最近事情比较多，博客好久没有更新。下月被亚发行邀请去马尼拉参加一个关于气候移民的研讨会，会后会顺道去趟北京，希望能有机会拜访一下老师和合作者。 Researchers’ Workshop on Climate-Induced Migration Policy Responses to Climate-Induced Migration in Asia and the Pacific: Regional Conference Manila, Philippines, 14 – 16 September 2011 Environmental Displacement Asia and the Pacific will be amongst the global regions most affected by the impacts of climate change. Countries of the region are particularly vulnerable because of a high degree of exposure to environmental risks and large population. In recent years, Asia and the Pacific has undergone massive and rapid socioeconomic transformation. Migration within countries, especially from rural to urban areas, has become significant. Countries and populations of Asia and the Pacific will be affected by climate change in different ways, leading to various migration scenarios. Cross-border migration is likely to increase. Already, the region is home to the most important source of international migrants worldwide. In 2010, more than 30 million people in Asia and the Pacific were displaced by environmental disasters, such as storms and floods. Many returned home, but others did not. Climate change is expected to increase the frequency of extreme weather events, and over time induce significant sea-level rise. At the same time, the region’s population, now around 4 billion, continues to increase. These developments will result in growing numbers of people on the move for reasons that include environmental factors. ADB Events In September 2010, the Asian Development Bank ( ADB ) launched a technical assistance project to develop policy recommendations to address climate-induced migration in Asia and the Pacific. The project is also considering options to finance actions related to climate-induced migration. This unique project aims to stimulate thinking and action by concerned stakeholders and decision-makers on the local, national, regional, and global levels. On 14 September 2011 , ADB will organize a full-day workshop for researchers of environmental displacement and climate-induced migration in Asia and the Pacific. The workshop will bring together individuals exploring these phenomena in several countries in the region. The aim is to share research findings, compare approaches and methodologies, exchange contacts and references, and forge a new professional network. The workshop is expected to bring together researchers from the whole Asia-Pacific region and others interested in their work. Then, on 15-16 September 2011 , ADB will host a one and a half day regional conference to present its initial policy recommendations for addressing migration associated with current environmental events and predicted environmental changes. The conference will assemble leading experts and decision makers from different disciplines. Representatives of governments, inter-governmental organizations, development agencies, NGOs, the private sector, and academe are expected to participate in the event, including researchers who attended the earlier workshop. These events are likely to be the largest-ever gathering of researchers of environmental displacement and climate-induced migration in the world's largest and most populous region.The Honorable Mohamed Aslam, Minister of Housing, Transport and Environment, Maldives, will deliver the keynote address at the regional conference. Among the research institutions and international agencies participating in the program will be the Asian Disaster Preparedness Center, ICHIMOD, IDDRI, International Federation of the Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies, International Labour Organization, International Organization for Migration, PIK, Swedish Environmental Institute, UN HCR, and the UNU Institute for Environment and Human Security. The events will raise awareness of the environment as a driver of migration, opportunities to use migration as a tool of adaptation to climate change, and the need for governments and international agencies to act now to reduce human vulnerability and risk associated with environmental displacement. If you would like to attend these events, contact Ms. Chet Japson at email mcjapson.consultant@ adb .org ; telephone +632 632-4444 ; or fax +632 636 2409 . More information can be found online at: http://www. adb .org/SocialDevelopment/climate-migration/default.asp
"Allison, Edward Hugh (WorldFish)" E.Allison@cgiar.org 5/21/2011 9:19 PM Three research positions available at the WorldFish Center. Two are for postdoctoral fellows, so I'd be grateful if you could forward this to your finishing PhDs and recent graduates (or apply if you are one!). If you have networks or blogs you can add this to, I'd really appreciate you posting this to them. There is also a more senior position, to lead the Center's wide-ranging climate research, much of which will be linked to the CGIAR-wide 'Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security' programme. Further particulars for these jobs will appear on the WorldFish website on Monday. We are trying to broaden our pool of applicants and I'm keen to get early career researchers from leading research groups and others who might not have considered working in the CGIAR before. Apologies if you get this more than once from other colleagues. Many thanks. Eddie Dr Edward H Allison Principal Scientist - Policy, Economics and Social Science The WorldFish Center P.O. Box 500, GPO, 10670 Penang, Malaysia Tel (+60-4) 620 2120 begin_of_the_skype_highlighting (+60-4) 620 2120 end_of_the_skype_highlighting Fax 626 5530 Time zone GMT +8 hr Mobile +60 (0) 174005611 begin_of_the_skype_highlighting +60 (0) 174005611 end_of_the_skype_highlighting Skype: Allison_Eddie www.worldfishcenter.org http://www.worldfishcenter.org Reducing poverty and hunger by improving fisheries and aquaculture
Biology Nobelist: Natural selection will destroy us We have evolved traits that will lead to humanity's extinction, says Christian de Duve – so we must learn to overcome them We are the most successful species on the planet, but you think we will ultimately pay the price for this success. Why? The cost of our success is the exhaustion of natural resources, leading to energy crises, climate change, pollution and the destruction of our habitat. If you exhaust natural resources there will be nothing left for your children. If we continue in the same direction, humankind is headed for some frightful ordeals, if not extinction. You think that natural selection has worked against us. How? Because it has no foresight. Natural selection has resulted in traits such as group selfishness being coded in our genes. These were useful to our ancestors under the conditions in which they lived, but have become noxious to us today. What would help us preserve our natural resources are genetic traits that let us sacrifice the present for the sake of the future. You need wisdom to sacrifice something that is immediately useful or advantageous for the sake of something that will be important in the future. Natural selection doesn't do that; it looks only at what is happening today. It doesn't care about your grandchildren or grandchildren's grandchildren. You call this short-sightedness "original sin". Why did you pick this terminology? I believe that the writers of Genesis had detected the inherent selfishness in human nature that I propose is in our genes, and invented the myth of original sin to account for it. It's an image. I am not acting as an exegete - I don't interpret scripture. How can humanity overcome this "original sin"? We must act against natural selection and actively oppose some of our key genetic traits. One solution you propose is population control, but isn't this ethically dubious? It is a simple matter of figures. If you want this planet to continue being habitable for everyone that lives here, you have to limit the number of inhabitants. Hunters do it by killing off the old or sick animals in a herd, but I don't think that's a very ethical way of limiting the population. So what remains? Birth control. We have access to practical, ethical and scientifically established methods of birth control. So I think that is the most ethical way to reduce our population. You also advocate giving more power to women. Why? Speaking as a biologist, I think women are less aggressive than men, and they play a larger role in the early education of the young and helping them overcome their genetic heirloom. Are you optimistic about humankind's future? I'm cautiously optimistic - very cautiously. I try to be optimistic because I prefer to give a message of hope to young people, to say: you can do something about it. But in the present, there is not much evidence that this is happening. http://www.newscientist.com/article/mg20928015.400-biology-nobelist-natural-selection-will-destroy-us.html 珍爱我们的地球，珍爱我们的环境，从你我做起!
GLOBAL ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGE (click to see the syllabus) Contemporary Ethical Issues Focus: This course carries the Contemporary Ethical Issues Focus designation. People are called upon daily to make decisions in their personal lives that impact the environment. We are also involved in development of public environmental policy from the local to the global scale. Responsible decision-making in environmental issues requires a sound understanding of the scientific considerations as well as of the many implications for human welfare. The issues are complex. Many contemporary ethical issues will be presented in class lectures and debated in seven discussion group meetings. In discussions, emphasis will be placed on examining the many facets involved in environmental decision-making: weighing the benefits to different groups, balancing economic benefits vs. environmental health, consideration of the conflicting demands and needs of industrialized vs developing countries and of current vs future generations. Discussion group essays will address specific questions of an ethical/scientific nature that arise from the assigned readings. The first meeting of the discussion groups will include discussion of various frameworks for ethical decision making as outlined in Thinking Ethically: A Framework for Moral Decision Making developed by Manuel Velasquez, Claire Andre, Thomas Shanks, S.J., and Michael J. Meyer (available at: http://www.scu.edu/ethics/practicing/decision/thinking.html ). Contemporary ethical issues constitute at least 30% of the course content.
转载于 包满珠的博客 http://bbs.chla.com.cn/space/?uid=7 下面这篇文章转自华中农业大学南湖新闻网。我本人有同感，所以推荐给大家，也许对广大园林工作者有一定的意义！ 载于《科学》2010年5月7日（方舟子译） 最近一段时间以来对全体科学家、特别是气候科学家的政治攻击愈演愈烈，这让我们深感不安。所有的公民都应该了解一些基本的科学事实。科学结论总会有某些不确定性；科学永远不绝对地证明任何事情。当有人说社会应该等到科学家能绝对地肯定时再采取行动，这等于说社会永远不采取行动。对像气候变化这样的可能造成大灾难的问题来说，不采取行动会让我们的星球冒着危险。科学结论从对基本定律的理解推导而来，受到实验室实验、自然界的观察以及数学和计算机建模的支持。科学家像所有的人一样会犯错误，但是科学过程被设计了寻找并改正错误。这个过程本质上具有对抗性质科学家享有声誉和获得认可，不仅是由于支持传统的学识，更是由于证明科学共识是错误的，存在着更好的解释。那正是伽利略、巴斯德、达尔文和爱因斯坦曾经做过的。但是当某些结论已经过全面和深入的检验、质疑和检查，它们就获得了充分确立的理论的地位，常常被称为事实。 例如，有确凿的科学证据表明我们的星球的年龄大约是45亿年（地球起源理论），我们的宇宙是在大约140亿年前的一次事件中诞生的（大爆炸理论），今天的生物都是从生活在过去的生物进化来的（进化论）。即使是这些被科学界普遍接受的理论，如果有人能够显示它们是错误的，仍然能够一举成名。气候变化现在已归到了这个范畴：有确凿、全面、一致的客观证据表明人类正在改变气候，因此威胁着我们的社会和我们赖以生存的生态系统。 否定气候变化的人士最近对气候科学，以及更令人不安地，对气候科学家的许多攻击，一般是由特殊利益或教条驱使的，而不是诚实地努力提供一个能令人信服地满足证据的另类理论。联合国政府间气候变化委员会（IPCC）和对气候变化的其他科学评估，有数千名科学家参与，产生了大量和全面的报告，也产生了一些错误，这是不出意料和很正常的。在错误被指出之后，就得到了改正。但是最近的这些事件丝毫没有改变有关气候变化的根本结论： （1）由于大气层中温室气体浓度的增加，地球正在变暖。华盛顿一个多雪的冬天并不能改变这个事实。 （2）在过去的一个世纪这些气体浓度的增加大多是由于人类活动引起的，特别是由于燃烧化石燃料和砍伐森林。 （3）自然因素一直对地球气候变化有影响，但是在现在人类导致的变化影响更大。 （4）地球变暖将会导致许多其他气候模式的变化，其变化速度在现代是前所未有的，包括海平面上升的速度和水循环的速度都越来越快。二氧化碳浓度的增加正在让海洋变得更酸性。 （5）这些复杂的气候变化合在一起威胁着海岸社区和城市、食物和水供应、海洋和淡水生态系统、森林、高山环境等等。 世界科学团体、国家科学院和个人能够说的和已经说的要多得多，但是以上这些结论应该已足以表明为什么科学家担心后代将要面临的状况，如果人类所作所为一切照常的话。我们呼吁决策者和公众立即着手解决引起气候变化的问题，包括不受约束地燃烧化石燃料。 我们也呼吁，停止基于含沙射影和株连对我们的同事提出犯罪指控的麦卡锡式威胁，政治家为了避免采取行动借助骚扰科学家来分散注意力，以及散播关于科学家的赤裸裸谎言。社会有两种选择：我们可以无视科学，把头埋在沙中并希望我们有好运，或者我们可以为了公共利益行动起来，迅速和真正地减少全球气候变化的威胁。好消息是，聪明和有效的行动是可能的。但是拖延不可以是一种选择。 Science 7 May 2010: Vol. 328. no. 5979, pp. 689 - 690 DOI: 10.1126/science.328.5979.689 Prev | Table of Contents | Next LETTERS Climate Change and the Integrity of Science We are deeply disturbed by the recent escalation of political assaults on scientists in general and on climate scientists in particular. All citizens should understand some basic scientific facts. There is always some uncertainty associated with scientific conclusions; science never absolutely proves anything. When someone says that society should wait until scientists are absolutely certain before taking any action, it is the same as saying society should never take action. For a problem as potentially catastrophic as climate change, taking no action poses a dangerous risk for our planet.Scientific conclusions derive from an understanding of basic laws supported by laboratory experiments, observations of nature, and mathematical and computer modeling. Like all human beings, scientists make mistakes, but the scientific process is designed to find and correct them. This process is inherently adversarialscientists build reputations and gain recognition not only for supporting conventional wisdom, but even more so for demonstrating that the scientific consensus is wrong and that there is a better explanation. That's what Galileo, Pasteur, Darwin, and Einstein did. But when some conclusions have been thoroughly and deeply tested, questioned, and examined, they gain the status of well-established theories and are often spoken of as facts. For instance, there is compelling scientific evidence that our planet is about 4.5 billion years old (the theory of the origin of Earth), that our universe was born from a single event about 14 billion years ago (the Big Bang theory), and that today's organisms evolved from ones living in the past (the theory of evolution). Even as these are overwhelmingly accepted by the scientific community, fame still awaits anyone who could show these theories to be wrong. Climate change now falls into this category: There is compelling, comprehensive, and consistent objective evidence that humans are changing the climate in ways that threaten our societies and the ecosystems on which we depend. Many recent assaults on climate science and, more disturbingly, on climate scientists by climate change deniers are typically driven by special interests or dogma, not by an honest effort to provide an alternative theory that credibly satisfies the evidence. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) and other scientific assessments of climate change, which involve thousands of scientists producing massive and comprehensive reports, have, quite expectedly and normally, made some mistakes. When errors are pointed out, they are corrected. But there is nothing remotely identified in the recent events that changes the fundamental conclusions about climate change: (i) The planet is warming due to increased concentrations of heat-trapping gases in our atmosphere. A snowy winter in Washington does not alter this fact. (ii) Most of the increase in the concentration of these gases over the last century is due to human activities, especially the burning of fossil fuels and deforestation. (iii) Natural causes always play a role in changing Earth's climate, but are now being overwhelmed by human-induced changes. (iv) Warming the planet will cause many other climatic patterns to change at speeds unprecedented in modern times, including increasing rates of sea-level rise and alterations in the hydrologic cycle. Rising concentrations of carbon dioxide are making the oceans more acidic. (v) The combination of these complex climate changes threatens coastal communities and cities, our food and water supplies, marine and freshwater ecosystems, forests, high mountain environments, and far more. Much more can be, and has been, said by the world's scientific societies, national academies, and individuals, but these conclusions should be enough to indicate why scientists are concerned about what future generations will face from business-as-usual practices. We urge our policy-makers and the public to move forward immediately to address the causes of climate change, including the un restrained burning of fossil fuels. We also call for an end to McCarthy-like threats of criminal prosecution against our colleagues based on innuendo and guilt by association, the harassment of scientists by politicians seeking distractions to avoid taking action, and the outright lies being spread about them. Society has two choices: We can ignore the science and hide our heads in the sand and hope we are lucky, or we can act in the public interest to reduce the threat of global climate change quickly and substantively. The good news is that smart and effective actions are possible. But delay must not be an option. P. H. Gleick,* R. M. Adams, R. M. Amasino, E. Anders, D. J. Anderson, W. W. Anderson, L. E. Anselin, M. K. Arroyo, B. Asfaw, F. J. Ayala, A. Bax, A. J. Bebbington, G. Bell, M. V. L. Bennett, J. L. Bennetzen, M. R. Berenbaum, O. B. Berlin, P. J. Bjorkman, E. Blackburn, J. E. Blamont, M. R. Botchan, J. S. Boyer, E. A. Boyle, D. Branton, S. P. Briggs, W. R. Briggs, W. J. Brill, R. J. Britten, W. S. Broecker, J. H. Brown, P. O. Brown, A. T. Brunger, J. Cairns, Jr., D. E. Canfield, S. R. Carpenter, J. C. Carrington, A. R. Cashmore, J. C. Castilla, A. Cazenave, F. S. Chapin, III, A. J. Ciechanover, D. E. Clapham, W. C. Clark, R. N. Clayton, M. D. Coe, E. M. Conwell, E. B. Cowling, R. M Cowling, C. S. Cox, R. B. Croteau, D. M. Crothers, P. J. Crutzen, G. C. Daily, G. B. Dalrymple, J. L. Dangl, S. A. Darst, D. R. Davies, M. B. Davis, P. V. de Camilli, C. Dean, R. S. Defries, J. Deisenhofer, D. P. Delmer, E. F. Delong, D. J. Derosier, T. O. Diener, R. Dirzo, J. E. Dixon, M. J. Donoghue, R. F. Doolittle, T. Dunne, P. R. Ehrlich, S. N. Eisenstadt, T. Eisner, K. A. Emanuel, S. W. Englander, W. G. Ernst, P. G. Falkowski, G. Feher, J. A. Ferejohn, A. Fersht, E. H. Fischer, R. Fischer, K. V. Flannery, J. Frank, P. A. Frey, I. Fridovich, C. Frieden, D. J. Futuyma, W. R. Gardner, C. J. R. Garrett, W. Gilbert, R. B. Goldberg, W. H. Goodenough, C. S. Goodman, M. Goodman, P. Greengard, S. Hake, G. Hammel, S. Hanson, S. C. Harrison, S. R. Hart, D. L. Hartl, R. Haselkorn, K. Hawkes, J. M. Hayes, B. Hille, T. H?kfelt, J. S. House, M. Hout, D. M. Hunten, I. A. Izquierdo, A. T. Jagendorf, D. H. Janzen, R. Jeanloz, C. S. Jencks, W. A. Jury, H. R. Kaback, T. Kailath, P. Kay, S. A. Kay, D. Kennedy, A. Kerr, R. C. Kessler, G. S. Khush, S. W. Kieffer, P. V. Kirch, K. Kirk, M. G. Kivelson, J. P. Klinman, A. Klug, L. Knopoff, H. Kornberg, J. E. Kutzbach, J. C. Lagarias, K. Lambeck, A. Landy, C. H. Langmuir, B. A. Larkins, X. T. Le Pichon, R. E. Lenski, E. B. Leopold, S. A. Levin, M. Levitt, G. E. Likens, J. Lippincott-Schwartz, L. Lorand, C. O. Lovejoy, M. Lynch, A. L. Mabogunje, T. F. Malone, S. Manabe, J. Marcus, D. S. Massey, J. C. McWilliams, E. Medina, H. J. Melosh, D. J. Meltzer, C. D. Michener, E. L. Miles, H. A. Mooney, P. B. Moore, F. M. M. Morel, E. S. Mosley-Thompson, B. Moss, W. H. Munk, N. Myers, G. B. Nair, J. Nathans, E. W. Nester, R. A. Nicoll, R. P. Novick, J. F. O'Connell, P. E. Olsen, N. D. Opdyke, G. F. Oster, E. Ostrom, N. R. Pace, R. T. Paine, R. D. Palmiter, J. Pedlosky, G. A. Petsko, G. H. Pettengill, S. G. Philander, D. R. Piperno, T. D. Pollard, P. B. Price, Jr., P. A. Reichard, B. F. Reskin, R. E. Ricklefs, R. L. Rivest, J. D. Roberts, A. K. Romney, M. G. Rossmann, D. W. Russell, W. J. Rutter, J. A. Sabloff, R. Z. Sagdeev, M. D. Sahlins, A. Salmond, J. R. Sanes, R. Schekman, J. Schellnhuber, D. W. Schindler, J. Schmitt, S. H. Schneider, V. L. Schramm, R. R. Sederoff, C. J. Shatz, F. Sherman, R. L. Sidman, K. Sieh, E. L. Simons, B. H. Singer, M. F. Singer, B. Skyrms, N. H. Sleep, B. D. Smith, S. H. Snyder, R. R. Sokal, C. S. Spencer, T. A. Steitz, K. B. Strier, T. C. Sdhof, S. S. Taylor, J. Terborgh, D. H. Thomas, L. G. Thompson, R. T. TJian, M. G. Turner, S. Uyeda, J. W. Valentine, J. S. Valentine, J. L. van Etten, K. E. van Holde, M. Vaughan, S. Verba, P. H. von Hippel, D. B. Wake, A. Walker, J. E. Walker, E. B. Watson, P. J. Watson, D. Weigel, S. R. Wessler, M. J. West-Eberhard, T. D. White, W. J. Wilson, R. V. Wolfenden, J. A. Wood, G. M. Woodwell, H. E. Wright, Jr., C. Wu, C. Wunsch, M. L. Zoback * To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: petergleick@pacinst.org Notes 1. The signatories are all members of the U.S. National Academy of Sciences but are not speaking on its behalf. 2. Signatory affiliations are available as supporting material at www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/328/5979/689/DC1 .
After months of behind the scenes negotiations, Senators John Kerry (D-MA) and Joe Lieberman (I-VT) unveiled their climate and energy bill, the American Power Act (APA), on May 12. The draft bill aims to reduce carbon emissions by 17 percent by 2020 and by over 80 percent in 2050 through a cap and refund regime, which would return two-thirds of revenues not dedicated to reducing the nations deficit back to consumers with the rest spent on ensuring a smooth transition for American businesses and investing in projects and technologies to reduce emissions and advance our energy security. Below is a summary of APA provisions of interest to the research community. Climate Change Research and Adaptation Provisions APA provides less direction and financial support for climate change research and adaptation activities than its House counterpart, the Waxman-Markey bill. This is largely attributed to the fact that many of the Senate Committees that have jurisdiction of pieces of climate and energy legislation have not yet inserted their respective provisions into the Kerry-Lieberman draft. Climate Services The Senate bill does not include a provision establishing a national climate service, or even a climate service program within the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). Waxman-Markey includes language that would establish a 3-year process for creating a trans-agency national climate service as well as a climate service program within NOAA. The Senate Commerce Committee has been working on language for the last several months to develop a national climate service; however, it appears that the current APA draft does not include the Commerce Committees contributions. It remains to be seen if or when the Committee will insert its provisions into the larger package; the Committee is said to be waiting on indication from leadership that APA will receive floor time this spring or summer. Global Change Research Unlike the Waxman-Markey bill in the House, the Senate bill does not include reauthorization of the U.S. Global Change Research Program (USGCRP). Again, the Senate Commerce Committee has been working on USGCRP reauthorization legislative over the last several months. It remains to be seen if the Committee will include its provisions into the Senate bill. Natural Resources Adaptation The Senate bill includes nearly identical language to Waxman-Markey pertaining to natural resources adaptation. The provisions would establish a Natural Resources Climate Change Adaptation Panel responsible for developing a national strategy to assess the vulnerability of natural resources to climate change and identify protocols and actions for adaptation. Both bills would also codify the National Climate Change and Wildlife Science Centers at the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) within DOI and require the Centers and NOAA to work together on providing technical assistance and sponsor research to address natural resources adaptation to climate change. NOAA and DOI would appoint a Science Advisory Board, which could include representatives from universities, to advise on the state of the science as it relates to natural resources adaptation. Additionally, states would be eligible to receive funding to assist in adaptation efforts by preparing state natural resources adaptation plans. International Adaptation APA includes a nearly identical section to Waxman-Markey on the creation of an International Climate Change Adaptation Program. The Senate bill is slightly more inclusive by including the Departments of Commerce and Agriculture, in addition to the Department of State, Department of Treasury, USAID, and EPA which were included in the House bill, in the program to provide assistance to countries vulnerable to climate change. Funds through this program could be used to promote resiliency and adaptation to water scarcity; enhance diversification of agriculture, fishery and other livelihoods; support disaster risk management; assist in the development of sustainable infrastructure; and promote healthy and productive marine and coastal ecosystems. Other Adaptation Activities Unlike Waxman-Markey, the Senate bill does not include a general state adaptation program, which would allow for funding to states to build resiliency to climate change, nor does it include a section on the public health implications of climate change. Fast Mitigation The Senate draft includes a section that is not included in Waxman-Markey relating to options for fast mitigation of climate change. The bill calls for the establishment of an interagency process to review existing and potential policies and measures that promote fast mitigation of greenhouse gas emissions. The process would include recommendations on what further steps should be taken to implement fast mitigation measures. The bill specifically discusses hydrofluorocarbons, black carbon, and international methane.
Institution is one of the most stirring concepts in last and this century. Scholars from different fields of social science exploited it to explain the development of human society. Economists, ploticics scholars, sociologists and management scholars even canconverge consistency in this concept. Iaddicted myself to it 8 years agoand managed to finish a paper on the institutional change of information economy. Now when I read it again, I have to admit that my understanding of institutions and institutional change was superficial although I haven'tmaking sense of it profoundly enoughnow. After 2004, I gradually departure the study of information economics and seldom read papers or books on institutions at the same time.After I read Fountain's work Building the Virtul States, my interest in institutions was aroused again. Now this bookbring me a great happiness: Explaining Institutional Change, edited by James Mahoney and Kathleen Thelen. In 1989, Justin Yifu Lin published his paper AN ECONOMIC THEORY OF INSTITUTIONAL CHANGE: INDUCED AND IMPOSED CHANGE. As an important paper of neo-institutional school, this paper made two concepts popular in China: imposed institutional change and induced institutional change, partially because Yifu Lin come back to China and diffuse his thinking on institutional change. Explaining Institutional Change provide a different perspective. It tries to delineate (sorry, I have to leave for bus, to be continued) Reference: 1. James Mahoney, Kathleen Thelen. (Explaining Institutional Change. Cambridge University Press, 2010) 2. Lin, Yifu(1989). AN ECONOMIC THEORY OF INSTITUTIONAL CHANGE: INDUCED AND IMPOSED CHANGE.Cato Journal, Vol. 9, No. 1 (Spring/Summer 1989).
这是我在SFN上的新贴，提出了我个人对量子和薜定谔方程的理解，请多指教。 Spectroscope is produced by the change of atomic and molecular structure, and can be explained by the consequence from Schrdinger equation. That means the mathematical expression Schrdinger equation describes the relationship between the electromagnetic radiation and physical quantities while the structure change. Therefore, Schrdinger equation is a condition equation of the change of atomic and molecular structure. In my manuscript, it was proved that there is a natural steady circular orbit (ground state) of the electron for isolated hydrogen atom according to electromagnetism. When the resonance of the ground orbit takes place, hydrogen atom is at an excited state with higher energy. This effect is so-called modal response of hydrogen atomic structure by means of structure mechanics, and the modal frequencies of the electronic orbit are determined by the ground state and the mechanical properties of central-field caused by the proton. By classical theory, the two-body system of hydrogen atom could be described by the model of the electron with reduced mass rotates around proton. The ground circular motion of the electron could be described by motion equation or orbit equation, and standing wave equation could be also selected to treat the circle orbit because the circle orbit may be understood as a special standing wave with wavelength 2πr and invariable amplitude r (r is the radius of the circle orbit). It is easy to get the equation of the ground electron in form of standing wave, and the modal frequencies of ground orbit of the electron could be deduced from solution of that standing wave equation. In this case, the standing wave equation of the electron is mathematically introduced to treat the resonance of the ground orbit, but doesn’t mean the electron moves as a standing wave. For ground state of hydrogen atom, if we select the ground orbit of the electron as reference to describe the other modal orbits, the radius of ground orbit of hydrogen atom (bohr radius a0) becomes a physical constant and unit for description of other modal orbits, and Schrdinger equation of hydrogen atom would be deduced from the ground electronic equation in form standing wave. Meanwhile the mathematical relations were also obtained, E=hν, Planck constant h is related to bohr radius of hydrogen atom, charge and reduced mass of electron. Therefore, the resonance equation of ground hydrogen atom in form standing wave is equivalent to Schrdinger equation, and the physical quantities from Schrdinger equation should be expressed by that of ground state of hydrogen atom. The solution of Schrdinger equation is relative result comparing to that of ground state of hydrogen atom. For complex atoms, the motions of the electrons are similar to hydrogen atom, and could be treated with central-field model. So, the solution of hydrogen atom provides the foundation for description of the complex atoms. By my opinion, quantization phenomenon in atomic and molecular world is related to the resonance effect of their orbit structure. To select the ground state of hydrogen atom as reference, this phenomenon could be describe with Schrdinger equation, and Planck hypothesis is a certain mathematical relation with it.
Martin Rosvall 1 * , Carl T. Bergstrom 1 , 2 1 Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America, 2 Santa Fe Institute, Santa Fe, New Mexico, United States of America Abstract Top Change is a fundamental ingredient of interaction patterns in biology, technology, the economy, and science itself: Interactions within and between organisms change; transportation patterns by air, land, and sea all change; the global financial flow changes; and the frontiers of scientific research change. Networks and clustering methods have become important tools to comprehend instances of these large-scale structures, but without methods to distinguish between real trends and noisy data, these approaches are not useful for studying how networks change. Only if we can assign significance to the partitioning of single networks can we distinguish meaningful structural changes from random fluctuations. Here we show that bootstrap resampling accompanied by significance clustering provides a solution to this problem. To connect changing structures with the changing function of networks, we highlight and summarize the significant structural changes with alluvial diagrams and realize de Solla Price's vision of mapping change in science: studying the citation pattern between about 7000 scientific journals over the past decade, we find that neuroscience has transformed from an interdisciplinary specialty to a mature and stand-alone discipline. Citation: Rosvall M, Bergstrom CT (2010) Mapping Change in Large Networks. PLoS ONE 5(1): e8694. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0008694 Editor: Fabio Rapallo, University of East Piedmont, Italy Received: November 20, 2009; Accepted: December 17, 2009; Published: January 27, 2010 Copyright: 2010 Rosvall, Bergstrom. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. Funding: This work was supported by the National Institute of General Medical Sciences Models of Infectious Disease Agent Study program cooperative agreement 5U01GM07649. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. Competing interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist. * E-mail: rosvall@u.washington.edu 原文见： Mapping Change in Large Networks
Recently, I addict to a song named change by Tracy Chapman, here I want to share it with everyone who is lucky to just pass by. Maybe, it is not because we are lazy or sth, we just the evoled animal with strong inside feeling which often push us into the original place. If we are strong enough, confident enough, we may be more creative, and live more passionately. YES, change is a everlasting princple in the universe, we can not deny the rule of nature, Just think more about the choice you make, would you change it if you die today, would you regret and forgive if you saw the face of god and love... Thank goodness, a long long juurney still ahead of me.. Change If you knew that you would die today, Saw the face of god and love, Would you change? Would you change? If you knew that love can break your heart When you're down so low you cannot fall Would you change? Would you change? How bad, how good does it need to get? How many losses? How much regret? What chain reaction would cause an effect? Makes you turn around, Makes you try to explain, Makes you forgive and forget, Makes you change? Makes you change? If you knew that you would be alone, Knowing right, being wrong, Would you change? Would you change? If you knew that you would find a truth That brings up pain that can't be soothed Would you change? Would you change? How bad, how good does it need to get? How many losses? How much regret? What chain reaction would cause an effect? Makes you turn around, Makes you try to explain, Makes you forgive and forget, Makes you change? Makes you change? Are you so upright you can't be bent? If it comes to blows are you so sure you won't be crawling? If not for the good, why risk falling? Why risk falling? If everything you think you know, Makes your life unbearable, Would you change? Would you change? If you'd broken every rule and vow, And hard times come to bring you down, Would you change? Would you change? If you knew that you would die today, If you saw the face of God and love, Would you change? Would you change? Would you change? Would you change? If you saw the face of God and love If you saw the face of God and love Would you change? Would you change?
其演讲富有激情和对祖国的爱，拳拳之心鉴于此！我们的爱国之心呢！！让我们发扬新的爱国精神，树立新的服务意识和责任感，让我们每个人下定决心全情投入、更加努力地工作，并彼此关爱。让我们铭记这场金融危机带来的教训：我们不可能在金融以外的领域备受煎熬的同时拥有繁荣兴旺的华尔街在这个国家，我们患难与共。 对先人、支持者、群众以及对手的尊敬等等可见其修养，我们的修养呢？！！ 诸如此类是不是给我们上了生动的一课？？？！ 奥巴马当选后发表演讲（中英文对照） Change Has Come to America November 04, 2008 Barack Obama If there is anyone out there who still doubts that America is a place where all things are possible; who still wonders if the dream of our founders is alive in our time; who still questions the power of our democracy, tonight is your answer. It's the answer told by lines that stretched around schools and churches in numbers this nation has never seen; by people who waited three hours and four hours, many for the very first time in their lives, because they believed that this time must be different; that their voice could be that difference. It's the answer spoken by young and old, rich and poor, Democrat and Republican, black, white, Latino, Asian, Native American, gay, straight, disabled and not disabled - Americans who sent a message to the world that we have never been a collection of Red States and Blue States: we are, and always will be, the United States of America. It's the answer that led those who have been told for so long by so many to be cynical, and fearful, and doubtful of what we can achieve to put their hands on the arc of history and bend it once more toward the hope of a better day. It's been a long time coming, but tonight, because of what we did on this day, in this election, at this defining moment, change has come to America. I just received a very gracious call from Senator McCain. He fought long and hard in this campaign, and he's fought even longer and harder for the country he loves. He has endured sacrifices for America that most of us cannot begin to imagine, and we are better off for the service rendered by this brave and selfless leader. I congratulate him and Governor Palin for all they have achieved, and I look forward to working with them to renew this nation's promise in the months ahead. I want to thank my partner in this journey, a man who campaigned from his heart and spoke for the men and women he grew up with on the streets of Scranton and rode with on that train home to Delaware, the Vice President-elect of the United States, Joe Biden. I would not be standing here tonight without the unyielding support of my best friend for the last sixteen years, the rock of our family and the love of my life, our nation's next First Lady, Michelle Obama. Sasha and Malia, I love you both so much, and you have earned the new puppy that's coming with us to the White House. And while she's no longer with us, I know my grandmother is watching, along with the family that made me who I am. I miss them tonight, and know that my debt to them is beyond measure. To my campaign manager David Plouffe, my chief strategist David Axelrod, and the best campaign team ever assembled in the history of politics - you made this happen, and I am forever grateful for what you've sacrificed to get it done. But above all, I will never forget who this victory truly belongs to - it belongs to you. I was never the likeliest candidate for this office. We didn't start with much money or many endorsements. Our campaign was not hatched in the halls of Washington - it began in the backyards of Des Moines and the living rooms of Concord and the front porches of Charleston. It was built by working men and women who dug into what little savings they had to give five dollars and ten dollars and twenty dollars to this cause. It grew strength from the young people who rejected the myth of their generation's apathy; who left their homes and their families for jobs that offered little pay and less sleep; from the not-so-young people who braved the bitter cold and scorching heat to knock on the doors of perfect strangers; from the millions of Americans who volunteered, and organized, and proved that more than two centuries later, a government of the people, by the people and for the people has not perished from this Earth. This is your victory. I know you didn't do this just to win an election and I know you didn't do it for me. You did it because you understand the enormity of the task that lies ahead. For even as we celebrate tonight, we know the challenges that tomorrow will bring are the greatest of our lifetime - two wars, a planet in peril, the worst financial crisis in a century. Even as we stand here tonight, we know there are brave Americans waking up in the deserts of Iraq and the mountains of Afghanistan to risk their lives for us. There are mothers and fathers who will lie awake after their children fall asleep and wonder how they'll make the mortgage, or pay their doctor's bills, or save enough for college. There is new energy to harness and new jobs to be created; new schools to build and threats to meet and alliances to repair. The road ahead will be long. Our climb will be steep. We may not get there in one year or even one term, but America - I have never been more hopeful than I am tonight that we will get there. I promise you - we as a people will get there. There will be setbacks and false starts. There are many who won't agree with every decision or policy I make as President, and we know that government can't solve every problem. But I will always be honest with you about the challenges we face. I will listen to you, especially when we disagree. And above all, I will ask you join in the work of remaking this nation the only way it's been done in America for two-hundred and twenty-one years - block by block, brick by brick, calloused hand by calloused hand. What began twenty-one months ago in the depths of winter must not end on this autumn night. This victory alone is not the change we seek - it is only the chance for us to make that change. And that cannot happen if we go back to the way things were. It cannot happen without you. So let us summon a new spirit of patriotism; of service and responsibility where each of us resolves to pitch in and work harder and look after not only ourselves, but each other. Let us remember that if this financial crisis taught us anything, it's that we cannot have a thriving Wall Street while Main Street suffers - in this country, we rise or fall as one nation; as one people. Let us resist the temptation to fall back on the same partisanship and pettiness and immaturity that has poisoned our politics for so long. Let us remember that it was a man from this state who first carried the banner of the Republican Party to the White House - a party founded on the values of self-reliance, individual liberty, and national unity. Those are values we all share, and while the Democratic Party has won a great victory tonight, we do so with a measure of humility and determination to heal the divides that have held back our progress. As Lincoln said to a nation far more divided than ours, We are not enemies, but friends...though passion may have strained it must not break our bonds of affection. And to those Americans whose support I have yet to earn - I may not have won your vote, but I hear your voices, I need your help, and I will be your President too. And to all those watching tonight from beyond our shores, from parliaments and palaces to those who are huddled around radios in the forgotten corners of our world - our stories are singular, but our destiny is shared, and a new dawn of American leadership is at hand. To those who would tear this world down - we will defeat you. To those who seek peace and security - we support you. And to all those who have wondered if America's beacon still burns as bright - tonight we proved once more that the true strength of our nation comes not from our the might of our arms or the scale of our wealth, but from the enduring power of our ideals: democracy, liberty, opportunity, and unyielding hope. For that is the true genius of America - that America can change. Our union can be perfected. And what we have already achieved gives us hope for what we can and must achieve tomorrow. This election had many firsts and many stories that will be told for generations. But one that's on my mind tonight is about a woman who cast her ballot in Atlanta. She's a lot like the millions of others who stood in line to make their voice heard in this election except for one thing - Ann Nixon Cooper is 106 years old. She was born just a generation past slavery; a time when there were no cars on the road or planes in the sky; when someone like her couldn't vote for two reasons - because she was a woman and because of the color of her skin. And tonight, I think about all that she's seen throughout her century in America - the heartache and the hope; the struggle and the progress; the times we were told that we can't, and the people who pressed on with that American creed: Yes we can. At a time when women's voices were silenced and their hopes dismissed, she lived to see them stand up and speak out and reach for the ballot. Yes we can. When there was despair in the dust bowl and depression across the land, she saw a nation conquer fear itself with a New Deal, new jobs and a new sense of common purpose. Yes we can. When the bombs fell on our harbor and tyranny threatened the world, she was there to witness a generation rise to greatness and a democracy was saved. Yes we can. She was there for the buses in Montgomery, the hoses in Birmingham, a bridge in Selma, and a preacher from Atlanta who told a people that We Shall Overcome. Yes we can. A man touched down on the moon, a wall came down in Berlin, a world was connected by our own science and imagination. And this year, in this election, she touched her finger to a screen, and cast her vote, because after 106 years in America, through the best of times and the darkest of hours, she knows how America can change. Yes we can. America, we have come so far. We have seen so much. But there is so much more to do. So tonight, let us ask ourselves - if our children should live to see the next century; if my daughters should be so lucky to live as long as Ann Nixon Cooper, what change will they see? What progress will we have made? This is our chance to answer that call. This is our moment. This is our time - to put our people back to work and open doors of opportunity for our kids; to restore prosperity and promote the cause of peace; to reclaim the American Dream and reaffirm that fundamental truth - that out of many, we are one; that while we breathe, we hope, and where we are met with cynicism, and doubt, and those who tell us that we can't, we will respond with that timeless creed that sums up the spirit of a people: Yes We Can. Thank you, God bless you, and may God Bless the United States of America. 美国迎来了变革 如果还有人对美国是否凡事都有可能存疑，还有人怀疑美国奠基者的梦想在我们所处的时代是否依然鲜活，还有人质疑我们的民主制度的力量，那么今晚，这些问题都有了答案。 这是设在学校和教堂的投票站前排起的前所未见的长队给出的答案；是等了三四个小时的选民所给出的答案，其中许多人都是有生以来第一次投票，因为他们认定这一次肯定会不一样，认为自己的声音会是这次大选有别于以往之所在。 这是所有美国人民共同给出的答案无论老少贫富，无论是民主党还是共和党，无论是黑人、白人、拉美裔、亚裔、原住民，是同性恋者还是异性恋者、残疾人还是健全人我们从来不是红州和蓝州的对立阵营，我们是美利坚合众国这个整体，永远都是。 长久以来，很多人一再受到告诫，要对我们所能取得的成绩极尽讽刺、担忧和怀疑之能事，但这个答案让这些人伸出手来把握历史，再次让它朝向美好明天的希望延伸。 已经过去了这么长时间，但今晚，由于我们在今天、在这场大选中、在这个具有决定性的时刻所做的，美国已经迎来了变革。 我刚刚接到了麦凯恩参议员极具风度的致电。他在这场大选中经过了长时间的努力奋斗，而他为自己所深爱的这个国家奋斗的时间更长、过程更艰辛。他为美国做出了我们大多数人难以想像的牺牲，我们的生活也因这位勇敢无私的领袖所做出的贡献而变得更美好。我向他和佩林州长所取得的成绩表示祝贺，我也期待着与他们一起在未来的岁月中为复兴这个国家的希望而共同努力。 我要感谢我在这次旅程中的伙伴已当选美国副总统的拜登。他全心参与竞选活动，为普通民众代言，他们是他在斯克兰顿从小到大的伙伴，也是在他回特拉华的火车上遇到的男男女女。 如果没有一个人的坚决支持，我今晚就不会站在这里，她是我过去16年来最好的朋友、是我们一家人的中坚和我一生的挚爱，更是我们国家的下一位第一夫人：米歇尔奥巴马(Michelle Obama)。萨莎(Sasha)和玛丽亚(Malia)，我太爱你们两个了，你们已经得到了一条新的小狗，它将与我们一起入驻白宫。虽然我的外祖母已经不在了，但我知道她与我的亲人肯定都在看着我，因为他们，我才能拥有今天的成就。今晚，我想念他们，我知道自己欠他们的无可计量。 我的竞选经理大卫普劳夫(David Plouffe)、首席策略师大卫艾克斯罗德(David Axelrod)以及政治史上最好的竞选团队是你们成就了今天，我永远感激你们为实现今天的成就所做出的牺牲。 但最重要的是，我永远不会忘记这场胜利真正的归属它属于你们。 我从来不是最有希望的候选人。一开始，我们没有太多资金，也没有得到太多人的支持。我们的竞选活动并非诞生于华盛顿的高门华第之内，而是始于得梅因、康科德、查尔斯顿这些地方的普通民众家中。 我们的竞选活动能有今天的规模，是因为辛勤工作的人们从自己的微薄积蓄中拿出钱来，捐出一笔又一笔5美元、10美元、20美元。而竞选活动的声势越来越大则是源自那些年轻人，他们拒绝接受认为他们这代人冷漠的荒诞说法；他们离开家、离开亲人，从事报酬微薄、极其辛苦的工作；同时也源自那些已经不算年轻的人们，他们冒着严寒酷暑，敲开陌生人的家门进行竞选宣传；更源自数百万的美国民众，他们自动自发地组织起来，证明了在两百多年以后，民有、民治、民享的政府并未从地球上消失。这是你们的胜利。 我知道你们的所做所为并不只是为了赢得大选，我也知道你们做这一切并不是为了我。你们这样做是因为你们明白摆在面前的任务有多艰巨。因为即便我们今晚欢呼庆祝，我们也知道明天将面临我们一生之中最为艰巨的挑战两场战争、一个面临危险的星球，还有百年来最严重的金融危机。今晚站在此地，我们知道伊拉克的沙漠里和阿富汗的群山中还有勇敢的美国士兵醒来，甘冒生命危险保护着我们。会有在孩子熟睡后仍难以入眠的父母，担心如何偿还按揭月供、付医药费或是存够钱送孩子上大学。我们亟待开发新能源、创造新的工作机会；我们需要修建新学校，还要应对众多威胁、修复与许多国家的关系。 前方的道路会十分漫长艰辛。我们可能无法在一年甚至一届任期之内实现上述目标，但我从未像今晚这样满怀希望，相信我们会实现。我向你们承诺我们作为一个整体将会达成目标。 我们会遭遇挫折和不成功的开端。对于我作为总统所做的每项决定和政策，会有许多人持有异议，我们也知道政府并不能解决所有问题。但我会向你们坦陈我们所面临的挑战。我会聆听你们的意见，尤其是在我们意见相左之时。最重要的是，我会请求你们参与重建这个国家，以美国221年来从未改变的唯一方式一砖一瓦、胼手胝足。 21个月前那个寒冬所开始的一切不应该在今天这个秋夜结束。今天的选举胜利并不是我们所寻求的改变这只是我们进行改变的机会。而且如果我们仍然按照旧有方式行事，我们所寻求的改变不可能出现。没有你们，也不可能有这种改变。 因此，让我们发扬新的爱国精神，树立新的服务意识和责任感，让我们每个人下定决心全情投入、更加努力地工作，并彼此关爱。让我们铭记这场金融危机带来的教训：我们不可能在金融以外的领域备受煎熬的同时拥有繁荣兴旺的华尔街在这个国家，我们患难与共。 让我们抵制重走老路的诱惑，避免重新回到令美国政治长期深受毒害的党派纷争和由此引发的遗憾和不成熟表现。让我们牢记，正是伊利诺伊州的一名男子首次将共和党的大旗扛到了白宫。共和党是建立在自强自立、个人自由以及全民团结的价值观上，这也是我们所有人都珍视的价值。虽然民主党今天晚上赢得了巨大的胜利，但我们是以谦卑的态度和弥合阻碍我们进步的分歧的决心赢得这场胜利的。林肯在向远比我们眼下分歧更大的国家发表讲话时说，我们不是敌人，而是朋友虽然激情可能褪去，但是这不会割断我们感情上的联系。对于那些现在并不支持我的美国人，我想说，或许我没有赢得你们的选票，但是我听到了你们的声音，我需要你们的帮助，而且我也将是你们的总统。 那些彻夜关注美国大选的海外人士，从国会到皇宫，以及在这个世界被遗忘的角落里挤在收音机旁的人们，我们的经历虽然各有不同，但是我们的命运是相通的，新的美国领袖诞生了。那些想要颠覆这个世界的人们，我们必将击败你们。那些追求和平和安全的人们，我们支持你们。那些所有怀疑美国能否继续照亮世界发展前景的人们，今天晚上我们再次证明，我们国家真正的力量并非来自我们武器的威力或财富的规模，而是来自我们理想的持久力量：民主、自由、机会和不屈的希望。 这才是美国真正的精华美国能够改变。我们的联邦会日臻完善。我们取得的成就为我们将来能够取得的以及必须取得的成就增添了希望。 这次大选创造了多项第一，也诞生了很多将世代流传的故事。但是今天晚上令我难忘的却是在亚特兰大投票的一名妇女：安尼克松库波尔(Ann Nixon Cooper)。她和其他数百万排队等待投票的选民没有什么差别，除了一点：她已是106岁的高龄。 她出生的那个时代奴隶制度刚刚结束；那时路上没有汽车，天上也没有飞机；当时像她这样的人由于两个原因不能投票一是她是女性，另一个原因是她的肤色。 今天晚上，我想到了她在美国过去一百年间所经历的种种：心痛和希望；挣扎和进步；那些我们被告知我们办不到的世代，以及那些坚信美国信条是的，我们能做到──的人们。 曾几何时，妇女没有发言权，她们的希望化作泡影，但是安尼克松库波尔活了下来，看到妇女们站了起来，看到她们大声发表自己的见解，看到她们去参加大选投票。是的，我们能做到。 当30年代的沙尘暴和大萧条引发人们的绝望之情时，她看到一个国家用罗斯福新政、新就业机会以及对新目标的共同追求战胜恐慌。是的，我们能做到。 当炸弹袭击了我们的海港、独裁专制威胁到全世界，她见证了美国一代人的伟大崛起，见证了一个民主国家被拯救。是的，我们能做到。 她看到蒙哥马利通了公共汽车、伯明翰接上了水管、塞尔马建了桥，一位来自亚特兰大的传教士告诉人们：我们能成功。是的，我们能做到。 人类登上月球、柏林墙倒下，世界因我们的科学和想像被连接在一起。今年，就在这次选举中，她用手指触碰屏幕投下自己的选票，因为在美国生活了106年之后，经历了最好的时光和最黑暗的时刻之后，她知道美国如何能够发生变革。是的，我们能做到。 美国，我们已经走过漫漫长路。我们已经历了很多。但是我们仍有很多事情要做。因此今夜，让我们自问－－如果我们的孩子能够活到下个世纪；如果我们的女儿有幸活得和安一样长，他们将会看到怎样的改变？我们将会取得怎样的进步？ 现在是我们回答这个问题的机会。这是我们的时刻。这是我们的时代让我们的人民重新就业，为我们的后代敞开机会的大门；恢复繁荣发展，推进和平事业；让美国梦重新焕发光芒，再次证明这样一个基本的真理：我们是一家人；一息尚存，我们就有希望；当我们遇到嘲讽和怀疑，当有人说我们办不到的时候，我们要以这个永恒的信条来回应他们： 是的，我们能做到。感谢你们。上帝保佑你们。愿上帝保佑美利坚合众国。
标签: Change
