电子杂志的话,资源的审核肯定不会好细致,自己多留个心眼啦~~~ XD “问题的关键在于,无线电信号是模拟的,都是基于现实世界的信号,如电波,而计算机世界都是由0和1组成的数字信号。数字电路所构建的计算机世界跟模拟电路不台一样。所以在一块芯片上整合模拟和数字电路是个难题。某些芯片设计商始终在专攻这个难题,于是有了手机中的基带芯片,这对芯片而言有着比较高的专业要求。”is that ture??? “相对于一般采集技术,将RF能量作为能量源的优势是,可以从周围环境中获取能量,或使用专用发射机进行控制。使用RF采集能量的设备不受场地限制,几乎可工作在任何环境下。” how much energy will it provide??? “据国外媒体报道,现在A*STAR的微电子研究所已经成功研发出一款可以进行20Gbps高速无线传输的超小型天线。该天线的体积为1.6×1.2毫米,大约只有一个芝麻种子那样的大小,是一款超小型的以高性能硅为材质的天线,其工作频段在135GHz。这是迄今为止,以该材质做出的最小天线。” “更有数据表明,到2014年,具备WiFi功能的消费类电子设备将会超过50亿部。然而面对如此数量庞大的WiFi终端,第四代WiFi(802.11n 2.4GHz频段)无论是带宽还是抗干扰能力,均已无法应对,因此第五代WiFi,即802.11ac就成为了新的选择。802.11ac提供了3倍于802.11n的无线速率(目前可提供1.35Gbps的无线传输速率),并将功耗降低为以前的1/6;它还将带宽扩大了4倍(使用160MHz频道);利用更高速的调制方案(256QAM)实现了高效率数据传送,同时降低了能耗;并利用波束成形实现了更高的可靠性、更长的传输距离和更大的覆盖范围。”请问无线传输降低功耗如何才能做到?
用激光束制造的可擦写芯片使量子计算机朝实用化又迈进了一步。 转载声明:本文来自环球科学(huanqiukexue.com) 量子计算机是我们长期寻求的一种高性能计算机,它的计算速度比现有计算机快很多倍。在一种用光束制造可擦写的电脑芯片的技术帮助下,超高速的量子计算向实用化又迈进了一步。来自纽约城市大学(The City College of New York ,CCNY)和加州大学伯克利分校(UCB)的研究人员通过光束来控制原子核的自旋,实现了信息的编码。这项技术可能为量子计算铺平道路。这个小组在今年6月26日发表的《自然通信》(Nature Communications)上公布了他们的实验结果。这项研究由美国国家科学基金会支持。 现有的电子元件在处理速度上正在接近它们的上限。人们通过在半导体上蚀刻图形来为这些电子元件生产芯片或者集成电路。这些相互连接的图形充当了在电路中传递信息的高速公路,但是传统的电路有一个缺陷。“一旦芯片被印刷出来,它的功能就固定了。”UCB的化学和生物工程博士杰弗里·雷蒙(Jeffrey Reimer)博士解释到,他也是这项研究的合作者。 这个团队包括CCNY的物理教授卡洛斯·梅里雷斯(Carlos Meriles )和UCB的博士研究生乔纳森·金( Jonathan King)以及CCNY的李云普(Yunpu Li)。他们见证了在自旋电子学和量子计算这两个新兴学科中针对传统电路这些问题而寻求到的补救措施。 他们开发了一项使用激光来让原子内部的“自旋”按模式对齐的技术,利用这项技术,他们可以飞速地改写“自旋”的对齐模式。可能在未来的某一天,从这项技术会产生可擦写的自旋电子电路。 数字电路和常规的计算程序依靠的是把电荷信息转化成只含0和1的二进制编码。而在另一方面,一个“自旋电子”计算机应用的是电子自旋的量子属性,这让电子能够存储0到1之间的任意数字。我们可以把电子想象成一个“阴阳”图,“阴阳”图的暗区和亮区的比例代表着0倒1的任意取值。这意味着我们将能够进行并行计算,它能够扩大我们的处理能力。 然而,由于电子的自旋状态转换得太快,人们在尝试利用电子进行量子计算的道路上从来都是障碍重重。因为,他们用一个极不稳定的载体来运载信息。为了抑制电子快速转换的随机性,UCB和CCNY的研究人员们用激光来产生长效的核自旋“磁体”,这个“磁体”可以用来推,拉或者稳定电子的自旋。 砷化镓是在我们手机芯片中使用的一种半导体。研究人员用一种特定模式的光照射一份砷化镓样本,这和我们把物理图形光刻到传统的集成电路上很像。被照射的样本使所有原子核的自旋对齐,从而它们的电子会立即形成一个自旋电子电路。 “你将拥有一个只用光束就可实现飞速擦除和重写的芯片。”梅里雷斯教授说到。改变光照模式就能迅速地改变电路的布局。 “如果你能够用一束光重写并且改变这个电路图形,你就能够制造不同的电路以适应不同的需求。”他补充道。“设想一下,还有什么系统能满足你各种各样的需求!” (环球科学 程高峰) 转载声明:本文来自环球科学(huanqiukexue.com)
看到一则新闻,“ Mind Control of Robot Arm ”。在手臂失控的患者的大脑负责运动的区域植入一个芯片,患者想用手拿什么,芯片就可以让机械手拿什么。通过芯片和机械手,患者就好象有了自己的手一样。太厉害了。 Mind Control of Robot Arm Two paralyzed patients successfully manipulate a robotic arm just by thinking about how they would move their own limbs if they could. By Jef Akst | May 16, 2012 1 Comment Link this Stumble Tweet this Participant S3 drinking from a bottle using the DLR robotic arm BRAINGATE2.ORG Two patients who lost the use of their limbs (and the ability to speak) following brainstem strokes successfully reached out and touched a foam ball, thanks to a small array of electrodes implanted on their motor cortexes and a robotic arm that followed the command of their neurons, according to a Nature paper published today (May 16). “These results are the first peer-reviewed demonstrations of 3 dimensional reaching and grabbing tasks using direct brain control of a robotic device,” study coauthor Leigh R. Hochberg , who has appointments at Brown University, Harvard Medical School, and Providence VA Medical Center, said at a press conference yesterday. “I believe that these are milestones in brain-computer interface research with exciting implications for neuroscience and neural rehabilitation.” The device that made these advances possible, called BrainGate , made headlines in 2006 when patients successfully controlled a computer cursor. Since then, the system has been refined and connected to a robotic arm that can actually carry out the commands of the motor cortex. Braingate array BRAINGATE2.ORG The electrode array—the size of a baby aspirin—records signals from dozens of motor cortex neurons, the activity patterns of which were calibrated to basic arm movements. The patients then simply think about moving their own arm, and computer algorithms translate their intentions to the robotic arm in front of them. One of the patients was even able to take her first sip of coffee (out of a bottle) on her own for the first time in 15 years (see video). “The smile on her face when she did this is something that I, and I know our whole research team, will never forget,” said Hochberg. Ultimately, such technology may allow patients to control prosthetic limbs, or even their own paralyzed limbs, though “there’s undoubtedly still much work to do,” Hochberg said. For example, the researchers hope to eventually make the implants wireless, so the patients do not have to be “plugged in” to use their limbs. Furthermore, the neural-interface system may need to be coupled with some sort of sensory feedback, to allow patients to sense how tightly they are grabbing something. And, of course, there is the question of cost. “It remains to be seen whether a neural-interface system that will be of practical use to patients with diverse clinical needs can become a commercially viable proposition,” Andrew Jackson of the Institute of Neuroscience at Newcastle University wrote in an accompanying Nature commentary. “Nevertheless, the delight of a participant in Hochberg and colleagues’ study as she succeeds in drinking from a bottle for the first time in years should act as a powerful incentive for all in the field to address these challenges.” L.R. Hochberg et al., “Reach and grasp by people with tetraplegia using a neurally controlled robotic arm,” Nature , 372, doi:10.1038/nature11076, 2012.
据IT网站ComputerWorld报道,纽约市立大学(The City University of New York)理论物理学教授加来道雄(Michio Kaku)在接受BigThink.com网站采访时指出,被全球半导体产业奉为圭臬已达47年之久的摩尔定律正在走向崩溃。 加来道雄说,在未来十年左右,世人将目睹摩尔定律的崩溃。目前,摩尔定律的影响力正在减弱,运算能力的提升不再简单依靠通过常规手段实现芯片晶体管数目的指数增长。 英特尔联合创始人戈登•摩尔(Gordon Moore)于1965年建立了后人所说的摩尔定律。摩尔预测:芯片上的晶体管数目将年复一年地保持指数增长。平均每18个月将增长一倍,而成本减少一半。 此前,也有不少科学家和业内分析师预测摩尔定律“气数将尽”。不过,不断提升的芯片结构和组件技术使得该定律至今仍然受用。 加来道雄也承认,不断调整的芯片组件将使得摩尔定律再维持几年,但是到3D芯片堆叠等技术用到极限,摩尔定律也走到了尽头。 科技行业分析公司Moor Insights Strategy的分析师帕特里克•穆尔黑德(Patrick Moorhead)说,摩尔定律将死的传言已经持续了20年,但是科技界总是能找到出路使其屹立不倒。不过,当芯片设计和制造达到分子水平,高昂的成本将使其难以为继。 美国市场研究公司Pund-IT Research分析师查尔斯•金(Charles King)说,摩尔定律可能逐渐不再适用,但他并不担心这会对计算机行业的发展产生重大影响。他认为,毕竟很多重大的定律和法则会随着时代的变化而退出历史舞台。(锦荣)
1971 – 将微处理器的功能集成到一个 CPU 芯片上 硅栅 加工与成型技术的产生使得计算机中央处理器 (CPU) 压缩到一块单独的芯片上 在二十世纪六十年代末,设计人员致力于把计算机中央处理器的功能集合到微小的 MOS 大规模集成电路芯片上,这种技术被称为微处理器单元 ( 单片机 ) 芯片集合。 1969 年 Lee Boysel 创造了 Four-Phase 系统有限公司,他在一块半导体上设计植入了早期的八位逻辑算术单元(设计 3800/3804 型)。一个 8 位的 AL-1CPU 片被扩展到了 32 位。在 1970 年 , Garrett AiResearch 的 Steve Geller 和 Ray Holt 设计的 MP944 芯片被用于 F-14A 中央大气数据计算机的芯片,它是被 AMI 公司由六个金属栅晶片组成的。 英特尔的第一个微处理器—— 4004 ,来源于 Ted Hoff 和 Stanley Mazor 的构想。得益于 Masatoshi Shima ,在 1971 年, Federico Faggin 根据 Shima 在硅栅 MOS 芯片技术( 1968 年里程碑式的发展)的经验,将一个由 2300 个晶体管组成的四位微处理器放入到 16-pin 封装起来。 Faggin 指导 Hal Feeney 设计的 8 位 8008 设备于 1972 年公布。为 CTC 公司(即后来的 Datapoint 公司)设计的 8008 设备的原型也曾被德州仪器用于 TMX1795 系统,但是却从没有被用于商业用途。第二代 8 位的设计来源于 Intel ( 设计 8080 型 ) 和 Tom Bennett 在 Motorola 领导的一个团队(设计 6800 型), Tom Bennett 在 1974 年建立被广泛接受的微处理器理念。从 MOS 集成电路技术 -6502 体系衍生出的廉价变种 6800 使得个人电脑和来自于 Apple, Atari, Commodore 或其他公司的游戏可以任意连接。在二十世纪七十年代中期,许多供应商提供增强的 8 位结构,其中 Zilog 公司的最为强大。两个 1975 微处理器预示着后来重要发展趋势,包括在 IBM 工作过的 RCA 的 CMOS COSMAC(1802 里程碑 ) 与 John Cocke 801 精简指令集。 译者:哈尔滨工业大学(威海)电子封装 090840221-马东超 校对: http://www.computerhistory.org/semiconductor/timeline/1971-MPU.html 版权 copyright by www.computerhistory.org 1971 - Microprocessor Integrates CPU Function onto a Single Chip Silicon-gate process technology and design advances squeeze computer central processing units (CPU) onto single chips. By the late -1960s, designers were striving to integrate the central processing unit (CPU) functions of a computer onto a handful of MOS LSI chips, called microprocessor unit (MPU) chip sets. Building on 8-bit arithmetic logic units (3800/3804) he designed earlier at Fairchild , in 1969 Lee Boysel created the Four-Phase Systems Inc. AL-1 an 8-bit CPU slice that was expandable to 32-bits. In 1970 Steve Geller and Ray Holt of Garrett AiResearch designed the MP944 chip set to implement the F-14A Central Air Data Computer on six metal-gate chips fabricated by AMI. Intel's first microprocessor, the 4004, was conceived by Ted Hoff and Stanley Mazor. Assisted by Masatoshi Shima , Federico Faggin used his experience in silicon-gate MOS technology ( 1968 Milestone ) to squeeze the 2300 transistors of the 4-bit MPU into a 16-pin package in 1971. Faggin also supervised Hal Feeney 's design of the 8-bit 8008 device announced in 1972. Designed for CTC ( later Datapoint ), prototypes of the 8008 function were also built by Texas Instruments as the TMX1795 but never offered commercially. Second generation 8-bit designs from Intel (8080) and from a team led by Tom Bennett at Motorola (6800) in 1974 established widespread acceptance of the MPU concept. A low-cost variant on the 6800 architecture by MOS Technology (6502) enabled personal computers and games from Apple, Atari, Commodore and others. By the mid-1970s many vendors offered enhanced 8-bit architectures, with Zilog 's Z80 being the most enduring. Two 1975 MPUs that presaged important later trends included RCA's CMOS COSMAC 1802 (1963 Milestone ) and John Cocke ’s 801 RISC device at IBM. Beginning in the mid-1970s, 16-bit MPUs emerged from General Instrument (CP1600), National (PACE), TI (TMS9900), and Zilog (Z8000). Boosted by the PC boom of the 1980s, Intel's 8086/8088 (IBM PC) and Motorola's 68000 (Macintosh) devices enjoyed the widest market success. 四相系统,Inc。AL-1 8位计算机处理器片。1968年十月设计开始。1969年三月配置设备。 金色的内连线突出了Intel 4004微处理器复杂的内部构局 2007年5月,Intel 4004开发团队合影T. Hoff, H. Feeney, S. Mazor, M. Shima, F. Faggin Busicom 计算机的MCS-4内部图片,设置有4004微处理器
1971 – 将微处理器的功能集成到一个 CPU 芯片上 硅栅 加工与成型技术的产生使得计算机中央处理器 (CPU) 压缩到一块单独的芯片上 在二十世纪六十年代末,设计人员致力于把计算机中央处理器的功能集合到微小的 MOS 大规模集成电路芯片上,这种技术被称为微处理器单元 ( 单片机 ) 芯片集合。 1969 年 Lee Boysel 创造了 Four-Phase 系统有限公司,他在一块半导体上设计植入了早期的八位逻辑算术单元(设计 3800/3804 型)。一个 8 位的 AL-1CPU 片被扩展到了 32 位。在 1970 年 , Garrett AiResearch 的 Steve Geller 和 Ray Holt 设计的 MP944 芯片被用于 F-14A 中央大气数据计算机的芯片,它是被 AMI 公司由六个金属栅晶片组成的。 英特尔的第一个微处理器—— 4004 ,来源于 Ted Hoff 和 Stanley Mazor 的构想。得益于 Masatoshi Shima ,在 1971 年, Federico Faggin 根据 Shima 在硅栅 MOS 芯片技术( 1968 年里程碑式的发展)的经验,将一个由 2300 个晶体管组成的四位微处理器放入到 16-pin 封装起来。 Faggin 指导 Hal Feeney 设计的 8 位 8008 设备于 1972 年公布。为 CTC 公司(即后来的 Datapoint 公司)设计的 8008 设备的原型也曾被德州仪器用于 TMX1795 系统,但是却从没有被用于商业用途。第二代 8 位的设计来源于 Intel ( 设计 8080 型 ) 和 Tom Bennett 在 Motorola 领导的一个团队(设计 6800 型), Tom Bennett 在 1974 年建立被广泛接受的微处理器理念。从 MOS 集成电路技术 -6502 体系衍生出的廉价变种 6800 使得个人电脑和来自于 Apple, Atari, Commodore 或其他公司的游戏可以任意连接。在二十世纪七十年代中期,许多供应商提供增强的 8 位结构,其中 Zilog 公司的最为强大。两个 1975 微处理器预示着后来重要发展趋势,包括在 IBM 工作过的 RCA 的 CMOS COSMAC(1802 里程碑 ) 与 John Cocke 801 精简指令集。 译者:哈尔滨工业大学(威海)电子封装 090840221--马东超 校对:哈尔滨工业大学(威海)电子封装 090840223--吴帅 http://www.computerhistory.org/semiconductor/timeline/1971-MPU.html 版权 copyright by www.computerhistory.org 1971 - Microprocessor Integrates CPU Function onto a Single Chip Silicon-gate process technology and design advances squeeze computer central processing units (CPU) onto single chips. By the late -1960s, designers were striving to integrate the central processing unit (CPU) functions of a computer onto a handful of MOS LSI chips, called microprocessor unit (MPU) chip sets. Building on 8-bit arithmetic logic units (3800/3804) he designed earlier at Fairchild , in 1969 Lee Boysel created the Four-Phase Systems Inc. AL-1 an 8-bit CPU slice that was expandable to 32-bits. In 1970 Steve Geller and Ray Holt of Garrett AiResearch designed the MP944 chip set to implement the F-14A Central Air Data Computer on six metal-gate chips fabricated by AMI. Intel's first microprocessor, the 4004, was conceived by Ted Hoff and Stanley Mazor. Assisted by Masatoshi Shima , Federico Faggin used his experience in silicon-gate MOS technology ( 1968 Milestone ) to squeeze the 2300 transistors of the 4-bit MPU into a 16-pin package in 1971. Faggin also supervised Hal Feeney 's design of the 8-bit 8008 device announced in 1972. Designed for CTC ( later Datapoint ), prototypes of the 8008 function were also built by Texas Instruments as the TMX1795 but never offered commercially. Second generation 8-bit designs from Intel (8080) and from a team led by Tom Bennett at Motorola (6800) in 1974 established widespread acceptance of the MPU concept. A low-cost variant on the 6800 architecture by MOS Technology (6502) enabled personal computers and games from Apple, Atari, Commodore and others. By the mid-1970s many vendors offered enhanced 8-bit architectures, with Zilog 's Z80 being the most enduring. Two 1975 MPUs that presaged important later trends included RCA's CMOS COSMAC 1802 (1963 Milestone ) and John Cocke ’s 801 RISC device at IBM. Beginning in the mid-1970s, 16-bit MPUs emerged from General Instrument (CP1600), National (PACE), TI (TMS9900), and Zilog (Z8000). Boosted by the PC boom of the 1980s, Intel's 8086/8088 (IBM PC) and Motorola's 68000 (Macintosh) devices enjoyed the widest market success. Four Phase Systems, Inc. AL-1 8-bit computer processor slice. Design commenced October 1968. Final working devices March 1969 四相系统,Inc。AL-1 8位计算机处理器片。1968年十月设计开始。1969年三月配置设备。 Gold interconnects highlight the Intel 4004 MPU layout complexity 金色的内连线突出了Intel 4004微处理器复杂的内部构局 The Intel 4004 development team meet again in May 2007. T. Hoff, H. Feeney, S. Mazor, M. Shima, F. Faggin 2007年5月,Intel 4004开发团队合影T. Hoff, H. Feeney, S. Mazor, M. Shima, F. Faggin Internal view of the MCS-4 chip set including the 4004 MPU in the Busicom calculator Busicom 计算机的MCS-4内部图片,设置有4004微处理器
贝尔实验室的单芯片DSP-1数字信号处理器设备构架进行了优化,为电子交换系统。 为了能从背景噪声中分离出信息,数字信号处理器( DSP )采用了数学技术来分析来自自然和电子源的模拟信号。转换成数字信号之后,如快速傅立叶变换等算法筛选和重建准备一个可用的模拟信号转换回数据。在音响,通信,图像,雷达,声纳,语音识别系统中,已经实施了 DSP 功能从电子管到集成电路的每一代技术。 在 1970 年,来自 Fairchild 公司( 9334 )和 AMD 公司( 2505 )的 2*4 乘法器作为第一代标准 IC 产品,加快了数学密集型信号处理运算。 TRW 公司的 LSI 产品采用三重扩散双极工艺,建立了更复杂的功能,如 AMD2901 位片在 20 世纪 70 年代后期的视频和国防应用的处理器一起使用的 16x16 乘法器( MPY16 )。 MOS 外围芯片允许信号处理使用通用的微处理器,包括用于摩托罗拉 6800 和英特尔 2920 ( 1979 )的 AMIS2811 ( 1978 ),并结合了可编程的数字信号处理和数据转换电路( 1968 年里程碑)。 单芯片 DSP本质上 是添加了复杂的数学能力的微处理器。贝尔实验室的单芯片 DSP-1 , AT & T 的 ESS 数字交换机的重要组成部分,诞生于 1979 年 5 月。 NEC 的 定点 μ PD7720 ,在 1980 年应用于语音频带,是商业上最成功的早期的 DSP 之一。 TI 的 16 位可编程 DSP 器件的 TMS320 系列从 1983 年开始应用于消费类产品中,从手机到玩具。从 TI 的 集成度更高的 DSP 的连续几代以及 ADI 公司,摩托罗拉,和别人的权力今天的手机,磁盘驱动器, HDTV 产品。 图一: 1979 年贝尔实验室的 DSP-1 设备布局 图二:: 1979 年 TRW 公司的高速乘法累加器的广告 图三::第一的 TMS320 可编程 DSP 器件的芯片的图片 图四::“电子设计”杂志关于 DSP 的专题文章 译者:哈尔滨工业大学(威海)电子封装 090840226-王延博 校对 :哈尔滨工业大学(威海)电子封装 090840216-鞠伯伦 http://www.computerhistory.org/semiconductor/timeline/1979-DSP.html 版权 copyright by www.computerhistory.org 原文 ——————————————————————--------------------------------------------------------------- 1979 - Single Chip Digital Signal Processor Introduced Bell Labs' single-chip DSP-1 Digital Signal Processor device architecture is optimized for electronic switching systems. Digital signal processing (DSP) applies mathematical techniques to analyze analog signals from natural and electronic sources in order to separate information from background noise. After conversion to digital form, algorithms such as the Fast Fourier Transform filter and reconstruct the data ready for conversion back to a useable analog signal. DSP capability has been implemented in every generation of technology from vacuum tubes to ICs in audio, communications, image, radar, sonar, and voice recognition systems. 2 x 4 multipliers from Fairchild (9334) and AMD (2505) in 1970 were among the first standard IC products to speed math-intensive signal-processing algorithms. TRW LSI Products used a triple-diffused bipolar process to build more complex functions, such as the 16x16 multiplier (MPY 16), used together with the AMD 2901 bit-slice processor for video and defense applications in the late-1970s. MOS peripheral chips to enable signal processing using general-purpose MPUs included the AMI S2811 (1978) for the Motorola 6800 and Intel’s 2920 (1979) that combined programmable digital processing and data conversion ( 1968 Milestone ) circuits. Single-chip DSPs are essentially MPUs with added complex math capabilities. Bell Labs’ one-chip DSP-1, a key component of ATT's ESS digital switch, appeared in May 1979. NEC's fixed-point 倀D7720, introduced in 1980 for voiceband applications, was one of the most commercially successful early DSPs. TI’s TMS 320 family of 16-bit programmable DSP devices from 1983 found wide application in consumer products from cell phones to toys. Successive generations of more highly integrated DSPs from TI as well as Analog Devices, Motorola, and others power today's mobile phones, disk drives, and HDTV products.