中国农业的生态化图景 蒋高明 本文于 2013 年 2 月 1 日 发表于《绿叶》杂志 12 合刊 ( 总第 175 期 ): 100-106. 工业革命以来,人类掌握了改造自然的强大武器,农业也发生了翻天覆地的变化。现代农业以无机能的大量投入为标志,使用上千上万的化学合成物质;生命科学的尖端成果,如转基因技术也 “ 入侵 ” 农业。当前, “ 大农药 ” 、 “ 大化肥 ” 、除草剂、添加剂、农膜、转基因构成现代农业的六大要素。然而,人类在通过上述技术提高粮食产量的同时,也面临一系列问题:土壤、地下水和空气被污染,地力下降,食品安全受到严重影响, “ 六要素 ” 变成现代农业的 “ 六大害 ” 。 从 20 世纪 70 年代初期至今,中国粮食作物获得了大幅度增产。但是,农民并未从中获得更多的受益,相反,农业收入呈直线下降势头。农业 “ 六要素 ” 和大量进口粮食,强力挤压中国农业的利润空间。中国农民种地的积极性严重受挫,纷纷弃耕进城务工。美国等国家高额补贴下的进口粮食由此更得以补充入中国粮食市场,如此恶性循环,中国粮食安全堪忧。 一、中国粮食供应能力不容乐观 有关部门一方面宣布粮食九连增,一方面又大量进口粮食。我们的粮食自给率到底是多少呢?我们有没有突破粮食安全警戒线? 中国曾实现了农业自给自足,但是,最近 30 年来,中国的农业开始进入沦陷状态,我们必须面对这个严重现实。有关部门在主流媒体上宣布:中国的 “主要粮食自给率仍稳定在警戒线 95% 以上”;“就进口总量来看,玉米、小麦、大米这三种粮食的进口量占国内产量比重不足 2% ”,这是一个严重的错误信号。因为,他们在统计粮食时,并没有包括大豆和其它粗粮在内。国家统计局对粮食的定义很清楚:“粮食除包括稻谷、小麦、玉米、高粱、谷子及其他杂粮外,还包括薯类和豆类”。众所周知,中国大豆进口量已超过消费量的 80% ,相等于用了 2 亿亩耕地来生产大豆。我们压缩了大豆、高粱、谷类、薯类的种植面积,才满足了 “粮食自给率稳定在 95% ”的假象,如果将进口大豆算在内,我们还那么自信么? 事实是什么呢? 2012 年我国进口小麦、大豆、粗粮、稻米分别为 300 , 450 , 6300 , 240 万吨,合计 7290 万吨,进口量占国产量的 2.5%, 2.1%, 500% 和 1.7% 。中国进口粮食与国产粮食的比例 14.8% ,即自给率为 85.2% ,突破警戒线几乎 10 个百分点( 95%-85.2%=9.8% )。即便不考虑大豆进口,中国的大米、小麦和玉米进口占产量比,也超出了有关部门所说的 2% 。我国粮食自给率的警戒线早已被突破,我国粮食生产已初步进入沦陷状态。这是不争的事实。 中国粮食沦陷中,植物油料尤其大豆产业首当其冲。 2011 年,中国大豆进口占国产比为 409% ,而 2012 年就高达 500% 了;植物油进口占国产比 2011 年为 105% , 2012 年为 116% 。中国进口植物油几乎都是由美国、巴西、阿根廷提供的,都是以转基因的大豆与油菜油为主的。且不说这些食品自身的质量安全问题,单从数量上看,人家一旦停止了进口,中国就需要拿出自己的耕地来生产,到时候我们的主粮小麦、水稻、玉米势必产量大跌,粮食供应将严重不足。 对于中国人口众多的国家来说,粮食消耗的基数都是极大的,粮食进口占粮食国产比例的百分之一就意味着百万吨粮食,超越 10% 就意味着上千万吨粮食。任何超越总供应的消耗,都意味着动用国家战略储备或国防储备,那局势一点也不让人感到安全。我们知道,随着城市化进程加快,粮食短缺 1 个月就足以让社会乃至国家产生激烈的震荡了。 二、美国为什么赔本出售给中国粮食? 从某种意义上说,农产品是比核武器更重要的,今后的战争肯定不是正面战场上的厮杀,谁也不会轻易首先按动核开关,除非人类共同灭亡。但另外一场 “ 核 ” 战争,即发生在细胞核内的转基因战争,则是非常隐蔽的,它有着高科技的美丽外衣,有强大的资本游说集团,有国内外的被收买的专家教授鼓吹手,一旦这场生物核战争打起来,对于毫无防范的中国人来讲都是致命的。他们不会等中国人按动核武器按钮的那一天,那时候我们已经没有力气了 —— 中国人吃饭的权利已经没有了。看看当今中国的种业、蔬菜,大豆,猪肉,鸡肉,甚至自来水都被人家控制,转基因作物偷偷摸摸地在中国布局,就知道我们输的有多惨。 美国的所谓现代农业是亏本的,没有政府的大量补贴,美国农场主根本就不能生存。美国的农业产值才 3046 亿美元,而农业补贴居然高达 1092 亿美元,占农业产值的 1/3 强!为什么美国政府倒贴金钱支援中国的农业呢?美国转基因大豆到岸价比中国本土的还低,因为美国政府给予了补贴。美国 3 亿多人,最多生产 2 亿吨粮就能满足其奢侈需求了,政府为什么赔钱多生产 1 亿吨粮食供应国际粮食市场呢 ? 其中中国是最大的买主。天下有这样的美事吗?美国人要发扬国际共产主义精神吗?要知道,在美国是没有免费的午餐的。美国欠中国的 3 万亿美元不还,大量印美元使其贬值;中国人的几百吨黄金放在美国取不回来,而他们却倒贴钱给中国进口粮食,这其中的战略意图不得不防。美国在军事、航空航天、通讯等等领域的一切高科技对中国实行最严格的封锁,而唯有转基因这个高科技却不远万里送货上门,还派洋专家到中国来游说,连《科学》的主编也进中南海去游说我们的高层领导,科学家当起外交官来,难道这些都不能引起我们的高度警惕吗? 三、中美搞农业现代化国情不同 目前,言必称美国的中国主流农学家,一切向美国看齐,在农业问题上也不甘落后,甚至主粮转基因也要超越美国,率先在全球实现水稻转基因化。殊不知,中国和美国在现代农业问题上,是存在巨大差异的。这些差异主要表现在: 一是没美国人少地多,中国人多地少。美国有 29 亿亩耕地,中国 18 亿亩,且中国的耕地质量远不如美国;美国 3 亿多人,不到中国的零头。即使如此,中国生产粮食 5.8 亿吨,美国生产 3 亿吨,可见中国目前的农业方式并不是落后的。 二是美国从事农业的人口更少,其比例不到总人口的 2% ,而中国从事农业的人口比例 50% 。中美这一国情差异决定了两国农业出路是不一样的,中国依靠的是人勤地产,精耕细作,而美国大量依赖机械,依赖转基因的那样的高科技,以环境和人体健康为代价生产粮食。 三是美国的土地可以轮休,如一旦出现转基因污染可以通过自然平衡而逐渐减缓(当然,这依然有巨大的环境代价),而中国的土地不能闲着,需要不断生产才能够提供足够的粮食。 四是美国的农业以商品生产为主,生产多少视国际市场而定,不会影响国家粮食安全,并可通过粮食这一特殊武器对他国实行政治、军事、经济控制;中国粮食生产以满足国内消费为主,一旦总量下降,就会造成粮食恐慌。 五是美国政府对少量的种植户采取大量现金补贴,才使得其农产品具有价格优势(美国人用中国人的钱补贴美国农民打败中国);而中国政府对农业的补贴农民受益不大;美国补助给农业的资金大部分能够落到农民头上 ( 美国法律严格,谁也不敢打农业补贴资金的主意 ) ,而中国补贴给农业的资金绝大部分被层层截留,真正落实到农民头上的资金非常少。 六是美国人以动物蛋白为主,中国人以植物蛋白为主。美国人生产的转基因大豆主要有两个用途,留在国内做饲料喂鸡喂牲口;出口到中国作为油料和豆制品给中国人吃。大豆是中国人植物蛋白的主要来源,我国国产大豆产业崩溃,给国人健康安全亮起了红灯。我国国民健康素质下降,与大量进口转基因大豆、含草甘膦农药残留的粮食,不能说没有一定的关系。 七是在美国发展高科技生物技术农业,种植转基因作物可以留 500 米 隔离带,而在中国几乎做不到。我国耕地分散,一些偏远山区连平整的大块土地都没有,显然不可能对转基因作物实施隔离,基因污染是不可避免的。 八是美国人懒惰,农业历史短,对新技术依赖度高,发展生态农业困难;中国人勤劳,具有悠久的农业文明历史,具备发展生态健康农业的天然条件。 有了上面的几大不同,中国农学家鼓动政府大力推广充满生态与健康风险的现代化农业尤其转基因农业,继续走工业化农业的弯路,就有专家误国之嫌。 四、中国未来农业方向是生态化 从可持续发展的角度看,中国未来农业只能走 “ 用地养地 ” 、 “ 精耕细作 ” 、配合一定现代化设备和生态技术的生态农业。但是,中国的生态农业被长期忽视甚至被压制。 “ 搞生态农业会饿死人 ” , “ 不打农药会颗粒无收 ” ,这些没有经过实践检验的不实之词,严重影响了决策者发展生态农业的决心。 作物不打农药就颗粒无收吗?我们做过不用任何化学物质处理的生态农业实验,包括极端实验,即不用化肥不用农药甚至不用有机肥,在这样环境下庄稼竞争不过杂草,但并非颗粒无收,害虫不是主要矛盾而是杂草。当然,这是生态学的极端实验,傻子也不会真去这么干的,是几个处理中的其中一个而已。我们真正的目的是通过不用农药,不用化肥改用有机肥,不杀害虫改用天敌控制的办法恢复生态平衡,恢复养分平衡,将低产田变成了吨粮田。这个实验已经坚持 7 年了,一些科研成果将以严谨的科学论文在国际刊物上发表。我们实践的是可持续的环境友好的农业,是用健康的办法,在健康的环境下生产健康的食品。 按照我们的办法推广的,即去除农药化肥农膜,产量变化并不是像挺转专家说的那样 “ 颗粒无收 ”,“ 会饿死人 ” 。在河南安阳,我们有 1 万亩的大面积有机农业推广田。用物理 + 生物的方法控制虫害,在布局农田电力网络也不是什么困难的事, 1000 亩左右的成本费不足 10 万元,而每年的农药费用至少 10 万元,还不包括大量的人力和农民生病后的健康代价。国家如果要发展生态农业,或者企业愿意做,生态农业技术是能够做到的。 农田是人类改变自然生态系统而来的,在人类开辟农田之前,昆虫早就在那里了,有多少害虫,相应地也就有多少益虫,同时还有多少益鸟,现在人类给某些次级消费者昆虫安上 “ 害 ” 罪名,用大量农药乃至转基因对其灭杀,逼迫害虫进化,同时灭杀大量的益虫与益鸟,逼迫农民放弃种田,让各类商业公司从中牟利,农田环境能不越来越恶化吗?生态学的办法是将复杂问题简单化,这样的成果推广开来,许多环节将赚不到钱,包括农药商、化肥商、农膜商、转基因公司、医院、制药厂、医院、火葬场、墓地经营者、科学基金管理者,他们极力否定生态农业的成果就不难理解了。生态农业的思路将被各个环节夺走的利益还给生态健康食品的农民,稳定一支种田大军,在源头保障国家粮食安全。 我国 18 亿亩耕地中,高产稳产田约占三分之一,中低产田占近三分之二。如果用生态学的办法,我们现在的技术可以把低产田变成高产田,这是生态循环的,不是用一个单一的技术。用农学家培育的常规种子,将农业重点放在土地整理上,恢复农田基础设施,在山东、河南、河北、湖广、四川盆地、江苏、安徽等土地平整和热量资源丰富的地区,用大量有机肥培育地力,实现吨粮田,仅需 6 亿亩耕地,就能够生产出 6 亿吨粮食,超过目前全国的粮食产量,还保护了人类生存环境,保护了消费者的身体健康。 五、就地城镇化、农民专业化 在人的去留问题上,建议不要发展英美那样的大城市化,而发展就地城市化。将村落发展成为微型城市,农户散落在农田中,从而提高生产效率。这样的话,可以杜绝食物生产的多种危害,同时带动粮食生产、食品加工花卉、宠物生产、休闲、物流、农业观光、生态旅游、养老、保险、教育、金融、电信,等等产业的深入发展,带动大学生就业。 目前全国一窝蜂似的城镇化,依然没有摆脱 “ 房地产 ” 的阴影。据笔者了解,山东某些县市搞的城镇化,已经进军农村,是以消灭农村为目的的。他们首先在老的村庄附近盖楼,也不管农民情愿不情愿,将原宅基地作价,在新楼没有盖好的前提下,每家补助 7000 元 / 年就将农民的房子强行拆除了。在这个过程中,农民得不到现金补助,其回报就是 100 -120 平方米 的回迁楼房 ( 至少 6 层 ) 。而新楼占据的是良田,农民平房腾出的土地被开发商出售了,或继续搞房地产。这样的城镇化继续加大了耕地压力,农民上楼后无法从事农业生产。 我们理解的城镇化是原位的,即政府可帮助农民统一解决自来水、污水、垃圾处理、燃气、网络、电力、电话、银行、医疗、教育等基础设施,而农民不必上楼,既然节约了土地,又方便农民进行农业生产,稳定一支种粮大军,在源头保障粮食安全。 让更多的人口分布在食物生产的第一线,避免了 大城市化带来的让少数人养活多数人的现象。在食品生产、运输、加工、消费各个环节减少有害物质使用,从而使已有的城市化人口得到较为满意的食品。 要解决中国人的吃饭问题,政府必须重新审视依赖美国等国家廉价粮食(充满风险的转基因粮食)供应的做法,发展适度的合作化,将农业补贴资金直接与粮食产量挂钩,提高粮食收购价格,并完善监管机制。在技术上,除保留少量的化肥外,抛弃或限制 “ 六大害 ” 技术的应用,应用生态农作技术提高粮食产量,让耕者有其利,从而调动农民种粮的积极性。 农民是种地好手,进城谋生是舍本求末。 中国的粮食安全靠妇女、老人满足,长期下去是非常危险的。 大化肥、大农药、转基因是发达国家劳动力稀缺且昂贵逼出来的路子。我国的优势是人多,人民勤劳朴实。我们舍弃了自身优势,牺牲了乡村生态环境,换回来的是国民很难再吃上放心食品了。城里人想花高价钱买放心食品,但是,放心食品从哪里来呢? 正确的出路在于,让农民在家门口就有活干。这些活就是为 13.6 亿人生产放心食品,农民职业化,享受城市居民一样的周末和假期,同时担任修复退化生态系统(包括自然生态系统和农业生态系统)的重任,恢复日益衰败的乡村道德和乡村文化,构建中国特色的和谐社会。农民做出的巨大贡献,理应得到政府和全社会的认可,并从经济上给予补偿。 国家正在推进的城市化必须以农民为本,发展低成本的就地城镇化,将几百万的村庄整体提升现代化水平,解决农民教育、医疗、养老、生老病死等现实问题,将生态农业作为一项十分重要的公益产业来发展,从而实现真正意义上的城乡互动,建设美丽中国,实现生态文明。 来源: http://bbs.sciencenet.cn/blog-475-659751.html 印度水稻生态技术革命,单产超过袁隆平杂交稻(非转基因) 印度农民苏芒特·库马尔的实践有力地说明,未来农业的出路在于生态化,即保持作物生长发育良好的环境条件,告别有害化学物质入侵,培育地力,增加土壤有机质含量,并恢复土壤生物多样性,在种植方式上尽大可能地利用水热光资源,获得最高的总光合产量。印度农民成功了,他们没有所谓转基因高级技术,而是借助于传统的无环境公害的生态种植技术。该成功实验也向中国的广大育种专家传递了这样一个重要信息,就是要培育自己能够留种的作物品种,从而在种子源头摆脱受人控制局面,而对于土地的呵护,农民们知道怎么做的,在养地方面农民会首选农家肥。用地养地,将粮食增产的潜力蕴藏在耕地里,其前景的是光明的,它可科学解决产量提高与质量下降的矛盾问题。笔者领导的课题小组,在2亩实验田里,告别化肥、农药、农膜、除草剂,完全不用转基因技术,实验6年来,小麦玉米近3年来周年产量已达到15.02吨/公顷了。我们将继续努力,争取达到20吨/公顷。从理论上看,这个产量提升空间还是很大的。 英国卫报:印度的水稻革命(附评论) 龙腾网 http://www.ltaaa.com India's rice revolution 印度的水稻革命 In a village in India's poorest state, Bihar, farmers are growing world record amounts of rice – with no GM, and no herbicide. Is this one solution to world food shortages? 在印度最贫困的比哈尔邦的一个村庄里,稻农们在不使用除草剂不使用转基因技术的前提下创造了水稻单产世界新纪录。这会是解决世界粮食短缺问题的新途径么? John Vidal in Bihar, India The Observer, Saturday 16 February 2013 21.00 GMT 原文链接:http://www.guardian.co.uk/global-development/2013/feb/16/india-rice-farmers-revolution Sumant Kumar was overjoyed when he harvested his rice last year. There had been good rains in his village of Darveshpura in north-east India and he knew he could improve on the four or five tonnes per hectare that he usually managed. But every stalk he cut on his paddy field near the bank of the Sakri river seemed to weigh heavier than usual, every grain of rice was bigger and when his crop was weighed on the old village scales, even Kumar was shocked. 稻农苏芒特·库马尔去年喜获丰收。在过去的一年里他的家乡,印度东北部村庄达维施普拉风调雨顺,因此他估计每公顷稻田可比常年多收获4-5吨稻谷。但在收割时库马尔发觉种植在萨克里河岸附近稻田中的每一株稻穗每一粒稻谷都显得格外饱满,而当他把收割来的稻谷运回村内过磅时,就连库马尔自己都震惊了。 This was not six or even 10 or 20 tonnes. Kumar, a shy young farmer in Nalanda district of India's poorest state Bihar, had – using only farmyard manure and without any herbicides – grown an astonishing 22.4 tonnes of rice on one hectare of land. This was a world record and with rice the staple food of more than half the world's population of seven billion, big news. 地磅显示的数字不是6吨不是10吨也不是20吨。库马尔,这个来自印度最贫困省份比哈尔邦那烂陀地区的羞涩小伙儿,在不用任何除草剂只使用农家肥的前提下,创造了稻谷每公顷单产22.4吨的惊人记录。这一数据打破了世界纪录,要知道全世界70亿人口中有超过一半以大米为主食,这绝对是个大新闻。 It beat not just the 19.4 tonnes achieved by the "father of rice", the Chinese agricultural scientist Yuan Longping, but the World Bank-funded scientists at the International Rice Research Institute in the Philippines, and anything achieved by the biggest European and American seed and GM companies. And it was not just Sumant Kumar. Krishna, Nitish, Sanjay and Bijay, his friends and rivals in Darveshpura, all recorded over 17 tonnes, and many others in the villages around claimed to have more than doubled their usual yields. 库马尔不仅打破了由“杂交水稻之父”中国农业科学家袁隆平所创造的单产19.4吨的前世界纪录,还横扫了由世界银行资助的国际水稻研究所科学家们在菲律宾的试验成果,就连那些欧美转基因制种巨头的高科技产品也得甘拜下风 。而且,除了苏芒特·库马尔,尼提什,桑贾伊以及拜贾伊等达维施普拉其他村民种植的稻田每公顷单产均超过了17吨,周边村庄也表示去年收成比往年翻了一番多。 The villagers, at the mercy of erratic weather and used to going without food in bad years, celebrated. But the Bihar state agricultural universities didn't believe them at first, while India's leading rice scientists muttered about freak results. The Nalanda farmers were accused of cheating. Only when the state's head of agriculture, a rice farmer himself, came to the village with his own men and personally verified Sumant's crop, was the record confirmed. 达维施普拉的村民们世代靠天吃饭,如果遇到灾年就只能祈祷自己不被饿死了。因而比哈尔农业大学的学者们起初并不相信这个消息,印度的水稻专家们常常被各地放卫星般的消息弄得焦头烂额。这些那烂陀稻农被怀疑在欺骗公众。直到同为稻农出身的当地农业厅长亲自带队前往达维施普拉村考察苏芒特的收成,这项新记录才最终得到证实。 The rhythm of Nalanda village life was shattered. Here bullocks still pull ploughs as they have always done, their dung is still dried on the walls of houses and used to cook food. Electricity has still not reached most people. Sumant became a local hero, mentioned in the Indian parliament and asked to attend conferences. The state's chief minister came to Darveshpura to congratulate him, and the village was rewarded with electric power, a bank and a new concrete bridge. 那烂陀乡村生活的节奏是令人身心俱疲的。牛耕依然在这里占据主导地位,牛粪被拿来糊墙,还能用来生火做饭。大多数村庄尚未通电。苏芒特成了当地英雄,甚至被提名加入印度国会。比哈尔邦长官前往达维施普拉向其表示祝贺,村里也因此通电了,此外还还建了一家银行与一座混凝土桥。 That might have been the end of the story had Sumant's friend Nitish not smashed the world record for growing potatoes six months later. Shortly after Ravindra Kumar, a small farmer from a nearby Bihari village, broke the Indian record for growing wheat. Darveshpura became known as India's "miracle village", Nalanda became famous and teams of scientists, development groups, farmers, civil servants and politicians all descended to discover its secret. 这本该是故事的结尾了,但六个月后苏芒特的朋友尼提什又打破了马铃薯单产的世界纪录。而在此前不久,邻村的一个小农场主莱文德拉·库马尔也打破了印度小麦单产纪录。达维施普拉成为了印度的“奇迹村”,那烂陀也因此家喻户晓,科学家、开发商、农户、公务员以及政客纷纷组团前来一探究竟。 When I meet the young farmers, all in their early 30s, they still seem slightly dazed by their fame. They've become unlikely heroes in a state where nearly half the families live below the Indian poverty line and 93% of the 100 million population depend on growing rice and potatoes. Nitish Kumar speaks quietly of his success and says he is determined to improve on the record. "In previous years, farming has not been very profitable," he says. "Now I realise that it can be. My whole life has changed. I can send my children to school and spend more on health. My income has increased a lot." 当我见到这些三十岁出头村民时,他们似乎还对自己的知名度有些不适应。他们不可思议地成为了国家的英雄,而村里有近一半的家庭仍挣扎在印度国家贫困线以下,该邦1亿人口中有93%水稻与土豆种植为生。尼提什·库马尔低调地看待自己所取得的成就,并表示他将努力继续改写纪录。“前几年,务农是个不赚钱的行业,”尼提什说。“现在我意识到它的前景其实相当不错,我的人生也因此而改变。现在我孩子上学的钱终于有着落了,我也有钱去看病了,因为我有钱了。” What happened in Darveshpura has divided scientists and is exciting governments and development experts. Tests on the soil show it is particularly rich in silicon but the reason for the "super yields" is entirely down to a method of growing crops called System of Root Intensification (SRI). It has dramatically increased yields with wheat, potatoes, sugar cane, yams, tomatoes, garlic, aubergine and many other crops and is being hailed as one of the most significant developments of the past 50 years for the world's 500 million small-scale farmers and the two billion people who depend on them. 达维施普拉奇迹令科学界陷入争执,却给政府与开发商打了一针鸡血。检测表明当地土壤中富含硅元素,但“超级丰收”的真正原因应归功于一种耕作方法:作物根系强化法(SRI)。这种方法能够显著提高小麦,马铃薯,甘蔗,山药,番茄,打算,茄子以及其他许多作物的产量,而且被誉为过去50年间最伟大的科技进步之一,全世界约有5亿家小规模农户超过20亿人受益其中。 Instead of planting three-week-old rice seedlings in clumps of three or four in waterlogged fields, as rice farmers around the world traditionally do, the Darveshpura farmers carefully nurture only half as many seeds, and then transplant the young plants into fields, one by one, when much younger. Additionally, they space them at 25cm intervals in a grid pattern, keep the soil much drier and carefully weed around the plants to allow air to their roots. The premise that "less is more" was taught by Rajiv Kumar, a young Bihar state government extension worker who had been trained in turn by Anil Verma of Professional Assistance for Development Action, an Indian NGO which has introduced the SRI method to hundreds of villages in the past three years. 不像世界上其他稻农的传统做法那样将3周龄的稻秧三四棵一簇插在水田中,达维施普拉稻农们精心培育每一棵稻秧,并在稻秧萌发后不久便一棵棵地移植到旱田中,这样便将用种量减少了一半。此外,稻秧在旱田中呈网格状排布,每棵稻秧间间隔均为25厘米,保持土壤干燥,仔细剔除周边杂草以保证根部呼吸顺畅。这种事半功倍的方法是一位年轻的比哈尔邦政府农村推广员拉吉夫·库马尔教给当地农户的,拉吉夫曾参加过印度非政府组织阿尼尔·沃玛专业援助发展行动所举办的轮训活动,该组织在过去的三年间将SRI成功推广到了上百个村庄中。 While the "green revolution" that averted Indian famine in the 1970s relied on improved crop varieties, expensive pesticides and chemical fertilisers, SRI appears to offer a long-term, sustainable future for no extra cost. With more than one in seven of the global population going hungry and demand for rice expected to outstrip supply within 20 years, it appears to offer real hope. Even a 30% increase in the yields of the world's small farmers would go a long way to alleviating poverty. 上世纪七十年代的“绿色革命”通过改良作物品种,使用昂贵的杀虫剂以及化肥使得印度暂时远离饥荒之苦,而SRI似乎为印度提供了一个无附加成本的长期可持续发展未来。有预计称未来20年内世界大米产量将无法满足人类需求,届时全球将有超过七分之一的人口面临粮食危机,而SRI或许正是解决这个问题的有效途径。即便只是将单产提高30%,全世界的众多小农户也会因此摆脱贫困威胁。 "Farmers use less seeds, less water and less chemicals but they get more without having to invest more. This is revolutionary," said Dr Surendra Chaurassa from Bihar's agriculture ministry. "I did not believe it to start with, but now I think it can potentially change the way everyone farms. I would want every state to promote it. If we get 30-40% increase in yields, that is more than enough to recommend it." “农户使用的种子少了,水少了,需要购买的化学品也少了,但投入降低的同时收成却上来了。这是革命性的进步,”比哈尔邦农业厅的苏伦德拉·朝拉萨博士说道。“我起初并不相信SRI,但现在我认为这种方法能够提高每一个农户的收入。我希望这种方法能够在全国范围内推广。如果一种方法能够将单产提高30-40%,那么它就绝对值得推广。” The results in Bihar have exceeded Chaurassa's hopes. Sudama Mahto, an agriculture officer in Nalanda, says a small investment in training a few hundred people to teach SRI methods has resulted in a 45% increase in the region's yields. Veerapandi Arumugam, the former agriculture minister of Tamil Nadu state, hailed the system as "revolutionising" farming. 而SRI在比哈尔邦的收效甚至超过了朝拉萨的预期。那烂陀农业官员苏达玛·马托表示只要地方政府花点儿钱办一个几百人的SRI培训班,该地区的粮食产量就可提高45%。泰米尔纳德邦前农业厅长维拉潘迪·阿鲁姆甘则认为这种耕作方法“彻底改变”了农业的面貌。 SRI's origins go back to the 1980s in Madagascar where Henri de Laulanie, a French Jesuit priest and agronomist, observed how villagers grew rice in the uplands. He developed the method but it was an American, professor Norman Uphoff, director of the International Institute for Food, Agriculture and Development at Cornell University, who was largely responsible for spreading the word about De Laulanie's work. 上世纪八十年代法国耶稣会士兼农学家亨利·德·劳拉捏受马达加斯加农民在高地种植水稻的启发创造了SRI。方法是他发明的,但SRI的宣传推广工作则是由康奈尔大学食品、农业与发展国际研究所主任美国人诺曼·乌普霍夫教授完成的。 Given 15m dollars by an anonymous billionaire to research sustainable development, Uphoff went to Madagascar in 1983 and saw the success of SRI for himself: farmers whose previous yields averaged two tonnes per hectare were harvesting eight tonnes. In 1997 he started to actively promote SRI in Asia, where more than 600 million people are malnourished. 怀揣着一位匿名富豪捐献给可持续发展研究的1500万美元经费,乌普霍夫于1983年来到马达加斯加亲自检验SRI的可行性,结果大获成功:使用SRI,农户每公顷单产可由原先的2吨飙升到8吨。1997年他开始在营养不良人群规模超过6亿的亚洲积极推广SRI。 "It is a set of ideas, the absolute opposite to the first green revolution which said that you had to change the genes and the soil nutrients to improve yields. That came at a tremendous ecological cost," says Uphoff. "Agriculture in the 21st century must be practised differently. Land and water resources are becoming scarcer, of poorer quality, or less reliable. Climatic conditions are in many places more adverse. SRI offers millions of disadvantaged households far better opportunities. Nobody is benefiting from this except the farmers; there are no patents, royalties or licensing fees." “SRI是一个系统性的方法,这与六十年代旨在通过改变作物基因与土壤养分提高产量的第一次绿色革命恰好相反。人们已为第一次绿色革命投入了巨大的生态成本,”乌普霍夫说道。“21世纪的农业必须另辟蹊径。土地与水资源日益匮乏,品质也在逐年下降。全球气候变化也使得许多地方不再适用于原先的耕作模式。但SRI为数以百万计的贫困家庭带来了福音。由于没有专利保护,版税以及使用许可费,农户不必付出任何额外代价,只会从中获益。” For 40 years now, says Uphoff, science has been obsessed with improving seeds and using artificial fertilisers: "It's been genes, genes, genes. There has never been talk of managing crops. Corporations say 'we will breed you a better plant' and breeders work hard to get 5-10% increase in yields. We have tried to make agriculture an industrial enterprise and have forgotten its biological roots." 乌普霍夫认为近四十年来科学界一直痴迷于改良种子品质与使用人造化肥:“总是基因、基因、基因。就从没考虑过是否应该改变作物的耕作模式。种子公司总是在宣传良种的重要性,而育种工作者们费了九牛二虎之力也仅仅将单产提高了5-10%而已。我们总是试图将农业工业化,而忘记了农作物本质上其实是生物。” Not everyone agrees. Some scientists complain there is not enough peer-reviewed evidence around SRI and that it is impossible to get such returns. "SRI is a set of management practices and nothing else, many of which have been known for a long time and are best recommended practice," says Achim Dobermann, deputy director for research at the International Rice Research Institute. "Scientifically speaking I don't believe there is any miracle. When people independently have evaluated SRI principles then the result has usually been quite different from what has been reported on farm evaluations conducted by NGOs and others who are promoting it. Most scientists have had difficulty replicating the observations." 也并非每个人都认同SRI。有些科学家认为SRI的同行评审证据不足,甚至直接宣称耕作方法的改变不可能获得如此高的回报率。“SRI仅仅是一系列耕作管理措施而已,其中有些部分经长期实践证明是耕作时的最佳选择,”国际水稻研究所科研副主任阿希姆·杜伯曼表示。“科学地讲我不相信奇迹。SRI使用效果的随机性极强,各个SRI使用个例(如支持SRI的非官方组织)所进行的大田试验结果间往往大相径庭。而且试验的重复性极差,基本上属于无法重复。” Dominic Glover, a British researcher working with Wageningen University in the Netherlands, has spent years analysing the introduction of GM crops in developing countries. He is now following how SRI is being adopted in India and believes there has been a "turf war". 目前任职于荷兰瓦赫宁根大学的英国研究员多米尼克·格罗夫多年来长期关注发展中国家的转基因作物引入情况。他表示SRI在印度的推广会导致一场“地盘争夺战”。 "There are experts in their fields defending their knowledge," he says. "But in many areas, growers have tried SRI methods and abandoned them. People are unwilling to investigate this. SRI is good for small farmers who rely on their own families for labour, but not necessarily for larger operations. Rather than any magical theory, it is good husbandry, skill and attention which results in the super yields. Clearly in certain circumstances, it is an efficient resource for farmers. But it is labour intensive and nobody has come up with the technology to transplant single seedlings yet." “学者有捍卫自己学说的权力,”他说道。“在许多地区,农民尝试过SRI但随即不再使用。人们总是选择性的无视对自己不利的事物。SRI对于自食其力的小农户而言很有帮助,但对于大企业而言就没什么用处了。它并不是什么魔法,只是告诉我们良好的耕作方法,熟练的技术以及专注耐心会带来好收成。显然在某些情况下,SRI对于农户而言行之有效。然而它只适用于劳动密集型农业,目前还没有什么能够应用于单苗移植的农机。” But some larger farmers in Bihar say it is not labour intensive and can actually reduce time spent in fields. "When a farmer does SRI the first time, yes it is more labour intensive," says Santosh Kumar, who grows 15 hectares of rice and vegetables in Nalanda. "Then it gets easier and new innovations are taking place now." 但比哈尔邦一些较大规模的农户表示SRI并非劳动密集型农业,事实上它还可以有效降低劳作时间。“对于第一次采用SRI的农户而言它的确是劳动密集型的,”在那烂陀拥有15公顷稻田与菜园的桑托什·库马尔说道。“但熟能生巧,而且方法还在不断改良创新中。” In its early days, SRI was dismissed or vilified by donors and scientists but in the past few years it has gained credibility. Uphoff estimates there are now 4-5 million farmers using SRI worldwide, with governments in China, India, Indonesia, Cambodia, Sri Lanka and Vietnam promoting it. 在SRI刚被开发出的那段岁月里,这种方法饱受赞助商与科学家的无视与诋毁,但近年来,SRI已经为自己赢得了一定的可信度。乌普霍夫估计全世界使用SRI的农民约有400-500万,而中国、印度、印尼、柬埔寨、斯里兰卡与越南政府也正在大力推广这种方法。 Sumant, Nitish and as many as 100,000 other SRI farmers in Bihar are now preparing their next rice crop. It's back-breaking work transplanting the young rice shoots from the nursery beds to the paddy fields but buoyed by recognition and results, their confidence and optimism in the future is sky high. 苏芒特,尼提什以及巴哈尔邦其他10万名SRI使用者已经开始为下一季水稻而忙碌了。将幼苗从苗圃床移植到稻田是一个艰巨的工作,但相较于收获这一切都是值得的,他们对于未来的生活充满信心。 Last month Nobel prize-winning economist Joseph Stiglitz visited Nalanda district and recognised the potential of this kind of organic farming, telling the villagers they were "better than scientists". "It was amazing to see their success in organic farming," said Stiglitz, who called for more research. "Agriculture scientists from across the world should visit and learn and be inspired by them." 上个月诺贝尔经济学奖得主约瑟夫·斯蒂格利茨参观了那烂陀地区并认可了这种有机农业的发展潜力,他将这些村民称为“比科学家还了不起的人”并呼吁他们再接再厉。“我很欣喜的看到他们在有机农业上所取得的巨大成就,”斯蒂格利茨说,“世界各地的农业科学家都应该来这里参观学习,他们一定会深受启发。” Bihar, from being India's poorest state, is now at the centre of what is being called a "new green grassroots revolution" with farming villages, research groups and NGOs all beginning to experiment with different crops using SRI. The state will invest 50m dollars in SRI next year but western governments and foundations are holding back, preferring to invest in hi-tech research. The agronomist Anil Verma does not understand why: "The farmers know SRI works, but help is needed to train them. We know it works differently in different soils but the principles are solid. The biggest problem we have is that people want to do it but we do not have enough trainers." 比哈尔邦,从印度最贫困的省份一跃成为由积极倡导在各种农作物种植中使用SRI的村民,研究团队以及非政府组织发起的“新绿色草根革命”的圣地。当地政府计划在明年斥资5000万美元鼓励SRI研究,但西方政府与基金会对此兴趣不大,他们更倾向为高新技术投资。农学家阿尼尔·沃玛对此表示不解:“农民知道SRI有用,但眼下最迫切的是教会他们如何使用这种方法。我们清楚在不同的土壤中SRI效果也有所不同,但原理是不变的。因此我们最大的问题是人们想要应用SRI,但缺乏传播方法的教员。” "If any scientist or a company came up with a technology that almost guaranteed a 50% increase in yields at no extra cost they would get a Nobel prize. But when young Biharian farmers do that they get nothing. I only want to see the poor farmers have enough to eat." “如果有哪个科学家或是公司能够开发出一种技术,在不添加额外成本的基础上将作物单产量提高50%,他一定会得诺贝尔奖。但这如果是一个年轻的比哈尔邦农民做到的他却什么也得不到。我只有希望这些贫穷的农民们能填饱肚子了。” 评论 Tasselhoff 16 February 2013 9:32pm Recommend 240 I hope this gets as widely publicised to counteract the multinational attempts to control food supply. 我希望媒体能够大力宣传此事,好好打击一下某些跨国公司掌控世界粮食供应的念想。 Heretica 16 February 2013 11:26pm Recommend 68 Bet the (usual suspect) agricorps try to sabotage, whether via contamination or bought/brainwashed politicians. 这些粮食巨头没干过什么好事,从污染环境到收买政客无恶不作。 antipodean1 17 February 2013 9:20pm Recommend 2 Yes its a great story, and the essence of it has been widely known for years. However theres no money in it for big business, it cant be patented and it shows up the vast majority of agricultural education and research to have been wrongly directed for many years. Thats a tough message to get out.. 这的确是个振奋人心的消息,SRI的原理早已被公众所熟知。然而你没有资本就无力组建大企业与世界商品粮巨头们抗衡,专利迟迟审批不下来也说明我们的农业教育与研究的大方向早就出问题了。 因此这对于农业科学界而言其实是个相当尴尬的消息。 Fwoggie 16 February 2013 9:33pm Recommend 130 Good luck to them all, I hope they make enough money to access healthcare as well as to send their children all the way through school. 祝他们好运,希望SRI能让他们赚到用来看病的钱以及用来教育下一代的钱。 shundarnagin 16 February 2013 9:35pm Recommend 139 Thank you for this article. A very important point in my view regardless whether you farm organically or not. I really hope SRI is a a success. You often hear very negative views regarding Bihar so postive news is excellent. 感谢这篇文章的作者。 发展有机农业与推广SRI其实完全是两回事。我真心希望SRI能够成功推广到世界各地。当你耳边充斥着各种负面新闻时,比哈尔邦传来的喜讯犹如一声春雷啊。 Jellybaby1 16 February 2013 9:36pm Recommend 12 Too early to say. Let India feed its starving population first and then see whether this could be a solution. 现在就盖棺定论为时尚早吧。 还是先看看这个SRI能不能先把印度世界第一饥饿大国的帽子摘掉吧。 Otto Indiana Taylor-Rickard 16 February 2013 9:39pm Recommend 84 Is this.. good global news? I feel something strange inside of me 这难道是个好消息?忽然感到心里有些不爽啊。 salaampeace 16 February 2013 9:39pm Recommend 125 1] A good news story. 2] Western governments should stop tying to sell unecessary technology to poorer governments. 1]是个好消息。 2]西方政府应该立即停止向贫穷落后国家推销鸡肋技术的无耻行为。 Kepler 16 February 2013 9:51pm Recommend 121 Last week we had Robin McKie writing a free advertisement for GM technology. This week it turns out that GM is unnecessary, and that the world's farmers get better results by co-operating with nature, rather than trying to subjugate it. One is struck by this comment "In its early days, SRI was dismissed or vilified by scientists." One waits - no doubt in vain - for the GM apologists to own up that they are just stooges for Monsanto and the like. Great article, thanks. 上周我们给罗宾·麦基的转基因技术公司做了一则免费广告。 而本周我意识到转基因其实并不像宣传的那么重要,去世界的农民应当去学着与大自然更好的合作,而不是试图征服它。 文中有一句话深深地震撼了我:“在SRI刚被开发出的那段岁月里,这种方法饱受赞助商与科学家的无视与诋毁。” 想要让转基因论者们承认SRI的可行性?还是洗洗睡了吧,他们就是一群孟山都的傀儡而已。 很棒的文章,谢谢作者! theoriginaljones 16 February 2013 9:57pm Recommend 11 This is in spite of climate change? Or because of it? SRI的效果受不受气候变化的影响呢? amrit 16 February 2013 10:24pm Recommend 9 Two points: If they only want to plant one shoot then why not plant one seed directly into ground using some kind of machine that drop only one grain of rice. If there are more than one plant then up root them keeping only one. Recently state of panjab has come up with some kind of agreement with company Monsanto. Many people are upset about it. People in panjab knows about the background of this company however it has been promoted by a young politician who studied in usa. 我就提两点: 如果他们想要一棵一棵的种稻秧,那何不发明一种机器代替人工作业直接把稻种撒到地里去呢?如果不小心种多了,拔掉多余的不就成了? 最近旁遮普地区与孟山都公司签订了几项合作协议。许多人对此深表担忧。旁遮普人也了解这家公司的背景,奈何这个地区的领导人是一个从美国留学回来的菜鸟政客呢。 http://www.ltaaa.com/bbs/thread-142446-1-1.html 来源: http://bbs.sciencenet.cn/home.php?mod=spaceuid=475do=blogid=663266 博主简介: 张连翔(1959-),大学文化,学士学位,无党派人士,辽宁省喀左县人。现任北方林业新品种和先进适用技术研发中心教授级高工(3级教授),学术委员会成员,兼任《辽宁林业职业技术学院学报》和《辽宁林业科技》两刊编委,《新农业》杂志园艺版编委,《中国林业网》和《新农村商网》林业科技(在线)咨询专家,中国林学会灌木分会委员,全国林业科技特派员。曾任辽宁省林业高级专业技术职务评委会成员(1993-1995年)。主要从事应用生态及种群生态和数学生态学、森林有害生物可持续控制、抗旱保水造林、困难立地植被恢复与重建、林下经济、园林绿化、生物质能源林、经济林全生态经营和有机果业等的研究。取得科研成果13项,发明专利3项(2项正在申请中),编制辽宁省地方标准2项,发表学术论文近百篇,翻译和发表日文林业科技资料数十万字,主编专著2部、参编著作1部、参编论文集1部。 联系方式: zzllxx5168@126.com;13942112010; http://hi.baidu.com/zzllxx5168/home ; http://blog.sciencenet.cn/u/zzllxx5168