吕乃基 近日,台湾人(指极少数或“一小撮”,下同)大肆电信诈骗大陆人的案例接连曝光,惊讶之余,博主想到,为何难觅相反的案例,大陆人电信诈骗台湾人?或许有以下选项,各位不妨来做做选择题,有趣,也算是博文的一种新类型吧。 A. 大陆人心好,宁可自己骗自己,也不愿意去骗血浓于水的台湾同胞。大陆人自己虽然也血脉相连,但走来走去处处都是,时时都是,难免审美疲劳。 B. 大陆人更善良,愿意相信并与各色人等配合,包括骗子;台湾人更精明,不容易被骗 C. 大陆人更贪,指望天上掉馅饼,漫长的初级阶段金钱至上就更是如此,即使小康(被骗者大抵如此),依然赖在需求层次的低端;台湾人不相信天上掉馅饼,况且已经见识过钱为何物,沿需求层次上升。 D. 大陆人生存环境相对脆弱,稍有风吹草动就会被吓着;台湾人更为自信 E. 大陆人现在有钱,台湾人曾经有钱 F. 台湾人在电信上的技术手段高于大陆人 G. 大陆的电信更庞大复杂,漏洞也多,监管不力,台湾则反之。 H. 台湾人洞悉大陆人的生存状态,常以公安、电信、银行等名义吓唬大陆人,可见这些机构在大陆的强势;台湾的情况则相反,似乎找不到恐吓台湾人的蛋缝。 I. 台湾法律松,骗大陆人可以无罪释放。反过来试试? J. 这一点应该最重要,大陆可骗的市场远大于台湾,加之人傻钱多,真是不骗白不骗!台湾则是人少钱不多 K. …… 选好了吧,结论是……
出露地表的古莫霍面 论文下载 : http://www.ddgzyckx.com/ 何为莫霍面(Moho)? 莫霍面是地震学 家 Mohorovicic 于1909年发现,迄今已经105年了,它是地壳与上地幔之间的分界面,反映该界面上下物质的地震波速、化学成分、矿物组成、密度等性质的差异。 莫霍面可能不是一个简单的界面,而是上述物理与化学性质的过渡带, 其埋藏深度不一,在大洋下面较浅,只有几公里;在大洋中脊下面,几乎为零;但在高原下面较深, 可达70公里。一般来说,在大陆下面, 莫霍面的平均深度约为40公里, 所以, 莫霍面 在地表极少出露,使地质学家对其研究程度受到很大限制。 新疆榆树沟麻粒岩 - 橄榄岩地体:南天山北缘出露地表的古生代大陆壳 - 幔过渡带 嵇少丞 1 ) ,王茜 2 ) , 邵同 宾 1) ,李阿伟 3) , 道林克祯 4) ,近藤洋裕 4) , 孙圣思 5) ,李建峰 2) 1) 加拿大蒙特利尔综合工学院民用、地质与采矿工程系,蒙特利尔, H3C 3A7 ; 2) 中国科学院广州地球化学研究所同位素地球化学国家重点实验室,广州, 510640 3) 中国地质科学院地质力学研究所, 北京, 100081 4) 日本静冈大学地球科学系 , 静冈 , 422-8529 5) 西北大学地质学系,西安, 710069 摘要 对于大陆造山带内部的超基性岩体,除了蛇绿岩成因之外还有其它或许更为合理的解释。例如,位于新疆托克逊库米什地区南天山北缘的榆树沟麻粒岩和橄榄岩 分别代表早古生代时塔里木板块北部大陆地壳莫霍面附近的下地壳底部与上地幔顶部的岩石,由于应变的局部化,被剪切分割成两个透镜状冲断岩片,顺着切割整个地壳直达上地幔顶部的韧性剪切带被挤出,最终呈固态挤侵到中地壳内绿片岩 -低角闪岩相的变沉积岩(构造片岩、长英质 糜棱岩 ) 之 中。最后,两个构造透镜体被剪切叠合到一起。榆树沟麻粒岩 -橄榄岩地体为研究塔里木板块北部大陆地壳古莫霍面及其附近的岩石流变学与地球物理性质提供一个十分难得的研究基地,因为大陆古莫霍面很少直接出露地表。榆树沟 麻粒岩 - 橄榄岩组合的地体的大地构造意义与蛇绿岩所代表的截然不同。 关键词:大陆莫霍面,壳 - 幔过渡带,构造挤出体,麻粒岩 - 橄榄岩地体,新疆榆树沟,天山 The Yushugou granulite-peridotite terrane as a Paleozoic continental crust-mantle transition zone exposed at the nouthern margin of the southern Tianshan (Xinjiang) JI Shaocheng 1) , WANG Qian 2) , SHAO Tongbin 1) , LI Awei 3) , MiCHIbayashi Katsuyoshi 4) , KONDO Yosuke 4) , SUN Shengsi 5) , LI Jianfeng 2) 1) Département des Génies Civil, Géologique et des Mines, cole Polytechnique de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, H3C 3A7, Canada 2) State Key Laboratory of Isotope Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, P.R. China 3) Institute of Geomechanics, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, Beijing 100081, P.R. China. 4) Institute of Geosciences, Shizuoka University, Shizuoka, 422-8529, Japan 5) Department of Geology, Northwest University, Xi’an, 710069, P.R. China Abstract The Yushugou massif in the Kumishi region at the nouthern margin of the southern Tianshan (Xinjiang) consists of extensively deformed peridotites (lherzolite, harzburgite and wehrlite) associated with foliated and lineated mafic composition dominated granulites, together carried up and emplaced into greenschist-lower amphibolite-facies metasediments at 380-420 Ma. The granulite-peridotite units are interpreted as tectonic slices of continental mantle and lower crustal materials immediately adjacent the Moho. The high pressure metamorphic slices were extruded by tectonic compression from a detachment in the crust-mantle boundary up into the greenschist-lower amphibolite-facies midde crust along intracontinental thrust shear zones. Such compressional uplifts of the crust-mantle transition zone were similar to the Ivrea-Verbano zone in the southern Alps of Italy and the Jijal-Patan-Chilas seuqence in the Kohistan arc of Pakistan. The boundary between mafic granulites and peridotites, which represents an exposed example of the Moho, is a high strain zone: in the mantle rocks olivine defomed by diffusion-accommodated grain bounadry sliding while pyroxenes deformed by disloaction creep, and in the lower crustal mafic granulites both pyroxenes and plagioclase deformed by dislocation creep. Thus, the Yushugou massif provides important clues to the nature and seismic reflecitivity of the continental Moho. Key words: Exposed continental Moho, window on crust-mantle transition zone, Compressional uplift, Granulite, Peridotite, Yushugou, Tianshan 图 1. 新疆托克逊库米什地区南天山北缘榆树沟麻粒岩 - 橄榄岩地体略图 (a) 和解释的构造剖面图 (b) 。 Fig. 1. Geological sketch map (a) and interpreted cross-section of the granulite-peridotite terrain in the Yushugou Massif at the northern margin of the south Tianshan orogenic belt (Xinjiang, China). In (a), Q: Quaternary; MG: Mafic granulite; P: Peridotite; S: Schists derived from sediments; γ: granite (279-303 Ma). Tectonic emplacement of granulite-peridotite slices took place as intracontinental compressional uplifts during 380-420 Ma. Locations of the sites studied in detail are indicated. 图 2. 野外观察到的岩性界线。 (a) 蛇纹石化橄榄岩与基性麻粒岩的接触界线,镜头朝向 NW 。 (b) 绿片 - 低角闪岩相变沉积岩在北面与蛇纹石化橄榄岩成构造接触关系,在其南面与石炭 - 二叠纪的花岗岩 (279-303 Ma) 呈岩浆侵入接触关系。镜头朝向 SW 。 Fig. 2. Field photographs showing the lithological contacts. (a) The boundary between the serpentinized peridotite and mafic granulite. View to the northwest. (b) The greenschist-lower amphibolite-facies metasediment unit overthrusted by the serpentinized peridotite unit in the north and intruded by the granitic pluton (279-303 Ma) in the south. View to the southwest. 图 4. 橄榄糜棱岩 (a-b) 、超糜棱岩 (c) 及其退变作用形成的叶蛇纹岩 (d) 。 (a) 橄榄石残斑的非对称性指示上盘向 SW 方向逆冲。 (b) 橄榄石的重结晶作用形成的残斑 ( 右边 ) 和其周围细小的新颗粒。 (c) 由细小的橄榄石和辉石重结晶新颗粒组成的复合基质包围的斜方辉石条带状晶体。 (d) 叶蛇纹石的 X 状晶体穿插结构。 Fig. 4. Photomicrographs of peridotitic mylonite (a-b), ultramylonite (c) and antigorite serpentinite (d). (a) Asymmetry of olivine porphyroclasts indicating a top-to-SW thrusting. (b) A large olivine porphyroclast (right) recrystallized into a band of fined-grained neograins. (c) Elongated orthopyroxene porphyroclasts embedded in a completely recrystallized fine-grained olivine-pyroxene composite matrix suffered strong plastic deformation. (d) X-shaped interpenetrating texture observed in weakly deformed antigorite serpentinite. Ol: olivine; Opx: orthopyroxene; Cpx: clinopyroxne; Atg: Antigorite. 图 5. 榆树沟橄榄糜棱岩中辉石作位错蠕变的 显微 光学证据:波状消光、晶格旋转 ( 褶皱 ) 和膝折。正交偏光,其中 (a, c-d) 加了石膏试板。箭头指示膝折带边界。 Fig. 5. Optical evidence for dislocation creep of pyroxenes in the peridotitic mylonites from the Yushugou Massif: undulatory extinction, lattice rotation (folding) and kinks. All images viewed in cross-polarized light, but with gypsum λ plate inserted for (a) and (c-d). Kink band boundary indicated by arrow. 图 7. 含石榴子石 (a: 单偏光; b: 正交偏光 ) 与不含石榴子石 (c-d: 正交偏光 ) 基性麻粒岩的典型显微构造 ( 例如,面理、成分层、斜长石与单斜辉石的晶格旋转与重结晶作用等 ) 。 Fig. 7. Typical microstructures (e.g., foliation, compositional banding, recrystallization, and lattice rotation) for garnet-bearing (a: plane polarized light; b: crossed nicols) and garnet-free (c-d, crossed nicols) mafic granulites. 图 15. 利用造岩矿物组构资料、模式成分和单晶弹性系数理论计算的榆树沟方辉橄榄岩 ( 标本号 YSG26-10) 的 P 波波速分布 (a) 、 S 波速度各向异性 (b) 和快波偏振方向 (c) 。施密特网,下半球投影。 Fig. 15. P-wave velocities (a), S-wave velocity anisotropy (b) and fast polarization directions (c) for harzburgite sample YSG26-10 from the Yushugou Massif, calculated from LPO data, modal composition, and single crystal elastic constants of each rock-forming mineral. Equal-area lower hemisphere projections. 封面说明: 云南高黎贡山韧性剪切带,作为朝东南方向挤出的印支地块的西边界,在渐新世与早中新世期 间曾发生了大规模的右旋走滑运动,形成变形强烈、构造面理垂直和拉张线理水平的糜棱岩。 图示被怒江河水抛光的糜棱岩的大型露头,表面发育一系列壶穴(嵇少丞拍摄)。
大陆与岛屿植物遗传多样性进化 熊荣川 译 岛屿在植物进化生物学方面被赋予了极大的研究兴趣,因为它们面积有限以及和邻近大陆不同程度的隔离。大陆岛分布在大陆架上,其与大陆的隔离主要是海平面的抬升或是板块构造运动。因为海平面的变动,这些岛屿可能最近还和大陆通过大陆桥相连。相反,海岛则是由于火山喷发而从海底升起的岛屿,因此海岛上没有大陆生命的起源。因为海岛和大陆显著的时间和空间隔离,使得它们成为研究进化的较仿真实验室,成为研究植物历史迁移扩散及进化模式的理想系统。海岛上的物种形成及其具有不同的进化模式已有深入的研究,而很有少有研究关注同时在大陆和海岛分布的同一物种的种群分布,而这样的研究却能为理解决定物种早期分化和最近扩散的种内进化提供重要的线索。通常的观点认为岛屿上的种群遗传多样性低于大陆种群,因为其有限的基因流以及历史上可能存在的瓶颈效应。岛屿种群遗传多样性的衰退可能会损害其进化潜能甚至会导致其最终灭绝。进来对比大陆和岛屿种群的研究多选择大陆岛。这些研究案例的结果多支持大陆种群的遗传多样更高的观点。而发现大陆岛种群遗传多样性更高的研究结果可能是因为大陆岛多次从大陆引进种群;可能是因为大陆自己的遗传瓶颈效应;还有可能是物种最初发源地在大陆岛上,而后向大陆方向扩散。 ( Fernández-Mazuecos et al., 2011 ) 关键词:大陆岛 大陆 海岛 种群 遗传多样性 瓶颈效应 扩散 原文: Islands constitute a focus of research interest in plant evolutionary biology, given their limited area and varying degrees of isolation from nearby continents. Continental islands are located on continental shelves, and were isolated from the continent by means of rising sea level or/and by tectonic processes. These islands may have been recurrently connected to the continent by land bridges due to fluctuating sea levels. On the contrary, oceanic islands arise from the ocean floor, are usually of volcanic origin and have virtually no terrestrial life in origin , . Because they furnish clear-cut spatial and temporal limits, oceanic islands are considered to be living laboratories for evolution. That is why oceanic islands provide ideal systems to investigate historical colonization and evolutionary patterns in plants . Speciation processes giving rise to endemic species and lineages on oceanic islands have been widely discussed, leading to alternative models of evolution , , , , , . Less attention has been paid to populations of species distributed both on continents and oceanic islands. Nonetheless, populations of the same species distributed in insular and mainland areas can provide key insights into microevolutionary processes underlying recent colonization and early stages of differentiation. As a general pattern, lower levels of genetic variation are expected in island populations as compared to mainland populations due to founder effects and restricted gene flow . This depauperation may bring about an increased propensity for extinction and compromised evolutionary potential in island populations. Early studies of genetic variation in mainland and island populations included only one study of oceanic islands , . More recent examples of island-mainland comparisons have been reported, most of which also focused on continental islands , , , , . These examples generally agree with the expectation of higher genetic variation in mainland populations. The finding of higher variation in continental islands has been attributed to multiple continent-to-island introductions, genetic bottlenecks in the continent, or island-to-continent colonization , , . To our knowledge, higher genetic variation has not been reported for oceanic islands, where particularly strong genetic bottlenecks are expected due to isolation and the prevalence of single introduction events . 参考文献 Genetically Depauperate in the Continent but Rich in Oceanic Islands--Cistus mon.pdf Fernández-Mazuecos Mario,Vargas Pablo (2011). "Genetically Depauperate in the Continent but Rich in Oceanic Islands: Cistus monspeliensis (Cistaceae) in the Canary Islands." PloS one 6 (2): e17172.