2.html 3. 比特币博彩公司CasinoBitco.in公开募股说明书【潇湘夜雨翻译整理】 http://bbs.btcman.com/forum.php? ... 58extra=page=1 讨论帖:http://8btc.com/forum.php?mod=vi ... page=1#pid1598 三、展望 在BTC生态圈内,证券融投资可能是终极的应用之一。创业者通过BTC融资获得初创资金,投资者通过分红及证券卖卖获得收益。当然创业也有可能失败,投资者也可能血本无归。无论如何,BTC提供了一个无国界,不分种族的渠道。这也是我对此深深着迷的原因。 Inside the BTC ecosystem, stock exchange might be the ultimate application of all. Starters may acquire much-needed funds from investors all over the world and investors are rewarded with dividends and stock buying selling. However, starters may fail and investor’s stake will be gone. The nature of BTC provides us an access for the same goal, which is the reason of my obsession with BTC. 最后,抛砖引玉,提供一个翻译的模板,仅供参考: • 公司名称: • 公司网址: • 股票代号:(以交易平台上的代号为准) • 行业:(采矿、博彩、基金?) • 融资目的: (进行IPO筹得的资金将用在哪里?) • 相关文档:(财务数据等,提供链接) • 业务范围概要: • 股份总量: • IPO发行数量: • IPO价格:(可能会有阶梯式的价格) • IPO日期时间:(请转换成北京时间) • IPO平台网址: • IPO招股书全文翻译: 为避免翻译撞车,如有意翻译无中文资料证券的请跟帖说明。 翻译完成后,请跟帖说明,我会汇总到此帖里面。 欢迎大家多提意见,进一步丰富完善此帖。 感谢以下所有译者,更加欢迎原创: Changjia长铗(operator of 8btc.com, he is the first to publicize offers to pay BTC to translators); Blues(btcpie.com);Blackbeard;Blockchain;潇湘夜雨;独行的巨蟹;爱比特(聂);aisen;虎嗅;木风;qiurong910326 (chinese forum ids) 特别感谢长铗(8btc.com),他首先对所有原创和翻译作品进行奖励,使得中文论坛内短时间内涌现出了很多优秀的原创及翻译作品。 为了推动BTC证券的传播和发展。借鉴长铗的作法,我也设立一个BTC捐赠地址,如收到捐赠将对有突出贡献的个人进行奖励。钱包地址BTC: 1EpVna5v8erwgiJrh2raUmLvjZuiMUJwV4 Learning from Changjia's (operator of 8btc.com) practice on tipping translators, which has attracted many good translators to join in the sharing of information, I shall set up a tipjar to encourage those diligent promoters/translators of BTC securities among Chinese BTC circles or you may place a bounty for translation of securities that you specified BTC: 1EpVna5v8erwgiJrh2raUmLvjZuiMUJwV4 Have fun! Wink
一 经典教材 1.Pattern Recognition and machine learning 豆瓣评分9.5 2.Machine Learning: A Probabilistic Perspective 豆瓣评分 9.4 3.统计学习方法 李航 豆瓣评分 8.5 4. Bayesian Reasoning and Machine Learning 豆瓣评分9.3 1和2是机器学习的经典教程,内容很全,值得慢慢精读,3介绍了十种常用机器学习方法,相对简练,支持向量机部分写得很精彩,可以结合1和2阅读;4还没有仔细读,编排顺序和其它区别比较大 二 视频教程 1. https://class.coursera.org/ml-003/lecture/index Andrew Ng 非常适合入门 2. http://v.163.com/special/opencourse/machinelearning.html 有点难度,可以在看完1的基础上再看 3. http://pan.baidu.com/share/link?shareid=317792394uk=604818347 http://bigeye.au.tsinghua.edu.cn/DragonStar2012/download.html 龙星计划, 信息量很大,讲得不是很细,可以先看一遍,等有了一定基础以后再细看。 4 . http://blog.videolectures.net/100-most-popular-machine-learning-talks-at-videolectures-net/ 100 most popular machine learning talks at videolectures.net 5. http://work.caltech.edu/telecourse 三 代码库 1. http://blog.sina.com.cn/s/blog_736aa0540101lx9l.html 2. http://blog.mashape.com/post/48074869493/list-of-40-machine-learning-apis 3. http://www.cs.princeton.edu/~blei/lda-c/ LDA Blei 大作 四 领域专家 1. http://www.cnblogs.com/finallyliuyu/archive/2010/12/27/1917839.html 2 . http://www.cs.princeton.edu/~blei/publications.html Blei主页 主题模型专家 3. http://www.cs.berkeley.edu/~jordan/ 4. http://www.cs.toronto.edu/~hinton/ 神经网络 五 笔记 1. http://blog.coursegraph.com/%E5%85%AC%E5%BC%80%E8%AF%BE%E7%AC%94%E8%AE%B0%E5%A4%A7%E7%9B%98%E7%82%B9 一些公开课笔记 2. http://www.zhizhihu.com/html/y2012/4017.html Max Welling教授 笔记 六 最佳论文 1. http://jeffhuang.com/best_paper_awards.html 七 其它推荐书籍 以下是Mike Jordan 推荐的: https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=1055389 1.) Casella, G. and Berger, R.L. (2001). Statistical Inference Duxbury Press. 2.) Ferguson, T. (1996). A Course in Large Sample Theory Chapman Hall/CRC. 3.) Lehmann, E. (2004). Elements of Large-Sample Theory Springer. 4.) Gelman, A. et al. (2003). Bayesian Data Analysis Chapman Hall/CRC. 5.) Robert, C. and Casella, G. (2005). Monte Carlo Statistical Methods Springer. 6.) Grimmett, G. and Stirzaker, D. (2001). Probability and Random Processes Oxford. 7.) Pollard, D. (2001). A User's Guide to Measure Theoretic Probability Cambridge. 8.) Bertsimas, D. and Tsitsiklis, J. (1997). Introduction to Linear Optimization Athena. 9.) Boyd, S. and Vandenberghe, L. (2004). Convex Optimization Cambridge. 10.) Golub, G., and Van Loan, C. (1996). Matrix Computations Johns Hopkins. 11.) Cover, T. and Thomas, J. Elements of Information Theory Wiley. 12.) Kreyszig, E. (1989). Introductory Functional Analysis with Applications Wiley. 八 一些数据集 1. movielens http://www.grouplens.org/datasets/movielens/ 2. netflix http://www.datatang.com/data/10135 3. jester http://www.datatang.com/data/13953 4. amazon http://www.datatang.com/data/651
关于英文论文写作的初步总结和资料推荐 虽然我英文写作的经验不多,但是用英文做学术报告和教学的经验还是不少的。而且我的学术报告和写的中文文章一般都清晰易懂,所以以前一直以为英语写作对我而言不成问题。直到有一天,我看到了周耀旗老师的一篇文章 《写好英语科技论文的诀窍:主动迎合读者期望,预先回答专家可能质疑》 。这篇文章对我启发非常大。我印象最深的是: 论文写作时,新的信息和旧的(熟悉的)信息要合理安排,旧的信息在前,新的信息在后,而且新的信息在第一次出现的时候,必须介绍清楚。 正是因为没有注意到这个问题,很多论文即使发表了,读起来也非常难懂。读了这篇文章,我深感自己的英语写作需要提高的地方还有许多。 如果新旧信息的安排不合理,文章就会难以理解。此外,作者和读者思维方式的不同也会使文章难以理解。在我做 PPT 的时候,导师常常指出我的一个问题:缺乏连贯性。两张相连的幻灯片之间没有平滑的过渡,听众往往不理解为什么突然从一个话题讲到另外一个话题去了。一开始,虽然我也会听从他的建议,但是我从内心里对他的建议不以为然。几年之后,我终于领悟到: 不同的人的思维方式是不同的,而演讲者应该使自己的表达方式和听众的思维方式一致,听众才易于理解。 具体到我的身上而言,我的思维方式跳跃性很强,但是听众需要连贯性的理解,所以当我在缺乏过渡的情况下,从一个话题切换到另外一个话题,听众就会感到不解。即使同是跳跃性的思维,如果双方每一次“跳跃”的位置不一样,跳跃性的表达也会难以理解。 所以思考的时候,可以天马行空地跳跃性思考,表达的时候,则需要步步为营地连贯性表达。 做学术报告如此,写论文同样如此。 文章难懂的第三个原因,也是最重要的原因是整体构架不好。整体构架不好的文章第一个特点是抓不住重点。要么是在细枝末节上解释太多,对于关键的内容却一笔带过;要么是把关键内容放在不显眼的位置。正常情况下,重要内容应该放于段落的开头( topic sentence ,主题句)或者末尾。开头是最常见的位置,因为读者阅读一个段落,首先看的就是第一句话。当把 topic sentence 放到段落中间的时候,就会被读者忽视。以前我带教的课程需要学生写比较正规的实验报告,当时写作要求里就硬性规定:每一段的开头必须是 topic sentence 。整体构架不好的文章第二个特点是抓住了重点,但是逻辑不流畅。这与新旧信息的合理安排和思维方式的一致也有相关性。例如先介绍自己做了哪些实验,再介绍存在的问题及为什么要做这些实验,从逻辑上来讲顺序就不对,反过来才讲得通。 正常情况下,写论文应该先构思整体的提纲,然后构思每一部分( introduction , methods , results , discussion )的提纲,最后构思每一段的提纲。只有当提纲构思好了之后,才动笔详写段落和句子。一篇整体构架好的文章,是容易提炼出提纲或者摘要的文章:只要把每一段的 topic sentence 拿出来就行了。正因为如此,这样的文章才是最容易理解的文章。 其实英文写作和中文写作并没有太大的差别,上述的三个要点同样适合中文论文的写作。只有当中文写作条理清晰、简明易懂的时候,才考虑怎样写出好的英文论文来。 在考 GRE 和托福的时候,我总结出了一个提高英语写作能力的方法:把基本的表达方法背下来(我称之为 “表达单元” ,例如“ A 长期被认为”: A haslong been thought to be ),然后熟练运用。我总结了几百个这样的表达单元,反复背诵(文末可以下载)。事实证明,这是提高英语表达能力的一种有效方法。 对于英文论文写作而言,看十几篇经典文献,从中提炼出自己写作能用得上的表达单元,反复背记,是提高英语论文写作能力的快速方法。 快速提高英文表达能力的另一个方法就是记下自己曾经犯过的错误,常常复习,并避免下次重犯。 人们犯一个错误,是因为有犯这个错误的“易感因素”,只要这个易感因素没有消除,这个错误就会不断的重复。解决的方法就是记住这个错误,有意识地避免重犯。所以我会把导师对我写作的修改建议保存下来。电子版的直接存档,手写的,我扫描下来存档。然后经常复习。我发现:自己经常犯的错误主要就是那么几个。所以今后在写作时,我就重点注意防止同样的错误。因此,我推荐两篇关于中国人英语写作的常见错误的总结的文章(见下面):《中式英语与美式英语对照表》和《 The Most Common Habits from more than 200 English Papers written byGraduate Chinese Engineering Students 》 此外,导师或者他人帮自己修改论文的时候,不能简单地采纳他们的修改意见,而要仔细思考为什么需要那样改?好在哪里? 只有弄明白了这些问题,将来才能独立写出好的论文来。 遇到不会的表达怎么办? Google : 检索英文网页,直接输入自己不确定的表达方法,例如不清楚“在 10 月 1 日”的表达方法是 On October 1st ,还是 At October 1st ,就可以分别检索这两种表达方法。正确的检索结果远多于错误的结果。当然还有更基本的检索方法,就是直接输入中文 + 英语翻译,例如“在显微镜下观察 英语翻译”。 CNKI 翻译助手: http://dict.cnki.net/ 遇到专业名词不知道翻译怎么办? CNKI 翻译助手以中国知网数据库里面的中英文标题和摘要为依据,提供专业名词的翻译。不过由于都是中国人写的,翻译可能不十分准确,但是至少提供了一个参考。建议对查到的译法用 Google 学术进一步验证(下面会详述)。检索方法简答,就是直接输入中文,点击搜索即可。例如“在显微镜下观察”的搜索结果是: http://dict.cnki.net/dict_result.aspx?searchword=%u663E%u5FAE%u955C%u4E0B%u89C2%u5BDF 爱词霸英语句库: http://dj.iciba.com/toast/ 有大量例句。直接输入中文,检索英文。不过不是每一个表达方法都是地道的,所以还需要用 Google 学术进一步验证。 Google 学术: 优点是可以对发表的论文进行全文检索,所以适合用来参考论文写作的表达方法。假如不知道“帕金森病患者”怎样翻译,就可以在 Google 学术里面输入“ patient Parkinson's disease ”,然后搜索,可以看到正确的用法是 patientwith Parkinson's disease. 值得注意的是,检索的结果也有出错的可能,所以一般选用使用频率最高的表达方法,这样的表达应该最可靠。 我常犯的一些错误 : 1. 缺乏参考文献。每一句话,除非是常识,如果是事实性的,都需要参考文献支持。 2. 句子太长。一般而言是短句比长句好,常用单词比生僻单词好。 3. an , a 不分 4. 单复数不分:例如该加 s 的地方没加 s ,该用 have 的地方用了 has 等。 5. the 的用法不对 推荐的文章: 周耀旗(印第安那大学信息学院教授):《写好英语科技论文的诀窍: 主动迎合读者期望,预先回答专家可能质疑》 http://sparks.informatics.iupui.edu/Publications_files/write-chinese.php 这篇文章值得精读十遍,但最重要的是要熟练运用。 《 The Science of Scientific Writing 》 http://192.38.112.111/write/Science_writing.pdf 是《写好英语科技论文的诀窍: 主动迎合读者期望,预先回答专家可能质疑》一文的主要参考文献,同样建议精读和熟练运用。 吴健生 : 《中英文论文写作的最大不同》 http://blog.sciencenet.cn/home.php?mod=spaceuid=210983do=blogid=405761from=space 文中关于新旧信息顺序的举例很好。 《 The Most Common Habits from more than 200 English Papers written byGraduate Chinese Engineering Students 》 http://papertalks.org/p/resources/Academic/EnglishWritingSkills/MostCommonEnglishWritingHabitsOfChinese.pdf 《中式英语与美式英语对照表》 http://wenku.baidu.com/view/3bfd047302768e9951e738f5.html 总结了大量中国人写英语的常见错误及正确的表达方法 施一公:《如何提高英文的科研写作能力》 http://blog.sciencenet.cn/blog-46212-349932.html 孙常全:《提高写科研论文效率之“化整为零法 (Modular approach) 》 http://blog.sciencenet.cn/home.php?mod=spaceuid=356017do=blogid=291556 任胜利:《科技写作》系列博文 http://blog.sciencenet.cn/home.php?mod=spaceuid=38899do=blogview=meclassid=4170from=spacepage=1 推荐的书籍: The elements of style ( 51 页) 这是很多人推荐的书籍,主要讲的是写作的细节问题。我认为做事情应该“先战略,后战术”,所以对于写作而言,第一步是建立起好的框架(提纲),然后是段落和句子的组织,最后才是具体的表达。不过这本书不长,也值得一看。 表达单元下载(可能不完全正确,欢迎指正): 表达单元.docx
发现“科学网”这个网站的过程挺有意思的,当时在查找地震作用下桥梁易损性分析的相关资料,看到了一篇学习心得的博文,呵呵,当时是为了看那位博士的心得体会从而注册,然而,注册后竟然找不到他了 今天收到邮件说我成功通过审核,我很激动,也很开心,可以在这上面写出自己的学习心得,和各位前辈交流 Happy day
电磁场与微波技术相关资料 来自: 司黎明的博客 北京理工大学信息与电子学院电子工程系,毫米波与太赫兹技术北京市重点实验室,北京 100081 Beijing Key Laboratory of Millimeter Wave and Terahertz Technology, Department of Electronic Engineering, School of Information and Electronics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, P. R. China 一、 专业简介 电磁场与微波技术,英文为 Electromagnetic Field and Microwave Technology 。 在招生方面,国内将其归为电子科学与技术(学科代码: 0809 ),其二级学科代码为 080904 ;国外一般将其归为 Electronics/Electrinical Engineering (EE) 或者 Electronical and Computer Engineering ( ECE )。 在基金申请方面,国内将其归为信息学部(学部代码: F )电子与信息系统学科(学科代码: F01 ),研究方向和申请代码如下: 电磁场与波 (电磁场理论 、计算电磁学 、散射与逆散射 、电波传播 、天线理论与技术 、毫米波与亚毫米波技术 、微波集成电路与元器件 、太赫兹理论与技术 、微波光子学 、电磁兼容 、瞬态电磁场理论与应用 、新型介质电磁特性与应用 ) 此外,还有一些交叉学科的研究方向和申请代码: 雷达原理与技术 、雷达信号处理 、射频技术与系统 、新型电磁材料与器件基础研究 、电磁场生物效应 、纳米尺度 CMOS 集成电路设计理论 、新型半导体光电子器件 、光电子器件封装与测试 、 RF/ 微波微纳机电器件与系统 、光子与光电子器件 (有源器件 、无源器件 、光子晶体及器件 、新型光电子器件 )、太赫兹波技术及应用 、新光学材料 等等。 二、 专业知识 书本: 英语、数学物理方法、矩阵分析、数值分析、电磁场理论、微波理论与技术、天线理论与技术、计算电磁学、半导体物理、电路、雷达原理、微波固态电路、微波通信技术、电磁兼容、信号与系统 软件: Windows 、 Microsoft Office (Word, Excel, PowerPoint, Visio) 、 Matlab 、 C/Fortran/C++ 、 Latex 、 Origin 、 Ansys HFSS/CST Microwave Studio 、 Ansys Designer/IE3D/Sonnet/Momentum 、 Comsol 、 Agilent ADS 、 Cadence 、 LabView 、 Protel 、 AutoCAD 、 Solidworks 、 HTML 、 Linux 仪器: 万用表、示波器、功率计、信号源、(矢量)网络分析仪、频谱仪、频率计 三、 专业期刊 英文期刊: Full SO IF Publisher Subject Categories: Reviews of Modern Physics 43.933 AMER PHYSICAL SOC PHYSICS, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Nature 36.28 NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP MULTIDISCIPLINARY SCIENCES Nature Materials 32.841 NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP CHEMISTRY, PHYSICAL ; MATERIALS SCIENCE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY ; PHYSICS, APPLIED ; PHYSICS, CONDENSED MATTER Science 31.201 AMER ASSOC ADVANCEMENT SCIENCE MULTIDISCIPLINARY SCIENCES Nature Photonics 29.278 NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP OPTICS; PHYSICS, APPLIED Physics Reports-Review Section of Physics Letters 20.394 ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PHYSICS, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Nature Physics 18.967 NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP PHYSICS, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Reports on Progress in Physics 14.72 IOP PUBLISHING LTD PHYSICS, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Advanced Materials 13.877 WILEY-V C H VERLAG GMBH MISTRY, MULTIDISCIPLINARY; CHEMISTRY, PHYSICAL; NANOSCIENCE NANOTECHNOLOGY; MATERIALS SCIENCE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY ; PHYSICS, APPLIED; PHYSICS, CONDENSED MATTER Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 9.681 NATL ACAD SCIENCES MULTIDISCIPLINARY SCIENCES Nature Communications 7.396 NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP MULTIDISCIPLINARY SCIENCES Physical Review Letters 7.37 AMER PHYSICAL SOC PHYSICS, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Proceedings of the IEEE 6.81 IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL ELECTRONIC IEEE Transactions on Antennas And Propagation 2.151 IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL ELECTRONIC; TELECOMMUNICATIONS IEEE Transactions on Microwave theory And Techniques 1.853 IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL ELECTRONIC New Journal of Physics 4.177 IOP PUBLISHING LTD PHYSICS, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Applied Physics Letters 3.844 AMER INST PHYSICS PHYSICS, APPLIED Geophysical Research Letters 3.792 AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION SCIENCES, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Physical Review B 3.691 AMER PHYSICAL SOC PHYSICS, CONDENSED MATTER Optics Express 3.587 OPTICAL SOC AMER OPTICS Optics Letters 3.399 OPTICAL SOC AMER OPTICS Applied Physics Express 3.013 JAPAN SOC APPLIED PHYSICS PHYSICS, APPLIED IEEE Transactions on information theory 3.009 IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC COMPUTER SCIENCE, INFORMATION SYSTEMS ; NEERING, ELECTRICAL ELECTRONIC Physical Review A 2.878 AMER PHYSICAL SOC OPTICS ; PHYSICS, ATOMIC, MOLECULAR CHEMICAL IEEE Electron Device Letters 2.849 IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL ELECTRONIC Journal of Lightwave Technology 2.784 IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL ELECTRONIC; OPTICS; TELECOMMUNICATIONS IEEE Photonics Journal 2.32 IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL ELECTRONIC ; OPTICS; PHYSICS, APPLIED IEEE Transactions on Electron Devices 2.318 IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL ELECTRONIC ; PHYSICS, APPLIED Physical Review E 2.255 AMER PHYSICAL SOC PHYSICS, FLUIDS PLASMAS; PHYSICS, MAtheMATICAL IEEE Photonics Technology Letters 2.191 IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL ELECTRONIC ; OPTICS; PHYSICS, APPLIED Applied Physics B-Lasers And Optics 2.189 SPRINGER OPTICS; PHYSICS, APPLIED Journal of the Optical Society of America B-Optical Physics 2.185 OPTICAL SOC AMER OPTICS Journal of Applied Physics 2.168 AMER INST PHYSICS PHYSICS, APPLIED Thin Solid Films 1.89 ELSEVIER SCIENCE SA MATERIALS SCIENCE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY; MATERIALS SCIENCE, COATINGS FILMS; PHYSICS, APPLIED; PHYSICS, CONDENSED MATTER IEEE Journal of Quantum Electronics 1.879 IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC GINEERING, ELECTRICAL ELECTRONIC ; OPTICS; PHYSICS, APPLIED Journal of the Optical Society of America A-Optics Image Science And Vision 1.562 OPTICAL SOC AMER OPTICS IEEE Transactions on Aerospace And Electronic Systems 1.095 IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC ENGINEERING, AEROSPACE ; ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL ELECTRONIC; TELECOMMUNICATIONS Annals of Physics 2.857 ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE PHYSICS, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Journal of Physics-Condensed Matter 2.546 IOP PUBLISHING LTD PHYSICS, CONDENSED MATTER Journal of Physics D-Applied Physics 2.544 IOP PUBLISHING LTD PHYSICS, APPLIED Journal of the Physical Society of Japan 2.364 PHYSICAL SOC JAPAN PHYSICS, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Physica Status Solidi-Rapid Research Letters 2.218 WILEY-V C H VERLAG GMBH MATERIALS SCIENCE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY; PHYSICS, APPLIED; PHYSICS, CONDENSED MATTER EPL 2.171 EPL ASSOCIATION, EUROPEAN PHYSICAL SOCIETY PHYSICS, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Optical Materials 2.023 ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV MATERIALS SCIENCE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY; OPTICS Journal of Physics B-Atomic Molecular And Optical Physics 1.875 IOP PUBLISHING LTD OPTICS; PHYSICS, ATOMIC, MOLECULAR CHEMICAL Applied Optics 1.748 OPTICAL SOC AMER OPTICS IEEE Microwave And Wireless Components Letters 1.717 IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL ELECTRONIC Physics Letters A 1.632 ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PHYSICS, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Journal of Optics 1.573 IOP PUBLISHING LTD OPTICS IEEE Sensors Journal 1.52 IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL ELECTRONIC; INSTRUMENTS INSTRUMENTATION ; SICS, APPLIED IEEE Antennas And Wireless Propagation Letters 1.374 IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL ELECTRONIC; TELECOMMUNICATIONS Radio Science 1.075 AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION ASTRONOMY ASTROPHYSICS; GEOCHEMISTRY GEOPHYSICS; METEOROLOGY ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES ; REMOTE SENSING; ELECOMMUNICATIONS IEEE Antennas And Propagation Magazine 0.968 IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL ELECTRONIC Electronics Letters 0.965 INST ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY-IET ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL ELECTRONIC Progress in Electromagnetics Research-PIER 5.298 E M W PUBLISHING ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL ELECTRONIC ; YSICS, APPLIED; TELECOMMUNICATIONS Journal of Electromagnetic Waves And Applications 2.965 VSP BV ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL ELECTRONIC ; PHYSICS, APPLIED; PHYSICS, MAtheMATICAL Applied Physics A-Materials Science Processing 1.63 SPRINGER MATERIALS SCIENCE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY;PHYSICS, APPLIED Journal of Physics A-Mathematical And theoretical 1.564 IOP PUBLISHING LTD PHYSICS, MULTIDISCIPLINARY; PHYSICS, MAtheMATICAL European Physical Journal B 1.534 SPRINGER PHYSICS, CONDENSED MATTER Physica E-Low-Dimensional Systems Nanostructures 1.532 ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV NANOSCIENCE NANOTECHNOLOGY; PHYSICS, CONDENSED MATTER Optics Communications 1.486 ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV OPTICS European Physical Journal D 1.476 SPRINGER OPTICS; PHYSICS, ATOMIC, MOLECULAR CHEMICAL Journal of Electronic Materials 1.466 SPRINGER ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL ELECTRONIC; MATERIALS SCIENCE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY; PHYSICS, APPLIED Physica Status Solidi A-Applications And Materials Science 1.463 WILEY-V C H VERLAG GMBH MATERIALS SCIENCE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY ; PHYSICS, APPLIED ; PHYSICS, CONDENSED MATTER Chinese Physics B 1.376 IOP PUBLISHING LTD SICS, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Physica A-Statistical Mechanics And Its Applications 1.373 ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PHYSICS, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Review of Scientific instruments 1.367 AMER INST PHYSICS INSTRUMENTS INSTRUMENTATION; PHYSICS, APPLIED Jetp Letters 1.352 MAIK NAUKA/INTERPERIODICA/SPRINGER PHYSICS, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Chinese Science Bulletin 1.321 SCIENCE PRESS MULTIDISCIPLINARY SCIENCES Physica Status Solidi B-Basic Solid State Physics 1.316 WILEY-V C H VERLAG GMBH PHYSICS, CONDENSED MATTER Infrared Physics Technology 1.296 ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV INSTRUMENTS INSTRUMENTATION ; OPTICS; PHYSICS, APPLIED Physica Scripta 1.204 IOP PUBLISHING LTD PYSICS, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Journal of Low Temperature Physics 1.188 SPRINGER/PLENUM PUBLISHERS PHYSICS, APPLIED; SICS, CONDENSED MATTER Journal of Modern Optics 1.17 TAYLOR FRANCIS LTD OPTICS Progress in Natural Science-Materials international 1.099 ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC MATERIALS SCIENCE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Physica B-Condensed Matter 1.063 ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PHYSICS, CONDENSED MATTER Acta Physica Sinica 1.027 CHINESE PHYSICAL SOC PHYSICS, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Chinese Optics Letters 0.967 CHINESE LASER PRESS OPTICS Optical Engineering 0.959 SPIE-SOC PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS OPTICS ETRI Journal 0.897 ELECTRONICS TELECOMMUNICATIONS RESEARCH INST ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL ELECTRONIC; TELECOMMUNICATIONS Science China-Physics Mechanics Astronomy 0.779 SCIENCE PRESS PHYSICS, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Science China-Technological Sciences 0.747 SCIENCE PRESS ENGINEERING, MULTIDISCIPLINARY; MATERIALS SCIENCE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Chinese Physics Letters 0.731 IOP PUBLISHING LTD PHYSICS, MULTIDISCIPLINARY IET Microwaves Antennas Propagation 0.681 ST ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY-IET ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL ELECTRONIC; TELECOMMUNICATIONS Semiconductors 0.627 MAIK NAUKA/INTERPERIODICA/SPRINGER PHYSICS, CONDENSED MATTER Microwave And Optical Technology Letters 0.618 WILEY-BLACKWELL ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL ELECTRONIC; OPTICS Science China-information Sciences 0.388 SCIENCE PRESS COMPUTER SCIENCE, INFORMATION SYSTEMS Japanese Journal of Applied Physics 1.058 JAPAN SOC APPLIED PHYSICS PHYSICS, APPLIED European Physical Journal-Applied Physics 0.771 CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS PHYSICS, APPLIED Radioengineering 0.739 SPOLECNOST PRO RADIOELEKTRONICKE INZENYRSTVI ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL ELECTRONIC Journal of infrared Millimeter And Terahertz Waves 0.738 SPRINGER OPTICS; PHYSICS, APPLIED; Radiophysics And Quantum Electronics 0.715 SPRINGER ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL ELECTRONIC ; PHYSICS, APPLIED Technical Physics Letters 0.565 MAIK NAUKA/INTERPERIODICA/SPRINGER PHYSICS, APPLIED Optik 0.51 ELSEVIER GMBH, URBAN FISCHER VERLAG OPTICS Technical Physics 0.499 MAIK NAUKA/INTERPERIODICA/SPRINGER PHYSICS, APPLIED Modern Physics Letters B 0.474 WORLD SCIENTIFIC PUBL CO PTE LTD PHYSICS, APPLIED; PHYSICS, CONDENSED MATTER; PHYSICS, MAtheMATICAL International Journal of Antennas and Propagation 0.468 HINDAWI PUBLISHING CORPORATION ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL ELECTRONIC ; TELECOMMUNICATIONS Journal of the Korean Physical Society 0.447 KOREAN PHYSICAL SOC PHYSICS, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Acta Physica Polonica A 0.444 POLISH ACAD SCIENCES INST PHYSICS PHYSICS, MULTIDISCIPLINARY International Journal of Electronics 0.44 TAYLOR FRANCIS LTD ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL ELECTRONIC IEICE Transactions on Electronics 0.4 IEICE-INST ELECTRONICS INFORMATION COMMUNICATIONS ENG ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL ELECTRONIC Journal of Communications Technology And Electronics 0.383 MAIK NAUKA/INTERPERIODICA/SPRINGER ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL ELECTRONIC; TELECOMMUNICATIONS International Journal of Modern Physics B 0.324 WORLD SCIENTIFIC PUBL CO PTE LTD PHYSICS, APPLIED; PHYSICS, CONDENSED MATTER ; PHYSICS, MAtheMATICAL Journal of infrared And Millimeter Waves 0.316 SCIENCE PRESS OPTICS Frequenz 0.124 WALTER DE GRUYTER CO ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL ELECTRONIC 中文期刊: 《物理学报》( Acta Physica Sinica ) SCI 《红外与毫米波学报》( Journal of Infrared and Millimeter Waves ) SCI 《浙江大学学报 - 自然科学》 (Journal of Zhejiang University-SCIENCE A )SCI 《北京理工大学学报》 EI 《电子学报》 EI 《通信学报》 EI 《电波科学学报》 EI 《东南大学学报 ( 自然科学版 ) 》 EI 《西安电子科技大学学报》 EI 《电子科技大学学报》 EI 《系统工程与电子技术》 EI 《电子与信息学报》 EI 《光学学报》 EI 《光子学报》 EI 《仪器仪表学报》 EI 《太阳能学报》 EI 《兵工学报》 《中国科学 -E/F/G 》 《遥感学报》 《微波学报》 《天线学报》 《现代雷达》 《计量学报》 四、 专业会议 国际学术会议: IEEE Conf. 国内学术会议:全国微波毫米波会议、全国天线年会 五、 专业协会 国际组织: IEEE Antenna and Propagation Society (APS) 、 IEEE Microwave Theory and Techniques Society (MTT) 、IEEE Photonics Society 国内组织: 中国电子学会天线分会、电波传播分会、微波分会、电磁兼容分会 六、 专家与实验室 国外部分 USA Argonne National Laboratory Center for Nanoscale Materials Arizona State University Prof. James T. Aberle Antenna Prof. Constantine A. Balanis Antenna Prof. Cun-Zheng Ning Nanophotonics Prof. Maxim Sukharev Plasmonics Auburn University Prof. Ramesh Ramadoss Prof. D. Gary Swanson Prof. Edward Thomas, Jr. Boston College Prof. Krzysztof Kempa Plasmonics / Composite nanomaterials Prof. Willie J. Padilla Metamaterials Prof. Zhifeng Ren Carbon nanotube Boston University Center for Nanoscience and Nanobiotechnology Prof. Richard D. Averitt THz / Metamaterials / Plasmonics / MEMS Prof. Luca Dal Negro Nanomaterials and Nanostructure Optics Prof. Antonio H. Castro Neto Graphene Prof. Roberto Paiella Photonic devices / Surface plasmonics Prof. Xin Zhang MEMS / Metamaterials Brigham Young University Prof. Michael A. Jensen Prof. Justin Bruce Peatross Brown University Prof. J. M. (Jimmy) Xu Prof. Rashid Zia Surface plasmon California Institute of Technology DARPA Center for Optofluidic Integration Novel Devices for Plasmonics and Nanophotonics Networks Prof. Harry Atwater Surface plasmon Prof. Oscar P. Bruno Prof. Hyuck Choo Plasmonics Prof. Ali Hajimiri Prof. Axel Scherer Prof. John Preskil Prof. David Rutledge Prof. Kerry J. Vahala Prof. Oskar Painter Prof. Demetri Psaltis Prof. Roy W. Gould Plasma Prof. Yu-Chong Tai Prof. Changhuei Yang Biophotonics Prof. Amnon Yariv Optics California State University at Fresno Prof. Young Wook Kim Wireless power transfer The City University of New York Prof. Hongjoon Kim Metamaterials / Microwave circuits Clemson University The Center for Optical Materials Science and Engineering Technologies (COMSET) The Clemson Vehicular Electronics Laboratory (CVEL) Prof. Todd H. Hubbing EMC / Automotive electronics Prof. Sung-O Kim Microplasma Prof. Lin Zhu Nanophotonics Colorado State University Prof. Branislav M. Notaros Computational electromagnetics Columbia University Prof. Tony F. Heinz Prof. Philip Kim Prof. Richard M. Osgood, Jr. Prof. Chee Wei Wong Cornell University Center for Nanoscale Systems Superconducting Radio-Frequency (SRF) Group Prof. Ehsan Afshari Prof. Alexander L. Gaeta Nanophotonics Prof. Michal Lipson Nanophotonics Prof. Farhan Rana Semiconductor optoelectronics / Semiconductor plasmon laser Prof. Frank W. Wise Dartmouth College Center for Nanomaterials Research at Darthmouth (CNR@D) Drexel University Prof. Kapil R. Dandekar wireless communication Duke University Prof. Steven A. Cummer metamaterial Prof. Dan Gauthier Prof. David R. Smith metamterial Prof. John E. Thomas Prof. Tuan Vo-Dinh Plasmonics / Nanoimaging Prof. Gary A. Ybarra Prof. Tomoyuki Yoshie Dr. Xomalin G. Peralta Grish Dr. Zhaoming Zhu Florida International University Prof. Wenzhi Li George Mason University Prof. Peter Ceperley Georgetown University Prof. Edward Van Keuren Nanophotonics Georgia Institute of Technology Georgia Center for Ultrafast Optics Frequency Resolved Optical Grating Optics + Photonics @ Georgia Tech Prof. David S. Citrin Surface plasmon Prof. Thomas K. Gaylord Prof. Elias N. Glytsis Optics Phonics Prof. Maysam Ghovanloo Wireless neural interfacing Prof. Mary Ann Ingram Wireless communication Prof. Joy Laskar Microwave applications Prof. Ioannis (John) Papapolymerou Prof. Chris Summer Nanophotonics / Photonic crystals Prof. Madhavan Swaminathan Prof. Manos M. Tentzeris Antenna Prof. Douglas Yoder Computational semiconductor photonic and electronics devices Prof. Zhuomin Zhang Georgia State University Prof. Mark I. Stockman Surface plasmon Harvard University Center for Nanoscale Systems (CNS) Harvard Center for Microfluidic and Plasmonic Systems Prof. Federico Capasso Prof. Kenneth B. Crozier Nanophotonics Prof. Donhee Ham Microwave circuit Prof. Lene Vestergaard Hau Prof. R. Victor Jones — RVJ's Soliton Page Prof. Marko Loncar Nanophotonics Prof. Charles M. Lieber Prof. Mikhail D. Lukin Quantum optics Prof. Eric Mazur Prof. Hongkun Park Prof. Robert M. Westervelt Prof. X. Sunny Xie Dr. Qianqian Fang Dr. Frank Vollmer Biofunctional photonics Dr. David W. Ward Idaho State University Prof. Yujong Kim accelerator physics Iowa State University Photonic Band Gap Homepage Prof. Jaeyoun (Jay) Kim Plasmonics Microphotonics Prof. Costas Soukoulis Prof. Jiming Song Prof. Kai-Ming Ho Johns Hopkins University Prof. Jin U. Kang Prof. Jakob B. Khurgin Theoretical optics Dr. Alexander L. Pokrovsky Kansas State University Prof. Alexander G. Ramm Mathematical physics Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Dr. Cameron Guy Robinson Geddes Laser acceleration / Plasma Lehigh University Prof. Filbert Bartoli Nanophotonics / plasmonics Prof. Boon S. Ooi Photonics and semiconductor nanostructure Louisiana State University Prof. Jonathan P. Dowling Photonic band gap Prof. Dooyoung Hah Prof. Georgios Veronis Surface plasmon Louisiana Tech University Prof. Dentcho A. Genov Nanophotonics / metamaterials Massachusetts Institute of Technology The Center for Bits and Atoms The Hermann Anton Haus Fund Microphotonics Center MIT Center for Materials Science and Engineering MIT Media Laboratory MIT Open Courseware MIT Photonic-Bands Plasma Science Fusion Center Research Laboratory of Electronics at MIT Space Nanotechnology Laboratory Prof. Marc Baldo Light emitting and photovoltaic devices Prof. Gang Chen Prof. Noam Chomsky Prof. Isaac Chuang Prof. Nicholas X. Fang Nanophotonics Prof. Yoel Fink Photonic crystal Prof. John D. Joannopoulos Photonic crystal Prof. Steven G. Johnson Computational electromagnetics / MEEP / Photonic crystal Prof. Sang-Gook Kim MEMS Prof. Lionel C. Kimerling Prof. Leslie A. Kolodzijski Prof. Jin Au Kong Electromagnetics Prof. Keith Nelson Prof. David Perreault Power electronics Prof. Rajeev Ram Prof. Marin Soljačić Nanophotonics / Wireless power transfer Prof. David H. Staelin Prof. Richard J. Tempkin Prof. Mehmet Fatih Yanik Dr. Mehmet Bayindir Dr. Henning Braunisch Dr. Tomasz M. Grzegorczyk Dr. Mihai Ibanescu Dr. Bae-Ian Wu Metamaterials / Surface plasmon Michigan State University Electromagnetics Research Group Dr. Fei Zhang Wireless power transfer Microsoft Dr. Gerald R. DeJean Antenna Middle Tennessee State University Prof. William Robertson Minnesota State University Prof. Qun (Vincent) Zhang Micro/nano-cale optoelectronic integrated circuits (OEIC) Missouri University of Science and Technology Electromagnetic Compatibility Laboratory Prof. Alexey Yamilov Random laser / Nanostructures / Cavity electrodynamics Naval Postgraduate School Prof. David C. Jenn Antenna New Jersey Institute of Technology Prof. John Dederici Norfolk State University PREM Photonic Metamaterials Prof. Mikhail A. Noginov Surface plasmon / Nanophotonics Prof. Kyo D. Song Wireless power transfer North Carolina State University Prof. Michael Escuti Prof. Hans Hallen Prof. Ki Wook Kim Prof. David Schurig Metamaterials Prof. Michael Steer North Dakota State University Prof. Bejamin D. Braaten RFID Northeastern University Prof. Hossein Mosallaei Prof. Srivas Sridhar Negative refraction Northwestern University Prof. Vadim Backman Prof. Richard P. Van Duyne Plasmonics Prof. Seng-Tiong Ho Nanophotonics / Quantum electronics Prof. John B. Ketterson Prof. Prem Kumar Quantum information Prof. Hooman Mohseni Prof. Teri W. Odom Surface plasmon Prof. Manijeh Razeghi Prof. Cheng Sun Metamaterials / Plasmonics Prof. George C. Schatz Surface plasmon Prof. Tamar Seidman Surface plasmon Prof. Selim Shahriar Prof. Allen Taflove FDTD Dr. Alexander Heifetz Biophotonics Dr. Sangwon Lee D r. Junjik Bae Dr. Boyang Liu The Ohio State University The ElectroScience Laboratory Prof. James V. Coe Surface plasmon/ Subwavelength hole Prof. Ronald M. Reano Optical and wireless nano device Prof. Patrick Roblin Prof. Fernando L. Teixeira Electromagnetic modeling / Nanophotonics / Metamaterials Prof. John L. Volakis Antenna Oklahoma State University Ultrafast Terahertz Research Group Oregon State University Prof. Yun-Shik Lee THz Pennsylvania State University Prof. Craig A. Grimes Electrically small antenna Prof. Iam-Choon Khoo Metamaterial / Liquid crystal Prof. Raj Mittra Webpage 1 / Webpage 2 Electromagnetics Prof. Akhlesh Lakhtakia Metamaterial Prof. Zhiwen Liu Prof. Doug Werner Metamaterial Polytechnic University Prof. I-Tai Lu Wave propagation Purdue University Prof. Alexandra Boltasseva Plasmonics / Nanophotonics Prof. William J. Chappell Prof. Vladimir M. Shalaev Metamaterial Prof. David B. Janes Prof. Young L. Kim Biophotonics Prof. Kevin J. Webb Metamaterial Prof. Alexander Wei Prof. Andrew M. Weiner Prof. Xianfan Xu Near-field optics / Laser-based nano-lithography Dr. Vladimir P. Drachev Plasmonics / Metamaterials Princeton University Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory (PPPL) Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory (PPPL) Theory Department Prof. Bruce T. Draine Discrete dipole approximation (DDA) for scattering and absorption of light Prof. Kirk T. McDonald Prof. Paul J. Steinhardt Prof. Stephen Y. Chou Nanofabrication Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute Center for Terahertz Research Lightning Research Center Prof. Sang-Kee Eah Nano-optics Prof. E. Fred Schubert Semiconductor devices Prof. Michael S. Shur THz Prof. Ingrid Wilke THz Prof. Masashi Yamaguchi THz spectroscopy Prof. Xi-Cheng Zhang THz Rice University Laboratory for Nanophotonics Prof. Stephan Link Plasmonics / Nanoscience Prof. Daniel M. Mittleman THz Prof. Naomi J. Halas Nanophotonics Rochester Institute of Technology Prof. Zhaolin Lu Negative refraction / Photonic crystal Rutgers University Prof. James A. Harrington Optical fiber Prof. Sophocles J. Orfanidis Prof. Michael A. Parker The South Dakota School of Mines and Technology Prof. Dimitrios E. Anagnostou Antenna Prof. Keith W. Whites Electromagnetics Southern Methodist University SMU Photonics Group Stanford University Center for Probing the Nanoscale Stanford Linear Accelerator Center (SLAC) Stanford Photonics Research Center Prof. Mark Brongersma Plasmonics Prof. Robert L. Byer Prof. Shanhui Fan Nanophotonics / Metamaterials Prof. Martin M. Fejer Prof. Lambertus Hesselink Prof. Umran S. Inan Prof. Robert B. Laughlin Prof. Thomas H. Lee RFIC Prof. Teresa H. Meng Bio-implant technology / Neural signal processing Prof. David A. B. Miller — Research Group Prof. Daniel Palanker Prof. Peter Peumans Solar energy conversion Prof. Calvin F. Quate Prof. Anthony E. Siegman Prof. Olev Solgaard Prof. Jelena Vuckovic Prof. Yoshihisa Yamamoto Dr. Peter B. Catrysse Mr. Mukul Agrawal Mr. Sukru Ekin Kocabas Plasmonics The State University of New York at Buffalo The Institute for Lasers, Photonics and Biophotonics Prof. Natalia M. Litchinitser — Optical Waveguides: Numerical Modeling Metamaterials Syracuse University Prof. Tapan K. Sarkar Texas AM University Electromagnetics and Microwave Laboratory Tufts University Prof. Mohammad N. Afsar Prof. Jeffrey A. Hopwood Microplasma Washington University in St. Louis Prof. Lan Yang Nanophotonics / Photonic materials University of Akron Prof. Nathan Ida Prof. Igor A. Tsukerman Computer simulation of nanoscale and molecular-scale system University of Alabama at Birmingham Prof. Yehia Massoud Nanophotonics / Plasmonics University of Alabama in Huntsville Nano and Micro Devices Center Prof. Junpeng Guo Surface plasmon University of Arizona Optical Data Storage Center Prof. Steven L. Dvorak Prof. Masud Mansuripur Prof. Jerome V. Moloney Arizona Center for Mathematical Sciences Prof. Mark A. Neifeld Prof. Hao Xin Metamaterials / Nanodevices / Microwave circuits Prof. Richard W. Ziolkowski Metamaterials Dr. Aycan Erentok Dr. Yong Zeng Nanophotonics University of Arkansas Prof. Vasundara V. Varadan Prof. Zhiming M. Wang Semiconductor nanostructures University of California, Berkeley Prof. Paul Alivisatos Prof. David Attwood Prof. Connie J. Chang-Hasnain Prof. Raymond Y. Chiao Prof. Joel Fajans Prof. Luke P. Lee Prof. Michael A. Lieberman Prof. Yuen-Ron Shen Prof. John P. Verboncoeur Prof. Ming C. Wu Prof. Jonathan Wurtele Prof. Eli Yablonovitch Prof. Xiang Zhang Dr. Kevin J. Bowers University of California, Davis Prof. M. Saif Islam Prof. Neville C. Luhmann, Jr. High power vacuum electronic source Prof. Stephen O'Driscoll Analog and RF circuit for biomedical applications University of California, Irvine Prof. Peter John Burke Nanotechnology Prof. Filippo Capolino Metamaterials / Plasmonics / Antennas / Microwaves Prof. Aleksander Figotin Prof. Franco De Flaviis Electromagnetics Prof. Alexei A. Maradudin Surface phenomena Dr. Artan Qerushi University of California, Los Angeles Center for Embedded Networked Sensing Plasma Science and Technology Institute Prof. Chandrashekhar J. Joshi Prof. Waren B. Mori Prof. Francis F. Chen Plasma Prof. Michael Fitz Prof. Daniel Heuhauser Nanopolaritonics / Spintronics Prof. Chih-Ming Ho Molecular mechanics / Nano fluidics / Surface plasmon sensing Prof. Tasuo Itoh Microwave engineering Prof. Daniel Neuhauser Nanopolaritonics Prof. Aydogan Ozcan Nanoscale imaging Prof. Yahya Ramat-Samii Antenna Prof. Behzad Razavi Prof. James B. Rosenzweig Prof. Kang L. Wang Dr. Josh Conway — Plasmonic Focus Dr. John P. Gianvittorio Antenna Dr. Sungkyu Seo Nanophotonics / Super-resolution imaging University of California, San Diego Nonneutral Plasma Group Prof. Prab Bandaru Prof. Dimitri N. Basof Electronic and magnetic materials Prof. James Buckwalter Microwave circuit Prof. Sadik Esener Prof. Yeshiahu Fainman Nanophotonics Prof. Zhaowei Liu Metamaterials Prof. Vitaliy Lomakin Enhanced transmission / plasmonics Prof. Shayan Mookherjea Prof. Sheldon Schultz Metamaterial Prof. Daniel Sievenpiper High impedance surface Prof. Deli Wang Nanoelectronics / Nanophotonics Prof. Edward T. Yu University of California, Santa Barbara Kavli Institute for Theoretical Physics Prof. Elliot R. Brown THz Prof. Evelyn Hu Prof. Bob York Microwave circuit University of California, Santa Cruz Prof. Wentai Liu Bioelectronics Prof. Ali Shakouri Quantum electronics University of Central Florida College of Optics Photonics Prof. Nader Behdad Antenna Prof. Glenn D. Boreman Prof. Aristide Dogariu Prof. Xun Gong Prof. Eric G. Johnson Prof. Pieter G. Kik Surface plasmon Prof. Winston V. Schoenfeld Prof. George I. Stegeman Nonlinear optics Prof. Parveen F. Wahid Antenna Prof. Shin-Tson Wu Liquid crystal Prof. Thomas Xinzhang Wu Prof. Shengli Zou Computational chemistry and nanomaterials University of Chicago Prof. Norbert F. Scherer University of Colorado at Boulder Micro Optical - Imaging Systems Laboratory Prof. Dejan S. Filipovic Prof. Edward F. Kuester Prof. Wounjhang Park Metamaterial / Photonic crystal Prof. Rafael Piestun Prof. Melinda Piket-May Prof. Zoya Popović University of Colorado at Colorado Springs Center for Magnetism and Magnetic Nanostructures Prof. Yalin Lu Nanotechnology / Surface plasmon Metamaterial / THz Prof. Hoyoung Song Plasma / RF microwave systems University of Connecticut Prof. Rampi Ramprasad University of Dayton Prof. Andrew Sarangan Photonics Prof. Qiwen Zhan Nanophptonics University of Delaware Prof. Ian Appelbaum Prof. Siu-Tat Chui Metamaterials Prof. James Kolodzey THz Prof. Dennis W. Prather Photonic band gap Prof. John Q. Xiao Electromagnetic materials Dr. Caihua Chen University of Florida Prof. Ho Bun Chan Subwavelength metallic structure Prof. David Tanner Prof. Rizwan Bashirullah RFIC University of Hawaii at Manoa Hawaii Center for Advanced Communications Prof. Sungkyun Lim Antenna Prof. Michael P. De Lisio Antenna University of Houston Applied Electromagnetics Laboratory University of Idaho Prof. Dennis M. Sullivan FDTD University of Illinois at Chicago Andrew Electromagnetics Laboratory Prof. Hung-Yu David Yang Electromagnetics Mr. Jing Liang University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Center for Computational Electromagnetics Prof. Jennifer T. Bernhard Antenna Prof. Andreas Cangellaris Prof. P. Scott Carney Prof. Weng Cho Chew Electromagnetics Prof. Shun-Lien Chuang Optoelectronics Prof. Brian T. Cunningham Microfluidics / Photonic crystals / Nanosensors Prof. J. Gary Eden Plasma Prof. Nicholas Fang Metamaterials Prof. Taekjip Ha Single molecule nanometry Prof. Jianming Jin Electromagnetics Prof. Gabriel Popescu Optical imaging Prof. Jose E. Schutt-Aine Dr. Florencio Garcia Santamaria The University of Iowa Research in Plasma Physics Prof. David R. Anderson Graphene / Plasmon University of Kentucky Prof. Stephen D. Gedney Computational electromagnetics Prof. Jeffrey Todd Hastings Surface plasmon University of Massachusetts Amherst Antennas and Propagation Laboratory Laboratory for Millimeter Wave Devices and Applications Prof. Do-Hoon Kwon Metamaterials / Cloaking Prof. David M. Pozar Antenna / Microwave University of Massachusetts Dartmouth Prof. Branislav M. Notaros University of Massachusetts Lowell Center for Electromagnetic Materials and Optical Systems (CEMOS) Prof. Alkim Akyurtlu Metamaterials Prof. Dikshitulu Kalluri Plasma waves Prof. Victor Podolskiy Metamaterials Prof. Tenneti Rao Prof. Dan Wasserman Plasmonics / Subwavelength optics University of Maryland Baltimore County Dr. Zhihang (Jonathan) Hu Leaky modes University of Maryland, College Park Institute for Research in Electronics Applied Physics Prof. Steven Mark Anlage Prof. Thomas M. Antonsen, Jr. Prof. Christopher C. Davis Surface plasmon Prof. Mario Dagenais Integrated optoelectronics / Surface plasmons Prof. Victor L. Granatstein High power microwaves Prof. Ping-Tong Ho Prof. Ki-Yong Kim Optics / Plasma Prof. Howard Milchberg Prof. Thomas Edward Murphy Prof. Patrick G. O'Shea Prof. Martin M. Reiser Prof. Moon-Jhong Rhee Plasma Mr. Mohammad Haeri Kermani University of Michigan, Ann Arbor Intense Energy Beam Interaction Laboratory Radiation Laboratory Prof. Stephen R. Forrest Optoelectronic components Materials Prof. Anthony Grbic Metamaterials / Microwave circuits Prof. Mona Jarrahi Metamaterials / Terahertz Prof. Pei-Cheng (P. C.) Ku Nanophotonics / Nanofabrication Prof. Mark J. Kushner Plasma Prof. Roberto D. Merlin Quantum optics / Photonics Prof. T. -C. Nguyen Prof. Kamal Sarabandi Prof. Gabriel M. Rebeiz Prof. David Wentzloff Wireless integrated circuits Prof. Kim Winick University of Minnesota, Twin Cities Prof. Anand Gopinath Prof. Sang-Hyun Oh Nanophotonics / Plasmonics University of Mississippi Prof. Atef Z. Elsherbeni Prof. Allen W. Glisson Prof. Darko Kajfez Prof. Ahmed Kishk Prof. Kai-Fong Lee Prof. Alexander Yakovlev Leaky wave Prof. Fan Yang University of Nevada Las Vegas Prof. Jichun Li Computational electromagnetics Prof. Robert A. Schill, Jr. University of New Hampshire Dr. Bogdan Diaconescu Surface plasmon University of New Mexico Prof. Carl E. Baum Prof. Steve R. J. Brueck Prof. Christos G. Christodoulou Prof. Mark A. Gilmore Prof. Stanley Humphries, Jr. Prof. Kevin J. Malloy Prof. Edl Schamiloglu Prof. Mansoor Sheik-Bahae Nanophotonics / Semiconductor optics / THz Prof. Jamesina J. Simpson FDTD Prof. J. Scott Tyo Dr. Mankei Tsang Nano-optics University of North at Chapel Hill Prof. Rene Lopez Nano-optical materials University of North Carolina at Charlotte Center for Optoelectronics and Optical Communications Department of Physics and Optical Science Prof. Vasily Astratov Microcavities and mesoscopic systems Prof. Wei Cai Prof. Greg Gbur Nanosclae light interaction / Singular optics / Coherence theory University of Oregon Prof. Miriam Deutsch Prof. Jens Uwe Nkel Prof. Hailin Wang University of Pennsylvania Prof. R. Agarwal Prof. Nader Engheta Metamaterial / Plasmonics Prof. Dwight L. Jaggard Prof. Vadim A. Markel Optics of nanostructures Prof. Edward N. Pugh, Jr. Dr. Eugene Garfield Dr. Alexander A. Govyadinov Metamaterial / Nanophotonics / Nanoplasmonics / Slowfast light Mr. Jingjing "Dennis" Li University of Pittsburgh Peterson Institute of NanoScience and Engineering Prof. Hong Koo Kim Surface plasmon Prof. Hrvoje Petek Ultrafast dynamics University of Rochester The Institute of Optics Prof. Govind Agrawal Nonlinear optics Prof. Robert W. Boyd Nonlinear optics Prof. Chunlei Guo Femtosecond laser Prof. Lukas Novotny Nanophotonics Prof. David Williams Prof. Hui Wu Microwave circuit Prof. Geunyoung Yoon University of South Florida Prof. Huseyin Arslan Wireless communication University of Southern California Prof. John D. O'Brien Prof. Hossein Hashemi Microwave circuit Prof. Michelle L. Povinelli Photonic crystal / Metamaterials Prof. Ari Requicha Prof. Robert Scholtz UWB Prof. Tom Katsouleas University of Southern Mississippi Prof. Zhaoxin Zhou University of South Carolina Prof. Mohammod Ali University of South Florida Prof. Hua Cao University of Tennessee at Knoxvill The Antennas and Microwave Systems Group Prof. Jayne Wu Electromechanics / Transducer University of Texas at Arlington Prof. J. -C. Chiao Prof. Robert Magnusson Guided mode / Leaky mode Mr. Darmindra D. Arumugam RFID University of Texas at Brownsville Prof. Fabio Urbani Antenna / Metamaterials University of Texas at Dallas Prof. Jeong-Bong Lee University of Texas at Austin Prof. Andrea Alù Metamaterial / Plasmonics Prof. Adela Ben-Yakar Prof. Ray T. Chen Optical interconnects Prof. Shaochen Chen Plasmonics / Nanophotonics Prof. Mike Downer Prof. Richard Fitzpatrick Lecture notes Prof. Robert W. Heath, Jr. Prof. Hao Ling Antenna Prof. Dean P. Neikirk Prof. Gennady Shvets Metamaterials Prof. Nan Sun Analog, mixed-signal, and RF integrated circuits design Prof. Toshi Tajima Computational plasma physics Prof. Rodger M. Walser Prof. Ali E. Yimaz Computational electromagnetics University of Utah Prof. Steve Blair Nanophotonics Prof. Alexei L. Efros Metamaterials Prof. Cynthia Furse Electromagnetics Prof. Gianluca Lazzi Bioelectromagnetics Prof. John Lupton Nanoscale Optoelectronics Prof. Graeme Milton Prof. Ajay Nahata Suirface plasmon University of Vermont Prof. Kurt Edmund Oughstun University of Washington Prof. Karl F. Bhringer Prof. Michael Hochberg Nanophotonics Prof. Vikram Jandhyala Prof. Yasuo Kuga Prof. Akira Ishimaru Elctromagnetics Prof. Lih Y. Lin Nanophotonics Prof. Babak Parviz Prof. Markus B. Raschke Prof. Joshua R. Smith Wireless power transfer Prof. Leung Tsang Prof. Gunther Uhlmann Invisibility cloaking and electromagnetic wormholes Prof. Sinclair Yee Xiaoyu Miao Surface plasmon University of Wisconsin - Madison Center for Plasma Theory and Computation Networked Electronics Resources for Vacuum Electronics (NERVE) Plasma Physics Theory Group Research Programs in Plasmas and Fusion Technology Prof. John H. Booske Prof. Ian Dobson Prof. Susan C. Hagness FDTD Prof. Akbar M. Sayeed Wireless communication Prof. John E. Scharer Prof. Carl R. Sovinec Prof. Daniel van der Weide University of Wisconsin - Milwaukee Prof. George W. Hanson Leaky wave / Carbon nanotube Prof. Arash Mafi Photonics Utah State University Prof. Randy J. Jost Vanderbilt University Prof. Jason Valentine Nanoscale optics and materials Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University Electromagnetics group Prof. Majid Manteghi Antenna Villanova University Mr. John A. McVay Washington State University Prof. Deuk Heo Prof. John Brand Schneider FDTD Wayne State University Prof. Ivan Avrutsky Metamaterial / Surface plasmon / Nanophotonics Worcester Polytechnic Institute Prof. Alexander M. Wyglinski Wireless communication Yale University Prof. Hui Cao Prof. Robert Grober Prof. Daniel E. Prober UK Aston University Prof. Sergei K. Turitsyn Nonlinear optics City University Dr. M. Rajarajan Surface plasmon Heriot-Watt University Dr. George Goussetis Leaky wave / Metamaterial Dr. Jia-Sheng Hong Microwave devices Imperial College Condensed Matter Theory Group Prof. John B. Pendry Metamaterial Dr. Peter Trk Optical imaging / Diffraction / Optical data storage Dr. Stefan A. Maier Plasmonics Dr. Ben Wood Metamaterials Loughborough University Prof. Michael Kong Prof. Yiannis Vardaxoglou Dr. Alexanddros Feresidis Electromagnetic bandgap / Leaky waves/ Metamaterials University of Bath Photonics Photonic Materials Group University of Birmingham Prof. Peter S. Hall Antenna / Applied electromagnetics University of Bristol Prof. Michael Berry Wave mechanics Prof. Sandu Popescu Quantum physics Dr. Mark Dennis Optics University of Cambridge Prof. Jeremy J. Baumberg Plasmonics / Metamaterials University College London Dr. Nicole Coriolan Panoiu Metamaterials / Plasmonics University of East Anglia Prof. David L. Andrews Nanophotonics / Resonance energy transfer The University of Edinburgh Dr. Tong-Boon Tang Biomedical implants University of Exeter Prof. Bill Barnes Subwavelength transmission / Plasmonics Prof. J. Roy Sambles Subwavelength transmission / Plasmonics Dr. Euan Hendry THz plasmonics Dr. Alastair P. Hibbins Subwavelength transmission / Plasmonics Dr. Ian R. Hooper Surface plasmons Dr. Matt J. Lockyear Subwavelength transmission / Metamaterials University of Glasgow Prof. Nigel P. Johnson Metamaterials Prof. Miles Padgett Metamaterials University of Liverpool Dr. Sebastien Guenneau Metamaterials / Photonic crystal fiber University of Nottingham George Green Institute of Electromagnetic Research University of Oxford Dr. Michael B. Johnston Terahertz photonics Dr. Chris Stevens Magneto-inductive waves University of Salford Prof. Allan D. Boardman Metamaterial / Surface plasmon University of St. Andrews Prof. Kishan Dholakia Prof. Thomas F. Krauss photonic band gap Prof. Ulf Leonhardt Metamaterial / Invisibility / Quantum levitation University of Southampton Nanophotonics Portfolio Centre Prof. Nikolay I. Zheludev nanophotonics Prof. Jeremy Baumberg Dr. Darren Bagnall Dr. Timothy Andrew Kelf Dr. Otto L. Muskens Integrated nanophotonics Mr. Alexander S. Schwanecke Metamaterials / Plasmonics / Enhanced optical transmission University of Strathclyde Institute of Photonics University of Surrey Prof. Ortwin Hess Metamaterial Prof. Mike Underhill Antenna Queen Mary University of London Antennas Electromagnetics Group Dr. Yang Hao Queen's University of Belfast Nanostructured Media Research Dr. Anatoly V. Zayats nanophptonics AU Australian National University Research School of Physical Sciences and Engineering Optical Sciences Group Prof. Allen W. Snyder Prof. Nail Akhmediev Prof. Yuri S. Kivshar Metamaterial / Photonic crystal / Nonlinear optics Dr. G. G. Borg Macquarie University Prof. Karu Esselle Electromagnetics / Antenna Prof. Michael Steel Microphotonics theory Dr. Yuehe Ge Electromagnetics / Antenna Monash University Prof. Paul Cally MATHEMATICA short course Dr. Nemai Chandra Karmakar Antenna / Defected grounded structure Dr. Weiren Zhu Metamaterials/Plasmonics/Nanophotonics Prof Malin Premaratne Metamaterials/Plasmonics/Nanophotonics Swinburne University of Technology Center for Micro-Photonics The University of Adelaide Adelaide T-Ray Group THz imaging Prof. Christophe Fumeaux Computational electromagnetics optics / Antenna The University of Auckland Dr. Udaya K. Madawala Power electronics / Wireless power transfer University of Canterbury Prof. Richard Blaikie Metamaterials University of Newcastle Dr. Mehmet Rasit Yuce Biomedical circuits University of Sydney Prof. Benjamin J. Eggleton Prof. Brian W. James Dr. Ferg Brand University of Wollongong Prof. Tadeusz Wysocki CA Carleton University Prof. Stoyan Tanev Concordia University Prof. Christopher W. Trueman Electromagnetic fields and waves, education, lecture Dalhousie University Prof. Zhizhang (David) Chen Prof. Michael Cada Ecole Polytechnique Montreal Poly-Grames Research Center Prof. Christophe Caloz Metamaterials / Microwave circuits Prof. Ludvik Martinu Functional coatings and surface engineering / OpenFilters Prof. Maksim Skorobogatiy Photonic crystal Dr. Halim Boutayeb Laval University Prof. Yunlong Shen Nanophotonics McGill University Prof. Pat Kambhampati McMaster University Prof. Wei-Ping Huang Prof. Natalia K. Nikolova Prof. Dmitry Pelinovsky Ian Breukelaar Surface plasmon Simon Faser Universityc Prof. Karen Kavanagh Nanomaterials University of Alberta Prof. Abdulhakem Y. Elezzabi Nanophotonics University of British Columbia Prof. Michel Blades Prof. Kenneth J. 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Brolo Surface plasmon Prof. Reuven Gordon Surface plasmon Prof. Wolfgang J. R. Hoefer Computational electromagnetics University of Waterloo Prof. Achim Kempf Information theory / Quantum theory / General relativity Prof. Amir Hamed Majedi Superconductor devices / Plasmonics / THz Prof. Omar M. Ramahi Electromagnetics Prof. Safieddin Safavi-Naeini Electromagnetics Dr. Henghua Deng University of Windsor Prof. Chitra Rangan EU Albert-Ludwigs-Universitt Freiburg THz Physics in Freiburg Dr. Markus Walther THz AMOLF (The Institute for Atomic and Molecular Physics) Prof. Dr. Albert Polman Nanophotonics Dr. Jaime Gómez Rivas Nanowire photonics / plasmonics Dr. A. F. Koenderink Resonant nanophotonics Prof. Dr. L. (Kobus) Kuipers Nanooptics Ben-Gurion University of the Negev Dr. Eugene O. Kamenetskii Electromagnetic waveguide theory Bilkent University Prof. Vakur B. 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Krenn Prof. Alfred Leitner Surface plasmon / Near-field optics Koc University Prof. Şükrü Ekin Kocabaş r Surface plasmon Ludwig-Maximilians-Universitt München Prof. Dr. Jochen Feldmann Plasmonics / THz Prof. Roland Kersting THz Lund University Electromagnetic Theory Group Prof. Mats Gustafsson Electromagnetics / Antennas / Metamaterials Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry Dr. Rainer Hillenbrand Nanoscale microscopy / Surface phonon polariton nanooptics Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Mainz Dr. Jakub Dostálek Novel optical structures Prof. Dr. Wolfgang Knoll WINSPALL: Reflectivity of optical multilayer systems Dr. Maximilian Kreiter Optical near field methods / Plasmonics Max Planck Institute for Soli State Research Dr. Ralf Vogelgesang Nano-optics Middle East Technical University Prof. Tayfun Akin MEMS Prof. zlem (Aydin) Civi Antenna Prof. Mustafa Kuzuoğlu Computational electromagnetics / metamaterials Prof. zlem zgün Computational electromagnetics / metamaterials Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU) Prof. Ralf R. 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Martin — Old webpage Prof. Dusan Vobornik Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Z ü rich (ETH) Composite Doped Metamaterials (CDM) Laboratory for Electromagnetic Fields and Microwave Electronics Network of Optical Sciences and Technologies at the ETH (optETH) Prof. Tilman Esslinger Prof. Christophe Fumeaux Prof. Christian Hafner Prof. Ralf Hiptmair Computational electromagnetism Prof. Peter Günter Prof. Ursula Keller Prof. David J. Norris Prof. Daniel Erni Prof. Franck Robin Prof. Vahid Sandoghdar Nanophotonics Dr. Nicolas Guérin Photonic crystal Technical University of Denmark Prof. Niels Asger Mortensen Surface plasmon / metamaterials Prof. Ole Sigmund Topology optimization Prof. Sanshui Xiao Plasmonics / Metamaterials / Subwavelength optics / Photonic crystal Technical University of Gdansk Prof. Michal Mrozowski Technische Universitt Kaiserslautern Prof. Dr. Rene Beigang Ultrafast photonics / THz physics Technische Universitt München Prof. Peter Russer Antenna Technische Universitt Wien Dr. Stefan Rotter Particle-like scattering Technion - Israel Institute of Technology Prof. Erez Hasman Nanophotonics / Surfance plasmon photonics Prof. Yehuda Leviatan Prof. Meir Orenstein Plasmonics / Metamaterials Prof. Levi Sch chter Tel Aviv University Prof. Amir Boag Prof. Ehud Heyman Electromagnetics Prof. Eli Jerby Prof. Raphael Kastner TOBB University of Economics and Technologyy Prof. Hamza Kurt Nanophotonics / photonics crystals Universidad Autónoma de Madrid Prof. Jorge Bravo-Abad Nanophotonics / Atom optics / Extraordinary optical transmission Prof. Juan Jose Saénz Prof. Manuel Nieto Vesperinas Prof. Francisco J. Garcia Vidal Nanophotonics / Plasmonics Universidad Pública de Navarra Ms. Elena Sáenzx Sainz Metamaterials Universidade de Aveiro Prof. Paulo J. S. G. Ferreira Superoscillation Universidade de Coimba Prof. Mário Gonalo M. V. Silveirinha Metamateials Università del Salento Prof. Luciano Tarricone Computational electromagnetics Università di we Pavia Laboratorio Microonde Microwave Lab / Computational software Università "La Sapienza" di Roma Laboratorio di Campi Elettromagnetici Prof. Fabrizio Frezza Leaky wave / Metamaterials Dr. Paolo Burghignoli Leaky wave / Metamaterials Dr. Giampiero Lovat Leaky wave / Metamaterials Universitt Autònoma de Barcelona GEMMA Universitt Basel Prof. Bert Hecht Prof. Dieter W. 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Veselago JP Chiba University Prof. Koichi Ito Antenna Prof. Josaphat 'Josh' Tetuko Sri Sumantyo Antenna Prof. Masaharu Takahashi Antenna Fukuoka Institute of Technology Prof. Koki Watanabe Electromagnetic wave theory Hokkaido University Dr. Timothy Andrew Kelf Surface plasmon Keio University Prof. Tadahiro Kuroda Ultra-low-power CMOS circuit Kyoto University Prof. Yoichi Kawakami Optoelectronic materials devices Prof. Masao Kitano Prof. Naoki Shinohara Microwave power transmission Prof. Sasumu Noda Photonic crystal Kyushu University Prof. Koichi Okamoto Plasmonics / Nanophotonics Prof. Kiyotoshi Yasumoto Electromagnetics / Photonic crystal Prof. Keiji Yoshida Antenna / Microwave circuit Tohoku University Research Institute of Electrical Communication WPI Advanced Institute for Materials Research Prof. Mitunobu Miyagi Waveguide Prof. Taiichi Otsuji THz electronics Prof. Masahiro Yamaguchi Tokyo Institute of Technology Prof. Makoto Ando Antenna Prof. Takuichi Hirano Numerical analysis / GSM solver Prof. Junichi Takada Nagoya Institute of Technology Dr. Georgios Zouganelis — Metamaterials PLUS Applications Nagoya University Dr. Ivan P. Ganachev National Institute of Information and Communications Technology Molecular Photonic Project National Institute for Materials Science Dr. Hideki T. Miyazaki NTT Basic Research Laboratories Dr. Masaya Notomi Photonic crystal Osaka University Prof. Junichi Takahara Nanophotonics Prof. Satoshi Kawata private page Nanophotonics Prof. Prabhat Verma Plasmonics RIKEN (The Institute of Physical and Chemical Research) Prof. Teruya Ishihara Exciton engineering / Surface plasmon Dr. Hiromasa Ito THz Prof. Kodo Kawase THz Prof. Satoshi Kawata Nanophotonics Prof. Franco Nori Plasmonics / Surface Waves / Metamateraisls Dr. Chiko Otani THz Dr. Takuo Tanaka Metamaterials The University of Tokyo Institute for Nano Quantum Information Electronics Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology Nanophotonics Research Center Prof. Yasuhiko Arakawa Nanophotonics Prof. Yoshihiro Arakawa Wireless power transmission Prof. Kimiya Komurasaki Wireless power transmission Prof. Makoto Kuwata-Gonokami THz / Nano-optics Prof. Hideki Hashimoto Electromagnetic resonance coupling sensing Prof. Yoichi Hori Wireless power transfer Prof. Motoichi Ohtsu Nanophotonics Prof. Takayasu Sakurai Wireless superconnect and interconnect Prof. Hiroyuki Shinoda Wireless power transfer Prof. Takashi Yatsui Nanophotonic device / Nanomaterials Waseda University Waseda Institute for Advanced Study (WIAS) Yamaguchi University Prof. Atsushi Sanada Metamaterials Yokohama National University Prof. Hiroyuki Arai Antenna Prof. Toshihiko Baba Prof. Koichi Ichige University of Tsukuba Prof. Kazuahiro Hirasawa Antenna Prof. Kazuaki Sakoda TW Academia Sinica Research Center for Applied Sciences Nanoscience / Optoelectronics Prof. Jyhpyung Wang Dr. Pei-Kuen Wei Near-field optical imgaing and lithography / Nanoplasmonics Chang Gung University Prof. Jeffrey S. Fu MMIC National Central University Prof. Shih-Hung Chen Plasma physics / Microwave Physics Prof. Tai-Lee Chen Leaky wave Prof. Pi-Gang Luan Photonic crystal / Negative refraction National Cheng Kung University Prof. Shih-Hui Chang FDTD / Plasmonics Prof. Yung-Chiang Lan Surface plasmon National Chiao Tung University Prof. Jyh-Long Chern Optical design Prof. Yang-Tung Huang Nanophotonics / Biophotonics Prof. Po-Tsung Lee Photonic crystals / Organic electronics / Solar cells Prof. Yi-Hsin Lin Liquid crystal Prof. Chung-Hao Tien Optical data storage / Micro-optics device National Sun Yat-sen University Prof. Kin-Lu Wong Antenna National Tsing Hua University Prof. Ray-Kuang Lee Nonlinear optics / Quantum optics Prof. Chi-Shung Tang Prof. Ta-Jen Yen Metamaterials / Nanodevices National Taiwan Normal University Prof. Wei-Chih Liu Near field optics / Surface plasmon National Taiwan University Prof. Chih-Wei Chang Nanophotonics Prof. Hung-Chun Chang Nanophotonics / Plasmonics / Photonic crystal / Computational electromagnetics / Optical waveguide devices Prof. Ruey-Lin Chern Prof. Shen-Iuan Liu Analog and digital integrated circuits and systems Prof. Din Ping Tsai Metamaterial / Plasmonics / Nanophotonics Prof. Jean-Fu Kiang Electromagnetics Yuan Ze University Prof. Dau-Chyrh Chang Microwave Prof. Chien-Chang Huang Microwave Prof. Song-Tsuen Peng Electromagnetics / Optics KR Ajou University Prof. Kyung-Young Jung Plasmonics Prof. Kihong Kim Prof. Hai-Young Lee Prof. Hanjo Lim Prof. Ikmo Park Antenna Prof. Han S. Uhm Plasma Chung-Ang University Prof. Sang June Hahn Prof. Ho Jung Hwang Nanoelectronics Prof. Hyeong-seok Kim Prof. Jeong Phill Kim Antenna Chungbuk National University Prof. Bierng-Chearl Ahn Prof. Yong-Hoon Cho 'Nano-Bio-Photonics Lab.' Prof. Nam Kim Prof. Nam-Sik Yoon Chungju National University Prof. Jeong Won Kang Nanoelectronics Daegu University Prof. Youchung Chung Antenna / RFID Dong-A University Prof. Bong-sik Jeong Dongguk University Millimeter-wave Innovation Technology Research Center Dongseo University Prof. Jong-Ig Lee Elctromagnetics Ewha Woman's University Prof. Jeong Weon Wu Photonic crystal Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology Advanced Photonics Research Institute Prof. Yong-Hoon Kim Prof. Youngjoo Chung Optical device Prof. Byeong Ha Lee Prof. Sung Ho Jeong Prof. Kyunghwan Oh Prof. Dug Y. Kim Prof. Jongmin Lee Prof. Jong-Hyun Lee Hankuk Aviation University Prof. Taek-Kyung Lee Hansung University Prof. Kwang-Chun Ho Electromagnetics Hanyang University Quantum Photonic Science Research Center Prof. Jaehoon Choi Antenna Prof. Young-Dae Jung Plasma Prof. Hyeongdong Kim Computational electromagnetics Prof. Jin-Suk Park Prof. Seok Ho Song Nanophotonics Prof. Tae-Yeoul Yun Antenna Hongik University Prof. Hosung Choo Antenna Prof. Kyo-Bang Chung Photonic crystal Prof. Jeong-Hae Lee Metamaterials Prof. Yisok Oh Electromagnetic scattering Hoseo University Prof. Baek-Ho Jung Computational electromagnetics Information and Communications University Radio Education and Research Center Prof. Seong-Ook Park Antenna Inha University Micro Photonics Advanced Research Center Optics and Photonics Elite Research Academy (OPERA) Prof. Dongwoo Cha Prof. B. S. Ham Prof. El-Hang Lee Prof. Seung Gol Lee Prof. Beom-Hoan O Prof. Se Geun Park Kookmin University Prof. Won-Kwang Park Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology Prof. Choong-Seock Chang Prof. H. Y. Chang Prof. Sung Oh Cho Prof. Young-Ho Cho Prof. Wonho Choe Prof. Kyung Cheol Choi Prof. Hyo Joon Eom Electromagnetics Prof. Byoung Yoon Kim Prof. Joungho Kim Prof. Hong Jin Kong Prof. Young-Se Kwon Prof. Hai-Woong Lee Prof. Chang-Hee Lee Prof. S. S. Lee Prof. Yong-Hee Lee Prof. Won-Jong Lee Prof. Bumki Min Metamaterials / Plasmonics Prof. Noh-Hoon Myung Prof. Chang Hee Nam Prof. Hae Yong Park Prof. Jae-Eun Kim Prof. Sang-Yung Shin Prof. Seung-Man Yang Prof. Jun-Bo Yoon Prof. Euisik Yoon Prof. Jong-Won Yu Korea Maritime University Prof. Tae-In Jeon THz Prof. Kyeong-Sik Min Antenna Korea University Prof. Jinsoo Joo Organic optoelectronic materials Prof. Hwi Kim Nanophotonics Prof. Young-Sik Kim Antenna Prof. Q-Han Park Nanophotonics Prof. Sungkyu Seo Nano-optics / Biomedical electroncis Kwangwoon University Prof. J. J. Choi High power microwaves Prof. Y. -S. Chung Prof. Ui-seok Hong Prof. Nam-Young Kim Prof. Byungje Lee Antenna Prof. Jong-Chul Lee Microwave devices Prof. Jae Y. Park Kyungpook National University Prof. Young Ki Cho Prof. Suk-Geun Hwang Prof. Joohee Jeong Prof. Dong-Hun Kim Prof. Kang Wook Kim Prof. Sang Bub Lee Prof. Heung-Sik Tae Mokwon University Prof. Yong Heui Cho Pohang University of Science and Technology Pohang Accelerator Laboratory — LIGA Beamline Prof. Haewook Han THz Prof. Woonbong Hwang Nano structures / Composites Prof. Gyeong Soon Im History Prof. Bong Koo Kang Prof. In-Soo Ko Accelerator Prof. Bumman Kim Power Amplifier Prof. Ohyun Kim Prof. Young-Soo Kim Radar / Electromagnetics Prof. O'Dae Kwon Laser photonics Prof. Dong-Eon Kim Plasma Prof. Hyo-Tae Kim Electromagnetics Prof. Kwang Soo Kim Theoretical computational chemistry / Nanosciences Prof. Sungjee Kim Plasmon Prof. Yoon-Ho Kim Quantum Optics Prof. Jae Koo Lee Plasma Prof. Won Namkung Prof. Moohyun Cho Prof. Soo Yong Park Prof. Wee Sang Park Antenna Prof. Moohyun Yoon Accelerator Pusan National University Research Center for Dielectric and Advanced Matter Physics Prof. Hae June Lee Plasma Seoul National University Information Center for Physics Research (ICPR) Physics Department School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences Interdisciplinary Nanoscience and Technology Program Prof. Ki Woong Hwang Prof. Gun-Sik Park Plasmonics / THz Prof. Youngwoo Kwon mm-wave / MMIC Prof. Dai-Sik Kim Plamonics / THz Prof. Sung June Kim Bioelectronics Prof. Yong-Kweon Kim Prof. Sangwook Nam Microwave Prof. Namkyoo Park Prof. Kwang-Seok Seo Prof. Kwang-Sup Soh Prof. Kyungwon An Prof. Byoungho Lee Plasmonics Prof. Sin-Doo Lee Liquid crystal Prof. Jong Duk Lee Prof. Byung Gook Park Prof. Hyungcheol Shin Prof. Heonsu Jeon Prof. Hyun-Kyo Jung Electromechanics Prof. Sang Hee Hong Prof. Yong-Seok Hwang Prof. Gon-Ho Kim Prof. Wonho Jhe Dr. Minah Seo Sogang University Prof. Young-Hee Chang Prof. Kiejin Lee Microwave Prof. Bum Ku Rhee Prof. Doseok Kim Prof. Bumkyoo Choi Prof. Yong Jee Sungkyunkwan University Prof. Dae Joon Kang Prof. Young Hee Lee Carbon nanotube Prof. Bong-Shik Song Photonic crystal Ulsan University Prof. Hyoungsuk Yoo MRI University of Incheon Prof. Sungtek Kahng Microwave University of Seoul Prof. Changyul Cheon Prof. Moon-Que Lee Yeungnam University Prof. Ki-Chai Kim Electromagnetics Prof. Ki Hyeon Kim Electromagnetic materials Yonsei University Prof. H. K. Baik Prof. Woo-Young Choi Prof. Jae W. Hahn Nanophotonics Prof. Shinill Kang Nanofabrication / Microoptics Prof. Kyoungsik Kim Optical nanoscience Prof. Kyunghwan Oh Photonic device physics Prof. Han-kyu Park Prof. Young-Pil Park Near-field optics Prof. Seung Han Park Prof. Jong-Gwan Yook Antenna Prof. Young Joong Yoon Antenna 国内部分 院士:林为干、保铮、黄宏嘉、简水生、金亚秋、李树深、刘国治、王启明、王守觉、王阳元、王越、吴德馨、吴一戎、许宁生、薛永祺、姚建铨、郑有炓、郑耀宗、周炳琨、朱中梁、刘盛刚、吴培亨、贲德、陈敬熊、方家熊、姜景山、金国藩、毛二可、牛憨笨、孙忠良、王小谟、张履谦、张明高、张钟华、周立伟、庄松林 IEEE Fellow: 陆贵文( Kwai-Man Luk )、梁国华( Kwok-Wa Leung )、刘盛刚、方大纲、章文勋、陈志宁、李乐伟、冯正和、洪伟、余志平、金亚秋、毛军发、聂在平、何赛灵、尹文言、郝阳 教学名师:梁昌洪 七、 青年教师须知 合同聘期: 讲师为固定聘期(一般为三年);副教授任职满五年以上者,方可长期聘(无固定期合同);教授长期聘。 教师属于专业技术岗,专业技术岗位分为 13 个等级,其中高级岗位分为 7 个等级,即一至七级。高级专业技术职称正高级岗位分为 4 个等级,即一至四级;副高级岗位分为 3 个等级,即五至七级;中级岗位分为 3 个等级,即八至十级;初级岗位分为 3 个等级,即十一至十三级。 教师职称分类: 1 、教学科研系列:助教 - 讲师 --(2 年后可申请 )- 副教授 --(5 年后可申请 )- 教授 2 、科研研究系列:研究实习员 - 助理研究员 --(2 年后可申请 )- 副研究员 --(5 年后可申请 )- 研究员 职称晋升条件: 教学( 1 门核心课程 / 学年) + 项目( 30 万 / 年) + 学术(第一或通讯作者论文或专著 5 篇 / 年) 科研项目: 1 、校级科研项目:北京理工大学基础研究基金,每项 5 ~ 10 万元。北京理工大学优秀青年教师资助计划,每项不超过 20 万元。北京理工大学杰出中青年教师发展支持计划,不超过 30 万元。 2 、横向科技项目:兵器工业集团创新基金,中国航天科技集团创新基金,中国计量科学院创新基金,其他企业项目等 . 3 、国防科学技术预先研究基金:包括跨行业基金和行业基金两部分。 4 、国防科研项目:武器装备研制、应用基础研究、技术基础研究和其它研究等项目。 5 、北京市及其他省市部委科技项目:北京市自然科学基金项目,北京市科技新星计划等。 6 、国家自然科学基金 : 重点支持基础研究,设立研究项目、人才项目和环境条件项目三大资助系列。研究项目系列包括面上项目、重点项目、重大项目、重大研究计划、联合基金项目、国际(地区)合作研究项目;人才项目系列包括:青年科学基金、国家杰出青年科学基金、创新研究群体科学基金、国家基础科学人才培养基金、地区科学基金; 环境条件项目系列包括:国际合作交流项目、科学仪器基础研究专款项目、重点学术期刊专项、科普、青少年科技活动等专项。 7 、教育部科技项目:教育部博士学科点专项科研基金、新世纪优秀人才支持计划、教育部留学回国人员科研启动基金、高等学校科技创新工程重大项目培养资金项目、教育部科学技术研究项目、全国优秀博士学位论文作者专项基金、霍英东教育基金、长江学者与创新团队发展计划等。 8 、国家重点基础研究发展计划 (973 计划 ) :项目研究期限一般为 5 年,强调国家需求与重大科学问题的紧密结合。 9 、国家高技术研究发展计划 (863 计划 ) :发展具有自主知识产权的高技术,统筹高技术的集成和应用,引领未来新兴产业发展的计划。 10 、国家重大科学研究计划:项目资助分为两类, A 类为 1500-3000 万元, B 类为 1000 — 1500 万元。项目执行期一般为 5 年。 科研成果奖励 1 、国家科技奖励:国家最高科学技术奖、国家自然科学奖、国家技术发明奖、国家科学技术进步奖、国际科学技术合作奖。 2 、教育部高等学校科学研究优秀成果奖:科学技术类分设自然科学奖、技术发明奖、科技进步奖和专利奖;人文社科类分设一、二、三等奖。 3 、北京市科学技术奖励、哲学社会科学优秀成果奖:设重大科技创新奖、一等奖、二等奖、三等奖。 退休年龄:教授 63 周岁,其他男 60 ,女 55 。 常用网站: 1 、管理机构办公电话: http://www.bit.edu.cn/ggfw/bgdh18/gljgdh/29084.htm 2 、通知公告: http://www.bit.edu.cn/ggfw/tzgg17/index.htm 3 、教学网: http://courses.pku.edu.cn 4 、讲座网: http://lectures.pku.edu.cn 5 、教学促进网: http://fd.pku.edu.cn/ 6 、中国科学院学部与院士网站: http://www.casad.ac.cn/ 7 、中国工程院院士网站: http://www.cae.cn/ 8 、国家自然科学基金委主页: http://www.nsfc.gov.cn/ 9 、国家科技计划项目网址: http://program.most.gov.cn/
众所周知Matlab的强大运算能力让各种工程软件望而却步,而VC程序的友好界面又让人爱不释手,如果能够让两者的优势结合起来的话,势必能让程序员欢欣鼓舞。还好MathWorks已经为我们想到了,基本上现在市面上主流的Matlab版本都可以支持VC和Matlab的混合编程。但是目前网上资料基本上都是基于Matlab 6.0和VC 6.0的,和新版本的实现方法有所不同,因此笔者通过不断的尝试和研究,终于调试通了基于VS2008和Matlab R2010b的混合编程。 为了更加直观的说明如何实现混合编程,笔者写了一个简单的程序作为测试。先在Matlab里面写一个M文件,代码如下: function b = MyFunc(a) b = a.*a; 将M文件保存为MyFunc.m,保存在F:/test文件夹中。然后在Matlab主窗口中将当前文件夹改为F:/test: cd F:/test; 为了能够让VC调用Matlab程序,我们可以采用将Matlab程序包装成动态链接文件DLL的形式,然后让VC调用动态链接文件,因此在Matlab中,我们需要设置一下Matlab的编译库,在Matlab主窗口中键入如下代码: mbuild –setup 然后出现 Please choose your compiler for building standalone MATLAB applications: Would you like mbuild to locate installed compilers /n? 键入y后回车,出现 Select a compiler: Lcc-win32 C 2.4.1 in D:\PROGRA~1\MATLAB\R2010b\sys\lcc Microsoft Visual C++ 2008 SP1 in D:\Program Files\Microsoft Visual Studio 9.0 None Compiler: 由于我们是需要用VC来调用Matlab函数,因此我们选择2,回车,出现 Please verify your choices: Compiler: Microsoft Visual C++ 2008 SP1 Location: D:\Program Files\Microsoft Visual Studio 9.0 Are these correct /n? 确定,键入y后回车,出现 **************************************************************************** Warning: Applications/components generated using Microsoft Visual Studio 2008 require that the Microsoft Visual Studio 2008 run-time libraries be available on the computer used for deployment. To redistribute your applications/components, be sure that the deployment machine has these run-time libraries. **************************************************************************** Trying to update options file: C:\Users\张智宇\AppData\Roaming\MathWorks\MATLAB\R2010b\compopts.bat From template:D:\PROGRA~1\MATLAB\R2010b\bin\win32\mbuildopts\msvc90compp.bat Done . . . 如果出现以上说明,则证明Matlab编译器设置成功了。接下来是生成M文件的DLL文件。 在Matlab主窗口中键入如下代码 mmc –W cpplib:MyDLL –T link:lib MyFunc.m –C 其中cpplib:后面的是需要生成文件的文件名,是自己取的,link:lib后面的MyFunc.m是转换为DLL的M文件的文件名。-W/-T/-C是参数,具体含义可以通过mcc –help命令查看,注意参数的大小写。 Matlab编译后会在Test文件夹下生成9个文件,分别是: mccEcxludedFiles.log MyDLL.cpp MyDLL.ctf MyDLL.dll MyDLL.exp MyDLL.exports MyDLL.h MyDLL.lib readme.txt 其中MyDLL.dll,MyDLL.lib,MyDLL.ctf,MyDLL.h是我们需要的文件,至此,Matlab方面就已经设置妥当了。 打开VC2008,新建一个工程,然后将上述四个文件复制到工程目录下。选择“工具-选项-项目和解决方案-VC++目录”,在“显示以下内容目录”里选择“包含文件”将“D:\Program Files\MATLAB\R2010b\extern\include”添加进去,然后选择“库文件”将“D:\Program Files\MATLAB\R2010b\extern\lib\win32\microsoft”添加进去,其中D:\Program Files是Matlab的安装目录,可根据实际情况进行修改。 然后选择“项目-属性-配置属性-链接器-输入”,在右边“附加依赖项”一栏填入“myDLL.lib mclmcrrt.lib”,其中MyDLL.lib就是刚刚用Matlab生成的lib文件。 在编写代码时首先得包含头文件“MyDLL.h”,然后开始编写需要的代码,我为了说明问题编写了一个测试代码如下所示: { MyDLLInitialize();//初始化DLL动态连接文件 double _x = {1,2,3,4,5};//输入数组 double _y ;//输出数组 mxArray* x = mxCreateDoubleMatrix(1, 5, mxREAL);//创建1*5矩阵 memcpy(mxGetPr(x), (void*)_x, sizeof(_x));//拷贝输入数据 mxArray *input = {x};//将矩阵x的指针作为输入参数传递进去 mxArray *output ;//定义输出参数指针 mlxMyFunc(1,output,1,input);//调用m函数 mxArray *y;//定义输出结果指针 y = output ;//将输出参数传递给输出结果 memcpy(_y, mxGetPr(y), sizeof(_y));//拷贝输出数据 MyDLLTerminate();//结束DLL库 //显示数组中的数据 CString str; str.Format("%f %f %f %f %f",_y ,_y ,_y ,_y ,_y ); MessageBox(str); } 其中MyDLLInitialize(),mlxMyFunc(),MyDLLTerminate()等函数可以在MyDLL.h中找到函数原型,mlxMyFunc函数原型为: mlxMyFunc(int nlhs, mxArray *plhs ) nlhs代表输出参数个数,plhs 中存放的是输入参数的指针。上例中由于输入输出参数只有一个,因此在plhs 中存放的就是M文件中b的指针,prhs 中存放的就是M文件中a的指针。 编译运行之后就可以在弹出的消息框中得到所要的结果。将项目文件夹下生成的可执行文件复制出来,将MyDLL.dll文件、MyDLL.ctf文件和.exe文件放在同一目录下便可脱离VC++独立运行。如果需要在其他未装Matlab的机器上运行,则还需要将“D:\Program Files\MATLAB\R2010b\toolbox\compiler\deploy\win32”中的MCRInstaller.exe复制出来,在未安装Matlab的电脑上运行此程序,才可使得刚刚生成的可执行文件顺利运行。 以上程序在Windows 7家庭普通版+ Visual Studio 2008专业版SP1 + Matlab R2010b下编译运行通过。
【频 道】:CBS 【剧 名】:天赋秉异 - A Gifted Man 第一季 【资料翻译】:Jeanne kcguy@FRM转贴请注明出处 【制 作】:风软FRM字幕组+风软FRTVS压制组 【首 播】:2011年9月 【每集长度】:40分钟 【类 型】:剧情 【主 演】: Jennifer Ehle 饰演 Anna Paul Margo Martindale 饰演 Rita Perkins-Hall Patrick Wilson 饰演 Michael Holt 【剧情简介】: Michael Holt是一个出色的外科医生。他的生活因他死去前妻的“出现”而颠覆。原本他的病人非富即贵,他也因此过着奢侈的生活。他前妻Anna是一个免费诊所的医生。Anna的突然离世又突然“回归”将他有序的生活翻得底朝天。Michael的妹妹Christina是一个单身母亲,她和她的儿子Milo都很开心Anna的到来,哪怕仅仅是“幻觉”,因为每当Anna在Michael身边时,他总是特别温柔。Anna请求Michael帮她的免费诊所继续经营下去,在那里Michael遇见了帮助Anna打理慈善事业的义工Autumn。由于Michael逐渐接受了Anna的善良,也被那些需要救助的穷人打动,他对待穷人和富人的态度变得大相径庭,并且开始意识到他的生命应该为所有人打开。 本剧由奥斯卡最佳导演奖获得者,《沉默的羔羊》导演乔纳森·戴米担任制片人,并亲自导演了首播集。 下载地址: http://www.ctdisk.com/file/12905692 http://radarew.5d6d.net/thread-948-1-1.html
很晚了,现在才写出来贴上,只因为刚刚把方法摸索出来。 今天晚上看到机锋论坛上新的帖子,说我的E120s可以通过替换修改过的framework.ta文件去掉漫游标志,回复下拉中的数据开关,我兴冲冲地就用RE浏览器替代。因为这个问题困扰我很久了,自从刷了4.0每次打开数据连接都要进入设置点打开漫游,麻烦死了,好容易才等到有解决的方案,我就兴冲冲弄去了。 谁知,悲剧了,替代完成后重启无法进入系统,这次亏大了,framework是系统关键文件,可能是修改后的不兼容,导致系统无法进入。没有办法,只有重新刷机。但刷机前后要双wipe才能顺利完成,那也就意味着我的所有资料都要丢失了(除了sdcard里面的)。天呐,我上次备份联系人还是几个月前,这段时间内手机里面新增了很多客户电话,这样搞丢了我就惨了! 但依稀记得以前刷recovery的时候,里面有数据备份和恢复功能,忽然灵光闪现,哈哈,也许我的资料还可以弄回来。 兴冲冲地重启至recovery,才发现我手机里是原生recovery,连个备份功能都没有,靠,三星的原生RC也太简单了。没办法,只有找合适的第三方RC了。机锋论坛里真是藏龙卧虎,很快就找到CMW10 recovery,适用E120s,二话不说,ODIN打开,开刷。刷完进入recovery,眼泪都快激动出来了,我亲爱的backup and restore选项终于出现了。赶紧备份至内置sd卡,速度相当给力,不到两分钟备份完毕。 双wipe(sdcard内的东西不会删掉哦),进入挖煤模式开始刷系统,还是原来的系统,很快刷完,不表。再双wipe,重启顺利进入系统。这时的系统是全新的,自己的资料都没有加载。关机,重新进入recovery,点recovery date from sdcard,注意,千万别点recovery system from sdcard,不然恢复的是原来的烂系统,悲剧又循环了。很快,恢复完毕,迫不及待重启。 感谢上帝啊,重启之后和刷机之前所有东西都一样,不仅是联系人恢复了,连自己装的软件的设置都恢复了。之前更改的E网和GPS参数也恢复了(当然,这个我是在工程模式修改的,当然不会变,此处只是连带表示一下兴奋之情),完全就和当初一模一样。 至此,所有工作顺利完成。该死的发帖者,修改的系统文件不成熟就发出来,害人哪!但仔细想还是要感谢这些大牛们啊,不然咱们的Galaxy II HD LTE 家族现在还是鸡肋呢。 提示:以上方法适用于所有安卓机型,只是刷recovery和刷系统以及进入recovery和进入挖煤模式各种机型各有不同。由于各种品牌和机型的recovery不一样,所以也可以用recovery里面的mounts and storage 功能把备份的data文件(原始格式是.tar)转成压缩包拷贝到电脑里面(有些机型需要先mount USB STORYGE,把USB存储挂载上,才能用电脑在recovery下连接手机),然后从压缩包里提data/data/com.android.providers.contacts文件夹。手机重刷系统后用RE管理器把这个文件夹拷贝到系统对应位置覆盖即可(需要先获得root权限)。 最后,呼吁一下大家还是要养成及时更新备份的好习惯啊,哪天系统烂了刷完直接导入就行,不用这么麻烦了。 依然在等待成熟的framework,让我的数据开关能用啊,别再每次都要点漫游了。
“ 讨论”部分非常重要。在这部分,你要把“结果”中展示的证据线索和“引言”中的背景资料关联起来。遗憾的是,许多作者(特别是来自非英语国家的作者)常常 不够重视“讨论”部分,认为只需把结果罗列出来,然后让读者自行去得出结论即可。但是,给出结果而不说明其意义只会造成随意解读,从而影响研究获得应有的 影响力。而期刊编辑往往希望论文能推进该研究领域,并形成影响;所以有必要善用“讨论”部分来尽可能增强论文的影响力。 好的“讨论”可以 在开头先重申一下“引言”中提出的研究问题和假设,接着总结一下你的主要研究结果。这样一来,读者对于你是否推进了该领域的研究就一目了然了。从最重要或 最相关的结果写起,然后再转向相对次要的内容。此刻暂不要讨论有争议或者难以解释的结果。这个阶段,你只须描述那些能直接回答“引言”中提出的问题或与假 设直接相关的主要结果。不要用那些数据不支持的“大而空”的语言,也不要夸大结果的重要性。用“suggests” 比用“shows”更好,切忌使用 “proves”。此外,要尽量不要重复结果”部分的内容,而只需简要说明主要结果然后再谈其含意。这部分需要变换时态,叙述你的结果以及文献结果时用过 去时,论述其意义时用现在时。 “讨论”的第二部分常被忽视,并往往造成拒稿。重申问题和结果之后,还需要陈述其相关性和重要性。你需要把 你的结果放在文献研究背景中加以比较,并讨论其意义。这部分构成了“讨论”主体;他告诉读者(当然还有编辑):从已有文献的基础上来评价,你的结果到底有 什么意义?它们与其他研究者的工作之间存在什么关联。你的研究可能存在备择解释,对此应予提及并尽可能排除(或者至少论证它们的可能性很低)。如果仍有备 择解释无法排除,你的研究就属于“尚未完成”,或者至少是“尚在进行中”;在这种情况下,你需要在“讨论”的结尾部分,提出将开展哪些实验来进一步排除备 择解释或确认哪种解释才是正确的。 主要结果和背景的关系理清之后,就可以提及有争议或难以解释的发现,并提出可能的解释。没问题,这里你 可以猜测,只要不要太过分。关键的问题是,你讨论和阐述了这些问题,而不是置之不理。“讨论”部分不能出现新术语或新结果;所有结果都该在“结果”部分叙 述完整;所有术语也应在“引言”中就提出。最后,“讨论”部分要解释一下此研究的局限性。与其等审稿人指出,不如自己提出;这样也许反而会增加正面审稿意 见从而缩短发表周期。一个研究存在局限性本身并不是问题,大多数研究都有这样那样的局限性。所以重要的是要承认它并提出在进一步研究中如何克服。在阐述完 局限性之后往往紧接着就是描述未来的研究。 有些期刊有单独的“结论”部分;就算没有,也要在“讨论”的最后一段点明研究的结论。最后一段 (或最后一部分)应简要复述一下主要研究结果及其重要性,陈述该研究如何推进了本领域的研究,但不要用完全相同的语言。要提及结果的新颖性和重要性,但再 说一次,不要夸大其词。如有必要可以提出进一步研究,如果本工作是初步研究则进一步研究可放在最后一句。若不是初步研究,就可以用明确的措施来总结本研究 的影响,但仍要注意不要夸大其词。。 示例 下图节选自《The Journal of Clinical Investigation》上一论文的讨论部分(doi:10.1172/JCI37622; 经同意转载)。其中显示了讨论部分的一些要素,其末尾是一个结论段落。 核对清单 1. 开始先复述研究问题,然后陈述主要结果。 2. 过去时叙述结果,现在时谈意义。 3. 将研究结果同现有文献作比较,陈述其意义。 4. 陈述所有结果的意义,不要忽略那些“不便提及”的内容。 5. 不要在“结果”部分简单重复其他部分已有的内容,不得引入新术语/报告新结果,或夸大其词。 6. 给出本研究的局限性和将来研究方向。 7. 结尾用明确的措辞陈述本研究的相关性和重要性。 英文原文 Discussion: what does it all mean? The discussion section of your manuscript is critically important. It is where you pull together all the ‘threads’ of evidence you have presented in the results in the context of the background you presented in the introduction. Unfortunately, many authors, particularly those from non-English-speaking countries, overlook the importance of this section considering it sufficient to merely present their results and allow the reader to draw their own conclusions. However, presenting your results without describing their implications leaves them open to interpretation and reduces the impact they could have. Journal editors want papers that will advance the field and generate an impact; therefore, use the discussion wisely to maximize the impact of your findings. A good discussion will begin by restating the study question and any hypotheses presented in the introduction. This should be followed by a summary of the major findings of your study so that it is immediately clear how you have advanced the field. Start with the most important or relevant finding and then move to progressively less important ones. However, do not yet discuss results that are perhaps controversial or difficult to explain. At this stage you only want to describe the major findings that directly answer the research question you set out in the introduction and/or those that directly relate to your hypotheses. Avoid making grand statements that are not supported by your data and/or overstating the importance of your findings. The word “suggests” is preferable to “shows”, and the word “proves” should never be used. Also, there should be minimal repetition with the results section, with only brief descriptions of the main findings required before launching into their implications. A mixture of tenses is required, with the past tense used to describe individual results and the results of previous studies, and the present tense used to describe their implications. The next part is the component of a discussion that is often overlooked and a frequent cause of rejection from journals. Having reiterated your initial question and major findings, you need to describe their relevance and significance. This is where you put your findings into the context of previously published literature and discuss their implications. This part forms the bulk of the discussion section, showing the reader (and importantly, the journal editor) what your findings actually mean in the light of the existing literature and how they relate to the efforts of others. All possible alternative interpretations of your study should be described and excluded (or at least shown to be unlikely) wherever possible. If alternative interpretations remain viable, the study is considered ‘incomplete’, or at least ongoing, and experiments to rule out the alternatives or determine which of the alternatives is correct should be described at the end of the discussion section as future research. Once the major findings have been put into context, any controversial or difficult to explain findings should be mentioned along with plausible explanations for them. It is perfectly OK to speculate here (but not too wildly), but it is absolutely essential that these findings, and any inconsistencies, are discussed and addressed rather than ignored. No new results or terms should be introduced in the discussion section; all findings should be described in the results section and relevant terms will all have been introduced in the introduction section. Finally, any limitations of the current study should be explained. Peer reviewers are likely to comment on such limitations anyway, so it is best to be ‘up front’ about them and state what they were; doing so might even improve your chances of a positive peer review and thereby shorten the time to publication. The fact that your study has certain limitations is not a problem in itself, and most studies have limitations of some sort. It is therefore important to acknowledge these and describe how they can be addressed in future research. For this reason, the description of limitations is usually followed by a description of future research. Some journals have a separate conclusions section, but even in those that don’t, the same content should be merged with the discussion and contained in the last paragraph. This final section/paragraph should briefly restate the key findings and their significance, describing how your study represents an advance in the field, but avoiding direct repetition. The novelty and significance of these findings should be mentioned, but again, it is important not to over-emphasize either of these. Future studies should be mentioned where relevant, and can be the subject of the final sentence if the current study is preliminary. If your study is not preliminary, end with a strong statement that summarizes the impact of the study without over-stating its importance. Example The figure below, showing excerpts from the discussion section of paper published in The Journal of Clinical Investigation (doi:10.1172/JCI37622; reproduced with permission), shows some of the important components of a discussion section and the concluding paragraph at the end. Checklist 1. Start by restating the problem/research question and then state the main findings of your study 2. Describe results in the past tense, but implications in the present tense 3. Put findings in the context of the existing literature to describe their implications 4. Describe the implications of all results obtained; do not ignore ‘inconvenient’ ones 5. Avoid repetition, introducing new terms or results, and making grand statements about the importance of your findings 6. Describe the limitations of your study and future directions for research in the field 7. End with a strong statement describing the relevance and significance of your study Dr Daniel McGowan 分子神经学博士 理文编辑学术总监
氢气生物学效应研究比较关心的一个问题是氢气是否存在毒性,根据目前的研究资料,没有发现任何氢气的毒性作用。当然,这并等于说氢气是绝对没有毒性的物质。这里将氢气的毒性研究资料进行汇总,以方便查阅。关于氢气对人体的毒性主要来自潜水医学的研究 一、高浓度氢气无特异性毒性效应。 根据危险物质研究数据资料库,可以检索到来自《默克索引》的资料显示。氢气对人体的危害性主要是在呼吸高浓度氢气可以引起窒息,其原因是由于氧气浓度的相对减少,氢气本身并不具备这一作用。这种情况类似氮气的作用。 二、接触液氢可导致冻伤或严重皮肤烧伤 主要是因为液体氢的极端低温作用和燃烧导致的烧伤效应。任何超低温液化气体都可能导致这类伤害。例如液态氮、甲烷等。 三、中枢麻醉作用。 高分压氢气具有一定麻醉作用,但许多惰性气体都具备这样的作用,同样压力条件下,氢气的麻醉作用只相当于氮气的 0.26 倍。潜水呼吸氢气的原因之一正是利用氢气的麻醉比较小这一特点。 四、对眼睛的作用 曾经有报道,在兔子的前房内注射氢气气泡,三天后消失,对眼睛无明显伤害作用。 参考文献 来源 http://toxnet.nlm.nih.gov/cgi-bin/sis/search/r?dbs+hsdb:@term+@rn+1333-74-0 Human Toxicity Excerpts: NO SPECIFIC TOXIC ACTION. IN HIGH CONCN CAN ACT AS A SIMPLE ASPHYXIANT. **PEER REVIEWED** Contact with liquid will cause frostbite or severe burns of the skin. Simple asphyxiant. **QC REVIEWED** The relation between the /CNS depressant/ effect of nitrogen and that of hydrogen is 1:0.26. **PEER REVIEWED** HYDROGEN HAS NO KNOWN TOXIC EFFECT ON THE EYE. **PEER REVIEWED** Animal Toxicity Studies: Non-Human Toxicity Excerpts: A LARGE BUBBLE OF THE GAS INJECTED INTO ANTERIOR CHAMBER OF RABBIT EYES WAS ABSORBED WITHIN THREE DAYS CAUSED NO INJURY. **PEER REVIEWED**
没有去签证之前,在网上浏览了很多帖子,看到很多被拒签者的怨言,感觉这个面签老难了,心里着实很打怵。 精心准备了相关的资料,包括大使馆要求必须提供的以及网上经验贴中罗列的。我老公说我准备得过度了(关心则乱么,可以理解吧)。 在八月底,去美国的留学生签证洪流已经过去,每天面签的人不多,排队等候的时间也很短暂。 看了很多帖子,所以大致的程序也都明白,进行得很顺利。 签证官有一个很nice,喜欢用中文,喜欢问人家的家长里短,可惜我没有分到他那一列。 我的面试官连我的邀请函、资助证明都没看,只问了几个问题就给我通过了,看来我的回答很可信。 我准备的资料目录和大家分享一下(虽然大都没用上,不过不准备就是心不安) CHECKLIST FOR J1 VISA APPLICATION 1. Passport (护照 ) 2. Visa Application Fee Receipt( 申请费收据) 3. Photo (照片) 4. DS-160 ( DS-160 表确认页) 5. DS-2019 form ( DS-2019 表) 6. SEVIS fee receipt ( SEVIS 费收据) 7. Invitation Letter (邀请信) 8. Certificate of financial support (资助证明) 9 . Resume (个人简历) 10. Support letter from Prof. XX ( 往来邮件) 11. Certificate of Ph.D candidate (学位证书、毕业证书) 12. Original of my several publications (几篇发表的论文) 13 . Property to prove ( 房产证明、购房合同、购房发票 ) 14 . Some photos of my family (全家福) 15. Household registration book ( 户口本 ) 16 . Marriage certificate( 结婚证 ) 17. Teacher qualification certificate ( 教师资格证书 ) 18 . Certificate of employment (工作证) 19 . Identification Card (身份证)
最近查了一下美国机动车通行规则的资料,经常需要在美国各州的车辆管理网站查询,虽然我知道美国作为联邦国家,除了联邦宪法外,各州都有各州的法律,但美国各州所谓“车辆管理局”构成之复杂,还是让我这个习惯统一法规的人觉得眼花缭乱。 现在查到的大概有三种 (可能还有 N 多种),希望熟悉的博友能指出。 1. DMV ( Department of Motor Vehicles )比如美国的加利福尼亚州、纽约州、内华达州等,叫 DMV 的,我看了一下应该是直属州政府的一级局,大概相当于国内的公安厅(局)、交通(厅)局这个级别。 2. BMV (Bureau of Motor Vehicles), 比如俄亥俄州的 BMV ,是隶属于 Ohio Department of Public Safety (俄亥俄州警察局)下面的二级局。 3. MVA ( Motor Vehicle Administration ) , 比如马里兰州的 MVA ,是隶属于 Department of Transportation( 州交通运输部 ) 下的二级局。 为什么在美国各州没有统一的规定,是出于何种考虑,这三种情况哪种是主流,是否还有其他情况,希望熟悉的朋友能指点一下。
篇首语:国内关于玛雅文的资料非常少,国外却很多,今日放出来一篇编译稿。这是翻译的草稿版,会有错误和不通顺的地方,欢迎讨论指正。 translated by 李斌 gothere@126.com,转载请保留此信息。 玛雅文字 两个重要的网站 FAMSI Foundation for the advancement of mesoamerican studies 中美洲研究基金 1993 年建立的机构 UNAAHIL B’AAK 玛雅文化 编译自: Maya Hieroglyphs 玛雅象形文字 前言 玛雅文的正字法转写给研究带来了不少困扰。玛雅词语依然使用不同的方式书写。比如,“ lord ”或“ king ”在玛雅文中有 5 种书写形式: ahua , ahaw , ajau , ajaw 和 ’ajaw 。自从危地马拉的玛雅文字母得到了公认后( 1988 年左右),学者们开始使用新的转写方式。 Me :转写都是转写为表音文字形式,在我看来是不合适的,我们古代汉字的研究方式,就是重意义而轻音的。所以要看玛雅文本身是表意的还是表音的,如果表意为主,那么采用汉字研究法应当更合适,而不是把大量的时间花在推定具体的读音上。 概论 已知最早的玛雅文本是公元前 3 世纪的,最晚的则是西班牙人征服时期。粗略估计,到目前为止,全世界已发现的、馆藏的、私藏的玛雅书籍约有 10000 部。这些文本大致写于古典时期 Classic period (公元 200-900 年),刻于陶器和石质纪念碑,如石柱 stelae 和门楣上。其他的还有绘于建筑物、洞穴墙壁、动物贝壳、兽骨、玉石、黑曜石、粘土上的法律、木头门楣、粉画壁画上。 玛雅文字的书写系统由 1000 多种不同的符号构成。但是很多符号只是同一个符号的变体( allographs )或者同义不同形的同音符号( homophones ),或者是只在特定时间特定地点使用。由此,共时条件下使用的符号不会超过 500 个。 玛雅文书写系统在语言学上被认作是 logosyllabic 系统(表音系统),由代表整个词语( logograms )和音节(音节符号)的符号构成。在玛雅文中,约有 200 中不同的音节 / 语音符号,其中大约 60 种是由 logograms (单音节?)构成。因此,在古典玛雅语种,约有 80 种语音的音节和 200 种符号 graphemic (图形)音节。如果和其他中美洲的书写系统比较,就会明显地看出来,古玛雅语使用了一个书写系统,具有一种特殊的潜力,可以记录的语言结构,像在口语表达中的句法表示一样复杂。但在实际使用中,书写系统是高度复杂的句法结构的一个字形 graphemic 缩略。因此,许多省略的部分都必须由熟悉该语言的读者来完型。 1.1 解读的历史 玛雅文字的解读史充满了神秘色彩,在长达 500 年的岁月中,对于这种文字的理解有所进步,这是一种看一眼就觉得是外星人的文字。 1862 年,马德里的皇家历史学院,为了寻找新世界的研究材料,一个法国牧师 Charls Étienne Brasseur de Bourbourg 拿出了一本 Diego de Landa 主教手写本的《 Relación delas cosas de Yucatán 8 》。 2 年后, Bourbourg 出版了这部手稿的双语版(西班牙语和法语),书名为《 Relation des choses de Yucatán de Diego de Landa . 》 30 年前,美国律师、行旅作家 John Lloyd Stephens 和英国艺术家 Frederick Catherwood 同行,从纽约出发,经洪都拉斯首都 Belize ,到达玛雅地区。 1839-1842 的旅居生活,他们探索了玛雅遗迹,撰写报告、绘制地图、描绘了古代的雕塑和建筑。通过努力,他们建立了“失落的城市”, 2 卷本的“ Incidents of Travel in Central America, Chiapas, and Yucatan ” 1841 和“ Incidents of Travel in Yucatan 尤卡坦半岛 ”( 1843 ) 。开篇部分,描写了 Copan : In regard to the age of this desolate city I shall not at present offer any conjecture. Some idea might perhaps be formed from the accumulations of earth and the gigantic trees growing on the top of the ruined structures, but it would be uncertain and unsatisfactory. Nor shall I at this moment offer any conjecture in regard to the people who built it, or to the time when or the means by which it was depopulated, and became a desolation and ruin; whether it fell by the sword, or famine, or pestilence. The trees which shroud it may have sprung from the blood of its slaughtered inhabitants; they may have perished howling with hunger; or pestilence, like the cholera, may have piled its streets with dead, and driven forever the feeble remnants from their homes; of which dire calamities to other cities we have authentic accounts, in eras both prior and subsequent to the discovery of the country by the Spaniards. One thing I believe, that its history is graven on its monuments. Who shall read them? (Stephens 1993 : 59). 大概是 Stephens 提出了这个挑战,由于埃及文字已经被 Jean-François Champollion (商博良) 在几十年前破解。不过,在 Stephen 的时代,还没有研究玛雅语的罗塞塔石碑。直到 Landa 的 Relación 之后,人们才认为找到了玛雅语的罗塞塔石碑。 Landa 在他的书中写到,他认为玛雅文是拼音文字。这就是所谓的 Landa 字母(见图 26 ),一般被作为是这个西班牙牧师的误解。因此,这个字母表被认为是没有用的。此后几百年没有实质性进展。 问题之一就是 Landa 和 19 世纪晚期乃至 1950 年代的学者们没有注意到,玛雅文字并不是 alphabetic (字母的)的或者表音的。最初,学者们尝试直接用 Landa 的字母表来转写玛雅文,但总是不成功。同时,在 Relación 中用于研究历法符号的 logograms 的路子,应用于玛雅文本的转写中获得了成功。在音节符号成功的基础上,和音素字符的失败上,人们认为玛雅文是基于音节的而非音素。 玛雅文的研究,直到 1950 年代,都保持着这样的水平,特别是在历法方面。也许,作为一种直接的结论,我们可以认为,玛雅文是纯粹 logographic 的。同理( in the same vein ),人们假设,铭文( inscription )的内容更像是天文方面的而非历史的。 尝试解读玛雅文的语音模式被废弃了。但是,在 19 世纪初,研究者已经成功解读了部分玛雅文。但是,这些研究者并没有将自己的方法系统地阐释出来。 1876 年,一位法国学者 Léon Louis Lucien Prunol de Rosny 发表了 Déchiffrement de l’Écriture Hiératique de l’AmériqueCentrale ,该文部分地使用了语音符号。他对材料的分析,以及语言学背景,使他得出结论,玛雅文同时是 logogram 和 phonetic 符号(音节、音素文字)。然而,该世纪的三分之一过去了, Rosny 的有关玛雅文的系统语音研究工作才见到了曙光。 在 1950 年代初,列宁格勒的民族学院的学者 Yuri Knorozov ,再次测试了 Landa 字母,并与现存的少量拷贝做了比较( Villacorta and Villacorta 1933 ),这些拷贝是 3 种著名的玛雅古抄本( codice ),发现于柏林(按:二战的战利品)。 Knorozov 的方法,是研究已被破译的那些文本。比较破译文字的相似点,每个书写系统的符号数量,他指出,玛雅文是音节和音素文字。简单地说,就类似日语文字。 Knorozov 为了验证他的想法,便使用了 Landa 字母表,虽然它不是因素的符号而是音节的。基于音节的方法,已经被其他古老文字的研究证明是古文字的一个特点。他使用了其中的一些符号,直接解读玛雅古抄本。其中一个符号便是 Landa 的 cu ,紧跟着另外一个未知的符号。这些符号处在一个意思为火鸡的符号上面,于是他假设,这个 glyph (字形)代表动物的意思。这个假设在其他的火鸡上下文中得到了验证。 在 Yukatek 玛雅文中,火鸡的词是 kutz (古字形是 cutz )。他推断,第一个字符也许代表音节 cu ,这是 Landa 字母表中的符号,其次,应该为 tzu (假设最后一个元音脱落,因为玛雅词语的音节以辅音结尾。在词末的元音,根据 synharmony 的原则, 他假设为 /u/ )。 因此,他得出结论,这些符号读作: cu-tz ( u )。为了证实,他着手寻找开头为 tzu 的符号。最终在一个表示狗( Yukatek 中 tzul )的图形上方发现了。因此,这些符号应该读作 tzu 和 lu (在 Landa 表中, lu 表示为 l )。(按:这说明图像和文字的对应关系很重要) Knorozov 继续研究其他的符号,其结果将西方的玛雅文研究做出分水岭。 这个直接的理论 theorem 和相关的方法,为玛雅文的各种字形的解读带来了钥匙。不可替代地改变了玛雅文的研究路径。但是,在 20 年中,这一改变并没有凸显出来。出于铁幕下的冷战政治、语言障碍以及学术交流的缺乏。( me :原来国内引进的是真货,西方不认,咱中国可跟得紧,呵呵) Knorozov 的工作之外,在 1950-60 年代玛雅文的研究中,出现了其他的 2 个发展。 1950 年代末, Henrich Berlin ,一位住在墨西哥的德国批发商,发现了他称为“ el glifo ‘ emblema ’”( Emblem Glyphs 象征符号)。 1960 年代, Tatiana Proskouriakoff ,一位俄裔美国人,发文首次证明玛雅纪念碑上确实包含了历史记录。(下图) 同时, J. Eric S. Thompson and Sylvanus G.Morley 两位大牛声称,玛雅语料在没有历史信息时很少包含日期。还说,在纪念性的陶器上的文字是粗俗的,并没有意义或语言学价值。 2. 玛雅文的起源 在中美洲,玛雅人不是第一个也不是最好一个种族发展自己的书写系统。在已知最早的玛雅文(公元前 3 世纪)书写系统已经在该地区的至少三个文明区出现了:在墨西哥湾南海岸的所谓的 Olmec 中心区(奥尔麦克), Oaxaca 流域,南危地马拉的 Alta Verapaz 高地流域。 中美洲的文字系统在 Olmec 时代的晚期得到了发展,约在公元前 700-500 年。也可能起源于略早的 Olmec iconography (插图)。无论这种早期的文字是不是文字,或者只是一些图画元素的组合,并不是某种语言的语音表示。这种早期的文字系统,后来在两个地区发展为不同的传统:墨西哥高地,危地马拉高地和 Chiapas (墨西哥南部的一个州)以及危地马拉太平洋海岸的周边地区。 现知最早的可以作为玛雅文字的符号,可以在 San Bartolo (现在危地马拉北部)找到。在结构上 Structure 1 , San Bartolo 可以找到至少 4 种早期的符号(音节 / 音节串 ja , mo , po ,主人的符号, AJAW )。其他的文献线索,从玛雅低地的北伯利兹城的 Cerros 。在砖石结构的建筑 Stucture 5C-2nd 的 2 个符号: YAX (蓝绿 / 第一), K ’ IN (太阳 / 日)。面具的脸部 Lamanai Structure N9-56 的字符 , AK ’ AB ( 夜 / 黑暗 ) 。 另外一个早期的玛雅文,是在一个再使用的 Olmec 绿石胸部(敦巴顿橡树园绿玉饰物,图 5 ) 在更早的文献中,圣地亚哥的悬崖上的石刻,南 Peten ,一个站立的玛雅统治者旁边有双行的 19 个符号。这些符号表明了记录日期的格式(开头的两个丢失的字符,大的起始介绍符号(一般称为 ISIG 符号),后面跟着 4 个符号),非常变易和不稳定。这个石刻以及 Dumbarton 的 Oaks jade pectoral ,代表了玛雅例行纪念活动的格式,如 bloodletting 和皇室继承。从古典时期开始(公元 250 年),玛雅文发展为更为稳定和严格的系统,后面章节将展开。 translated by 李斌 gothere@126.com,转载请保留此信息。 logograms Noun a single written symbol that represents an entire word or phrase without indicating its pronunciation; "7 is a logogram that is pronounced `seven' in English and `nanatsu' in Japanese" 单字符的意思?
“ 讨论”部分非常重要。在这部分,你要把“结果”中展示的证据线索和“引言”中的背景资料关联起来。遗憾的是,许多作者(特别是来自非英语国家的作者)常常 不够重视“讨论”部分,认为只需把结果罗列出来,然后让读者自行去得出结论即可。但是,给出结果而不说明其意义只会造成随意解读,从而影响研究获得应有的 影响力。而期刊编辑往往希望论文能推进该研究领域,并形成影响;所以有必要善用“讨论”部分来尽可能增强论文的影响力。 好的“讨论”可以 在开头先重申一下“引言”中提出的研究问题和假设,接着总结一下你的主要研究结果。这样一来,读者对于你是否推进了该领域的研究就一目了然了。从最重要或 最相关的结果写起,然后再转向相对次要的内容。此刻暂不要讨论有争议或者难以解释的结果。这个阶段,你只须描述那些能直接回答“引言”中提出的问题或与假 设直接相关的主要结果。不要用那些数据不支持的“大而空”的语言,也不要夸大结果的重要性。用“suggests” 比用“shows”更好,切忌使用 “proves”。此外,要尽量不要重复结果”部分的内容,而只需简要说明主要结果然后再谈其含意。这部分需要变换时态,叙述你的结果以及文献结果时用过 去时,论述其意义时用现在时。 “讨论”的第二部分常被忽视,并往往造成拒稿。重申问题和结果之后,还需要陈述其相关性和重要性。你需要把 你的结果放在文献研究背景中加以比较,并讨论其意义。这部分构成了“讨论”主体;他告诉读者(当然还有编辑):从已有文献的基础上来评价,你的结果到底有 什么意义?它们与其他研究者的工作之间存在什么关联。你的研究可能存在备择解释,对此应予提及并尽可能排除(或者至少论证它们的可能性很低)。如果仍有备 择解释无法排除,你的研究就属于“尚未完成”,或者至少是“尚在进行中”;在这种情况下,你需要在“讨论”的结尾部分,提出将开展哪些实验来进一步排除备 择解释或确认哪种解释才是正确的。 主要结果和背景的关系理清之后,就可以提及有争议或难以解释的发现,并提出可能的解释。没问题,这里你 可以猜测,只要不要太过分。关键的问题是,你讨论和阐述了这些问题,而不是置之不理。“讨论”部分不能出现新术语或新结果;所有结果都该在“结果”部分叙 述完整;所有术语也应在“引言”中就提出。最后,“讨论”部分要解释一下此研究的局限性。与其等审稿人指出,不如自己提出;这样也许反而会增加正面审稿意 见从而缩短发表周期。一个研究存在局限性本身并不是问题,大多数研究都有这样那样的局限性。所以重要的是要承认它并提出在进一步研究中如何克服。在阐述完 局限性之后往往紧接着就是描述未来的研究。 有些期刊有单独的“结论”部分;就算没有,也要在“讨论”的最后一段点明研究的结论。最后一段 (或最后一部分)应简要复述一下主要研究结果及其重要性,陈述该研究如何推进了本领域的研究,但不要用完全相同的语言。要提及结果的新颖性和重要性,但再 说一次,不要夸大其词。如有必要可以提出进一步研究,如果本工作是初步研究则进一步研究可放在最后一句。若不是初步研究,就可以用明确的措施来总结本研究 的影响,但仍要注意不要夸大其词。。 示例 下图节选自《The Journal of Clinical Investigation》上一论文的讨论部分(doi:10.1172/JCI37622; 经同意转载)。其中显示了讨论部分的一些要素,其末尾是一个结论段落。 核对清单 1. 开始先复述研究问题,然后陈述主要结果。 2. 过去时叙述结果,现在时谈意义。 3. 将研究结果同现有文献作比较,陈述其意义。 4. 陈述所有结果的意义,不要忽略那些“不便提及”的内容。 5. 不要在“结果”部分简单重复其他部分已有的内容,不得引入新术语/报告新结果,或夸大其词。 6. 给出本研究的局限性和将来研究方向。 7. 结尾用明确的措辞陈述本研究的相关性和重要性。 英文原文 Discussion: what does it all mean? The discussion section of your manuscript is critically important. It is where you pull together all the ‘threads’ of evidence you have presented in the results in the context of the background you presented in the introduction. Unfortunately, many authors, particularly those from non-English-speaking countries, overlook the importance of this section considering it sufficient to merely present their results and allow the reader to draw their own conclusions. However, presenting your results without describing their implications leaves them open to interpretation and reduces the impact they could have. Journal editors want papers that will advance the field and generate an impact; therefore, use the discussion wisely to maximize the impact of your findings. A good discussion will begin by restating the study question and any hypotheses presented in the introduction. This should be followed by a summary of the major findings of your study so that it is immediately clear how you have advanced the field. Start with the most important or relevant finding and then move to progressively less important ones. However, do not yet discuss results that are perhaps controversial or difficult to explain. At this stage you only want to describe the major findings that directly answer the research question you set out in the introduction and/or those that directly relate to your hypotheses. Avoid making grand statements that are not supported by your data and/or overstating the importance of your findings. The word “suggests” is preferable to “shows”, and the word “proves” should never be used. Also, there should be minimal repetition with the results section, with only brief descriptions of the main findings required before launching into their implications. A mixture of tenses is required, with the past tense used to describe individual results and the results of previous studies, and the present tense used to describe their implications. The next part is the component of a discussion that is often overlooked and a frequent cause of rejection from journals. Having reiterated your initial question and major findings, you need to describe their relevance and significance. This is where you put your findings into the context of previously published literature and discuss their implications. This part forms the bulk of the discussion section, showing the reader (and importantly, the journal editor) what your findings actually mean in the light of the existing literature and how they relate to the efforts of others. All possible alternative interpretations of your study should be described and excluded (or at least shown to be unlikely) wherever possible. If alternative interpretations remain viable, the study is considered ‘incomplete’, or at least ongoing, and experiments to rule out the alternatives or determine which of the alternatives is correct should be described at the end of the discussion section as future research. Once the major findings have been put into context, any controversial or difficult to explain findings should be mentioned along with plausible explanations for them. It is perfectly OK to speculate here (but not too wildly), but it is absolutely essential that these findings, and any inconsistencies, are discussed and addressed rather than ignored. No new results or terms should be introduced in the discussion section; all findings should be described in the results section and relevant terms will all have been introduced in the introduction section. Finally, any limitations of the current study should be explained. Peer reviewers are likely to comment on such limitations anyway, so it is best to be ‘up front’ about them and state what they were; doing so might even improve your chances of a positive peer review and thereby shorten the time to publication. The fact that your study has certain limitations is not a problem in itself, and most studies have limitations of some sort. It is therefore important to acknowledge these and describe how they can be addressed in future research. For this reason, the description of limitations is usually followed by a description of future research. Some journals have a separate conclusions section, but even in those that don’t, the same content should be merged with the discussion and contained in the last paragraph. This final section/paragraph should briefly restate the key findings and their significance, describing how your study represents an advance in the field, but avoiding direct repetition. The novelty and significance of these findings should be mentioned, but again, it is important not to over-emphasize either of these. Future studies should be mentioned where relevant, and can be the subject of the final sentence if the current study is preliminary. If your study is not preliminary, end with a strong statement that summarizes the impact of the study without over-stating its importance. Example The figure below, showing excerpts from the discussion section of paper published in The Journal of Clinical Investigation (doi:10.1172/JCI37622; reproduced with permission), shows some of the important components of a discussion section and the concluding paragraph at the end. Checklist 1. Start by restating the problem/research question and then state the main findings of your study 2. Describe results in the past tense, but implications in the present tense 3. Put findings in the context of the existing literature to describe their implications 4. Describe the implications of all results obtained; do not ignore ‘inconvenient’ ones 5. Avoid repetition, introducing new terms or results, and making grand statements about the importance of your findings 6. Describe the limitations of your study and future directions for research in the field 7. End with a strong statement describing the relevance and significance of your study Dr Daniel McGowan 分子神经学博士 理文编辑学术总监
“ 讨论”部分非常重要。在这部分,你要把“结果”中展示的证据线索和“引言”中的背景资料关联起来。遗憾的是,许多作者(特别是来自非英语国家的作者)常常 不够重视“讨论”部分,认为只需把结果罗列出来,然后让读者自行去得出结论即可。但是,给出结果而不说明其意义只会造成随意解读,从而影响研究获得应有的 影响力。而期刊编辑往往希望论文能推进该研究领域,并形成影响;所以有必要善用“讨论”部分来尽可能增强论文的影响力。 好的“讨论”可以 在开头先重申一下“引言”中提出的研究问题和假设,接着总结一下你的主要研究结果。这样一来,读者对于你是否推进了该领域的研究就一目了然了。从最重要或 最相关的结果写起,然后再转向相对次要的内容。此刻暂不要讨论有争议或者难以解释的结果。这个阶段,你只须描述那些能直接回答“引言”中提出的问题或与假 设直接相关的主要结果。不要用那些数据不支持的“大而空”的语言,也不要夸大结果的重要性。用“suggests” 比用“shows”更好,切忌使用 “proves”。此外,要尽量不要重复结果”部分的内容,而只需简要说明主要结果然后再谈其含意。这部分需要变换时态,叙述你的结果以及文献结果时用过 去时,论述其意义时用现在时。 “讨论”的第二部分常被忽视,并往往造成拒稿。重申问题和结果之后,还需要陈述其相关性和重要性。你需要把 你的结果放在文献研究背景中加以比较,并讨论其意义。这部分构成了“讨论”主体;他告诉读者(当然还有编辑):从已有文献的基础上来评价,你的结果到底有 什么意义?它们与其他研究者的工作之间存在什么关联。你的研究可能存在备择解释,对此应予提及并尽可能排除(或者至少论证它们的可能性很低)。如果仍有备 择解释无法排除,你的研究就属于“尚未完成”,或者至少是“尚在进行中”;在这种情况下,你需要在“讨论”的结尾部分,提出将开展哪些实验来进一步排除备 择解释或确认哪种解释才是正确的。 主要结果和背景的关系理清之后,就可以提及有争议或难以解释的发现,并提出可能的解释。没问题,这里你 可以猜测,只要不要太过分。关键的问题是,你讨论和阐述了这些问题,而不是置之不理。“讨论”部分不能出现新术语或新结果;所有结果都该在“结果”部分叙 述完整;所有术语也应在“引言”中就提出。最后,“讨论”部分要解释一下此研究的局限性。与其等审稿人指出,不如自己提出;这样也许反而会增加正面审稿意 见从而缩短发表周期。一个研究存在局限性本身并不是问题,大多数研究都有这样那样的局限性。所以重要的是要承认它并提出在进一步研究中如何克服。在阐述完 局限性之后往往紧接着就是描述未来的研究。 有些期刊有单独的“结论”部分;就算没有,也要在“讨论”的最后一段点明研究的结论。最后一段 (或最后一部分)应简要复述一下主要研究结果及其重要性,陈述该研究如何推进了本领域的研究,但不要用完全相同的语言。要提及结果的新颖性和重要性,但再 说一次,不要夸大其词。如有必要可以提出进一步研究,如果本工作是初步研究则进一步研究可放在最后一句。若不是初步研究,就可以用明确的措施来总结本研究 的影响,但仍要注意不要夸大其词。。 示例 下图节选自《The Journal of Clinical Investigation》上一论文的讨论部分(doi:10.1172/JCI37622; 经同意转载)。其中显示了讨论部分的一些要素,其末尾是一个结论段落。 核对清单 1. 开始先复述研究问题,然后陈述主要结果。 2. 过去时叙述结果,现在时谈意义。 3. 将研究结果同现有文献作比较,陈述其意义。 4. 陈述所有结果的意义,不要忽略那些“不便提及”的内容。 5. 不要在“结果”部分简单重复其他部分已有的内容,不得引入新术语/报告新结果,或夸大其词。 6. 给出本研究的局限性和将来研究方向。 7. 结尾用明确的措辞陈述本研究的相关性和重要性。 英文原文 Discussion: what does it all mean? The discussion section of your manuscript is critically important. It is where you pull together all the ‘threads’ of evidence you have presented in the results in the context of the background you presented in the introduction. Unfortunately, many authors, particularly those from non-English-speaking countries, overlook the importance of this section considering it sufficient to merely present their results and allow the reader to draw their own conclusions. However, presenting your results without describing their implications leaves them open to interpretation and reduces the impact they could have. Journal editors want papers that will advance the field and generate an impact; therefore, use the discussion wisely to maximize the impact of your findings. A good discussion will begin by restating the study question and any hypotheses presented in the introduction. This should be followed by a summary of the major findings of your study so that it is immediately clear how you have advanced the field. Start with the most important or relevant finding and then move to progressively less important ones. However, do not yet discuss results that are perhaps controversial or difficult to explain. At this stage you only want to describe the major findings that directly answer the research question you set out in the introduction and/or those that directly relate to your hypotheses. Avoid making grand statements that are not supported by your data and/or overstating the importance of your findings. The word “suggests” is preferable to “shows”, and the word “proves” should never be used. Also, there should be minimal repetition with the results section, with only brief descriptions of the main findings required before launching into their implications. A mixture of tenses is required, with the past tense used to describe individual results and the results of previous studies, and the present tense used to describe their implications. The next part is the component of a discussion that is often overlooked and a frequent cause of rejection from journals. Having reiterated your initial question and major findings, you need to describe their relevance and significance. This is where you put your findings into the context of previously published literature and discuss their implications. This part forms the bulk of the discussion section, showing the reader (and importantly, the journal editor) what your findings actually mean in the light of the existing literature and how they relate to the efforts of others. All possible alternative interpretations of your study should be described and excluded (or at least shown to be unlikely) wherever possible. If alternative interpretations remain viable, the study is considered ‘incomplete’, or at least ongoing, and experiments to rule out the alternatives or determine which of the alternatives is correct should be described at the end of the discussion section as future research. Once the major findings have been put into context, any controversial or difficult to explain findings should be mentioned along with plausible explanations for them. It is perfectly OK to speculate here (but not too wildly), but it is absolutely essential that these findings, and any inconsistencies, are discussed and addressed rather than ignored. No new results or terms should be introduced in the discussion section; all findings should be described in the results section and relevant terms will all have been introduced in the introduction section. Finally, any limitations of the current study should be explained. Peer reviewers are likely to comment on such limitations anyway, so it is best to be ‘up front’ about them and state what they were; doing so might even improve your chances of a positive peer review and thereby shorten the time to publication. The fact that your study has certain limitations is not a problem in itself, and most studies have limitations of some sort. It is therefore important to acknowledge these and describe how they can be addressed in future research. For this reason, the description of limitations is usually followed by a description of future research. Some journals have a separate conclusions section, but even in those that don’t, the same content should be merged with the discussion and contained in the last paragraph. This final section/paragraph should briefly restate the key findings and their significance, describing how your study represents an advance in the field, but avoiding direct repetition. The novelty and significance of these findings should be mentioned, but again, it is important not to over-emphasize either of these. Future studies should be mentioned where relevant, and can be the subject of the final sentence if the current study is preliminary. If your study is not preliminary, end with a strong statement that summarizes the impact of the study without over-stating its importance. Example The figure below, showing excerpts from the discussion section of paper published in The Journal of Clinical Investigation (doi:10.1172/JCI37622; reproduced with permission), shows some of the important components of a discussion section and the concluding paragraph at the end. Checklist 1. Start by restating the problem/research question and then state the main findings of your study 2. Describe results in the past tense, but implications in the present tense 3. Put findings in the context of the existing literature to describe their implications 4. Describe the implications of all results obtained; do not ignore ‘inconvenient’ ones 5. Avoid repetition, introducing new terms or results, and making grand statements about the importance of your findings 6. Describe the limitations of your study and future directions for research in the field 7. End with a strong statement describing the relevance and significance of your study Dr Daniel McGowan 分子神经学博士 理文编辑学术总监
来源 1 http://emuch.net/bbs/viewthread.php?tid=3748553 1.StyleWriter (润色首推) 嵌入 word 使用。主要功能:检查拼写、语法等错误,润色文章。 本软件的诱人之处在于润色文章,可以有提示你对同义词做选择,让你的文章更地道。 http://www.editorsoftware.com/downloads/DWSWT.html 另外还有统计文章特征的功能,详见李泳老师的博文:从 Stylewriter 看英文写作 2.Triivi (检查首选) 英文输入软件,免费开源,具备词频调整、智能纠错,根据已经输入的字母猜出想写点词或短语,提高英文输入速度!标准版具有 50 万词汇量 , 专业词库 ( 约 20 万词汇 ). http://www.triivi.com/ 3.Intellicomplete( 推荐 ) 虽没有 triivi 专业词汇丰富,但定义性较强,且自定义语库方便,只需要一个快捷键 Ctrl+Alt+J 。 http://www.download.com/IntelliComplete/3000-2079_4-10062169.html 4.As-U-Type 是一款英文输入单词自动校正软件,根据软件自带的和自定义的校正词典,当你编辑文档输入的单词有误是,它会自动帮你校正。 此软件是在输入后按空格键后给出提示,没有实时提醒功能,这个很遗憾。 http://www.asutype.com/files/asutype-setup.exe 5.TypeTip 与 As-U-Type 功能雷同的辅助录入软件,具有实时提示及校正功能,但不能输入词组 phrase, 不过兼容性较好。 http://www.sharewareconnection.com/typetip.htm 6. 金山写作助手 金山词霸自带工具。编写英文文档时,常常会遭遇当前语境不知该用哪个单词的尴尬,这时你会怎么办?打开词霸查找一通?哦,那太麻烦了。其实最简单的方法,是快速按动两下 Alt 键。这时词霸将自动弹出一个特别设计的 “ 写作助手 ” 模块,试着输入一下中文词汇吧。看到了吗?软件将自动弹出一组与搜索词对应的英文单词,如果感觉片面的解释无法帮助判断,还可以继续输入一个 “ 分号 ” ,这时 “ 写作助手 ” 将会在翻译结果中自动加入精选例句。 7.Bullfighter 可用作微软 Word 和 PowerPoint 的插件 ( www.fightthebull.com/bullfighter.asp) ,不过它只能在 Windows 操作系统中运行。 Bullfighter 的目标是找到并且删除你文章中那些难懂的部分。 8.whitesomke, WriteExperss 虽然 WhiteSmoke 也向中国和印度的母语非英语者推销这款产品,但公司表示他们最大的目标客户群仍是那些想让自己的文笔变得典雅一些的以英语为母语者。 http://www.jz5u.com/Soft/teach/waiyu/13557.html 来源 2 http://emuch.net/bbs/viewthread.php?tid=3669411 各位虫友们,各位科研工作者们大家好,对于大家来说成果最后都是要通过文章来表现出来,为了让更多的人了解自己的成果,所以科研论文写作,尤其是外文科研论文的写作显得尤为重要。下面由我向大家推荐本版关于论文写作的一些优秀的帖子,其中包括中外大牛或大数据库机构对论文写作的经验和建议。 1 ,首先是国外的一些大牛们的宝贵的经验和建议,帖子如下: 【教程】大牛教你写论文(哈佛大学); http://emuch.net/bbs/viewthread.php?tid=3514631fpage=1 【素材】从科研到写作(国外教授教你如何写论文); http://emuch.net/bbs/viewthread.php?tid=3484927fpage=1 【课件】如何写科技论文(哈佛大学); http://emuch.net/bbs/viewthread.php?tid=3390211fpage=1 【素材】如何写论文(剑桥大学); http://emuch.net/bbs/viewthread.php?tid=3572060fpage=1 2 ,接下来是一些著名的论坛和数据库们的经验和建议,帖子如下: 【教程】 Secrets to Writing Better Scientific Articles ( ACP ); http://emuch.net/bbs/viewthread.php?tid=3665940fpage=1 【素材】 Paper 论文实用手册(上海交大 BBS ); http://emuch.net/bbs/viewthread.php?tid=3663948fpage=1 【课件】 Writing for Success ; http://emuch.net/bbs/viewthread.php?tid=3227958fpage=2 3 ,然后就是一些关于论文写作的分步解析和常见问题解析,帖子如下: 【课件】如何写好一篇 SCI 论文的题名 SCI 高被引论文题名分析; http://emuch.net/bbs/viewthread.php?tid=3437674fpage=1 【素材】科技论文写作分步解析; http://emuch.net/bbs/viewthread.php?tid=3538342fpage=1 【课件】论文常见问题及成因辨析; http://emuch.net/bbs/viewthread.php?tid=3637978fpage=2 4 ,然后就是关于英语写作和翻译方面的一些心得和建议,帖子如下: 【素材】科技英语翻译和写作; http://emuch.net/bbs/viewthread.php?tid=3568684fpage=1 【教程】中国人英文可以论文最容易犯的 200 个错误; http://emuch.net/bbs/viewthread.php?tid=1094989fpage=2 【素材】英文论文写作 - 很不错的; http://emuch.net/bbs/viewthread.php?tid=1651857fpage=2 【教程】英文文章的写作心得分享; http://emuch.net/bbs/viewthread.php?tid=3420259fpage=2 5 ,最后是一些英语论文写作的惯用句式句型和一个英语写作的润色软件,帖子如下: 【素材】写外文论文的一些惯用句式; http://emuch.net/bbs/viewthread.php?tid=3437640fpage=1 【素材】写英文论文常用句型; http://emuch.net/bbs/viewthread.php?tid=3482914fpage=2 【原创】强烈推荐一款英文润色软件 WhiteSmoke2010 带破解方法; http://emuch.net/bbs/viewthread.php?tid=2290563fpage=2 以上内容仅为个人推荐,想要获取更多更好的科研素材精华资源,请链接到下面的地址: http://emuch.net/bbs/forumdisplay.php?fid=300view=digest 。 来源 3 http://emuch.net/bbs/viewthread.php?tid=1329206fpage=1 小弟不才,迄今才撰写了三篇英文文章,但写作过程中也积累了一点经验,不敢敝帚自珍,今天也斗胆向各位虫友贡献一下。我这几篇文章,不论内容如何,但每次审稿人对于语言的评价都是还不错的, well written ,总结起来不外有三个小窍门: 一是平时多积累。我在日常读文献的时候,如果发现很好的句子句式,都会记录在一个文档里面,如下面的一段话,就是我在一篇文章的摘要中发现的: This paper describes the concept of sensor networks which has been made viable by the convergence of microelectro-mechanical systems technology, wireless communications and digital electronics. First, the sensing tasks and the potential sensor networks applications are explored, and a review of factors influencing the design of sensor networks is provided. Then, the communication architecture for sensor networks is outlined, and the algorithms and protocols developed for each layer in the literature are explored. Open research issues for the realization of sensor networks are also discussed. 文章用词忌重复,中文如此,英文亦然。特别是动词的使用,如在一段话中出现了几个相同的动词,感觉文章就跌价不少,而如果用了几个意思相近而又贴切的词,自然就会增色几分。如上文中的 describe , explore , provide , outline 和 discuss ,就使得文章有了文采,值得学习和收藏。坚持收集例句,素材多了,自然自己的造句的时候就有底子了。此外,还要注意,在收集例句的过程,随着例句的增多,也需要对例句进行整理和分类,方便学习和检索。 二是注意行文中 Transition words 的使用。 Transition words 就是在行文过程中,连接意义相关句子的词,如 Therefore , thus , in particular 等等。使用这些词,会使得文章连贯性好,逻辑性强,读起来一气呵成,自然会给审稿人好印象。下面是一个关于 Transition words 的一个总结,供各位虫友参考: Transitions Study Sheet Transitions for time: before, afterward, after, next, then, as soon as, later, until, when, finally, last, meanwhile, during, at times, sometimes, oftentimes Example: WWII broke out in Europe in 1939. During this time the United States remained neutral. It wasn’t until 1941, after Japan bombed Pearl Harbor, that the United States entered the war. After its entry, it was only a matter of time before the Allies defeated Germany and the Axis powers. Transitions for place: in the background, in the distance, beyond, behind, above, below, in front of, elsewhere, in the middle, to the left, to the right Example: My favorite painting is Botticelli’s Birth of Venus. In the middle of the painting stands Venus, the Roman goddess of love, standing on a seashell. She floats majestically above the beautiful water below her. To her left a figure representing wind blows fierce clouds of wind in her direction. To her right a figure behind her attempts to cover her with a blanket and protect her. It is a truly breath-taking piece of art. Transitions for examples: for example, for instance, as an example, like, specifically, consider as an illustration, that is, such as, similar, similarly Example: Oftentimes people who study from history fail to learn from the mistakes of the past. For example, during WWII Hitler decided to invade Russia just before wintertime. This decision was the same decision Napoleon made over a hundred years earlier, and Hitler’s army met a similar fate. Had he learned from his history, Hitler might have avoided making this costly mistake and the outcome for the war might have been different. For instance, if Hitler had decided to invade England by sea rather than Russia by land, he might well have won the war. Transitions for emphasis: chiefly, equally, indeed, even more important, in particular, most important, without a doubt, indubitably, unquestionably, definitely Example: Without a doubt, Chinese food is one of my favorite cuisines. Although I find Japanese and Thai food equally delicious at times, Chinese food is definitely my favorite Asian cuisine. In particular I enjoy the spicy Szechuan style of cooking commonly found in Chinese food. Transitions for restatement: in short, that is, in effect, in other words Example: When I asked my girlfriend to marry me she said, in effect, that she wouldn’t be ready for marriage until after she completed her PhD program. At first I was crushed, that is, I felt like she said no because she didn’t love me anymore. However, after she explained her reasons to me I felt better and agreed with her. In other words, I came away feeling better than I had anticipated. Transitions for comparison: similarly, likewise, also, the same as, different than, opposite, unlike, instead Example: When my older brother was deciding where to go to college he spoke to my father about where he should go. Not surprisingly he went to the same school my father did, MIT. When it was time for me to choose a college I did the exact opposite. I didn’t ask my father where I should go, and as a result, I didn’t also go to MIT like he and my brother did. Instead I went to UCLA. Transitions for concession: although, of course, admittedly, true, doubtless, granted that, no doubt, indubitably, without a doubt, definitely, certainly Example: Some people might be surprised to learn that the two most successful NBA teams of all-time are the Boston Celtics and the Los Angeles Lakers. Although neither of these teams is very good right now, they are the two teams with the most champions in NBA history. The Celtics definitely had the best streak of these two teams; winning eight championships in a row at one point. Admittedly there is always the chance that some future team could break this record, but this seems unlikely. Of course no one can predict the future with any certainty. Transitions for consequence: thus, so, then, it follows, as a result, therefore, hence, consequently, accordingly, because Example: I’m sorry, but I can’t let you turn in your homework late because it wouldn’t be fair to the other students. As a result your grade has dropped lower and you are now failing the class. Consequently you need to get 100% on the final so you can pass the class and then graduate from CAS. Therefore, I suggest you study very hard so I don’t have to fail you. Good luck! Transitions for conclusion: to sum up, in summary, finally, therefore, thus, in conclusion, to conclude Example: Finally, Beijing has a lot of nice places to shop that appeal to tourists. To sum up then, Beijing is a wonderful place to visit because it has beautiful parks and historical monuments, friendly people and lots of nice places to shop. Thus any travelers who are planning to come to China should definitely visit Beijing during their stay. Transitions for addition: furthermore, in addition, besides, next, first, second, moreover Example: UCLA is a wonderful university to attend as an undergraduate. First, it is respected academically and is well-known for its high standards of education. Furthermore, UCLA has a strong network of alumni who often recruit students to come work for them. Moreover students who do such work as undergraduates often receive jobs with these same companies once they graduate. In addition to these two benefits, UCLA also has exciting sports teams that are fun to watch. Besides, with so many good reasons to go to UCLA, why would you want to go anywhere else? 我的第三条经验就是句酷网站, www.jukuu.com ,一个专门找例句的网站,也许有些虫友也知道。我们写文章的时候,很自然会想到一些中文的表达方法,但是常常苦于找不到贴切的英文表达,查电子词典,往往凑出来的句子也是面目全非。句酷网站提供了一个很好的查找例句的渠道(不是广告奥,呵呵),你可以通过中英文关键字,找到很多例句。比如,我想说 “ 值得指出的是 ” ,在句酷里面查了一下,找到了如下几个句子: It is worth emphasizing that... it is worth pointing out that ... A point worth emphasizing is that... 感觉都还不错,都可以选用。更为关键的是,这些例句一般都会有出处,这样就可以根据例句内容和出处来选择比较地道的表述了。我的一个经验是,对于来自 cnki.net 的例句就得小心点,这些都是国内兄弟写的文章中的句子,常常不是很合适。 今天起得早,又睡不着,写这点东西,希望能对大家有一点点启发。上个月自己的第一篇 trans 的 minor revision 刚刚投出去,这些天一直在焦急的等待中,写点东西与大家分享,也顺便给自己祈祈福。第一次在小木虫写帖子,希望大家能喜欢,欢迎大家一起讨论,批评指正,谢谢!
早上看到一篇《 Nature 》地震报道,没看太懂,但是摘要有一句很惊人,先摘下来,以后慢慢看。 Traditional views based on elastic models, such as coseismic deformation being a mirror image of interseismic deformation, are being thoroughly revised. Abstract: Subduction zones produce the largest earthquakes. Over the past two decades, space geodesy has revolutionized our view of crustal deformation between consecutive earthquakes. The short time span of modern measurements necessitates comparative studies of subduction zones that are at different stages of the deformation cycle. Piecing together geodetic ‘snapshots’ from different subduction zones leads to a unifying picture in which the deformation is controlled by both the short-term (years) and long-term (decades and centuries) viscous behaviour of the mantle. Traditional views based on elastic models, such as coseismic deformation being a mirror image of interseismic deformation, are being thoroughly revised.
实时资料使用说明 1) 格点资料(GRIB格式) 数据内容:采用NCEP的实时格点资料,(1.0X1.0或2.5X2.5)网格,4月16日前的数据为16层,4月16日以后的数据为26层,主要的变量包括:TMP、HGT、UGRD、VGRD、RH、VVEL等。 文件名的组织方法 文件以gribyyyymmddhh格式来存放,其中yyyy为4位的年,mm为2位的月,dd为2位的日期,hh为2位的时次。wgrib.big目录用来存放(1.0X1.0)网格数据,wgrib目录用来存放(2.5X2.5)网格数据 2)台站资料(BUFR格式) 数据内容:包括全球的地面,高空,卫星观测报 文件的组织方法 文件以bufryyyymmddhh格式来存放,其中yyyy为4位的年,mm为2位的月,dd为2位的日期,hh为2位的时次。 wbufr目录用来存放台站数据 解码方法 A wgrib的使用(见附录) B 主页上的调用方法 联到 http://subnic1.iap.ac.cn:8888 ,利用填写选单的办法传取数据。 C 定制 对于特殊要求的用户或要大量解码的数据可以向信息中心说明所需的数据内容,由信息中心帮助进行解码。 D ebufr的使用(见附录) 附录 解码的参考文件和例子 wgrib v1.6.0 Wesley Ebisuzaki Portable Grib decoder "Wgrib" is a portable program to read grib files that were created by the NCEP/NCAR Reanalysis Project. Of course, the program is not restricted to Reanalysis files but Eugenia Kalnay is happy whenever she sees the phrase "NCEP/NCAR Reanalysis". The documentation for wgrib is spread over several files, readme, readme.dos, formats.txt, grib2ieee.txt, notice, porting.txt, tricks.wgrib and usertables.txt and changes. Running wgrib without any arguments displays a short help message. Portable Grib decoder for NCEP Operations etc. it slices, dices v1.6.0 prelim 2 (7-01-97) Wesley Ebisuzaki usage: ./wgrib Inventory/diagnostic output selection -s/-v/-V short inventory/verbose inventory/very verbose non-inventory (default) regular inventory Options for inventory/diagnostic output -PDS/-PDS10/-GDS/-GDS10 print PDS/GDS in hex/dec -verf print forecast verification time -4yr/-ncep_opn/-ncep_rean see documentation Decoding Grib selection -d dump record number -p dump record at byte position -i dump controlled by stdin (inventory list) (none) no decode .. inventory only Options for decoding Grib -text/-ieee/-bin/-grib dump to a text/ieee/bin/grib file -h/-nh dump will have headers (default)/no headers -H dump will include PDS and GDS (-bin/-ieee only) -append append to dump file -o output file name, 'dump' is default *** Standard Inventory *** WGRIB's first duty is create an inventory. This inventory also serves as an index file. Using the test file land.grb you should be able to enter: % wgrib land.grb Using NCEP reanalysis table, see -ncep_opn, -ncep_rean options 1:0:d=87010100:LAND:kpds5=81:kpds6=1:kpds7=0:TR=0:P1=0:P2=0:TimeU=1:sfc:anl:NAve=1 The first line indicates that wgrib couldn't figure out whether to use the reanalysis or operational grib tables. Since land.grb is from reanalysis, we should use the reanalysis tables. Trying again, we get % wgrib land.grb -ncep_rean 1:0:d=87010100:LAND:kpds5=81:kpds6=1:kpds7=0:TR=0:P1=0:P2=0:TimeU=1:sfc:anl:NAve=1 The inventory consists of several fields separated by colons. The contents of the fields are: 1. Record number 2. Position in bytes 3. Date (YYMMDDHH). 4. Parameter name (LAND=land/sea mask) 5. Indicator of parameter and units (grib PDS octet 9) 6. Type of level/layer (grib PDS octet 10) 7. Height, pressure, etc (grib PDS octets 11-12) 8. Time Range (grib PDS octet 21) 9. Period of time 1, (grib PDS octet 19) 10. Period of time 2, (grib PDS octet 20) 11. Forecast time unit (grib PDS octet 18) 12. level 13. anl=analysis, fcst=forecast 14. NAve (number of grids used to make average) *** Short Inventory *** The short inventory can be obtained using the -s option. This inventory is easier to read the the previous inventory and can also be used as an index file. %wgrib -s land.grb -ncep_rean 1:0:d=87010100:LAND:sfc:anl:NAve=1 1. Record number 2. Position in bytes 3. Date (YYMMDDHH). 4. Parameter name (LAND=land/sea mask) 6. Type of level/layer (grib PDS octet 10) 7. Forecasts, analysis, etc 8. For an average, the number of fields averaged together *** Verbose Inventory *** The small verbose inventory can be obtained using the -v option. This inventory can be used as an index file. % wgrib -v land.grb -ncep_rean 1:0:D=1987010100:LAND:kpds=81,1,0:sfc:anl:"Land-sea mask 1. Record number 2. Position in bytes 3. Date (YYYYMMDDHH). 4. Parameter name (LAND=land/sea mask) 5. KPDS5, KPDS6, KDPS7 (PDS Octets 9, 10, 11-12) 6. Type of level/layer (grib PDS octet 10) 7. Forecasts, analysis, etc 8. Description of parameter type *** Verbose Description *** The fourth type of file description can not be used as an index file. However, it is more human readable. It gives you information that is not normally available such as grid dimensions. Using the test file land.grb, you should be able to enter: %wgrib land.grb -V -ncep_rean rec 1:0:date 1987010100 LAND kpds5=81 kpds6=1 kpds7=0 levels=(0,0) grid=255 sfc anl: LAND=Land-sea mask timerange 0 P1 0 P2 0 TimeU 1 nx 192 ny 94 GDS grid 4 num_in_ave 1 missing 0 center 7 subcenter 0 process 80 Table 2 gaussian: lat 88.542000 to -88.542000 long 0.000000 to -1.875000 by 1.875000, (192 x 94) scan 0 bdsgrid 1 min/max data 0 1 num bits 4 BDS_Ref 0 DecScale 1 BinScale 0 The first line states the record 1 starts at byte position 0 the initial date is January 1, 1987 at 00Z the parameter is "LAND" (numeric code 81, PDS octet 9) with a level type 1 (kdps6=1, PDS octet 10) and value 0 (PDS octets 11-12) or levels(0,0) (PDS octet 11, PDS octet 12) with a user defined grid (grid=255) and it is a surface analysis The second line is a further description of the parameter type The third line describes timerange (PDS octet 21) P1 (PDS octet 19) P2 (PDS octet 20) TimeU (PDS octet 14) nx ny grid size as used by wgrib GDS grid (GDS octet 6) num_in_ave (PDS octet 22-23) number missing from average (PDS octet 24) The fourth line describes center (PDS octet 5) subcenter (PDS octet 26) process (PDS octet 6) parameter table version (PDS octet 4) The fifth and sixth lines describe the grid type The last line describes minimum and maximum values of the data the number of bits used to store the data the minimum value the decimal and binary scaling used Most of the information within this description will only make sense if you have a copy of the GRIB definition as reference. If you want to determine the contents of record N, try the command: %wgrib land.grib -V -d N This command also writes a binary dump of the record but it's quick. If you don't want a binary dump, try (on a UNIX machine), %wgrib land.grib -V -d N -o /dev/null *** Extracting Data *** The second major function of wgrib is to extract data from a grib file. The output can be binary, IEEE (big endian), grib and text. All output formats except grib can be written with or without a header. See FORMATS.TXT for more information. The '-append' option appends the extracted data and the '-o ' allows you to set the default output file which is normally "dump". Note: binary format with a header is often compatible with fortran code. Note: IEEE output is "big-endian". Note: writing in binary is faster than writing ieee. Note: using a binary format is faster, more precise and uses less disk space than the text format. Note: The standard NCEP convention is that the arrays are stored in fortran order starting from the north and 0E. The following data goes south and eastward. *** How to select data to be extracted *** 1) by record number wgrib land.grib -d 1 (extract first record) 2) by position wgrib land.grib -p 0 ( extract record starting at byte 0) 3) by (machine readable) inventory (UNIX/AMIGA/MS-DOS) wgrib land.grb | wgrib -i land.grb -o output.bin The third method is the most powerful one. Suppose you have a grib file with many different fields. You want to extract all the zonal winds (UGRD in NCEP files), you could type at a Unix machine: wgrib grib_file | grep ":UGRD:" | wgrib grib_file -i Suppose you want to extract the 500 mb U winds, then you could type at a Unix machine: wgrib grib_file -s | grep ":UGRD:" | grep ":500 mb:" | wgrib -i grib_file For more information on how to write ieee, binary, text and grib files see the file FORMATS.TXT. *** Some Output Formats *** Binary with a f77-style header Suppose you wish to convert all the 500 mb heights (HGT in NCEP files) to binary with a header. The following line would convert "infile" to "outfile". % wgrib -s infile | grep ":HGT:500 mb:" | wgrib -i infile -o outfile The "outfile" is often compatible with the fortran compiler. Binary with no header Suppose you wish to convert all the 500 mb heights (HGT) to binary with a NO header. The following line would convert "infile" to "outfile". % wgrib -s infile | grep ":HGT:500 mb:" | wgrib -i -nh infile -o outfile The "outfile" is often compatible with fortran direct-access I/O. Text Converting a grib file into a text file is slow (reading and writing), takes up much more disk space and can have less precision. Nevertheless it has its uses. % wgrib -s infile | grep ":HGT:500 mb:" | wgrib -i -text infile -o outfile IEEE Most workstations computers use big-endian IEEE as their binary format.For these machines, one should not use the -ieee option as it is slower and could lose some precision. However, the following line will create a big-endian IEEE with f77-style headers. % wgrib -s infile | grep ":HGT:500 mb:" | wgrib -i -ieee infile -o outfile Without headers, one would use % wgrib -s infile | grep ":HGT:500 mb:" | wgrib -i -nh -ieee infile -o outfile GRIB Suppose you have a large file with every variable imaginable. But you are a simple person with limited means. You only want the 500 mb heights and you have limited disk space. The following will extract the 500 mb heights as a grib file. % wgrib -s infile | grep ":HGT:500 mb:" | wgrib -i -grib infile -o outfile
【内容提要】依据对北京业主群体的抽样调查资料,可从四个维度对当前城市中产阶层的政治态度进行描述,并对“体制内中产阶层”和“体制外中产阶层”政治态度的差异进行比较。调查表明,当前城市中产阶层在政治态度上相对比较保守;但是,有相当一部分成员认为其政治地位低于其经济地位,其内部政治功效意识高于其外部功效意识;体制内中产阶层和体制外中产阶层在社会秩序偏好和社会地位不一致性认知方面存在显著差异。 【摘 要 题】政治文化与政治社会化 【英文摘要】Employing the data from a representative sample of home owners in Beijing, this article examines the political attitudes among the middle class in urban China from four dimensions and compares the political attitudes within the system and outside the system. The survey shows that the political attitudes among the middle class are quite conservative; however, a large number of the respondents believe their political statuses are lower than their own economic ones, and consider their internal political efficacy is higher than their external efficacy; the middle class within the system and outside the system have striking differences in their acknowledgement of the preference to social order and the status inconsistency. 【关 键 词】中产阶层/政治态度/政治功效意识 middle class/political attitudes/political efficacy 中图分类号:D693.71文献标识码:A文章编号:1009-8860(2010)06-0094-07 一、研究背景、目的与方法 关于中产阶层①政治性格及社会功能的探讨,最早可以追溯到古希腊时期。 (PP206-207)进入近现代以来,随着工业化和社会变迁的加速,新兴的中产阶级成为了政治和社会分析的一个重要主题。当代著名社会学家米尔斯认为,美国的新中产阶级从整体上来看具有“政治后卫”与“消费前卫”的特征。 (PP326-327)亨廷顿则强调指出,“在大多数处于现代化的社会里,真正的革命阶级当然是中产阶级。此乃城市中反政府力量的主要源泉。正是这个集团的政治态度和价值观支配着城市的政治” (PP263-264)。 随着现代化的发展和社会结构的急剧变迁,中国新兴的中产阶层也开始引起了学术界的广泛关注。陈捷和布鲁斯·迪克森指出,从总体来看,中国中产阶级倾向于支持现有的政治体系,民主价值观、生活满意度、政府政策绩效以及对官员腐败程度的评估这四个指标直接影响到民营企业家对现有政治结构的评价。 (PP 780-784)李春玲发现,新中产阶级对于政治民主则表现出一种矛盾的心态:“一方面,他们普遍赞赏西方的政治民主体制……另外一方面,较少有人认为中国需要立即推行西方的民主制度。” 与陈捷和李春玲的观点不同,张翼认为,与其他各阶级阶层相比,中产阶层的社会批判意识渐趋显化,其政治态度也并不保守,而在中产阶层内部,“新中产阶级”比“老中产阶级”更具“社会改造”的风险。 李路路和李升区分了两种类型的中产阶级,即“内源中产阶级”和“外源中产阶级”,他们认为,前者在政治意识和消费意识方面相对保守,而后者在政治意识上会较为激进,在消费意识上也会较为前卫。 上述文献为我们认识中产阶层的政治态度提供了启发,然而现有研究存在如下两方面不足:其一,在进行操作化测量时,有些研究者选取的指标并不能对政治态度这一核心概念进行有效测量。例如“对社会公平程度的评价”、“个人生活感受”、“安全感”等指标可以用于对政治态度进行解释,但是其本身并不能直接用于测量政治态度。其二,各项研究之间的操作化指标缺乏比较和积累,从而使研究结论缺乏足够可比性。 本文将以对北京业主群体的实证调查资料为基础,系统分析当前城市中产阶层政治态度的基本特征,并探讨体制内中产阶层和体制外中产阶层在政治态度上的异同,从而深化中国学术界关于中产阶层的研究。首先,在借鉴现有操作化指标的基础上,本文选择如下四个方面的指标对中产阶层的政治态度进行测量:(1)关于个人自由与社会秩序的看法;(2)关于政治发展路径的看法;(3)关于地位不一致性的评价;(4)政治效能感。 其次,笔者选择商品住宅社区的业主进行问卷调查,以便从一个侧面了解中产阶层的政治态度。如何界定中产阶层,学术界尚未取得完全一致的意见。大体而言,客观指标包括收入水平、资产占有量、消费水准、受教育程度、权力等等;而主观指标则包括他人的认定和自我的认同两个维度。 本文将居住在商品住宅之中的业主群体作为北京中产阶层的典型代表,有三个方面的依据:其一,在当前中国,拥有舒适宽敞的住房,被认为是中产阶级最重要的身份标志 ;其二,从职业来看,94.2%的被调查者主要从事非体力劳动,具有中产阶级的典型特征;其三,从自我认同来看,高达83%的业主自认为是属于中产阶层,这说明我们所界定的中产阶层与其自身的阶层认同具有高度的相关性。② 对北京业主群体进行调查之时,采取了两阶段抽样方法。第一阶段,我们依据社区规模、建设年限和住宅类型三个因素,采取配额抽样的方法成功抽取了23个小区;第二阶段,进入小区以后,我们采取随机抽样方法抽取业主进行调查。问卷调查于2008年7月进行,8-9月进行问卷复查、录入和补充调查工作。共发放问卷693份,回收问卷622份,其中有效问卷606份,有效回收率占发放问卷总数的87.4%。问卷回收后,我们先用Excel录入数据,然后使用SPSS统计软件进行统计分析。 二、当前城市中产阶层的政治态度 1.关于个人自由与社会秩序的看法 依据对北京业主群体的调查,在提及“集会游行容易造成社会混乱和影响社会稳定”这一说法时,表示“同意”和“说不清”的,高达61.7%,只有38.7%的被调查者表示“不同意”;在提及“成立各种非政府组织会破坏社会和谐”这一说法时,表示“同意”和“说不清”的高达54.3%,只有45.7%的被调查者不同意这一说法;在提及“政府领导人就像一家之长”时,表示“同意”和“说不清”的占52.4%,表示“不同意”的占47.6%(参见表1左栏数据)。 调查问卷还设计了这么一道问题:“有人担心个人自由较多就容易破坏社会秩序,另一些人认为只有个人可以自由发展,社会才能充满活力。您更同意哪种说法?”调查结果显示,高达61.9%的被调查者表示社会秩序是最重要的,而只有12.5%的被调查者表示个人自由是最重要的,此外,有22.8%的被调查者选择“说不清”。 由此可见,从总体上来看,当前中产阶层在对个人自由和社会秩序的关系进行评价时,更加强调社会秩序和社会稳定的重要性,而将个人自由置于次要考虑的位置。 在涉及到个人自由与社会秩序关系的三个指标上,我们的调查问卷和陈捷等人的调查问卷完全一致,而调查结论也与陈捷等人的研究发现大体相同。在2006下半年至2007年上半年,陈捷和迪克森组织的课题组对山东、江苏、浙江、福建和广东的民营企业家进行了抽样调查,分别列举了A1—A3所示三种表述,请被访者进行选择。回收的有效问卷中,明确表示“不同意”这三种说法的分别占17.3%、31.9%、39.9%(参见表1右栏数据)。由此可见,无论是北京商品房住宅的业主群体,还是东南沿海五省的民营企业家,他们都优先强调社会秩序,而非个人自由;不过,东南沿海的民营企业家群体更加强调社会秩序和社会稳定的价值,其中的原因可能在于,民营企业家所从事的生产经营活动更加依赖于稳定的社会环境。 2.关于政治发展路径的看法 依据对北京业主群体的调查,在提及“党政一元化领导有利于我国经济、社会、政治的发展,最适合中国的国情”这一说法时,表示“同意”和“说不清”的,高达80.0%,只有20.0%的被调查者表示“不同意”;在提及“一个国家如果有几个政党竞争参政,会导致政治混乱”这一说法时,表示“同意”和“说不清”的高达61.3%,而有38.7%的被调查者不同意这一说法;在提及“各级政府的主要领导人应以差额选举的方式选出”时,表示“同意”的比率占60.4%,而表示“不同意”和“说不清”者占39.6%(参见表2左栏数据)。 表2数据还显示,在涉及到政治发展路径的三个指标上,我们的调查结论也与陈捷等人的研究发现完全一致。陈捷和迪克森请被访的民营企业家分别对B1—B3所示三种表述进行选择,表示“不同意”B1和B2两种说法的分别占13.2%、28.4%,而同意B3说法者高达80.4%(参见表2右栏数据)。 在对北京业主进行调查时,我们还请被访者评估了经济发展和民主发展的优先性问题。有38.1%的被调查者表示经济发展更重要,而有31.0%的被调查者表示民主发展更重要,此外,有27.2%的被调查者选择“说不清”。尽管有超过三成的被调查者将民主发展置于优先选择,将经济发展作为优先选择的业主仍然占主导地位。 北京的多数被调查者并不认为素质是制约选举发展的因素。在提及“中国人素质不高,搞不了选举”之时,有高达52.7%的被调查者明确表达了反对意见,赞成者只有13.7%;在提及“竞选只会把秩序搞乱”之时,有44.4%的被调查者表示不同意,而同意者只占13.4%。 综合以上数据,大致可以得到如下初步结论,即在现有政治制度框架内,增强选举的竞争性,逐步扩大参与,是广大中产阶层比较赞同的政治发展路径。 3.关于地位不一致性的认知 地位不一致性这一范畴,来源于社会学的多元分层理论。依据马克斯·韦伯开创的分层研究传统,可以依据财富、声望与权力等标准对个人的阶层归属进行划分。然而,这并不意味着个人在这三个分层维度之间具有相同的位置,不同维度、不同类型的地位之间完全地相互对等并不是恒常的现象,这样就出现了地位不一致的问题。著名的社会学家伦斯基和戈夫曼都对地位不一致的社会政治效应进行了探讨。 (PP405-413)(PP275-281)伦斯基指出,地位不一致者可能会在社会运动中充当领导者;一个充满地位不一致的社会是不稳定的,会产生使其变动的压力;而戈夫曼认为,地位不一致性与社会中改变权力分配的倾向相关,地位不一致者表现出比地位一致者更大的变动偏好。 在对北京业主进行调查时,我们分别询问了他们对自身经济地位的认同和对自身政治地位的认同,从而测算了业主群体对自身政治地位和经济地位不一致性的主观认知(参见表3数据)。 表3显示,在被调查者中,有超过一半的人(52.5%)认为其经济地位和政治地位完全一致,甚至有5.9%的被调查者认为,其政治地位高于经济地位;与此同时,接近四成的被访者(37.5%)表示,其政治地位低于其经济地位。 根据进一步的分析,我们得到如下发现:(1)认为其政治地位低于其经济地位的业主,对于经济发展的偏好,以及对社会秩序的偏好与其他业主没有显著差异;(2)在衡量个人自由与社会秩序关系的三个指标上,他们更多地赞同依法游行示威表达诉求,更加赞同通过成立社会组织来表达诉求,更多地反对家长式的决策模式;(3)在关于政治发展路径的三个指标上,认为经济地位低于政治地位的这部分业主更多地赞成增强选举的竞争性,更多认为现有政治领导选举机制具有改革的空间。这表明,自认为政治地位低于经济地位的这部分中产者,可能是政治体制改革的积极推动者。 4.政治功效意识 政治功效意识(political efficacy)是指“个人认为其政治行为对整个政治过程具有影响力的一种感受” (P107)。政治功效意识是预测公众政治参与模式的一个重要指标,也是民众评价政府和评价本身政治能力的一个重要依据。政治功效意识的高低,会直接或间接影响民众参与政治事务的意愿,也会影响政治运作的合法性。从这个意义上说,政治功效意识已经成为了当代民主理论中的一个重要概念。有研究者指出,在“民众政治态度的研究上,政治功效意识是仅次于政党认同而被广泛研究的一个主题” 。 在问卷调查之中,涉及到政治功效意识的有如下指标: D1我觉得自己很有能力参与政治; D2政治太复杂了,我们老百姓实在搞不懂; D3现在像我这样的人也可以影响到政府的决策; D4进一步推动政治体制改革,主要是党和政府的责任,而不是老百姓; D5如果可以自荐竞选的话,我觉得自己有能力当选人大代表。 调查数据显示,业主群体的政治功效意识从整体上处于比较低的水平,在对C1—C5所列五个陈述进行评价时,高政治功效意识者所占比率分别为26.9%、33.6%、17.3%、43.6%和26.0%。 笔者所在课题组在2006年12月至2007年1月曾经对北京城区917名居民的被调查者进行调查,有四个测量指标与2008年度业主调查的测量指标完全一致。由表4可知,在测量政治功效意识的主要指标上,北京业主群体和北京城区居民之间没有显著差异,这就是说,业主对自身政治参与能力的评估,以及业主对政府回应公民需求的预期,与普通北京市民无显著差异。而在自荐竞选人大代表的能力这一指标上,业主群体的评估还显著低于普通市民,其中可能有两个原因:其一是,业主之中有高达27.5%的被调查者不具有北京户籍,他们以外地选民身份来竞选基层人大代表,具有诸多制度上的障碍,而且,他们在北京所具有可调动的资源也相对比较有限;其二是,有部分小区的业主在2003年和2006年曾经以自荐候选人的身份参选人大代表选举,但是成功率非常低,这使他们对自己竞选成功的预期相对比较低。 政治功效意识有两个维度的区分,一个维度是内在政治功效意识,主要是指个人对自我认知、理解和参与政治的能力的评估;另一个维度是外在政治功效意识,主要是指个人对政府回应公民的诉求的能力的认知和感觉。依据这种区分,我们可以识别出四种类型的政治行动者:(1)低内在功效意识,低外在功效意识;(2)低内在功效意识,高外在功效意识;(3)高内在功效意识,低外在功效意识;(4)高内在功效意识,高外在功效意识。依据调查数据,我们可以得到表5: 依据表5数据,我们可以大致得出如下判断:(1)中产阶层中的多数成员是典型的政治疏远者,他们对于自我的政治参与能力和政府回应政治参与的能力的评价都比较低。从政治参与能力和政治任职能力两个维度来看,有超过60%的被访者为政治疏远者,而从政治理解能力和政治使命感维度来看,大约50%的被访者为政治疏远者;(2)对内在功效意识和外在功效意识的评价都比较高的业主,所占比例也比较低,无论依据哪个维度进行测算,均低于10%。换言之,在中产阶层中,现有政治模式的坚定支持者所占比率相对比较低;(3)中产阶层中,有一部分成员对自己参与政治的能力评价比较高,而对政府回应政治参与的能力评价比较低,依据四种维度进行测算,这部分人的规模大约在15%-35%之间。 三、两类中产阶层政治态度之比较 当前中国中产阶层并不是一个同质性的群体,不同类型的中产阶层在社会历程上存在较大差异,其生活境遇也各不相同。李路路和李升依据“再分配-市场”的二元分析框架,将中产阶级区分为“内源中产阶级”和“外生中产阶级”,前者是指在国有部门中的管理、技术和事务人员,而后者是指在非国有部门中的管理、技术和事务人员以及私营企业家。 这种区分方式对于揭示中产阶层政治态度的复杂性具有重要意义。 借用李路路和李升的分析框架,本文以被访者工作单位的类型为依据,将中产阶层区分为“体制内中产阶层”和“体制外中产阶层”,前者是指在党政机关、事业单位、国有企业以及集体企业工作的业主,约占57.8%;后者主要是指在民营企业、外资企业和个体工商企业工作的业主,约占42.2%。表6数据展现了两种类型的中产阶层在政治态度各主要指标上的异同。 依据表6数据,可以得到如下判断: 第一,在对个人自由和社会秩序的关系进行评价时,体制内中产阶层和体制外中产阶层存在显著差异。体制内中产阶层更加强调社会秩序的重要性,相对而言,体制外中产阶层将个人自由置于比较优先考虑的位置。 第二,在对地位不一致性的认知上,体制内中产阶层和体制外中产阶层也存在显著差异。在体制内中产阶层中,高达61.2%的人认为“政治地位和经济地位一致”,认为“政治地位低于经济地位”的只占31.3%;而在体制外中产阶层中,认为“政治地位和经济地位一致”的只占45.9%,认为“政治地位低于经济地位”的占49.6%。换言之,体制外中产阶层更多体认到地位不一致性。 第三,在衡量政治功效意识的主要指标上,体制内中产阶层和体制外中产阶层并不存在显著差异。 第四,在就政治发展路径发表意见时,体制内中产阶层和体制外中产阶层也不存在显著差异。换言之,两者都赞成在现有政治制度框架内,通过逐渐增强选举的竞争性和逐步扩大参与来推进政治发展。一个非常值得关注的现象是,体制内中产阶层更加赞成“政府主要领导人应该以差额选举的方式选出”,对这一说法表示“同意”的占64.4%;而体制外中产阶层中,这一说法的赞同率只有54.9%。体制内的中产阶层更加赞成差额选举,这一现象可能与近年来党内民主建设和公推直选试点的广泛开展有关,其具体原因还有待进一步的研究。 四、总结与讨论 依据对北京商品住宅社区业主群体的抽样调查资料,本文从四个维度对当前城市中产阶层的政治态度进行了描述,并对“体制内中产阶层”和“体制外中产阶层”政治态度的差异进行了比较。现将有关发现强调如下: 1.当前城市中产阶层是一个在政治态度上比较保守的群体。从总体上来说,他们对社会秩序的追求优先于个人自由的追求,他们对发展经济的渴望甚于发展民主的偏好;超过一半的被调查者认为其政治地位和经济地位基本一致;依据多个指标的衡量,中产阶层在政治功效意识上与普通的北京市民没有显著差异;在发展民主的路径上,他们更加赞成在现有的制度框架内增加选举的竞争性。这些结论与陈捷、李春玲的调查发现基本吻合,而与张翼的判断存在一些差异。 作为一个还在成长的阶层,北京的中产阶层所显现的这种保守性格,可能与以下四个因素有关:第一,作为中国最重要的政治中心和经济中心城市,北京的中产阶级形成了相对比较大的规模;第二,由于地处首善之区,基层行政机构的财政资源相对比较丰富,中产阶层合法权益受侵害的可能性相对比较少,即使受到侵害,北京的中产阶层捍卫权益的渠道相对比较多;第三,现在的中产阶层多为第一代中产,大多数人是从一个普通城市居民或者农村居民变成了中产阶层的一员,其社会地位实际上是有所上升,而相对剥夺感不是很强烈;第四,本文以拥有房产作为界定中产的标志,事实上没有将一些无房产的“准中产”纳入考察范围,有些“准中产”无论是从职业性质来看,还是收入层次来看,也是典型的中产者,他们的政治态度如何,有待深入研究。 2.城市中产阶层的保守性是有条件和限度的。调查显示,在城市新兴的中产阶层中,有超过30%的成员认为其政治地位低于其经济地位,大约15%-35%的成员认为其自身具有比较强的政治参与能力,但是其诉求没有得到政府的有效回应。这种社会地位认知的不一致性,以及内在政治功效意识和外在功效意识的不对称性,在事实上已经成为了中产阶层参与集体行动、积极表达利益诉求的基本动力。在2003年和2006年深圳、北京区县人大代表换届选举过程之中,在2007年厦门PX项目选址过程中,以及2008年上海磁悬浮规划所引发的散步事件中,部分业主通过和平有序的方式积极、理性而有效地表达其诉求,便是典型案例。在这些案例中,中产阶层集体行动的目标都有明确的经济利益取向,均属于低政治化的行动。由于“大众抗议式的集体行动的发生频率在中国都市环境中有日益增长的趋势” ,如何通过优化基层治理结构,引导广大市民更为有序地表达其利益要求,更为有效地吸纳其合理诉求,从而维护社会的长期稳定和可持续发展,无疑具有时间紧迫性。 注释: ①在当前中国的学术语境中,多数学者所使用“中产阶层”一词,大致等同于西方学者所使用的“中产阶级”(middle class)。本文在多数表述中均使用中产阶层,而在引述他人文献时,则遵照原文表述,使用中产阶级。 ②中国社会科学院“北京中产阶级调查”课题组在2007年进行的另外一项调查,也是先抽取15个中高档商品房社区,然后进入社区进行随机抽样,共完成450个样本。参见参考文献 。 【参考文献】 亚里士多德.政治学 .吴寿彭译.北京:商务印书馆,1965. 米尔斯.白领——美国的中产阶级 .杨小东译.杭州:浙江人民出版社,1987. 亨廷顿.变化社会中的政治秩序 .王冠华等译,三联书店,1989. Chen, Jie Bruce J. Dickson. 2008. "Allies of the State: Democratic Support and Regime Support among China's Private Entrepreneurs," The China Quarterly, 196. 李春玲.中国中产阶级的增长及其现状 .江苏社会科学,2008,(5). 张翼.当前中国中产阶层的政治态度 .中国社会科学,2008,(2). 李路路,李升.“殊途异类”:当代中国城镇中产阶级的类型化分析 .社会学研究,2007,(6). 李培林,张翼.中国中产阶级的规模、认同和社会态度 .社会,2008,(2). Lenski, Gerhard E.1954. "Status Crystallization: A Non-Vertical Dimension of Social Status." American Sociological Review 19. Goffman, Irving W. 1957. "Status Consistency and Preference for Change in Power Distribution". American Sociological Review 22. Campbell, Angus, Gerald Gurin, and Warren E. Miller. 1954. The Voter Decides. Evanston, IL: Row Peterson. 王靖兴,王德育.台湾民众的政治参与对其政治功效意识之影响:以2004年总统选举为例 .台湾政治学刊,2007,11(1). 刘能.怨恨解释、动员结构和理性选择——有关中国都市地区集体行动发生可能性的分析 .开放时代,2004,(4). 【作 者】孙龙 原文见 http://theory.gmw.cn/2011-11/07/content_2924029.htm
转自 http://bbs.sciencenet.cn/forum.php?mod=viewthreadtid=104493extra=page%3D5ordertype=1 大气数据 名称: NASA's Global Change Master Directory (GCMD) 链接: http://gcmd.nasa.gov/index.html 描述: 提供超过15,000个地球科学数据库的分类及搜索服务,内容涉及农业,大气,生物 ,气候,冰雪,人类活动,水文,地表,海洋,地质,古气候,遥感,太阳活动等多个方 面。 添加时间:2005年12月28日 名称: the National Climatic Data Center website (NCDC) 链接: http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/oa/ncdc.html 描述: 美国国家气候数据中心,提供美国和全球气候数据集,但主要针对美国国内。该中 心的资料广泛用于农业,空气质量,建筑,教育,能源,工程,林业,卫生,保险,园林 设计,畜牧,制造业,休闲旅游,零售,运输,水资源管理等方面。关于数据产品的介绍 见 http://www5.ncdc.noaa.gov/cgi-bin/script/webcat.pl?action=ALL 。 状态: 少部分数据可免费使用。 添加时间:2006年1月12日 名称: European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) Data Server 链接: http://data.ecmwf.int/data/ 描述: 主要提供15年(ERA-15)和40年(ERA-40)两种再分析资料。ERA-15覆盖时间从19 78年12月至1994年2月,模式采用 T106L31谱模式,同化方法采用优化插值。ERA-40覆盖时 间从1957年9月至2002年8月,模式采用T159L60谱模式,使用三维变分同化技术。两种资料 提供grib和netcdf两种数据格式。 状态: 填上使用协议后可免费下载。 添加时间:2005年12 月28日 名称: NOAA Climate Diagnostics Center (CDC) 链接: http://www.cdc.noaa.gov/index.html 描述: CDC提供了大约25种气候数据集,数据集的描述见 http://www.cdc.noaa.gov/Publi cData/data_descriptions.html。较为常用的有NCEP/NCAR再分析资料,覆盖时间1948年至 今。 状态: 可免费从ftp下载。 添加时间:2005年12月 28日 名称: Unisys weather Hurricane/Tropical Data 链接: http://weather.unisys.com/hurricane/ 描述: Unisys 是一家为商务活动提供解决方案的机构,该机构网站提供了大西洋,东太平 洋,西太平洋,南太平洋,南印度洋,北印度洋上的及时和历史的热带气旋最佳路径资料 。 状态: 可免费下载。 添加时间:2005年12月28日 名称: 中国科学院大气数据服务 链接: 描述: 维护ds083.2分析资料。该资料从1999年9月15日开始至今,每天4次,水平分辨率为 1.0x1.0 度,为grib格式,可用于数值模拟初始场。 状态: 可下载 添加时间:2005年12月28日 名称: CISL's Research Data Archive,NCAR 链接: http://dss.ucar.edu 描述: 维护有大气,海洋,地球物理,水文,格点分析资料以及MM5模式输入数据,所有数 据的介绍见 http://dss.ucar.edu/catalogs/summaries.html 。 状态: 部分数据集可免费使用 添加时间:2005年1月7日 名称: IPCC Model Output 链接: 描述: 各种大气数值模式试验得到的数据 状态: 数据集可免费使用 添加时间:2005年1月14日 名称:The Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) 链接: http://daac.gsfc.nasa.gov/MODIS/index.shtml 描述:The Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) is the key inst rument aboard the Terra and Aqua satellites. It is an optical scanner that vie ws the Earth in 36 channels with spatial resolution ranging from 250 meters to 1 kilometer. MODIS yields unique amounts and quality of data on the the three spheres that human life depend on: Land, Oceans, and Atmosphere. 状态:可在 http://g0dup05u.ecs.nasa.gov /Giovanni/网址上画图和下载MODIS数据产品 。 添加时间:2006年8月4日 名称:GFDL's Data Portal 链接: http://nomads.gfdl.noaa.gov/dods-data/ 描述:Model output and documentation from a set of multi-century experiments pe rformed using GFDL's CM2.0 and CM2.1 models. 添加时间:2006年11月31日 数值模式 名称: Program for Climate Model Diagnosis and Intercomparison (PCMDI) 链接: http://www-pcmdi.llnl.gov/index.php 描述: PCMDI由美国国家能源部的气候变化研究机构于1989年创立。 任务: PCMDI的任务是为诊断和比较大气环流模式对气候的模拟提供方法和工具。 添加时间:2005年1月14日 名称: Red Ibérica para la investigación 链接: http://redibericamm5.uib.es/ 描述: MM5模式的后处理程序集合,非常有用。 状态: 有详细的说明文档和程序下载。 添加时间:2006年9月14日 名称: SOO/STRC WRF Environmental Modeling System 链接: http://strc.comet.ucar.edu/wrf/index.htm 描述: The SOO/STRC WRF EMS is a complete, full-physics, numerical weather pred iction (NWP) package that incorporates dynamical cores from both the National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) Advanced Research WRF (ARW) and the Nat ional Center for Environmental Predictions' (NCEP) Non-hydrostatic Mesoscale M odel (NMM-WRF) releases into a single end-to-end forecasting system. Nearly al l the capabilities of the individual NCEP and NCAR packages are retained withi n the STRC EMS; however, installation, configuration, and running of the NCEP and NCAR versions has been greatly simplified to encourage its use by NWS fore cast offices and the University community. No compilers are necessary as stati cally-linked x32 and x64 binaries are provided for both distributed and shared memory Linux systems. The SOO/STRC WRF EMS is easy to run on most Linux works tations; it should be possible for those with limited modeling experience to h ave the system installed and running in less than 1 hour. 状态: 需要索取DVD 添加时间:2007年1月4日 名称: storm laboratory 链接: http://www.stormlab.net/ 描述: MeteOS 2007 is a tool to run the WRF weather model under Windows. It use s the VMware Player. In a few minutes you will be able to run WRF for your are a and produce forecast weather maps. 状态: 可以下载试用 添加时间:2007年1月4日 名称: National Evironmental Satellite, Data, and Information Service (NESDIS) 链接: http://www.nesdis.noaa.gov/ 描述: NEDIS 是美国NOAA国家卫星资料中心,拥有四套卫星系统:GOES,POES,DMSP,NP OESS。其两颗静止卫星在距地球 22,450英里处,追踪灾害性天气和太阳活动。450英里处两 颗极轨环绕地球,观测大气风场和温度,为运行预报模式准备,此外还观测海温用于气候 研究。详细产品见 http://www.nesdis.noaa.gov/About/onepagers/onepagers.html 状态: 提供丰富的卫星图像 添加时间:2006年1月12日 名称: NEDIS Operational Significant Event Imagery (OSEI) 链接: http://www.osei.noaa.gov/ 描述: 提供灾害性天气事件的卫星图像,包括沙尘,火灾,水涝,冰盖,风暴,热带气旋 ,火山等。 状态: 提供全球的卫星图像 添加时间:2006年1月12日 名称: Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) 链接: http://trmm.gsfc.nasa.gov/ 描述: TRMM卫星用于监测和研究热带降水 状态: 提供卫星资料 添加时间:2006年1月12日 名称: Global Land Cover Facility (GLCF) 链接: http://glcf.umiacs.umd.edu/index.shtml 描述: The Global Land Cover Facility is a research center focusing on the inve stigation of land cover dynamics and the development and distribution of produ cts that explain aspects of land cover and land cover change. 提供高精度的海拔 高度遥感数据. 状态: 可免费下载. 添加时间: 2006年12月17日 软件及数值计算包 名称: Unidata 链接: http://www.unidata.ucar.edu 描述: Unidata由UCAR(University Corporation for Atmospheric Research)管理,并 由美国国家自然科学基金资助,主要提供地球科学数据管理,分析以及可视化研究和软件 。提供了现在通用的netCDF数据格式标准,以及多种分析软件,对于地球科学数据网上管 理提供了解决方案。 状态: 提供所有的应用软件 添加时间:2006年1月6日 名称: PCMDI Software Portal 链接: http://www-pcmdi.llnl.gov/software-portal 描述: PCMDI开发和维护几种用于气候研究的软件包。最常用的基于python语言的CDAT (C limate Data Analysis Tools) 软件包,有数据分析,制图等强大功能。 状态: 提供所有的应用软件 添加时间:2006年1月12日 名称: A Library of IDL Programs (Stone) 链接: http://www-atm.physics.ox.ac.uk/Fuser/stoned/Fidl_lib/Fidl_lib.html 描述: The IDL routines available from this page of the University of Oxford Cl imate Dynamics Group are free for non-commercial use. 状态: 提供所有的应用软件 添加时间:2006年2月23日 名称: U of W Astronomy IDL Page 链接: http://www.astro.washington.edu/deutsch/idl 描述: This site makes available a few contributions from people at this depart ment, provides a few links to other stuff on the Web, and also provides a simp le search engine for many public domain libraries. 状态: 提供所有的应用软件 添加时间:2006年2月23日 教育及研究机构 名称: the Glossary of Meteorology 链接: http://amsglossary.allenpress.com/glossary 描述: Containing 7900 terms, more than 10,000 copies have been sold over four decades through five printings. 添加时间:2006年1月20日 名称:American Meteorological Society 链接: http://www.ametsoc.org/ 描述:The American Meteorological Society promotes the development and issemina tion of information and education on the atmospheric and related oceanic and h ydrologic sciences and the advancement of their professional applications. Fou nded in 1919, AMS has a membership of more than 11,000 professionals, professo rs, students, and weather enthusiasts. AMS publishes nine atmospheric and rela ted oceanic and hydrologic journals — in print and online — sponsors more th an 12 conferences annually, and offers numerous programs and services. 添加时间:2006年4月25日 名称: MathWorld 链接: http://mathworld.wolfram.com/ 描述: the web's most extensive mathematics resources 添加时间:2006年1月20日 名称: Meteorology Education amp; Training 链接: http://meted.ucar.edu 描述: 提供气象专业方面的网上教育和培训课程 状态: 提供网上课程资料 添加时间:2006年1月6日 名称: the National center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) 链接: http://www.ncar.ucar.edu 描述: 为大气和地球科学研究人员提供工具(如飞机,雷达),技术和协助,包括超级计 算机,数值模式和用户指导。 任务: 研究任务包括大气化学,气候,天气,太阳和地球相互作用,计算机技术创新和人 类与天气气候的相互影响。 添加时间:2006年1月7日 名称: the University Corporation for Atmospheric Research (UCAR) 链接: http://www.ucar.edu 描述: 成立于1960年,属于北美非盈利性的大学联盟协定团体,主要专注于大气以及相关 学科。 任务: 支持和加强大学之间的国家以及国际间的交流合作,研究大气科学和相关领域,以 及推动大气科学的普及。 添加时间:2006年1月7日 名称: UCAR Office of Programs (UOP) 链接: http://www.uop.ucar.edu 描述: 通过大气科学以及相关领域的项目和计划,加强大气科学教育和研究水平。 任务: 帮组组织科学研究计划,支持地球和大气的卫星观测,提供实时的天气数据,管理 博士后学位,联系大学和业务预报部门,培训最新气象研究领域的人员。 添加时间:2006年1月7日 名称: Department of atmosphere sciences college of geoscience, Texas Aamp;M Unive rsity 链接: http://www.met.tamu.edu/courses 描述: Texas Aamp;M 大学大气科学系开设的大气科学课程,涉及大气动力,雷达,气候,数 值预报等本科以及研究生课程。 状态: 部分课程的讲稿可以下载。 添加时间:2006年1月7日 名称: Scientific Committee on Problems of the Environment 链接: www.icsu-scope.org 描述: An interdisciplinary body of natural and social science expertise focuse d on global environmental issues, operating at the interface between scientifi c and decision-making instances. A worldwide network of scientists and scienti fic institutions developing syntheses and reviews of scientific knowledge on c urrent or potential environmental issues. 添加时间:2006年2月22日 名称:Institute of Computer Science, Tues, Russian 链接: http://ics.org.ru/ 描述:The main goals of ICS's research are: 1. the development of software syst ems for solving both practical and theoretical problems in the theory of dynam ical systems and 2. numerical and analytical exploration of dynamical systems using advanced computer methods. 添加时间:2006年5月2日 名称 eCaria's Personal Homepage 链接: http://www.atmos.millersville.edu/metall/html/decaria.htm 描述:提供近十二门气象学方面的课程。 添加时间:2006年5月2日 文献资料 名称 ocument Library of NOAA 链接:docs.lib.noaa.gov 描述:存有Monthly weather review刊物的早期文章 添加时间:2006年4月25日 名称:AMS Journals online 链接: http://ams.allenpress.com 描述:12中大气科学期刊内容 添加时间:2006年4月25日 名称 ENNSTATE electronic Thesis and Dissertations 链接: http://etda.libraries.psu.edu/ETD-db/ETD-search/search 描述:This archive is the collection of all Penn State electronic theses and di ssertations. 添加时间:2006年5月2日 热带气旋 http://cimss.ssec.wisc.edu/tropic/tropic.html 提供卫星数据、云图 卫星资料 http://www.kma.go.kr/kmas/kma/english/inforser/inforser03_03.html 江苏气象信息平台 http://218.94.36.42/document/ NASA http://www.nasa.gov/externalflash/nasa_gen/index.html IPCC 官方网站 http://www.ipcc.ch/ KMA http://www.kma.go.kr/eng/index.jsp 韩国的气象网站 NCEP http://www.emc.ncep.noaa.gov/data/ ECMWF http://www.ecmwf.int/ 欧洲 science/AAAS http://www.sciencemag.org/ ceop http://www.ceop.net/ clivar calendar http://www.clivar.org/calendar/calendar_all.php 全球气候变化相关会议列表 MAIRS http://www.mairs-essp.org/ Monsoon Asia Integrated Regional Study 台风所模式产品 http://weather.sti.org.cn/ 热带气旋 http://cimss.ssec.wisc.edu/tropic/tropic.html 提供卫星数据、云图 卫星资料 http://www.kma.go.kr/kmas/kma/english/inforser/inforser03_03.html 江苏气象信息平台 http://218.94.36.42/document/ NASA http://www.nasa.gov/externalflash/nasa_gen/index.html IPCC 官方网站 http://www.ipcc.ch/ KMA http://www.kma.go.kr/eng/index.jsp 韩国的气象网站 NCEP http://www.emc.ncep.noaa.gov/data/ ECMWF http://www.ecmwf.int/ 欧洲 science/AAAS http://www.sciencemag.org/ ceop http://www.ceop.net/ clivar calendar http://www.clivar.org/calendar/calendar_all.php 全球气候变化相关会议列表 MAIRS http://www.mairs-essp.org/ Monsoon Asia Integrated Regional Study 台风所模式产品 http://weather.sti.org.cn/
关于负氢离子的最经典文献:从英文名字上看容易误解,但我不知道这个粉末是什么东西,请化学领域的老师给指点。这个东西到底是什么物质,是否真的可以吸附负氢离子,这个东西会不会对身体产生危害,这个东西自然界是否存在等。 Synthesis of a novel anionic hydride organosiloxane presenting biochemical properties.pdf 商业宣传有时候会误导信息的传播,所谓负氢离子,我查找源头,结果发现就是 silica hydride ,中文翻译应该是四氢化硅,但从原始文献中发现不是这个东西。具体要请化学领域的老师解释了。治疗疾病方面的研究也有一些,但不是很多。现在整理如下。以让医学生物学领域的同行对这个东西深入了解。弄清楚这个东西是否真的具有治疗疾病的作用,是否有临床证据,治疗疾病的真正机制是什么,是否真的是负氢离子,或者只是一个幌子。 如果把该物质作为食物添加剂,消费者必须首先了解的信息是: Silica hydride is a colloidal mineral compound containing silicon, oxygen, and hydrogen. According to the developers of this supplement, silica hydride contains a large number of loosely bound electrons that are available to help neutralize potentially dangerous free radicals. Test tube studies have demonstrated that silica hydride does neutralize free radicals and preserves the health of cells exposed to these radicals. However, whether silica hydride can be absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and whether it will affect the health of animals or humans has not been adequately tested.资料来源: http://www.evitamins.com/encyclopedia/assets/nutritional-supplement/silica-hydride/~default 该物质是含硅氧和氢的胶体,根据发明者的说法,该物质具有中和自由基的作用,证据来自体外试验和暴露在自由基的细胞学研究。但是是否这种物质可以被人体胃肠道吸收,是否对人和动物的健康有好处,没有足够的试验。 这是来自台湾的最新研究报道,证明可以治疗四氯化碳诱导的肝脏损伤。研究采用经典肝脏损伤模型,给动物每天吃 100-500mg/Kg 体重的该药物( 60 公斤人体相当于 5-30 克)。经过 8 周模型后,检测肝脏功能、氧化指标和肝脏组织学观察,结果发现,该药物具有保护大鼠肝脏的作用。 Food Chem Toxicol. 2010 Jun;48(6):1644-53. Epub 2010 Mar 27. Protective effects of silica hydride against carbon tetrachloride-induced hepatotoxicity in mice. Hsu YW , Tsai CF , Chuang WC , Chen WK , Ho YC , Lu FJ . Source Department of Applied Chemistry, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung City, Taiwan. Abstract The protective effects of MegaHydrate silica hydride against liver damage were evaluated by its attenuation of carbon tetrachloride (CCl(4))-induced hepatotoxicity in mice. Male ICR mice were orally treated with silica hydride (104, 208 and 520 mg/kg) or silymarin (200 mg/kg) daily, with administration of CCl(4) (1 mL/kg, 20% CCl4 in olive oil) twice a week for eight weeks. The results showed that oral administration of silica hydride significantly reduced the elevated serum levels of alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), triglyceride (TG), and cholesterol and the level of malondialdehyde (MDA) in the liver that were induced by CCl(4) in mice. Moreover, the silica-hydride treatment was also found to significantly increase the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase, and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), as well as increase the GSH content, in the liver. Liver histopathology also showed that silica hydride reduced the incidence of liver lesions induced by CCl(4). The results suggest that silica hydride exhibits potent hepatoprotective effects on CCl(4)-induced liver damage in mice, likely due to both the increase of antioxidant-defense system activity and the inhibition of lipid peroxidation. Copyright 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. 这是来自发明人的最近研究,证明该物质具有抗氧化作用,特别是具有清除毒性自由基,羟基自由基的能力。采用电子自旋、线粒体膜电位等检测手段,证明具有抗氧化作用。 J Med Food. 2003 Fall;6(3):249-53. Evaluation of hydroxyl radical-scavenging abilities of silica hydride, an antioxidant compound, by a Fe2+-EDTA-induced 2-hydroxyterephthalate fluorometric analysis. Stephanson CJ , Stephanson AM , Flanagan GP . Source Flantech Group, Watsonville, California 95076, USA. Abstract The hydroxyl radical scavenging capacity and efficacy of a novel organosiliceous anionic hydride compound, silica hydride, were quantified by a recently developed method. The method measures a direct relationship between the hydroxyl radical scavenging capability of the antioxidant compound and the linear decrease in signal from a fluorescent 2-hydroxyterephthalate product created by reacting an Fe(2+)-EDTA complex in the presence of a potential radical scavenger. A fluorescence signal half-inhibition, IC(50), value of 1.4 +/- 0.1 muM was obtained for silica hydride compounds. The validity of the analysis was verified by electron spin resonance spectroscopy, spectrophotometric analysis of NAD(+)/NADH ratios, mitochondrial membrane potential measurements, and assays of both cytochrome c (Fe(3+)) to cytochrome c (Fe(2+)) and epinephrine to adenochrome reductions. 发明人关于该物质抗氧化作用的细胞学试验,发表在比较好的杂志上的一篇研究论文。这个文章说明这个物质确实具有抗氧化作用。 Original contribution Antioxidant capacity of silica hydride: a combinational photosensitization and fluorescence detection assay Cory J.Stephanson * , a , G.PatrickFlanagan * , , a , Purchase function getIssnIsbn() { var ddJrnlStr = $("#ddJrnl").attr("href"); if(ddJrnlStr) { var parts = ddJrnlStr.split("/"); return parts ; } return null; } function getDOI() { var ddDOIStr = $("#ddDoi").attr("href"); if(ddDOIStr) { return ddDOIStr.replace("http://dx.doi.org/", ""); } return null; } function buildDD() { var issn = getIssnIsbn(); var doi = unescape(getDOI()); if(issn==null || doi== null) {return;} var prices = new Array(); prices ="/scidirimg/DeepDyve_SD_499.gif"; prices ="/scidirimg/DeepDyve_SD_399.gif"; prices ="/scidirimg/DeepDyve_SD_299.gif"; prices ="/scidirimg/DeepDyve_SD_199.gif"; prices ="/scidirimg/DeepDyve_SD_099.gif"; var dd = "http://www.deepdyve.com/rental-link"; dd += "?docId=" + doi; dd += "journal=" + issn; dd += "fieldName=journal_doi"; dd += "affiliateId=elsevierformat=jsonpcallback=?"; $.getJSON(dd, function(data) { if (data.status === "ok") { if (prices ) { $("#dd_img").attr("src",prices ); $("#dd_href").attr("href",data.url); $("#deepdyve").show(); } } } ); } buildDD(); * Flantech Group, Watsonville, CA, USA Received 24 April 2003; revised 27 June 2003; Accepted 24 July 2003. Available online 14 October 2003. Abstract Utilizing a novel combinational technique incorporating spectrafluorometry and photosensitization, this analysis determined cell viability and cytotoxicity through the introduction of reactive oxygen species and measurement of plasma membrane integrity. Chinese hamster ovary and mouse hybridoma cells were treated with silica hydride after being photosensitized with singlet oxygen, hydroxyl/superoxide, and hydroxyl reactive oxygen species through the use of rose Bengal diacetate, malachite green, and N,N′-bis(2-hydroperoxy-2-methoxyethyl)-1,4,5,8-naphthaldiimide, respectively. The analysis resulted in an easy and effective method for quantifying reactive oxygen species reduction and characterized the radical reduction efficacy of silica hydride at 97% (± 0.68%, σ = 0.84) against singlet oxygen species and over 87% (± 0.56%, σ = 0.70) for the combination of hydroxyl and superoxide reactive species, and 98% (± 0.37%, σ = 0.47) effective for hydroxyl radical species. Nontreated photosensitized controls showed less than 1% viability under the same conditions. Loader.rt("abs_end"); Loader.feature('lp_embed').qCode("loadEmbedContent(EMBED_APC, 'embedAPCModule');") Keywords: Oxygen; Free radicals; Photosensitization; Silica; Hydride; Fluorescence; Antioxidant Article Outline · Introduction · Materials and methods · o Chemicals o Cell preparation o Singlet oxygen ROS introduction o Hydroxyl and superoxide ROS introduction o Hydroxyl radical introduction o Cell viability and cytotoxicity staining o Control preparation o Silica hydride preparation o Experimental · Results · Discussion · Acknowledgements · References Fig. 1. A scanning transmission electron micrograph (STEM) image of the silica hydride compound (A), as taken by a Phillips CM30 STEM illustrates the small organosiliceous spheres that act as colloidal carriers for the hydride anions of silica hydride. The simple drawing of silica hydride (B) illustrates the silsesquioxane, caged-structure that the hydride anions are interstitially embedded into through a plasma-generated reaction. View Within Article Fig. 2. The photosensitizers used in this analysis. N,N′-bis(2-hydroperoxy-2-methoxyethyl)-1,4,5,8-naphthaldiimide (NP-III), also known as a photo-Fenton reagent, produces near quantitative hydroxyl radicals. Malachite Green isothiocyanate (MG) produces a mixture of superoxide anions and hydroxyl radicals when excited. Rose Bengal diacetate (RBDA) produces near quantitative amounts of singlet oxygen ROS. View Within Article Fig. 3. The photochemical mechanisms of the photosensitizers. The Type-I photochemical mechanism malachite green (A), stimulates the ground-state, MG 0 with 632 nm light producing the excited state, MG 1 , which transfers a hydrogen or an electron, producing hydroxyl radicals or superoxide ROS, respectively. (B) The rose Bengal ground-state, RBDA 0 , is excited as a Type-II mechanism by 543 nm light producing RBDA 1 , which further binds with molecular oxygen to produce singlet oxygen ROS. (C) The ground-state N,N′-bis(2-hydroperoxy-2-methoxyethyl)-1,4,5,8-naphthaldiimide, NP-III 0, is excited as a Type-I mechanism to NP-III 1 at 355 nm to directly transfer a hydrogen to produce hydroxyl radicals. View Within Article Fig. 4. Chart of the percent viability of silica hydride treated NS-1 and CHO cells as determined by calcein AM spectrafluorometric analysis at 530 nm.: (■) NS-1 RBDA, (□) CHO RBDA, ( ▴ ) NS-1 MG, ( ▵ )CHO MG, (•) NS-1 NP-III, and (○) CHO NP-III assays were performed in six replicates with consistent overall results, 87.9% (± 0.56%, σ = 0.70) for MG, 97.1% (± 0.68%, σ = 0.84) for RBDA and 98.2% (± 0.37%, σ = 0.47) for NP-III, cumulatively, for both cell types. View Within Article Fig. 5. Chart of percent viability of the photosensitized, but nontreated CHO and NS-1 cells. The representation of the cells are as follows: (■) NS-1 RBDA, (□) CHO RBDA, ( ▴ ) NS-1 MG, ( ▵ ) CHO MG, (•) NS-1 NP-III, and (○) CHO NP-III. The overall viability statistics for RBDA, MG, and NP-III, respectively, are 0.70% ± 0.46% (σ = 0.45), 0.51% ± 0.31% (σ = 0.40) and 0.50% ± 0.41% (σ = 0.55). View Within Article Fig. 6. In an aqueous solution, the interstitially embedded hydride anions dissociate (A) into the solution where the 1 s' electron of the anion is donated (B) to the unpaired electron of the radical species, in this example, the hydroxyl radical. The product of this reaction (C) produces water from the neutralized postradical species. View Within Article Table 1. Overview of the Experimental Parameters for the Analysis View Within Article Table 2. Results of the Photosensitization Assay for the Analysis of ROS Reduction by the Silica Hydride Compound View Within Article 网络上关于该物质的资料 http://www.tuberose.com/Hydrogen_and_Oxygen.html Everyone knows that the body needs oxygen in order to live. So much emphasis has been placed on oxygen as the essential element allowing us to exist on the planet, that we tend to forget the other equally essential element namely hydrogen . Without hydrogen to combine with oxygen we wouldn't have water. Oxygen burns hydrogen in the living system, releasing the energy that runs our bodies. Hydrogen is "the fuel of life." It is essential to most biological processes in its atomic form, positive proton form or negative ion form. Studies have shown that the human body stores hydrogen in its tissues. As we age, tissue hydrogen-depletion may lead to many of the symptoms of the aging process. This may cause sub-clinical dehydration since it appears that hydrogen may play a role in hydrating our cells. Hydrogen makes up 90% of the matter in the known Universe; helium makes up 9%. All the other elements in the Universe are found in the remaining 1%. Since hydrogen is so abundant, you would think that we know all there is to know about it, but we are just now learning about its importance in the living system. The word hydrogen comes from the Greek language and it means "water-former." Indeed, we all know that water, the matrix or mother of life, is made from hydrogen and oxygen. In fact, water is formed when hydrogen is burned by oxygen. We create pure water every day as a product of our metabolism. When we burn hydrogen in our cells, the energy that is released is used to run our bodies. Hydrogen is the lightest and smallest element known to science. Due to its small size, hydrogen easily travels throughout the body. It can also loosely hold another electron (in its outer shell), in which case it is called H minus (H-) or reduced hydrogen . No electron moves in the living system unless it is accompanied by hydrogen. In the absence of an adequate supply of negative hydrogen ions, intracellular function, intercellular communication and energy production are inhibited, toxins and free radicals accumulate and health deteriorates. ATP Inside all cells are varying numbers of small energy factories, known as mitochondria . The more active the tissue the greater the number of mitochondria. These mitochondria produce the energy currency of the body called ATP ( adenosine triphosphate ). Adenosine triphosphate is a biochemical energy battery that supplies almost all the energy needs of the human body. Hydrogen produces ATP molecules by moving electrons along the mitochondrial electron transport chain. Our purpose of eating food is to ultimately create ATP, which could be called the source of life's energy. Hydrogen from food supplies the needed protons and electrons for the mitochondrial electron transport chain to make ATP. We each use about one-half pound of pure hydrogen every day just for the production of ATP. Attaching hydrogen to a molecule means lending energy to it. Since in hydrogen the electron and proton are loosely coupled, by attaching a hydrogen we essentially attach an electron. Free Radicals and Antioxidants High levels of free radicals are a major cause of aging, as well as many acute and chronic diseases. A free radical is a toxic compound that has lost a negatively charged electron, produced in the body as a by-product of metabolic oxidation. It therefore carries a positive charge and is unstable. It is capable of attracting an electron away from a vital cellular site such as the electron-rich DNA. Loss of an electron can damage a cell and alter its ability to perform its special function or to replicate itself normally. Levels of free radicals are higher in people exposed to air or water pollution, commercial animal products, toxic chemicals, or cigarette smoke. An antioxidant is a compound, which has a weak attraction to one of its electrons. It therefore readily surrenders an electron to a free radical, stabilizing and neutralizing the free radical, which then becomes a stable compound. Having surrendered an electron, the antioxidant itself may temporarily become a free radical, but a less aggressive one until it captures an electron from another antioxidant, to replace the one given up, in a cascade of electron transfers to milder, and milder, and less damaging compounds. Mega Hydrate , however, is the one, unique antioxidant that does not become a free radical. The electron it surrenders is an extra electron. The hydrogen ion in Mega Hydrate becomes stable hydrogen, balanced with one electron and one proton. Antioxidant compounds are produced by the body, but are also obtained either from food or from dietary supplements. Vitamin C, Beta-carotene, vitamin E, and selenium are well known as water and fat soluble antioxidants, found in fruits, vegetables and phytonutrient supplements such as spirulina plankton. Another antioxidant compound is proanthocyanidins , extracted from grape seeds, or pine bark. It is significant to this discussion to realize that each molecule of an antioxidant compound, no matter how large the molecule, surrenders only one electron. The hydrogen atom is the smallest of all elements and has as much antioxidant power as the large, complex compounds described above. Since the H- form is prevalent in nature it could be called an ever present antioxidant. Hydrogen when in the hydride (H-) state is found in most fresh fruits and vegetables, as well as in actively moving water. Cellular Conductivity The living system contains numerous chemical messengers that carry information and trigger events in metabolism. Virtually every action that takes place in the body requires communication of chemical messages from one cell to another, conducted by electrons passing through extra cellular fluids. An optimal level of conductivity in these fluids is essential to life and all activity. Abert Sent-Gyorgyi, the Nobel laureate who discovered Vitamin C, found that the tissues of the animal body store hydrogen in vast quantities. Different organ tissues "pool" hydrogen in different amounts. For example, he found that the order of hydrogen-pooling is the following: Liver Intestine Kidney Heart Lung Spleen Liver tissues store the most hydrogen, while the spleen stores the least. This is interesting in view of the fact that the liver is the body's first line of defense and needs a supply of the most antioxidants in order to do its work of detoxification. Aging Transport of hydrogen is the missing factor in the search for the cause of the aging process and the secret to age reversal. As we grow older, our cells become dehydrated and our hydrogen pool becomes depleted. The hydrogen pool protects our cells from free-radical damage. Free radicals are responsible for the aging process. There is a paradox in medicine, and that is the fact that oxygen is the source of all life and is also the major cause of aging. Much effort is being expended to find powerful antioxidants that may control or reverse cell damage by oxidative free-radicals. The single factor that is common to all antioxidants is that they are sources of hydrogen. Hydrogen is the ultimate antioxidant. Carbon Cycle We have all heard about the carbon cycle in biology. The carbon cycle is the process by which plants use sunlight and water to create carbohydrates and other food stuffs. These are then used as food by animals who eat the plants. Animals exhale carbon dioxide gas which is then taken up by plants. The plants then use the carbon to make more carbohydrates, proteins and lipids (fats) which then serve as animal food. The carbon cycle could actually be renamed the hydrogen cycle . Plants create carbohydrates, proteins and lipids by attaching hydrogen to carbon atoms like hats on a hat-rack. Carbohydrates contain an equal amount of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. We can say that all the foods that nourish us are primarily sources of hydrogen. We can see that the life cycle is really a hydrogen cycle. The "burning of the hydrogen" is a secret of life. Life energy is controlled by burning hydrogen. Free hydrogen that is released from the carbohydrates, proteins and lipids are carried into the mitochondria (power plant in each cells) by a process known as the hydrogen shuttle where they are used to make ATP. In this process, hydrogen is burned by oxygen, releasing energy. The final product from the burning of hydrogen is water. This extra water is eliminated from the body and is eventually taken up by plants and split by photosynthesis to make more carbohydrates, proteins and lipids. In biological systems, hydrogen and electrons travel together in pairs. When this combination meets up with a positively charged cell-damaging free radical, the hydrogen may react with the free radical and neutralize it so that no further cell damage may occur. By consuming large quantities every day a new transport system is created that makes hydrogen available to the cells without first having to be attached to food. These electrons are available in the gastrointestinal tract to neutralize free radicals that occur from poor digestion and microbial imbalance. Since hydrogen bonds are the "glue" that holds together the molecules in the DNA double helix, these bonds can be activated and energized. As we age, the DNA helix coils tighter and tighter, loosing flexibility. This contraction of the DNA coil may reduce the number of times that our cells can divide. Normally, our cells can only divide about 50 times before they cease reproduction. If we are able to loosen the DNA helix by activating the DNA hydrogen bonds, it will have a profound effect on our ability to increase the regeneration of our cells. The DNA helix floats in water and is therefore hydrated. The tightening of the helix with aging may be a reflection of the loss of the hydrogen pool with aging. By restoring a plentiful supply of the hydrogen pool, these spirals naturally unwind and regain their ability to stimulate cellular reproduction. Symptoms of hydrogen depletion include chronic fatigue, depression, hormone imbalances and indigestion. As our tissues are depleted of hydrogen, they become stiff and lose flexibility. Dehydrated tendons and muscles tear more easily, and dehydrated bones become brittle. Loss of lung flexibility leads to loss of oxygen. By replenishing our hydrogen stores, we can relieve many of these conditions brought about by hydrogen depletion. Colloidal Mineral Clusters Colloid minerals are minerals that are insoluble in water. Colloidal minerals are not ionized into anions and cations like mineral salts. Colloid minerals are so tiny that they cannot be seen except with powerful microscopes. Instead of being ionized, they're suspended in water by a force known as zeta potential . Zeta potential represents a basic law of Nature, and it plays a vital role in all forms of plant and animal life. It is the force that maintains the discreteness of the billions of circulating cells which nourish the organism. If zeta potential is low, toxins cannot be suspended for elimination, and nutrients cannot be suspended for transportation to the cells. The whole system becomes clogged. Mega H- In 1984 Patrick and Gael Crystal Flannagan created a new type of colloidal mineral cluster that is only 50 angstroms in diameter. These minerals are so small (10 to 12 atoms in diameter) that 1,600 of them would fit side by side on a red blood cell. These have since been trade marketed under the name of Mega H- . These clusters act like tiny magnets, drawing water molecules to their surface, creating liquid crystals in the process. The electrical charge on these minerals alters the properties of water so that they produce the properties of Hunza water (the Hunza normally live to more than 100 years)--that is significantly different from water found anywhere else. A new emerging science, known as cluster chemistry , has shown that minerals in this size range have profound, unusual properties not found in any other form of matter. These tiny mineral clusters energize practically all nutrients with which they come in contact. When a substance is reduced in size to this dimension, electrons travel all over the surface of the mineral instead of being confined to localized areas like electrons found on ordinary colloids. These electron clouds form a zeta potential or negative electrical charge that attracts and organizes water molecules, thus building a liquid crystal structure. Negatively ionized hydrogen atoms are not found in ordinary water. All water contains hydrogen atoms with a positive charge. The hydrogen protons that are found in ordinary water control the pH or acid-alkaline balance. The negatively charged hydrogen protons are the most powerful electron donors known to chemistry. These atoms are extremely powerful free-radical scavengers. This can be measured with a pH meter . Water Together, hydrogen and oxygen combine to create water (H 2 O). Water constitutes four-fifths (80%) of the body's weight and performs and supports the internal functions of animals and plants. Body temperature is regulated through water. Water makes up 92% of the blood of the body and nearly 98% of intestinal, gastric, salivary and pancreatic juices. Water holds all nutritive factors in solution and acts as a transportation medium of these substances. Water is necessary for proper digestion of food. One most important function of water is to flush toxins and salt from the body. Negative hydrogen ions are normally found in the fluids of healthy living systems rather than water that is found in ordinary mineral or tap water. When we drink ordinary water, we have to convert it into cellular water before the cells can use it. If we cannot convert water into the structure of cellular water, it passes through our bodies and may leave our cells dehydrated. The consumption of oxidized foods and beverages tend to affect unfavorably the chemical characteristics of the body fluids. Many foods and beverages are highly oxidized and devoid of electrons. Likewise, the addition to one's diet of negative hydrogen ions, found to be especially high in organically grown vegetables, tends to affect the body fluids in a favorable manner. Water has been called the mother and matrix of all life . Water is so much a part of life that we tend to ignore it and look elsewhere for the magic bullet, the secret herb or nutrient that will increase health and vigor and extend life-span. Water affects our health more than any other nutrient. Recent discoveries about the significance of water and its function in the living system may forever change our view of water. All the symptoms of aging are in one way or another accompanied by slow dehydration of the cells of vital tissues associated with free-radical oxidative damage. Dr. Alexis Carrel received the Nobel prize for keeping the cells of a chicken heart alive for 34 years. Dr. Carrel said: "The cell is immortal. It is merely the fluid (water) in which it floats that degenerates. Renew this fluid at intervals, give the cells what they require for nutrition, and as far as we know, the pulsation of life may go on forever." No matter how much tap water we drink, we cannot seem to slow down the inevitable starvation of vital tissues for the fluid; that is everywhere. There is much more to tissue hydration than simply drinking ordinary water. Tissue water is as different from spring water as milk is from apple juice. Oxidation/Reduction Potential The oxidation/reduction potential (ORP) is a measurement of the potential for a reaction to occur, and represents electron concentration and activity level. An ORP in the plus range indicates oxidation , i.e. the absence of energy, and an inability to perform additional chemical reactions. An ORP in the negative range indicates chemical reduction , i.e. the presence of electrons, potential energy, and the ability to generate additional chemical reactions. ORP is therefore a measure of energy potential. The more negative the ORP, the more electrons present (in relation to the number of protons), and the more energy available. Biological redox reactions are a result of hydrogen being the essential electron donor, and oxygen being the essential electron acceptor. This can be measured with an ORP meter . The water we drink from the tap differs substantially from the water which bathes the tissues and cells in our bodies. Tap water has a surface tension of approximately 73 dynes/cm. The water around our cells has a surface tension of approximately 45 dynes/cm. It is necessary, therefore, that the body reduce the surface tension of water we consume in order for nutrients to pass through cell walls, and for toxins to pass out of the cells. Mega H- in water expedites this process. The negative hydride ions in Mega H- alter the water consumed with the food and supplements in our diet, to have a lower surface tension and an increased conductivity. A low surface tension in the extra cellular fluids is also important in the removal of toxins from the cells and into lymph and venous blood for removal from the body. When one 250 mg capsule of Mega H- is added to water the pH increases to approximately 8.5 and the ORP decreases to -650 millivolts, having tremendous implications for health. First the increased alkaline pH neutralizes the acid terrain of the body, so prevalent due to today's artificial and fast paced life style. Second, the -650 millivolts means the solution is rich in electrons loosely bound to hydrogen. When these special colloidal mineral clusters are added to ordinary distilled water, a number of extremely complex physical changes occur, including: 1) The high zeta potential attracts water molecules to the vicinity of the colloid where the water molecules are strongly polarized into forming hollow cages that resemble geodesic domes. 2) This ordering of molecules reduces the entropy of water. This means that there is an increase in free energy in water and the water can now support chemical reactions more easily and with less energy than before. 3) The surface tension or energy required to break the surface of water is greatly reduce. The phenomenon known as "wetting" is dependent on surface tension. The lower the surface tension the wetter the water. This means that the water requires less energy to wet substances. 4) The colloidal mineral cluster can act as vast reservoirs of negatively ionized hydrogen atoms. When these mineral clusters are taken on a daily basis, a significant increase in both aerobic and resistance training performance is experienced. Also, due to increased mitochondrial efficiency, one experiences rapid recovery from infections, inflammations and injuries, both acute and chronic. These geodesic dome-like cages were first predicted by two-time Nobel Prize winner, Linus Pauling, in 1959 in his classic book, The Hydrogen Bond . The following test has been performed and replicated by several groups of scientists with the same results. It provides yet more data indicating that Mega H- is a contributor to good health. _ PHOTO 1 below shows a microscopic view of a blood sample from a subject with low zeta potential. The blood cells are clustered together and trap waste elements between them. Note the clustering effect may be a result of dehydration from caffeine, alcohol, heat, and stress: all commonly found in people today. _ The test subject was given 500 mg (or two 250 mg capsules) of Silica Hydride - the active ingredient in Mega H- - mixed with 8 oz of water. _ Twenty minutes later, another blood sample taken from the test subject was viewed under a microscope (as seen in PHOTO 2 below). The evenly-dispersed blood cells indicates high zeta potential. The blood cells appear pristine, as if the substances trapped between the cells have been cleansed. The surface area of the cells has increased allowing exponentially more nutrients into the cells and more toxins to be removed. _ __ Mega H-’s Silica Hydride is the only known supplement to dramatically increase zeta potential. _ Nationwide Food Consumption Surveys have shown that a portion of the population may be dehydrated. Why do people lack hydration? This may be due to a poor thirst mechanism as we get older, dissatisfaction with the taste of water, the consumption of caffeine and alcohol, climate controlled environments (both heated and air conditioned), and excessive exercise. With water loss at 2% of body weight, individuals experience impaired physiological and mental performance. Double blind placebo studies clearly demonstrate that the Silica Hydride in Mega H- dramatically increases total body water in just four weeks! 负氢离子的本质:名字是四氢化硅,但好像不是这个东西。发明人最早的文献表明是一个类似苯环的结构。文献见:
关于阿尔伯特 . 拉斯克奖的一些背景资料 阿尔伯特 . 拉斯克( Albert D.Lasker )出身于 1879 年,是一个成功的企业家,是他创建的芝加哥的 Lord & Thomas 广告公司的董事会主席( President ),百万富翁。 1942 年他决定关闭公司,转而投身于艺术、政治和健康事业,成立了以他和他妻子 Mary.Lasker 共同署名的“ The Albert and Mary Lasker Fandation ”(阿尔伯特、玛丽拉斯克基金会),玛丽 . 拉斯克担任基金会主席。基金会每年给“在诸如引起病人死亡或残疾的疾病的基础和临床研究中作出重要贡献的人”( Who have made significant contributions in basic or clinical research in diseases which are the main causes of death and disability )颁发拉斯克奖。拉斯克奖的颁发范围后来又有所扩大,包括医学新闻事业( Medical Journalism )奖,以鼓励报刊和电视报道医学研究领域的重要成果。 1950 年拉斯克不幸患上肠癌,手术 2 年后,于 1952 年 5 月 30 日去世。拉斯克在慈善事业上的巨大声望,在很大程度上与他的妻子玛丽 . 拉斯克有关。玛丽 . 沃达( Mary Woodard ,即玛丽 . 拉斯克) !900 年出生在美国威斯康星卅的沃特镇( Watertown )。她父亲是一亇成功的银行家。玛丽 1923 年毕业于威斯康星大学艺术史系,后去英国牛津大学学习,回美国后在纽约从事艺术品交易( Art dealer ),在经济大消条时期,她因开发了廉价的好莱坞式的服装成为一个成功的女商人( Businesswoman )。 1939 年玛丽结识了拉斯克,一年后二人结成夫妻。这是玛丽的第二次婚姻,而拉斯克则是第三次了,那时他已 60 岁。拉斯克死后,把遗产完全交给拉斯克夫人管理。她从小体弱多病,并深感当时医学的落后。她也看到,大多数病人都得不到适当的治疗,往往一个家庭的所有储蓄都为一个家人的长期患病而消费怠尽。因而特別热衷于医学事业。 丈夫死于癌症使地决心投身于征服癌症的事业。在地周围逐步聚集了一群热情、能干的社会活动家和科学家。在他们不懈游说国会的努力下,终于使国会通过了国家癌症法案( National Act On Cancer ), 1971 年尼克松总统莶署了这个法案,启动了规摸巨大,并延续至今的“抗癌圣战”( Cancer Crusade )。 关于拉斯克奖对推动医学科学发展上的重要作用,已有许多介绍,本文不再赘述。今年我国科学家屠呦呦因对青嵩素的研究,首获此崇高奖项。上世记 80 年代后期,我的实验室曾与屠先生在青嵩素的免疫调节作用方面有过很好的合作。对此喜讯表示衷心的祝贺。 注:本文资料来自 Richard A.Retting 著的“ Cancer Crusade : The story of the national cancer Act of 1971 , 1977 published by Princeton University Press ”一书。
看到一篇介绍图书管理系统的文章,关注了下,这些系统对个人或者组织的图书文献管理应该有一定的帮助,不过有的配置还是比较复杂。简单整理下,就不翻译了: VuFind Library resource portal designed and developed for libraries by libraries。 Koha Serves more than 1000 academic, public, and private libraries Evergreen Consortial-quality library software Greenstone Comprehensive digital library creation, management, and distribution package OpenBiblio Library administration web interface PMB Library automation system based on PHP and MySQL 都是开源、可以在linux下运行的系统,点击链接直接访问网站,基于Web的比如VuFind有在线demo。 消息来源: http://www.linuxlinks.com/article/20100712163238358/LibraryManagementSystems.html
1. 我很喜欢它。 False: I very like it. True: I like it very much. 2. 这个价格对我挺合适的。 False: The price is very suitable for me. True: The price is right. suitable(合适的、相配的)最常见的用法是以否定的形式出现在告示或通知上,如:下列节目儿童不宜。The following programme is not suitable for children在这组句子中用后面的说法会更合适。 3. 你是做什么工作的呢? False: Whats your job? True: Are you working at the moment? whats your job这种说法难道也有毛病吗?是的。因为如果您的谈话对象刚刚失业,如此直接的问法会让对方有失面子,所以您要问:目前您是在上班吗,Are you working at the moment,接下来您才问:目前您在哪儿工作呢, where are you working these days,或者您从事哪个行业呢,What line of work are you in,顺带说一下,回答这类问题时不妨说得具体一点,不要只是说经理或者秘书。 4. 用英语怎么说? False: How to say in English? True: How do you say this in English? How to say是在中国最为泛滥成灾的中国式英语之一,这决不是地道的英语说法。同样的句子有:请问这个词如何拼写,How do you spell that please,请问这个单词怎么读,How do you pronounce this word。 5. 明天我有事情要做。 False: I have something to do tomorrow. True: Sorry but I am tied up all day tomorrow. 用I have something to do来表示您很忙,这也完全是中国式的说法。因为每时每刻我们都有事情要做,躺在那里睡大觉也是事情。所以您可以说我很忙,脱不开身:Im tied up.还有其他的说法:Im afraid I cant make it at that time. I,d love to, but I cant,I have to stay at home. 6. 我没有英文名。 False: I havent English name. True: I dont have an English name. 许多人讲英语犯这样的错误,从语法角度来分析,可能是语法功底欠缺,因为have在这里是实义动词,而并不是在现在完成时里面那个没有意义的助动词。所以,这句话由肯定句变成否定句要加助动词。 明白道理是一回事,习惯是另一回事,请您再说几话: 我没有钱;I dont have any money. 我没有兄弟姐妹;I dont have any brothers or sisters. 我没有车。I dont have a car. 7. 我想我不行。 False: I think I cant. True: I dont think I can. 这一组然是个习惯问题,在语法上称为否定前置,这就是汉语里面说我想我不会的时候,英语里面总是说我不认为我会。以后您在说类似的英语句子的时候,只要您留心,也会习惯英语的说法的。 8. 我的舞也跳得不好。 False: I dont dance well too. True: I am not a very good dancer either. 当我们说不擅长做什么事情的时候,英语里面通常用not good at something,英语的思维甚至直接踊跃到:我不是一个好的舞者。 9. 现在几点钟了? False: What time is it now? True: What time is it, please? What time is it now这是一个直接从汉语翻译过的句子,讲英语的时候没有必要说now,因为您不可能问what time was it yesterday或者what time is it tommorow。所以符合英语习惯的说法是:请问现在几点了?还有一种说法是:how are we doing for time这句话在有时间限制的时候特别合适 10. 我的英语很糟糕。 False: My English is poor. True: I am not 100% fluent, but at least I am improving. 有人开玩笑说,全中国人最擅长的一句英文是:My English is poor实话说,我从来没有遇到一个美国人对我说:My Chinese is poor。无论他们的汉语是好是坏,他们会说: I am still having a few problem, but I'm getting better。当您告诉外国人,您的英语很poor,so what(那又怎么样呢) 是要让别人当场施舍给我们一些英语呢,还是说我的英语不好,咱们不谈了吧。另外一个更大的弊端是,一边不停的学英语,一边不停地说自己的英语很poor,这正像有个人一边给车胎充气,又一边在车胎上扎孔放气。 我坚信,如果现在就苦下功夫,把EPTIP系列教材吃通吃透,您的IT职业英语水平立即就会迅速的提高。您以后和外国IT同行交流时再也不用说:我的英语很poor。您可以实事求事地说,我的英语还不算十分流利,但至少我在进步。 11. 你愿意参加我们的晚会吗? False:Would you like to join our party on Friday? True: Would you like to come to our party on Friday night? join往往是指参加俱乐部或者协会,如:join a health club; join the Communist Party。事实上,常常与party搭配的动词的come 或者go。如go a wild party,或者come to a Christmas Party。 12. 我没有经验。 False:I have no experience. True: I am afraid I dont know much about that. I have no experience这句话听起来古里古怪,因为您只需要说:那方面我懂得不多,或者这方面我不在行,就行了。I am not really an expert in this area. 13. 我没有男朋友。 False: I have no boyfriend. True: I dont have a boyfriend. 14. 他的身体很健康。 False: His body is healthy. True: He is in good health. You can also say: Hes healthy. 15. 价钱很昂贵/便宜。 False: The price is too expensive/cheap. True: The price is too high/ rather low. 16. 我们下了车。 False: We got off the car. True: We got out of the car. 17. 车速快了。 False: The speed of the car is fast. True: The car is speeding. Or The car is going too fast. 18. 这个春节你回家吗? Will you be going back home for the Spring Festival? False: 是的,我回去。Of course! (这一句是错的) True: 当然。Sure. / Certainly.(这种说法是正确的) 以英语为母语的人使用of course的频率要比中国的学生低得多,只有在回答一些众所周知的问题时才说of course。因为of course后面隐含的一句话是当然我知道啦!难道我是一个傻瓜吗?因此,of course带有挑衅的意味。在交谈时,用sure或certainly效果会好得多。同时,of course not也具挑衅的意味。正常情况下语气温和的说法是certainly not。 19. 我觉得右手很疼。 False:I feel very painful in my right hand. True: My right hand is very painful.Or My right hand hurts(aches). 20. 他看到她很惊讶。 False: He looked at her and felt surprised. True: He looked at her in surprise. 21. 我读过你的小说但是没料到你这么年轻。 False: I have read your novels but I didn't think you could be so young. True: After having read your novel,I expected you would be older. 22. 她脸红了,让我看穿了她的心思。 False:Her red face made me see through her mind. True: Her red face told me what she was thinking. 23. 看到这幅画让我想到了我的童年时代。 False:The sight of these pictures made me remember my own childhood. True: Seeing these pictures reminded me of my own childhood. 24. 别理她。 False: Don't pay attention to her. True: Leave her alone. 25. 我在大学里学到了许多知识。 False: I get a lot of knowledge in the university. True: I learned a lot in universit http://conanufo.blog.163.com/blog/static/23590191200841114052601/
From: http://www.langware.com/index.php?/content/view/30/45/ Ontology http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontology From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia In philosophy, ontology is the study of being or existence. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontology_(computer_science) Ontology (computer science) From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia In both computer science and information science, an ontology is a data model that represents a set of concepts within a domain and the relationships between those concepts. It is used to reason about the objects within that domain. http://www-ksl.stanford.edu/kst/what-is-an-ontology.html What is an Ontology? Short answer: An ontology is a specification of a conceptualization. http://www.jfsowa.com/ontology/ The subject of ontology is the study of the categories of things that exist or may exist in some domain. The product of such a study, called an ontology, is a catalog of the types of things that are assumed to exist in a domain of interest D from the perspective of a person who uses a language L for the purpose of talking about D. http://www.formalontology.it/ Ontology is the theory of objects and their ties. Ontology provides criteria for distinguishing various types of objects (concrete and abstract, existent and non-existent, real and ideal, independent and dependent) and their ties (relations, dependences and predication). http://ontology.buffalo.edu/ State University of New York at Buffalo Department of Philosophy; Ontology http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/11258a.htm Ontology is not a subjective science as Kant describes it (Ub. d. Fortschr. d. Met., 98) nor an inferential Psychology, as Hamilton regards it (Metaphysics, Lect. VII); nor yet a knowledge of the absolute (theology); nor of some ultimate reality whether conceived as matter or as spirit, which Monists suppose to underlie and produce individual real beings and their manifestations. http://pespmc1.vub.ac.be/ONTOLI.html Ontology (the science of being) is a word, like metaphysics, that is used in many different senses. It is sometimes considered to be identical to metaphysics, but we prefer to use it in a more specific sense, as that part of metaphysics that specifies the most fundamental categories of existence, the elementary substances or structures out of which the world is made. http://www.aaai.org/AITopics/html/ontol.html Ontological analysis clarifies the structure of knowledge. Given a domain, its ontology forms the heart of any system of knowledge representation for that domain. Without ontologies, or the conceptualizations that underlie knowledge, there cannot be a vocabulary for representing knowledge....Second, ontologies enable knowledge sharing. -from What Are Ontologies, and Why Do We Need Them? B. Chandrasekaran, Jorn R. Josephson, V. and Richard Benjamins http://www.daml.org/ontologies/ DAML Ontology Library http://ontology.buffalo.edu/smith/articles/ontologies.htm Ontology as a branch of philosophy is the science of what is, of the kinds and structures of the objects, properties and relations in every area of reality. Ontology in this sense is often used in such a way as to be synonymous with metaphysics. In simple terms it seeks the classification of entities. In the field of information processing there arises what we might call the Tower of Babel problem. http://www.linguistics-ontology.org/ The GOLD Community is a vision to bring together those interested in the best-practice encoding of linguistic data. http://emeld.org/documents/GLOT-LinguisticOntology.pdf A linguistic ontology for the semantic web http://www.formalontology.it/linguistic-relativity.htm Language and Thought: Ontological Problems Ontology and the Linguistic Relativity (Sapir-Whorf) Hypothesis http://ontology.teknowledge.com/ This site contains information about the SUMO (Suggested Upper Merged Ontology). This ontology is being created as part of the IEEE Standard Upper Ontology Working Group. The goal of this Working Group is to develop a standard upper ontology that will promote data interoperability, information search and retrieval, automated inferencing, and natural language processing. The SUMO has been translated into various representation formats, but the language of development is a variant of KIF (a version of the first-order predicate calculus). http://www.fb10.uni-bremen.de/anglistik/langpro/webspace/jb/info-pages/ ontology/ontology-root.htm This page is a collection of starting points for information on ontologies gathered together for ease of reference for our own ontology-related projects. It is made available as is in case it is of use to anyone else. http://www.cs.vu.nl/~guus/papers/Hage05a.pdf A Method to Combine Linguistic Ontology-Mapping Techniques We discuss four linguistic ontology-mapping techniques and evaluate them on real-life ontologies in the domain of food. Furthermore we propose a method to combine ontology-mapping techniques with high Precision and Recall to reduce the necessary amount of manual labor and computation. http://zimmer.csufresno.edu/~wlewis/projects/DDLOD.html Data-Driven Linguistic Ontology Development Universitt Bremen The intent of the DDLOD project is to semi-automatically capture a picture of the semantic space of the field of linguistics, and use this snapshot to make the Generalized Ontology for Linguistic Description (GOLD) as complete and comprehensive as possible. http://linguistlist.org/emeld/tools/ontology.cfm Markup: Linguistic Ontology Traditionally markup has been defined as systematic annotation designed to reveal a text's typographical and informational structure. Linguistic markup might be broadly described as annotation representing: (a) the grammatical structure of text couched in the focus language and (b) the structure of documents presenting a linguistic description or analysis of such text. http://www.aifb.uni-karlsruhe.de/WBS/pci/annotation.pdf Ontology-based linguistic annotation Institute AIFB; University of Karlsruhe http://zimmer.csufresno.edu/~wlewis/projects/DDLOD-overview.html The World Wide Web has become a primary source for disseminating data on the worlds languages, with a variety of language data regularly posted to the Web, including large numbers of scholarly papers on language. Often embedded in these documents are enriched language data encoded in the form of Interlinear Glossed Text (IGT). IGT is a standard method for presenting linguistic data, and consists of a line of language data, usually broken down by morpheme, a line of grammatical and gloss information aligned with the text in the first line, and a line representing the translation. http://cogprints.org/4009/ The ontology of signs as linguistic and non-linguistic entities: a cognitive perspective http://www.phil.uni-passau.de/linguistik/linguistik_urls/urls.php?CAT=computing: Software:Ontology+Engineering Linguistics Links Database Computing Software Ontology Engineering JATKE (unified platform for ontology learning) OntoLT (middleware for ontology extraction from text) Protg (ontology editor and knowledge-base editor) Text2Onto (framework for ontology learning from text) TextToOnto (ontology construction using text mining techniques) http://www.phil.uni-passau.de/linguistik/linguistik_urls/urls.php?CAT=computing:Software Linguistics Links Database Department of General Linguistics at the University of Passau. http://www.cs.utexas.edu/users/mfkb/related.html Some Ongoing KBS/Ontology Projects and Groups Knowledge-Base Projects, Groups, and Related Material http://sigart.acm.org/ai/ontology.html A lot of stuff for linguistics, networks and computers. http://www.essex.ac.uk/linguistics/clmt/other_sites/index_1.html A lot of links for linguistics, networks and computers. No longer maintained. http://www.sim.hcuge.ch/ontology/03_MedicalLinguistics.htm The Service d'Informatique Mdicale (SIM) is part of the Radiology and Medical Informatics Department of the University Hospitals of Geneva, This entity is in charge of development of medical applications like patient record, medical orders and other knowledge based applications. A group of SIM has been long specialized for Natural Language Processing. http://linguistlist.org/emeld/school/classroom/ontology/index.html E-MELD school of best practices in digital language documentation http://linguistlist.org/emeld/workshop/2005/papers/saulwick-paper.doc . Semantic relations in ontology mediated linguistic data integration http://llc.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/21/suppl_1/29 Oxford Journals Literary and Linguistic Computing Designing and Implementing an Ontology for Logic and Linguistics http://www.legenden.dk/blog/2003/12/links.html Online Philosophy List of philosophers with online papers about: Language, Linguistics, Metaphysics, Epistemology, Logic and Mathematics http://www.let.uu.nl/linguistics/log/ EBoLi - an E-Book for Linguistics http://suo.ieee.org/email/msg12240.html Multi-Source Ontology (MSO) Draft Ballot Question http://xml.coverpages.org/xml.html Extensible Markup Language (XML) and links for ontology. http://www.onlineoriginals.com/showitem.asp?itemID=287articleID=10 A GENETIC INTERPRETATION OF RICOEUR'S PHILOSOPHY OF LANGUAGE Furnishing Ricoeur's theory of language with an ontology that is consistent with his own assumptions http://www.clres.com/dict.html ACL SIGLEX Resource Links http://swik.net/ontology?index ontology Pages Filter by Tag related to ontology http://www.cs.brandeis.edu/~jamesp/arda/time/readings.html The site contains References and Links; General References; Ontology WG; Corpus WG; TimeML WG http://nlp.shef.ac.uk/links.html Natural language processing group http://www.imi.uni-luebeck.de/~ingenerf/terminology/Term-oth.html Materials about Basic Sciences and; Terminology; Ontology; Artificial Intelligence; Knowledge Representation; Computational Linguistics; Information Retrieval http://citeseer.ist.psu.edu/704251.html Introduction The World Wide Web has the potential to become a primary source for storing and accessing linguistic data, including data of the sort that are routinely collected by field linguists. Having large amounts of linguistic data on the Web will give linguists, indigenous communities, and language learners access to resources that have hitherto been difficult to obtain. For linguists, scientific data from the world's languages will be just as accessible as information in on-line http://citeseer.ist.psu.edu/760180.html Class Relation Predicate GrammaticalRelation Aspect Tense Case Agreement Attribute GrammaticalAttribute Gender Person Number 7 4.2 Details of the Ontology As much as possible we tried to use existing elements of the SUMO. First of all SUMO already includes a good semiotics architecture for the representation and the communication of information in general. Expanded from the original SUMO somewhat are the basic segments of language, which are classified as LinguisticExpressions http://www.loa-cnr.it/Files/SOIA.pdf SOIA Semantics and Ontology of InterAction Joint project ISTC - IRIT (CNRS-UPS, Toulouse, France) http://opim-sun.wharton.upenn.edu/~asa28//useful_semiotics_research_links.htm Useful Semiotics, linguistics, semantics, syntactics, controlled language, domain-specific language, etc. Research Links http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0097-8507(198309)59%3A3%3C708%3AEILO%3E2.0.CO%3B2-L Essays in Linguistic Ontology http://www.jfsowa.com/ontology/lexicon.htm The lexicon is the bridge between a language and the knowledge expressed in that language. Every language has a different vocabulary, but every language provides the grammatical mechanisms for combining its stock of words to express an open-ended range of concepts. Different languages, however, differ in the grammar, the words, and the concepts they express. http://www.cs.bilkent.edu.tr/~erayo/ontology/html/bookmarks/Ontologies/ Linguistics_Oriented/index.html Annotated Ontology Resources: Linguistics Oriented http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL_udi=B6V0N-47TFMYT-5 _user=10_coverDate=11%2F15%2F2002_rdoc=1_fmt=_orig=search_ sort=dview=c_acct=C000050221_version=1_urlVersion=0_userid=10md5 =85bb0f32be97f1d75abcbd7652951834 Linguistic kleptomania in computer science Department of Informatics, Aristotle University, Thessaloniki, Greece http://www.fi.muni.cz/gwc2004/proc/118.pdf One Dead Armadillo on WordNet's Speedway to Ontology Institute for Formal Ontology and Medical Information Science, University of Leipzig http://www.ling.su.se/DaLi/research/index.htm Research in Computational Linguistics at SU http://xml.coverpages.org/muleco.html Multilingual Upper-Level Electronic Commerce Ontology (MULECO) http://xml.coverpages.org/oil.html Ontology Interchange Language (OIL) http://xml.coverpages.org/owl.html OWL Web Ontology Language http://xml.coverpages.org/oml.html Ontology and Conceptual Knowledge Markup Languages http://xml.coverpages.org/shoe.html Simple HTML Ontology Extensions (SHOE) http://xml.coverpages.org/xol.html XOL - XML-Based Ontology Exchange Language http://www.cstr.ed.ac.uk/ University of Edinburgh The Centre for Speech Technology Research http://www.cl.cam.ac.uk/research/nl/index.html Natural Language and Information Processing Group University of Cambridge; Computer Laboratory; NLIP Group Computer Laboratory, University of Cambridge