发表CNS文章如吃家常便饭的印度美国科学家-Dinshaw J. PATEL ---结构生物学的浮华 在中国，能够发表CNS文章通常会受到热捧！这种情况值得商榷，因为这关乎如何理性进行科学评价的问题。 以印裔美国科学家 Dinshaw J. PATEL为例， Dinshaw J. PATEL目前就职于Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center，是该中心的Member 和 Abby Rockefeller Mauzé冠名主任（ Abby Rockefeller Mauzé Chair in Experimental Therapeutics），2009年当选美国科学院院士，2011、2012、2014分别被复旦大学、香港科技大学、中国医学科学院等聘为“讲席”（教授） 看看他2003年到现在的发表物： Selected Publications: (2003 to present; out of over 450 papers and reviews) 2003 Ye, K., Malinina, L. Patel, D. J. (2003). Recognition of siRNA by a viral suppressor of RNA silencing.Nature 426, 874-878.2004 Ma, J-B., Ye, K. Patel, D. J. (2004). Structural basis for overhang-specific small interfering RNA recognition by the PAZ domain. Nature 429, 318-322. Malinina, L., Malakhova, M. L., Teplov, A., Brown, R. E. Patel, D. J. (2004). Structural basis for glycosphingolipid transfer specificity. Nature 430, 1048-1053. 2005 Ma, J. B., Yuan, Y. R., Meister, G., Pei, Y., Tuschl, T. Patel, D. J. (2005). Structural basis for 5’-endspecific recognition of the guide RNA strand by the A. fugidus PIWI protein. Nature 434, 666-670. Serganov, A., Keiper, S., Malinina, L., Tereschko, V., Skripkin, E., Hobartner, C., Polonskaia, A., Phan,A. T., Wombacher, R., Micura, R., Dauter, Z., Jaschke, A. Patel, D. J. (2005). Structural basis for Diels- Alder ribozyme catalyzed carbon-carbon bond formation. Nat. Struct. Mol. Biol. 12, 218-224. Phan, A. T., Kuryavyi, V., Gaw, H. Y. Patel, D. J. (2005). Targeting anticancer drugs to a parallelstranded snapback G-quadruplex formed by five-guanine tracts of the human c-myc promotor. Nat.Chem. Biol. 1, 167-173. Yuan, Y. R., Ma, J. B., Kuryavyi, V., Pei, Y., Zhadina, M., Meister, G., Chen, H. Y., Dauter, Z., Tuschl, T. Patel, D. J. (2005). Crystal structure of Aquifex aeolicus Argonaute, a site-specific DNA-guided endoribonuclease, provides insights into RISC-mediated mRNA cleavage. Mol. Cell 19, 405-419. 2006 Serganov, A., Polonskaia, A., Phan, A. T., Breaker, R. R. Patel, D. J. (2006). Structural basis for gene regulation by a riboswitch that senses thiamine pyrophosphate. Nature 441, 1167-1171. 4 Li, H., Ilin, S., Wang, W. K., Wysocka, J., Allis, C. D. Patel, D. J. (2006). Molecular basis for sitespecific readout of H3 lysine 4 trimethylation by the BPTF PHD finger. Nature 442, 91-95. Teplova, M., Yuan, Y. R., Phan, A. T., Malinina, L., Ilin, S., Teplov, A. Patel, D. J. (2006). Structural basis for recognition and sequestration of UUUOH 3’-terminii of nascent mRNA polymerase III transcripts by La autoantigen. Mol. Cell 21, 75-85. Rechkoblit, O., Malinina, L., Cheng, Y., Kuryavyi, V., Broyde, S., Geacintov, N. Patel, D. J. (2006). Stepwise translocation of Dpo4 polymerase during error-free bypass of oxoG lesion. PLoS Biology 4, 25-42. Ruthenberg, A. J., Wang, W., Graybosch, D. M., Li, H., Allis, C. D., Patel, D. J. Verdine, G. L. (2006). Histone H3 lysine 4 methylation state recognition and presentation by the WDR5 module of the MLL1 complex. Nat. Struct. Mol. Biol. 13, 704-712. Malinina, L., Malakhova, M. L., Kanack, A. T., Brown, R. E. Patel, D. J. (2006). The liganding mode of glycolipid transfer protein is controlled by glycolipid acyl structure. PLoS Biology 4, 1996-2011. Taverna, S. D., Illin, S., Rogers, R. S., Tanny, J. C., Lavender, H., Li, H., Baker, L., Boyle, J., Blair, L. P., Chait, B., Patel, D. J., Aitchison, J. D., Tackett, A. J. Allis, C. D. (2006). Yng1 PHD finger binding to H3 trimethylated at K4 targets promotes NuA3 HAT activity at K14 of H3 and transcription at a subset of targeted ORFs. Mol. Cell 24, 785-796. Zhang, X., Yuan, Y-R., Pei, Y., Tuschl, T., Patel, D. J. Chua, N-H. (2006). Cucumber mosaic virusencoded 2b suppressor inhibits Arabidopsis AGO1 cleavage activity to counter plant defense. Genes Dev. 20, 3255-3268. 2007 Serganov, A. Patel, D. J. (2007). Ribozymes and riboswitches: beyond simple RNA. Nat. Rev. Genetics 8, 776-790. Ruthenburg, A. J., Li, H., Patel, D. J. Allis, C. D. (2007). Multivalent engagement of chromatin modifications by linked binding modules. Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol. 8, 983-994. Bailor, M. H., Musselman, C., Hansen, A. L., Gulati, K., Patel, D. J. Al-Hashimi, H. M. (2007). Characterizing the relative orientation and dynamics of RNA A-form helices using NMR residual dipolar couplings. Nat. Protocols 2, 1536-1546. Li, H., Wang, W. K., Fischle, W., Duncan, E. M., Liang, L., Allis, C. D. Patel, D. J. (2007). Structural basis for lower lysine methylation state-specific readout by MBT repeats and an engineered PHD finger module. Mol. Cell 28, 677-691. Taverna, S. D., Li, H., Ruthenburg, A. J., Allis, C. D. Patel, D. J. (2007). How chromatin-binding modules interpret histone modifications: Lessons from professional pocket pickers. Nat. Struct. Mol.Biol. 14, 1025-1040. 2008 Serganov, A., Huang, L. Patel, D. J. (2008). Structural insights into amino acid binding and gene control by a lysine riboswitch. Nature 455, 1263-1267. Wang, Y., Sheng, G., Juranek, S., Tuschl, T. Patel, D. J. (2008a). Structure of the guide-strandcontaining Argonaute silencing complex. Nature 456, 209-213. Wang, Y., Li, H., Juranek, S., Sheng, G., Tuschl, T. Patel, D. J. (2008b). Structure of an argonaute silencing complex with a seed-containing guide DNA and target RNA duplex. Nature 456, 921-926. Teplova, M. Patel, D. J. (2008). Structural insights into RNA recognition by the alternate splicing regulator muscleblind like MBNL1. Nat. Struct. Mol. Biol. 15, 1343-1351. 2009 5 Xiao, A., Li, H., Shechter, D., Ahn, S. H., Fabrizio, L., Erajument-Bromage, H., Murakami-Ishibe, S., Wang, B., Tempst, P., Hofmann, K., Patel, D. J., Elledge, S. J. Allis, C. D. (2009). WSTF regulates the DNA damage response of H2A.X via a novel tyrosine kinase activity. Nature 457, 57-62. Serganov, A., Huang, L. Patel, D. J. (2009). Coenzyme recognition and gene regulation by a FMN riboswitch. Nature 458, 233-237. Wang, G. G., Song, J., Wang, Z., Dormann, H. L., Casadio, F., Luo, J., Patel, D. J. Allis, C. D. (2009). Haematopoietic malignancies initiated by dysregulation of a chromatin-binding PHD finger. Nature 459, 847-851. Wang, Y., Juranek, S., Li, H., Sheng, G., Wardle, G. S., Tuschl, T. Patel, D. J. (2009). Nucleation, propagation and cleavage of target RNAs in argonaute silencing complexes. Nature 461, 754-761. Zhao, Q., Rank, G., Tan, Y. T., Li, H., Moritz, R. L., Simpson, R. J., Cerruti, L., Curtis, D. J., Patel, D. J., Allis, C. D., Cunningham, J. M. Jane, S. M. (2009). PRMT5-mediated methylation of histone H4R3 recruits DNMT3A coupling histone and DNA methylation in gene silencing. Nat. Struct. Mol. Biol. 16, 304-311. Li, H., Motamedi, M., Yip, C. K., Wang, Z., Waql, T., Patel, D. J. Moazed, D. (2009), An alpha motif of Tas3 C-terminus mediated RITS cis-spreading and promotes heterochromatin gene silencing. Mol. Cell 34, 155-167. 2010 Wang, Z., Song, J., Milne, T. A., Wang, G. G., Li, H., Allis, C. D. Patel, D. J. (2010). Pro isomerization in MLL1 PHD3-Bromo cassette connects H3K4me3 readout to CyP33 and HDAC-mediated repression. Cell 141, 1183-1194. Tsai, W-W., Wang, Z., Yiu, T. T., Akdemir, K. C., Xia, W., Winter, S., Tsai, C-Y., Shi, X., Schwarzer, D., Plunkett, W., Aronow, B., Gozani, O., Fischle, W., Hung, M. C., Patel, D. J. Barton, M. C. (2010). TRIM24 links recognition of a non-canonical histone signature to breast cancer. Nature 468, 927-932. Rechkoblit, O., Kolbanovskiy, A., Malinina, L., Geacintov, N. E., Broyde, S. Patel, D. J. (2010). Y-family polymerase-facilitated mechanism of error-free bypass and semi-targeted mutagenic processing of an aromatic amine lesion. Nat. Struct. Mol. Biol. 17, 379-388. Wang, Y., Ludwig, J., Sheng, G., Juranek, S., Micura, R., Tuschl, T., Hartmann, G. Patel, D. J. (2010). Structural and functional insights into 5’-ppp-dsRNA pattern recognition by the innate immune receptor RIG-I. Nat. Struct. Mol. Biol. 17, 781-787. Huang, L., Serganov, A. Patel, D. J. (2010). Structural insights into ligand recognition by a sensing domain of the cooperative glycine riboswitch. Mol. Cell 40, 774-786. 2011 Song, J., Rechkoblit, O., Bestor, T. H. Patel, D. J. (2011). Structure of DNMT1-DNA complex reveals a role for autoinhibition in maintenance DNA methylation. Science 331, 1036-1040. Ruthenburg, A., Li, H., Milne, T., Dou, Y., McGinty, R. K., Yuen, M., Muir, T. W., Patel, D. J. Allis, C. D. (2011). Recognition of a mononucleosomal histone modification pattern by BPTF via multivalent interactions. Cell 145, 692-706. Weinberg, D., Nakanishi, K., Patel, D. J. Bartel, D. P. (2011). The inside-out mechanism of Dicers from budding yeasts. Cell 146, 262-276. Xi, Q., Wang, Z., Zaromytidou, A., Zhang, X. H., Chow-Tsang, L-F., Liu, J. X., Kim, H., Monova- Todorova, K., Kaartinen, V., Studer, L., Mark, W., Patel, D. J. Massague, J. (2011). A poised chromatin platform for Smad access to master regulators. Cell 147, 1511-1524. Park, J. E., Heo, I., Tian, Y., Shimanshu, D., Chang, H., Jee, D., Patel, D. J. Kim, V. N. (2011). Dicer recognizes the 5’-end of RNA for efficient and accurate cleavage. Nature 475, 201-205. 6 Pikovskaya, O., Polonskkaya, A., Patel, D. J. Serganov, A. (2011). Structural principles of nucleoside selectivity in a 2’-deoxyguanosine. Nat. Chem. Biol. 7, 748-755. Rajakumara, E., Wang, Z., Ma, H., Hu, L., Chen, H., Lin, Y., Guo R., Wu, F., Li, H., Lan, F., Shi, Y., Xu, Y., Patel, D. J. Shi, Y. (2011a). PHD finger recognition of unmodified histone H3R2 links UHRF1 to regulation of euchromatic gene expression. Mol Cell 43, 275-284. Rajakumara, E., Law, J. A., Shimanshu, D. K., Voigt, P., Johnson, L. M., Reinberg, D., Patel, D. J. Jacobsen, S. E. (2011b). A dual flip out mechanism for 5mC recognition by the Arabidopsis SUVH5 SRA domain and its impact on DNA methylation and H3K9 dimethylation in vivo. Genes Dev. 25, 137-152. Tian, Y., Simanshu, D. K., Ascano, M., Daiz-Avalos, R., Park, A. Y., Juranek, S. A., Rice, W. J., Yin, Q., Robinson, C. C., Tuechl, T. Patel, D. J. (2011). Multimeric assembly and biochemical characterization of the Trax-translin endonuclease complex. Nat. Struct. Mol. Biol. 18, 658-664. Iwase, S., Xiang, B., Ghosh, S., Ren, T., Lewis, P. W., Cochrane, J. C., Allis, C. D., Picketts, D. J., Patel, D. J., Li, H. Shi, Y. (2011). ATRX links atypical histone methylation recognition mechanisms to human mental retardation syndrome. Nat. Struct. Mol. Biol. 18, 769-776. Phan, A. T., Kuryavyi, V., Darnell, J. C., Serganov, A., Majumdar, A., Raslin, T., Polonskaia, A., Chen, C., Clain, D., Darnell, R. B. Patel, D. J. (2011). Structure-function studies of FMRP RGG peptide recognition of an RNA duplex-quadruplex junction. Nat. Struct. Mol. Biol. 18, 796-804. Teplova, M., Wohlbold, L., Kim, N. Y., Izaurralde, E. Patel, D. J. (2011). Structure-function studies of nucleocytoplasmic transport of retroviral genomic RNA by mRNA export factor TAP. Nat. Struct. Mol.Biol. 18, 990-998. 2012 Song, J., Teplova, M., Ishibe-Murakami, S. Patel, D. J. (2012). Structural principles underlying DNMT1- mediated DNA methylation. Science 335, 709-712. Kuo, A. J., Song, J., Cheung, P., Ishibe-Murakami, S., Yamazoe, S., Chen, J., Patel, D. J. Gozani, O. (2012). ORC1 BAH domain links dimethylation of H4K20 to DNA replication licensing and Meier-Gorlin syndrome. Nature 484, 115-119. Ren, A., Rajashankar, K. Patel, D. J. (2012). Structure of the fluoride riboswitch reveals F- ion encapsulation by Mg2+ ions and RNA phosphates. Nature 486, 85-89. Nakanishi, K., Weinberg, D. E., Bartel, D. P. Patel, D. J. (2012). Structure of yeast Argonaute with guide RNA. Nature 486, 368-374. Kruidenier, L., Chung, C., Cheng, Z., Liddle, J., Bantscheff, M., Bountra, C., Bridges, A., Che, K., Diallo, H., Eberhard, D., Hutchinson, S., Joberty, G., Jones, E., Katso, R., Leveridge, M., Mosley, J., Rowland, P., Ramirez-Molina, C., Schofield, C. J., Sheppard, R., Smith, J. E., Swales, C., Tanner, R., Thomas, P., Tumber, A., Drewes, G., Oppermann, U., Patel, D. J., Lee, K., Wilson, W. (2012). A selective H3K27 demethylase inhibitor modulates the proinflammatory macrophage response. Nature 488, 404-408. Du, J., Zhong, X., Barnatavichute, Y. V., Stroud, H., Feng, S., Caro, E., Vashisht, A. A., Terragni, J., Tu, J., Hetzel, J., Wohlschlegel, J. A., Pradhan, S., Patel, D. J. Jacobsen, S. E. (2012). Dual binding of chromomethylase BAH and chromo domains to H3K9me2-containing nucleosomes in the targeting of DNA methylation. Cell 157, 167-180. Elsasser, S. J., Huang, H., Lewis, P. W., Allis, C. D. Patel, D. J. (2012). DAXX histone chaperone envelops an H3.3/H4 dimer for H3.3-specific recognition. Nature 491, 560-565. 2013 Oh, Y-S., Gao, P., Lee, K., Ceglia, I., Zhang, X., Ahn, J-H., Chait, B. T., Patel, D. J., Kim, Y. Greengard, P. (2013). SMARCA3, a chromatin remodeling factor, is required for p11-dependent antidepressant action. Cell 152, 841-843. 7 Gao, P., Ascano, M., Wu, Y., Barchet, W., Gaffney, B. L., Zillinger, T., Serganov, A., Jones, R. A., Hartmann, G., Tuschl, T. and Patel, D. J. (2013a). Cyclic is the metazoan second messenger produced by DNA-activated cyclic GMP-AMP synthase. Cell 153, 1094-1107. Gao, P., Ascano, M., Zillinger, T., Wang, Y., Dai, P., Serganov, A. A., Gaffney, B. L., Shuman, S., Jones, R., Deng, L., Hartmann, G., Barchet, W., Tuschl, T. and Patel, D.J. (2013b). Structure-function analysis of STING activation by c and targeting by DMXAA. Cell 154, 748-762. Shen, J., Xia, Y., Khotskaya, Y. B., Huo, L., Nakanishi, K., Lim, S-O., Du, Y., Wang, Y., Chang, W-C., Chen, C-H., Hsu, J. L., Lam, Y. C., James, B. P., Liu, C-G., Liu, X., Patel, D. J. Hung, M. C. (2013). EGFR modulates miRNA maturation in response to hypoxia through phosphorylation of Ago2. Nature 497, 383-387. Law, J. A., Du, J., Hale, C. J., Feng, S., Krajewski, K., Strahl, B. D., Patel, D. J. Jacobsen, S. E. (2013). Polymerase IV occupancy at RNA-directed DNA methylation sites requires SHH1. Nature 498, 385-389. Sun, X-J., Wang, Z., Wang, L., Jiang, Y., Chen, W-Y., Melnick, A., Patel, D. J., Nimer, S. D. Roeder, R. G. (2013). A stable transcription factor complex nucleated by dimeric AML1-ETO controls leukemogenesis. Nature 500, 93-97. Simanshu, D. K., Kamlekar, R. K., Wijesinghe, D. S., Zou, X., Zhai, X., Mishra, S. K., Molotkovsky, J. G., Malinina, L., Hincliffe, E. H., Chalfant, C. E., Brown, R. E. Patel, D. J. (2013a). Nonvesicular trafficking by ceramide-1-phosphate transfer protein regulates eicosanoid production. Nature 500, 463-467. Patel, D. J. and Wang, Z. (2013). A structural perspective of readout of epigenetic posttranslational modifications. Ann. Rev. Biochem. 82, 81-118. Dai, Q., Ren, A., Westholm, J. O., Serganov, A., Patel, D. J. Lai, E. C. (2013). The BEN domain is a novel sequence-specific DNA binding domain conserved in neural transcriptional repressors. Genes Dev. 27, 602-614. Teplova, M., Hafner, M., Teplov, D., Essig, K., Tuschl, T. and Patel, D. J. (2013). Structure-function studies of STAR family Quaking proteins bound to their in vivo RNA target sites. Genes Dev. 27, 928- 940. Cai, L., Rothbart, S. B., Lu, R., Xu, B., Tripathy, A., Chen, W-Y., Zheng, D., Patel, D. J., Allis, C. D., Strahl, B. D., Song, J. Wang, G. (2013). An H3K36me3-containing Tudor motif of polycomb-like proteins mediates PRC2 complex targeting. Mol. Cell 49, 571-582. Simanshu, D. K., Yamaguchi, Y., Park, J-H., Inouye, M. and Patel, D. J. (2013b). Structural insights into mRNA recognition by toxin MazF and its regulation by antitoxin MazE in B. subtilis. Mol. Cell 52, 447- 458. Nakanishi, K., Ascano, M., Gogakos, T., Ishibi-Murakami, S., Serganov, A. A., Briskin, D., Morozov, P., Tuschl, T. and Patel, D. J. (2013). Eukaryote-specific insertion elements control human ARGONAUTE slicer activity. Cell Reports 3, 1893-1900. 2014 Johnson, L. M., Du, J., Chodavarapu, R. K., Feng, S., Zhong, X., Hale, C. J., Marson, G., Segal, D. J., Pellergrini, M., Patel, D. J. and Jacobsen, S. E. (2014). SRA/SET domain proteins link RNA polymerase V binding to DNA methylation. Nature in press. Swarts, D. C., Jore, M. M., Westra, E. R., Zhu, Y., Janssen, J. H., Wang, Y., Patel, D. J., Berenguer, J., Brouns, S. J. and van der Oost, J. (2014). DNA-guided DNA interference by prokaryotic Argonaute. Nature in press. Noh, K. M., Wang, H., Jiang, Y., Wenderski, W., Li, C., Dewell, S., Zheng, D., Melnick, A, Patel, D. J., Li, H. and Allis, C. D. (2014). Engineered Dnmt3a reveals a critical role of epigenetic organization at CpG islands. Nature under revision. 26篇Nature文章，2004-2014区区十年，2.6篇Nature/年！其他的Nature子刊，Science和Cell等等还不算！ 这对于追捧CNS的中国科学界，这是不是会被热捧为“天人”？ 他现在实验室的主要研究人员基本上全是中国人。估计这些中国人回国后，会对中国科学界带来更为深重的“灾难”，如果一如既往，赢者通吃，那么试看将来的中国科学，必将是晶体学-X射线衍射-结构生物学的天下！清华同仁会不会有紧迫感？
For American universities screening PhD applicants from other countries, the student scores record forms one of the most important documents based on which candidates will be selected. But do you know how to decipher the scores record for recent graduates from mainland China? Most universities have now adopted a new scores system: 40% class attendance plus 60% final exam papers. Therefore if a student never asked for leave of absence and has done all necessary assigned readings, the attendance 40% is assured. Then if the score for the final papers is just 34 out of 100, the eventual score for the subject will be 40 + 34 x 60% = 60.4. For a student with a score of 60 at final exam papers, the overall mark for the subject will be 40 + 60 x 60% = 76. For a student with a final score of 95, the overall score will be 40 + 95 x 60% = 97. Now you know what minimum to expect if the student is of top notch overall.
Weissenberg said, “In liquids, confess That large strains sometimes govern the stress.” Remarked Rivlin, “No drivelling! In flows steady, though swivelling, The elastic part must evanesce.” Then along came young Oldroyd, J. G. “Things arenót quite as they seem, now”, said he， “With components convected (As H. Hencky selected), One obtains a new D by Dt.” (试译) Weissenberg 说：“要知道，有这样的液体， 有时，它的大应变决定了应力。” 那个叫Rivlin的却不以为然： “非也非也！流动若是稳态，即使有旋转， 弹性也必定消声匿迹。” 后来，年轻的Oldroyd, J. G.出场， “事情不是像他们所看到的那样，” 他说，“如参照系随流体元运动， (如同 H. Hencky所选用) D/Dt必须被代之以新的微商。” 上面这种诗体，在英文里被称为limerick，通常译为“五行打油诗”。它的押韵规则是AABBA，即第一、二和第五句押一个韵，而第三和第四句转押另一个韵。这种转韵的方式，颇类似中国词里的“定风波”。可举苏轼“定风波”的上阙为例：“莫听穿林打叶声，何妨吟啸且徐行。竹杖芒鞋轻胜马，谁怕？一蓑烟雨任平生。” 拿宋词和打油诗做比较，未免有些焚琴煮鹤。就此打住，只说这两段英文打油诗，原来是流变学家Arthur Lodge在1973年写的，写来庆祝一位流变学界的长辈Karl Weissenberg教授的80大寿。诗中除了提到Weissenberg以外，还出现了另外两位学者的名字， Rivlin和Oldroyd（还顺便提及一位 Hencky，但不是主角，按下不表）。我们就来“琐谈”一下这三位人物。 一、Karl Weissenberg Karl Weissenberg1893年出生在维也纳，1916年获得德国耶拿大学的数学博士学位，后受聘于柏林大学任物理学教授。他的研究兴趣很广泛，在数学领域有关于对称群的研究，在医学领域有关于X射线应用的研究，但他的主要贡献，是在晶体学和流变学领域。从他发表的论文看，有关晶体学的文章在数量上超过了流变学的文章。不过，前者的发表时间集中在1921年到1929年这八年的时间内。流变学文章的发表时间，从1928年开始到1976年逝世前，跨度长达四十余年年。可以说，他的学术生涯，大部分时间致力于流变学研究。 在传统的力学里，根据牛顿的假设，液体的应力只依赖于应变率，而不取决于应变本身的大小。Weissenberg 发现了许多不符合牛顿假设的现象，例如某些液体的应力取决于应变。他提出了解释这些现象的新的理论或假说，并发明了测量这些材料性质的一些实验仪器。 现在学习流变学的人都无法回避Weissenberg的大名。几乎所有的流变学的教材都会介绍这样一个物理现象：把一根圆棒插入盛在容器中的高分子液体里，当圆棒旋转时，液体便沿着圆棒向上爬。这现象叫做Weissenberg 效应，是Weissenberg首先发现的，他用粘弹性流体在剪切流动中产生法向应力差来解释。流变学中有一个无量纲数，即松弛时间和特征形变速率的乘积，是估算稳态流动下弹性和粘性效应的相对重要性的判据。这个无量纲数是后来的人提出来的，但将它命名为Weissenberg数，以纪念Weissenberg的贡献。 粘弹性流体的数值计算领域有一个难题，叫“高Weissenberg 数问题”。指的是求解某些粘弹性流体模型的复杂流动时，当Weissenberg 数超过一定值，各种常用的数值方法都不收敛。在上个世纪八十和九十年代，这个问题困扰了人们十几年。我当博士生的那几年，也把大好时光纠缠在“高Weissenberg 数问题”上。我必须承认，结果很失望，但过程很有趣。也从此铭记不忘Weissenberg 的大名。 Weissenberg 去世于1976年，享年83岁。 二、Ronald S. Rivlin 生于1915年、比Weissenberg小22岁的Ronald S. Rivlin，是二战以后最有影响力的流变学家之一。有点不平常的是，他1933年入学剑桥大学学习数学和物理，1937毕业时获得的却是剑桥大学文学士（BA) 的学位。1939年又得到文科硕士学士（MA)学位。而多年以后，1952年，剑桥大学受予他科学博士(ScD)学位。 Rivlin曾想成为人类学家或考古学家，但最终成为流变学家，这和他在1937年到1942年期间在英国通用电器公司(GEC)工作的一段经历有关。在这段时间里，他遇到了橡胶弹性力学的专家Treloar。与Treloar的交往使Rivlin对流变学研究产生了浓厚的兴趣。而他最富有成果的关于橡皮物质大变形的研究，是他在1944-1953年间在英国橡胶生产者研究协会(British Rubber Producers' Research Association，简称BRPRA)工作时做的。 1946年，Rivlin结识了Weissenberg，参观了Weissenberg的许多实验，包括爬杆现象的演示，从中得到了很多启发，曾在自己的文章中对Weissenberg表示感谢。但他不赞同Weissenberg用弹性效应来解释一些稳态流动的实验结果。因为在Rivlin看来，稳态流动不可能有弹性效应。他也有一些实验证据，但主要的理论依据是当时“经典”的粘弹模型。根据这些模型，在稳态流动中，应力对时间导数为零，剩下的方程与纯粘性流体模型无异。他的见解发表于1948年的一篇论文里。这也算是饶毅博友所提到的Francis Crick的名言“批评是科学友谊的高度和衡量”的一个例证。不过这篇文章后来被Oldroyd证明是错误的。Rivlin读到Oldroyd的论证后，便收回了自己对Weissenberg的批评。 1953年以后，Rivlin移居美国，先后在Brown大学和Lehigh大学任教，他的很多有影响的工作是在那个时期做的。 1980年，Rivlin退休，时年65岁。退休对一个不为柴米油盐犯愁的科学家来说意味着可以更自由地做个人感兴趣的研究。他生命不息，探索不止，直到2005年，他在90岁的高龄，还写了一生中最后一篇学术论文“Some Thoughts on Frame Indifference”。这篇论文没来得及定稿，他就与世长辞了。后来，由他的儿子John Rivlin提供，由两位匿名审稿人修改定稿，发表在2006年4月的Mathematics and Mechanics of Solids上。 三、James G. Oldroyd 1921年，Oldroyd生于英国的布拉德福德。他和Rivlin不仅是英国同胞，而且是剑桥大学不同届的校友。Oldroyd在1939年因中学数学成绩优异获取奖学金进入剑桥大学。大学毕业正值二战爆发。他的第一份工作是在军需部门从事火箭研究。战后，从1945年到1953年，他在英国Courtaulds 公司的基础研究实验室工作。这是一家开发聚合物纺织产品和纤维的公司，Oldroyd在那里开始了他的流变学研究。 Oldroyd是一个耐得住清冷和寂寞的学者。二战以后，对合成高分子材料的大量需求吸引了多数流变学者致力于流变学在工业应用方面的研究，而身在工业界的Oldroyd却一心专注于本构方程的基础理论的探讨。本构方程，又称为流变状态方程，描述的是静力学变量（应力）和运动学变量（应变、应变率）的关系。他认识到，要保证理论的正确性，建立本构方程要遵循一定的基本原理，这些原理，现在一般总结为：(1) 坐标不变性原理；(2)局部作用原理；(3)决定性原理；以及(4)物质客观性原理。 Oldroyd发现，当时几乎所有的研究者都犯了一个错误，就是忽视了物质客观性原理的限制。这条原理是说，在惯性参考系中，本构方程必须与参考架的变换无关。换句话说，假设有两个观察者，持有不同时钟和进行不同运动，对他们来说，本构方程必须相同。（注：参考架变换是指一个依赖于时间的均匀空间变换，与通常的与时间无关的座标系变换有所区别。）这一原理的另一种等价的陈述是：本构方程必须不依赖于物体作为一个整体在空间所作的刚体运动（即平移或转动）。并非所有的物理定律都要满足物质客观性原理，但本构方程描述的是物质固有的力学性质，应该与观察者的运动或物体自身的刚体运动无关，这在物理上是明显的。可是当时人们广泛应用的本构方程，都是在固定的空间坐标系计算应力张量的时间导数，没有摆脱平移和转动的影响，导致了违背物质客观性原理。 为此，Oldroyd采用嵌入运动体的座标系，即随动（convected）坐标系，在此参照系中建立的本构方程是客观的。然后再将方程转换到固定坐标系，因为所有的物理量只能在相对于空间中固定坐标系进行测量。这样得到的应力张量对时间的变化率，称作Oldroyd随流微商。 经典的模型例如Maxwell模型，是从串联的“弹簧－粘壶”模型推导出来的。它能定性地解释一些粘弹现象例如应力松弛。但在稳态剪切流动中，它表现出和牛顿流体相同的行为，不显示任何弹性。Rivlin正是据此来质疑Weissenberg，因为后者用弹性效应来解释一些稳态流动的实验结果。然而，正如Oldroyd指出的，经典Maxwell模型不满足物质客观性的要求，改正的途径之一是用Oldroyd随流微商代替经典模型中的偏微商。采用Oldroyd随流微商的Maxwell模型，即使用于稳态流动，也能够预测出流体具有弹性行为。这就证明了Rivlin对Weissenberg的质疑的论据是不成立的。 Oldroyd的文章，题为“On the Formulation of Rheological Equations of State”，发表于1950。这篇文章，澄清了长期以来含糊不清的概念。被Metzner誉为“可能是理论流变学最重要的一篇论文”。 四、一点余波 至此，开头那两段五行打油诗背后的故事算是交代完完毕了，但关于Oldroyd，还有一点未平的余波，索性也来琐谈一下。 Oldroyd1950年的文章，虽是流变学界的里程碑之作，但当时似乎被流变学界之外的力学界有意或无心地忽略了。从1955年开始，美国科学家Truesdell，Noll 和Coleman发展所谓的“理性力学”，其中一些核心内容其实是Oldroyd工作的重复或推论，然而Oldroyd的工作却没有被提到。甚至直到1962年，Truesdell在一次IUTAM会议上做了一个题为"Second-Order Effects in the Mechanics of Materials”的著名报告，仍然只字未提Oldroyd的贡献。而Oldroyd本人当时正坐在会场里。这次会议闭幕的即席总结发言则是Oldroyd做的。在发言中他不无讽刺地说：“我们可以感到欣慰的是……对流变状态方程进行完全一般性的讨论，在1955年的美国，和在1950年的欧洲相比，并不需要更加复杂的一套物理原理和数学思想。”(“We may take comfortfrom the point ... that the sequence of physical principles and mathematical ideas that are required for a completely general discussion of equations that describe theological behavior need be no more complicated in, say, America in 1955 than it was in Europe in 1950.”) 钱伟长先生也曾提到这段历史，他在一篇序文里是这样写的，“M. Reiner和 R.S. Rivlin等人对橡皮物质大变形的研究，接着一九四八年 J. G. Oldroyd对流变物质状态方程的研究，逐步为形成近代理性力学创造了条件。C.A. Truesdell，W. Noll和B.D. Coleman从一九五八年后提出了更加完善的关于构造物质运动本构方程的公理体系……”不过，Oldroyd对发展近代理性力学的贡献不仅是“创造了条件”。如果说是“奠定了理论基础”，或许更中肯些。 不管Truesdell们是否参考过Oldroyd的文章，文章白纸黑字摆在那里。Truesdell还是选择了尊重事实，在1965年编辑的一本论文集的引言里他公开承认了Oldroyd的的贡献。他写道：“Oldroyd1950年的论文首次认识到理性连续介质力学的总体图景，并描述了如何进展的途径。凡是熟悉较为新近的理论的读者都可以看到，我们现在称为决定性原理、局部作用原理和物质无关性原理的理论，都已在这篇论文中作了相当具有普遍性和相当清晰的阐述。”(“The Oldroyd 1950 paper is the first to recognize the general program of rational continuum mechanics and to give a prescription for carrying it through. The reader familiar with more recent theories will recognize in this paper fairly general and fairly clear statements of what are now called the principles of determinism, contiguous action and material indifference.” ) 1982年11月22日，Oldroyd溘然长逝，享年61岁。今天是他逝世30周年纪念日。 补充一： 拙文中提到物质客观性原理要求本构方程和观察者(参考系)的运动无关,并提到这个陈述等价于要求本构方程不依赖于物体作为一个整体在空间所作的刚体运动。上述说法见于上世纪九十年代以前许多文章或专著。感谢一位网名hillyuan的网友，他(她)在评论中指出以上两个陈述并不等价，并介绍了如下一篇参考文献： B. Svendsen and A. Bertram, On frame-indifference and form-invariance in constitutive theory, Acta Mechanica, 132, 195-207, 1999 补充二： 拙文提到随流座标系，可参看附图。附图以二维为例，不难推想到三维的情形。图中，x1，x2是固定座标系，X1，X2是嵌在材料元中的随流座标系。我们选择它们在时刻t 重合。点S和P在随流座标系的座标值不随时间变化。但随流座标系的基向量是随时间而改变的。在随流座标系上建立的本构方程和平移和/或转动无关。
Call for Papers SCA2012 - 2012 International Conference on Social Computing and Its Applications, Nov. 1-3, 2012, Xiangtan, China. Website: http://kpnm.hnust.cn/confs/sca2012/ Theme: Social Media, Mining and Analytics Key dates: Submission Deadline: June 30, 2012 Submission site: https://www.easychair.org/conferences/?conf=sca2012 Publication: Proceedings will be published by IEEE CS Press. Special issues: Distinguised papers will be selected for special issues in World Wide Web Journal; The Computer Journal; or Journal of Systems and Software. =========== Introduction Social computing is concerned with the intersection of social behaviour and computing systems, creating or recreating social conventions and social contexts through the use of software and technology. Various social computing applications such as blogs, email, instant messaging, social networking (Facebook, MySpace, Twitter, LinkedIn, etc.), wikis, and social bookmarking have been widely popularised where people interact socially via computing space. Such applications have been profoundly impacting social behaviour and life style of human beings while pushing the boundary of computing technology simultaneously. While people can enjoy or even indulge in the benefits such as freedom and convenience brought about by social computing, various critical issues such as privacy protection, touch-screen based arty HCI design, and modelling of social behaviour in computing space still remain challenging. SCA (Social Computing and its Applications) is created to provide a prime international forum for both researchers, industry practitioners and environment experts to exchange the latest fundamental advances in the state of the art and practice of Social Computing and broadly related areas. Scope and Topics Topics of particular interest include, but are not limited to: * Fundamentals of social computing * Modelling of social behaviour * Social network analysis and mining * Computational models of social simulation * Web 2.0 and semantic web * Innovative HCI and touch-screen models * Modelling of social conventions and social contexts * Social cognition and social intelligence * Social media analytics and intelligence * Group formation and evolution * Security, privacy, trust, risk and cryptography in social contexts * Social system design and architectures * Information retrieval, data mining, artificial intelligence and agent-based technology * Group interaction, collaboration, representation and profiling * Handheld/mobile social computing * Service science and service oriented interaction design * Cultural patterns and representation * Emotional intelligence, opinion representation, influence process * Mobile commerce, handheld commerce and e-markets * Connected e-health in social networks * Social policy and government management * Social blog, micro-blog, public blog, internet forum * Business social software systems * Impact on peoples activities in complex and dynamic environments * Collaborative filtering, mining and prediction * Social computing applications and case studies Submission Guidelines Submissions must include an abstract, keywords, the e-mail address of the corresponding author and should not exceed 8 pages for main conference, including tables and figures in IEEE CS format. The template files for LATEX or WORD can be downloaded here. All paper submissions must represent original and unpublished work. Each submission will be peer reviewed by at least three program committee members. Submission of a paper should be regarded as an undertaking that, should the paper be accepted, at least one of the authors will register for the conference and present the work. Submit your paper(s) in PDF file at the SCA2012 submission site: https://www.easychair.org/conferences/?conf=sca2012. Publications Accepted and presented papers will be included into the IEEE Conference Proceedings published by IEEE CS Press (Indexed by EI). Authors of accepted papers, or at least one of them, are requested to register and present their work at the conference, otherwise their papers may be removed from the digital libraries of IEEE CS and EI after the conference. Distinguished papers presented at the conference, after further revision, will be published in special issues of high quality SCI indexed international journals which are: World Wide Web Journal; The Computer Journal; and Journal of Systems and Software. Honorary General Chairs * Jiawei Han, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, USA * Kyu-Young Whang, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Korea General Chairs * Irwin King, the Chinese University of HongKong, Hong Kong * Wolfgan Nejdl, L3S, Germany * Feiyue Wang, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China General Vice Chairs * V.S. Subrahmanian, University of Maryland, USA * Jiming Liu, Hong Kong Baptist University, China * Jinho Kim, Kangwon National University, Korea Program Chairs * Aoying Zhou, East China Normal University, China * Guandong Xu, Victoria University, Australia * Nitin Agarwal, University of Arkansas at Little Rock, USA Program vice-Chairs * Tim Butcher, Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology, Australia * Akiyo Nadamoto, Konan University, Japan * Xiaoqing (Frank) Liu, Missouri University of Science and Technology, USA * Tiejian Luo, Graduate University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, China Workshop Chairs * Wookey Lee, Inha University, Korea * Xiangfeng Luo, Shanghai University, China Steering Committee * V.S. Subrahmanian, University of Maryland, USA * Irwin King, The Chinese University of Hongkong, China * Igor Hawryszkiewycz, University of Technology, Sydney, Australia * Jinjun Chen, University of Technology, Sydney, Australia (Chair) * Feiyue Wang, Chinese Academia of Science, China * Wesley Chu, University of California, USA * Shaun Lawson, University of Lincoln, UK * Jianhua Ma, Hosei University, Japan * John Yen, Pennsylvania State University, USA * Jiming Liu, Hong Kong Baptist University, China * Adrian David Cheok, National University of Singapore, Singapore * Craig Standing, Edith Cowan University, Australia * Laurence T. Yang, St Francis Xavier University, Canada (Chair) Publicity Chairs * Ting Liu, Harbin Institute of Technology, China * Zongda Wu, University of Science Technology of China, China Publication Chairs * Jinjun Chen, University of Technology, Sydney, Australia * Jianxun Liu, Hunan University of Science and Technology, China
Call for Papers CGC 2012 ,2012 International Conference on Cloud and Green Computing 1-3 Nov. 2012, Xiangtan, China. Website: http://kpnm.hnust.cn/confs/cgc2012/ Key dates: Submission Deadline: June 30, 2012 Submission site: https://www.easychair.org/conferences/?conf=cgc2012 Publication: Proceedings will be published by IEEE CS Press. Special issues: Distinguised papers will be selected for special issues in Concurrency and Computation: Practice and Experience; Future Generation Computer Systems; or International Journal of High Performance Computing Applications. =========== Introduction Cloud computing is positioning itself as a new emerging platform for delivering information infrastructures and resources as IT services. Customers (enterprises or individuals) can then provision and deploy these services in a pay-as-you-go fashion and in a convenient way while saving huge capital investment in their own IT infrastructures. It has evoked a high degree of interest internationally with many challenges such as security and privacy remaining open. Green computing, in general, aims to enable computing and IT infrastructures to be energy efficient and environmentally friendly. With dramatically increasing demand on computing and storage systems, IT infrastructures have been scaled tremendously which results in huge amount of energy consumption, heat dissemination, greenhouse emission and even part of climate change. As such, green computing has come to the picture seeking solutions for computing and IT infrastructures to be energy efficient and environmentally friendly. While customers can enjoy green atmosphere as well as cost saving and convenience because cloud computing accommodates their IT infrastructures in the cloud, how to green the cloud becomes increasingly challenging and extremely important in terms of global energy efficiency and environmental sustainability. CGC (Cloud and Green Computing) is created to provide a prime international forum for both researchers, industry practitioners and environment experts to exchange the latest fundamental advances in the state of the art and practice of Cloud computing and Green computing as well as joint-venture and synergic research and development across both areas. Scope and Topics Topics of particular interest include, but are not limited to: * Fundamentals of cloud computing * Architectural cloud models * Programming cloud models * Provisioning/pricing cloud models * Volumn, Velocity and Variety of Big Data on Cloud * Resource scheduling and SLA for Big Data on Cloud * Storage and computation management of Big Data on Cloud * Large-scale scientific workflow in support of Big Data processing on Cloud * Big Data mining and analytics * Multiple source data processing and integration on Cloud * Visualisation of Big Data on Cloud * MapReduce for Big Data processing * Distributed file storage of Big Data on Cloud * Data storage and computation in cloud computing * Resource and large-scale job scheduling in cloud computing * Security, privacy, trust, risk in cloud computing * Fault tolerance and reliability in cloud computing * Access control to cloud computing * Resource virtualisation * Monitoring and auditing in cloud * Scalable and elastic cloud services * Social computing and impacts on the cloud * Innovative HCI and touch-screen models and technologies to cloud * Mobile commerce, handheld commerce and e-markets on cloud * Intelligent/agent-based cloud computing * Migration of business applications to cloud * Cloud use case studies * Fundamentals of green computing * Energy aware software, hardware and middleware * Energy efficient IT architecture * Energy efficient resource scheduling and optimisation * Energy efficient clustering and computing * Large-scale energy aware data storage and computation * Energy aware control, monitoring and HCI design * Energy efficient networking and operation * Energy efficient design of VLSI and micro-architecture * Intelligent energy management * Green data centers * Energy aware resource usage and consumption * Smart power grid and virtual power stations * Energy policy, social behaviour and government management * Teleworking, tele-conferences and virtual meeting * Low power electronics and energy recycling * Green computing case studies * Energy efficient Internet of Things * Energy efficient cloud architecture * Energy aware data storage and computation in cloud computing * Energy aware scheduling, monitoring, auditing in cloud * Case studies of green cloud computing. Submission Guidelines Submissions must include an abstract, keywords, the e-mail address of the corresponding author and should not exceed 8 pages for main conference, including tables and figures in IEEE CS format. The template files for LATEX or WORD can be downloaded here. All paper submissions must represent original and unpublished work. Each submission will be peer reviewed by at least three program committee members. Submission of a paper should be regarded as an undertaking that, should the paper be accepted, at least one of the authors will register for the conference and present the work. Submit your paper(s) in PDF file at the CGC2012 submission site: https://www.easychair.org/conferences/?conf=cgc2012. Authors of accepted papers, or at least one of them, are requested to register and present their work at the conference, otherwise their papers may be removed from the digital libraries of IEEE CS and EI after the conference. Publications Accepted and presented papers will be included into the IEEE Conference Proceedings published by IEEE CS Press (pending). Authors of accepted papers, or at least one of them, are requested to register and present their work at the conference, otherwise their papers may be removed from the digital libraries of IEEE CS and EI after the conference. Distinguished papers presented at the conference, after further revision, will be published in special issues of Concurrency and Computation: Practice and Experience; Future Generation Computer Systems; or International Journal of High Performance Computing Applications. Honorary Chairs Ramamohanarao Kotagiri, The University of Melbourne, Australia Jack Dongarra, University of Tennessee, USA Deyi Li, Chinese Academy of Engineering, China General Chairs Ivan Stojmenovic, University of Ottawa, Canada Albert Zomaya, The University of Sydney, Australia Hai Jin, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, China General Vice-Chairs Geoffrey Fox, Indiana University, USA Schahram Dustdar, Vienna University of Technology, Austria Laurence Yang, St Francis Xavier University, Canada Program Chairs Jinjun Chen, University of Technology, Sydney, Australia Peter Brezany, University of Vienna , Austria Jianxun Liu, Hunan University of Science and Technology, China Program Vice-Chairs Ivona Brandic,Vienna University of Technology, Austria, Yang Yu, Sun Yat-Sen University, China Ching-Hsien (Robert) Hsu, Chung Hua University, Taiwan Workshop Chairs Zizhong (Jeffrey) Chen, Colorado School of Mines, USA Rajiv Ranjan, The University of New South Wales, Australia Wangchun Dou, Nanjing University, China Steering Committee Mohammed Atiquzzaman, University of Oklahoma, USA Rajkumar Buyya The University of Melbourne, Australia Jinjun Chen, University of Technology, Sydney, Australia (Chair) Jack Dongarra, University of Tennessee, USA Schahram Dustdar, Vienna University of Technology, Austria Geoffrey Fox, Indiana University, USA Hai Jin, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, China Andrzej Goscinski, Deakin University, Australia Anthony D. Joseph, UC Berkeley, USA Jordi Torres, Technical University of Catalonia, Spain Manish Parashar, Rutgers University, USA Laurent Lefevre, INRIA, France Ivan Stojmenovic, University of Ottawa, Canada Laurence T. Yang, St Francis Xavier University, Canada (Chair) Award Chairs Guojun Wang, Central South University, China Panel Chairs Jinjun Chen, University of Technology, Sydney, Australia Jian Cao, Shanghai Jiao Tong Universtiy, China
2001 Monodispersed hard carbon spherules with uniform nanopores In this work, sugar was selected as the precursor. The typical preparation process can be described simply in two steps, namely dewatering at low temperatures and carbonization at high temperatures. In the dewatering process,aqueous sugar solution of 1.5 mol/ l was filled in a stainless steel autoclave with a fill rate of 90%. After 5 h hydrothermal treatment at 190℃, the obtained black powder was further carbonized in a tube furnace in argon atmosphere. The argon flow rate, final temperature and heating rate of the furnace were 25 ml/min, 1000℃ and 1℃/min below 500℃, 5℃/min above 500℃, respectively.
Novelis high-strength aluminum sheet for Range Rover roof is more formable and 20% stronger Novelis Inc., Atlanta, Ga., has been selected as the sole supplier of aluminum sheet for the all-new Range Rover Evoque. The advanced roof design is the first production application of the company's new high-strength aluminum alloy Anticorodal-600 PX, which is about 20% stronger than typical aluminum automotive sheet, yet offers improved formability over other high-strength alloys. The increased strength also provides the opportunity to reduce the thickness of the sheet by as much as 15%. This makes it ideal for applications such as hoods, fenders, roofs and doors. The Evoque features an aluminum hood, roof, and structural parts made with Novelis automotive sheet. The advanced roof design is the first production application of the company's new high-strength aluminum alloy Anticorodal-600 PX (Ac-600 PX), which delivers superior strength and excellent formability in a light-weight package. "Ac-600 was developed by Novelis scientists specifically for automotive use," says Roland Harings, Vice President, Global Automotive for Novelis. "Novelis is delighted to continue the relationship as Jaguar Land Rover's chosen supplier of aluminum sheet," adds Harings, "continuing a partnership that started more than 20 years ago and today is helping them produce superior vehicles with better fuel economy and reduced emissions." www.novelis.com
经过又一轮盲审，本届全美数学建模邀请赛Ａ／Ｂ／Ｃ三题的最佳解决方案出炉。 清华大学－Ａ题 电子科技大学－Ｂ题 洪堡州立大学－Ｃ题 最佳方案（稍微有些缩略的版本）将在The UMAP Journal第３２卷第２期刊出 －－－－来自组委会发给所有Ｏｕｔｓｔａｎｄｉｎｇ／ｆｉｎａｌ ｐａｐｅｒｓ导师的信的一部分－－－－ The Outstanding MCM and ICM papers to be published in The UMAP Journal Vol. 32, No. 2 are those from: A. Tsinghua University B. University of Electronic Science and Technology C. Humboldt State University The papers were selected "blind," that is, without knowing which institutions they came from. I regret that we could not publish all the Outstanding papers.
http://www.elsevier.com/wps/find/P04.cws_home/main Dear Xu Peiyang, Elsevier congratulates Richard F. Heck, Ei-ichi Negishi and Akira Suzuki on being awarded the 2010 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for palladium-catalyzed cross couplings in organic synthesis. The scientists were honored for discovering more efficient ways of linking carbon atoms together to build the complex molecules that are improving our everyday lives. Palladium catalysts in general have higher chemical yields and higher functional group tolerance. Palladium-catalyzed cross couplings are an investigative chemical tool that has vastly improved the opportunities for chemists to create sophisticated chemicals, directly enhancing product development in pharmaceutical and electronics industries, for example. The Reactions in brief: The Heck coupling is the palladium catalysed carbon-carbon coupling between halides and activated alkenes in the presence of a base. Richard F. Heck, Professor at the University of Delaware, has published in Inorganica Chimica Acta , the Journal of Organometallic Chemistry and Tetrahedron Letters . The Negishi coupling is the palladium cross coupling reaction which uses an organozinc compound, and an organic halide to produce a new carbon-carbon covalent bond. Ei-ichi Negishi, Professor at Purdue University has published in Heterocycles , Inorganica Chimica Acta , the Journal of Molecular Catalysis A: Chemical , the Journal of Organometallic Chemistry , Polyhedron , Tetrahedron , Tetrahedron Asymmetry and Tetrahedron Letters . The Suzuki coupling is the palladium-catalysed cross coupling between organoboronic acids and halides. Akira Suzuki, Professor at Hokkaido University published one of his first papers on Pd coupling, in Tetrahedron Letters . He has also published in the Journal of Organometallic Chemistry and Tetrahedron . In recognition of the importance of their work, we are pleased to offer free access to a selection of articles that Richard F. Heck, Ei-ichi Negishi and Akira Suzuki have published with Elsevier. View the articles directly on ScienceDirect via the links below or access their article pdfs . Richard F. Heck Palladium catalyzed synthesis of aryl, heterocyclic and vinylic acetylene derivatives (1975) Journal of Organometallic Chemistry ,93(2),pp.259-263; Dieck, H.A., Heck, F.R. Ei-ichi Negishi Palladium-catalysed cross-coupling reaction of alkynylzincs with benzylic electrophiles (2005) Tetrahedron Letters , 46 (16), pp. 2927-2930. Qian, M., Negishi, E.-I. Palladium-catalyzed or -promoted reductive carbon-carbon coupling. Effects of phosphines and carbon ligands (1987) Journal of Organometallic Chemistry , 334 (1-2), pp. 181-194; Negishi, E.-i., Takahashi, T., Akiyoshi, K. A convenient synthesis of unsymmetrical bibenzyls homoallylarenes, and homopropargylarenes via palladium-catalyzed cross coupling (1983) Tetrahedron Letters,24 (36),pp. 3823-3824; Ei-ichi Negishi, Hajime Matsushita, Makoto Kobayashi, Cynthia L. Rand. Highly selective synthesis of allylated arenes and diarylmethanes via palladium-catalyzed cross coupling involving benzylic derivatives (1981)Tetrahedron Letters,22 (29), pp. 2715-2718; Ei-ichi Negishi, Hajime Matsushita, Nobuhisa Okukado Akira Suzuki A new stereospecific cross-coupling by the palladium-catalyzed reaction of 1-alkenylboranes with 1-alkenyl or 1-alkynyl halides (1979) Tetrahedron Letters , 20 (36), pp. 3437-3440; Miyaura, N., Yamada, K., Suzuki, A. Cross-coupling reactions of 1-alkenylboranes with 3,4-epoxy-1-butene catalyzed by palladium or nickel complexes (1982)Journal of Organometallic Chemistry,233 (2), pp. C13-C16; Miyaura N, Tanabe Y, Suginome H, et al . A stereospecific synthesis of conjugated ( E , Z )- and ( Z , Z )-alikadienes by a palladium-catalyzed cross-coupling reaction of 1-alkenylboranes with 1-alkenyl bromides (1981) Tetrahedron Letters,22(2), pp. 127-130 ; Miyaura, N., Suginome, H., Suzuki, A. Richard F. Heck Ei-ichi Negishi Akira Suzuki For more information on Elsevier's Chemistry Journals: www.elsevier.com/chemistry Data Protection Notice: This e-mail has been sent to xupeiyang@vip.163.com from Elsevier Science Technology Journals, Radarweg 29, 1043 NX Amsterdam, The Netherlands, using smartFOCUS DIGITAL technology and platform. To ensure delivery to your inbox (not bulk or junk folders), please click here to add our address to your safe senders list. You are receiving this e-mail from us because you are a registered user of the Elsevier-Alerts microsite or were a registered user of Elsevier's Chemweb platform and in the belief that it will be of interest. 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List of Selected Publications Hongfei Zhang , Junqing Li, Wei Zuo, Zhongyu Ma, Baoqiu Chen, and Soojae Im, Properties of the superheavy element 287 115 and its alpha-decay time Phys. Rev. C 71, 054312(2005) . Hongfei Zhang , Junqing Li, Wei Zuo, G. Royer, Alpha decay half-lives of new superheavy elements in a generalized liquid drop model, Phys. Rev. C 74, 017304 (2006). Hongfei Zhang, Soojae Im, Junqing Li, Wei Zuo, Zhongyu Ma, Baoqiu Chen, Improved BCS-type pairing correlation for relativistic mean field theory, Euro. Phys. Jour. A30, 519 (2006). H. F. Zhang, J. Q. Li, W. Zuo, X. H. Zhou, Z. G. Gan, N.Wang, Ground state properties of superheavy nuclei in relativistic mean field theory, Int. J. Mod. Phys. E, Vol.15, 1613 (2006). ZHANG Hong-Fei , ZUO Wei, LI Jun-Qing, Soojae Im, MA Zhong-Yu, and, CHEN Bao-Qiu, Anomaly in the Charge Radii and Nuclear Structure, CHIN. PHYS. LETT Vol.23, 1723 (2006). H.F. Zhang , Z.H. Li, U. Lombardo, P.Y. Luo, F. Sammarruca , W. Zuo, Nucleon-nucleon cross section in dense nuclear matter, Phys. Rev. C 76, 054001 （ 2007 ） H.F. Zhang , and G. Royer, Theoretical and experimental alpha decay half-lives of the heaviest odd-Z elements and general predictions, Phys. Rev. C. 76, 047304 (2007). ZHANG Hong-Fei, ZUO Wei, Soojae Im, ZHOU Xiao-Hong, and LI Jun-Qing, Systematic Study of Stability of Super Heavy Nuclei, Commun. Theor. Phys. Vol.42, 871 (2004). G. Royer and H.F. Zhang, Recent alpha decay half-lives and analytic expression predictions including the superheavy nuclei, Phys. Rev. C. 77, 037602 (2008). H.F. Zhang, and G. Royer, alpha particle preformation in heavy nuclei and penetration probability, Phys. Rev. C. 77, 054318 (2008).
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