A traditional liquor production workshop Authored by QIU Dunlian Luzhou is famous for its liquor. Once you enter the Luzhou city in Southwest China, you can smell a blast of wine fragrance everywhere. The smell is nice to me although I am not addicted to wine. I visited one liquor production workshop last week with several teachers from Sichuan Univeristy. Here is a heritage protection site of traditional wine production workshop. The liquor production process is purely tradtional, which is also a culture in my eyes. The production workshop and wine storage room are all in one storey houses with grey brick walls and grey tile roofs. It is said, the thick white mold on the wall and on the earth pot surface, the dark and wet environment are all the important components of quality wine produciton. 从 每晚中央电视台的广告节目中，大家一定早就对 “醉美”泸州的美名 非常熟悉了。就像歌里唱的那样，“ 风过泸州带酒香 ， 香飘万里四海扬” ！ 上周末 跟随川大的老师一起参观了泸州的一家酒厂，见识了酿酒的全过程，并品尝了多种不同风味的原度酒。对酒的生产有一些基本的感性认识。 我们刚一走进酒厂，一股甘醇浓洌的酒香扑鼻而来。酒厂的生产环境与我们电视中看到的象征着品味与经典的镜头似乎有较大的出入。懂得优质白酒生产工艺的师傅却认为，这样的环境才是生产好酒的环境。用川大一位老师开玩笑的话来说，就是要在“脏乱差”的地方才能生产出好 酒！ The house with grey brick walls and grey tile roof. 据说这种青砖灰瓦，阴暗潮湿的环境更适合好酒的生产。 The road leading to the wine storage room. 生产车间外的地面到处散落的酒糟似乎还散发着酒香. The white mold on the outside wall of the production workshop.生产车间外的墙壁上的白霉。 The wine pots 酒坛 The white mold on the pot outside wall 酒坛上的白霉 This is the wine production workshop 白酒生产车间 The big wood steamer for steaming wine 用于蒸酒的木蒸子。纯高粱或者高粱混合其它粮食一起在蒸子中蒸。然后放到摊晾床上摊晾和加曲药。 The tilt bamoo bed is for spreading the steamed grain and mixing it iwth the wine yeast. with 右边倾斜的竹编摊晾床是用于摊晾蒸好的粮食并与曲药混合的地方。 Wine pits（to let the steamed grain added with wine yeast to be fermented in the pits. It is covered by earth). 摊晾和混合了曲药的粮食（主要是高粱）放入窖池，外面用泥封盖，让其发酵。 The well-fermented grain (mainly sorghum) is taken out from the pits to produce wine 揭开表面的窖泥，将发酵好的粮食从窖池中取出，用于蒸酒。 Mycelium can be clearly seen in the well-fermented substrate. 发酵好的料中可见生长良好的菌丝体 The good fermented substrate is in gold color. 发酵得好的料呈金黄色 The fermented grain is mixed with scurf grain and then added to the steamer.将发酵好的料与秕谷混合，然后上蒸子蒸,蒸出来的就是酒。 wine storage house 新生产的酒在这里贮藏半年左右，让酒中的有毒有害成分挥发 A wine storage house (Some wine has been stored for decades) 窖藏室（这里有数十年的窖藏酒） 环境指标自动监测仪 Professors from Sichuan University installed environment monitoring instrument in the wine production workshop and wine storage house to minitor the temperature, humidity, light, and alcohol concentration automatically.
To understand why silicon solar energy is expensive compared to many other energy sources, a closer look at the business process of silicon for solar cell production is necessary. Multi-crystalline Silicon Wafer Production Multi-crystalline silicon wafers are typically produced by melting of pure silicon doped with boron in a special casting furnace, each batch about 800 - 1120 kg. A melting and crystallization cycle takes typically about 40-60 hours, whereby the end product is called an ingot. The ingot is then cut into blocks using a horizontal band saw. A block is typically 125x125x200mm or 150x150x200mm. The blocks are then cut into waferswith a thickness of 280 – 350 microns, using a wire saw. Subsequently, the wafers are washed and dried; the quality is controlled, and finally the wafers shipped to cell processing. Production of Solar Grade Silicon (SoG-Si) Silica rich sand is refined in the metallurgical industry and metallurgic grade silicon (MG-Si) is produced. MG-Si has a quality of 98 % Si and is primary used as an alloying or deoxidizing agent in steel or aluminum industry. The MG-Si is purified by many steps before electronic grade silicon (EG-Si) is obtained which holds a quality of 99,999999 % Si. To obtain solar grade silicon (SoG-Si) a less complex purifying process is required, since the SoG-Si has a somewhat higher tolerance for impurities than EG-Si. This is also the reason why the raw material for silicon solar cells traditionally has been cut-off, or waste, from the semiconductor industry. The solar grade silicon has been taken from the lower quality material manufactured for semiconductor applications. After purifying of the MG-Si, the EG-Si or the SoG-Si is melted down and castings are made. In the semiconductor industry only perfect mono crystals can be used. In the PV-industry both multi crystalline silicon and mono crystalline silicon are used. The major production of solar cells in Norway is multi crystalline silicon solar cells. Why is Solar Grade Silicon so Expensive? Worldwide demands for solar energy are increasing by about 30 % a year. The production of terrestrial-based solar cells has grown approximately 25 % per year for the past seven years and is expected to improve in the future and a rising 93 % are fabricated from crystalline silicon. Because the increase in demand for solar electricity is higher than the increase in the semiconductor industry, there is a shortage of traditional raw materials, and the prices are pushed upwards. It is believed that the cost of PV systems will be a key driver for most large-scale applications in the future. There is hereby an increasing demand for alternative and cheaper raw material supply and today many new raw material suppliers are entering the marked. Wafer Sawing The costs of sawing the ingots into wafers have remained high the last years, while the overall production costs have decreased considerably. The multi-wire slicing technology used has the advantage of high throughput (several hundred wafers per day per machine12), a small kerf loss (about 200 mm) and almost no restriction on the size of the ingot. The sawing process depends on several variable parameters which make it difficult to optimize the process in view of throughput, material losses and wafer quality. Wafer production is also an important process step in the semiconductor industry, but the processes after wafer production differs in the two industries. A wafer in the photo voltaic (PV) -industry is put in to a cell processing process and a wafer in the semiconductor industry is generally put in to a chip processing line. Solar Cell Processing A production line for cell processing contains etch stations, diffusion station, plasma etcher, chambers for coating, screen printing station and finally a firing station is being used to produce silicon solar cells. Further Needs Even though silicon production is a mature industry, there is a great demand for new or modified production routes for solar grade Silicon.
现如今，我们在生产越来越多的垃圾。你觉得原因是什么？政府能做什么来减少垃圾生产？ Nowadays we are producing more and more rubbish. Why do you think this is happening? What can governments do to help reduce the amount of rubbish produced? You should write at least 250 words. You should spend about 40 minutes on this task. Nowadays we are producing more and more rubbish, which can be divided as visible and invisible one, the former includes solid rubbish, liquid rubbish and gas rubbish, and the latter includes noisy rubbish, electronic rubbish and so on. People's production activity and daily life are the major two sources of these various rubbishes. More rubbish is produced as the variety and quantity of products increase rapidly. In order to meet the diversified demand of consumers, firms persist in creating new products, which require more resources and generate more rubbish. Such as the production of cell phone rises the industrial solid waste. Besides, as the amount of products goes up, more rubbish increase. Such as the waster water increases when more iron is produced for build more skyscrapers and houses. The boost of people living is also an origin of more rubbish. Since most of consumption of goods and services generates waste, more goods and services we consumed, more living waste there is. It is easy to find lots of examples. Such as we now drive car more, so we have to bear more waste gas. Nearly every time we go shopping, we produce some unsolvable plastic waste. Nowadays many cities are surrounded by rubbish, so rubbish has become an environmental and social problem. The government should take some actions to solve this problem. I suggest that the government do something in the following aspects. Firstly, encourage the producer to protect environment and penalize the firms who generate too much waste. The government can reduce the taxes or subsidies the firms those produce no or little waste, while impose high tax to the firm whose outputs pollute the environment much. This policy will encourage firms to reduce waste. Secondly, restrict peoples excessive consumption and provoke rational consumption. Government can levy higher consumption tax to those consumers whose consumption generates more waste, such the car driver. Thirdly, limit the use of plastic bags. Plastic bags are unsolvable, so it is prevailing rubbish. Government can induce people to use more clothes bags which are reusable when they go shopping. It can also ask the supermarket to charge for the plastic bags, which will increase the cost of use these goods.
标签: Production
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