工具下载链接： https://clear.uconn.edu/tools/lft/lft2/data.htm 相关论文： https://www.peertechz.com/articles/JCEES-2-110.php 原理：非森林类型在森林区出现是造成森林破碎化的原因，该工具将破碎化分为以下四种类型：块（patch） 、边缘（edge）、穿孔（perforated）和核心（core） Vogt et al. (2007) developed an improved method for classifying forest fragmentation. The Landscape Fragmentation Tool v2.0 uses an equivalent procedure that takes advantage of the capabilities of ArcGIS. As a result, the LFT v2.0 is able to perform the fragmentation analysis in an efficient and intuitive manner and yet generate identical results to the procedure used by Vogt et al. (2007). Although originally intended for forest fragmentation analysis, the LFT v2.0 is also applicable to any land cover type of interest. Below, we describe the procedure used by the LFT v2.0. LFT v2.0 classifies a land cover type of interest into 4 main categories - patch, edge, perforated, and core. The core category is further divided into small core, medium core, and large core based on the area of the core tract. The main categories are defined based on an edge width parameter. Many studies have documented the degradation of forests or grasslands along the edges of disturbances. The edge width indicates the distance over which a fragmenting land cover (i.e. urban) can degrade the land cover of interest (i.e. forest). The width of 'edge effects' varies with the species or issue being studied and can range from 25 meters to several hundred meters. An edge width of 100 meters is often used for general purpose analyses. The sub-classification of core pixels is based on studies of forest ecology. These studies have found that the area of a forest tract impacts its viability in terms of supporting wildlife. Larger forest patches are more likely to support greater numbers of interior forest species. The core subdivisions used in LFT v2.0 are based on a summary of the relevant scientific literature done by Natural Resources Canada . Assuming 1) an edge width of 100 meters, 2) forest is the land cover type of interest, and 3) urban is the fragmenting land cover... core pixels are any forest pixels that are more than 100 meters from the nearest urban pixel small core patches have an area of less than 250 acres medium core patches have an area between 250 and 500 acres large core patches have an area greater than 500 acres patch pixels are within a small forest fragment that does not contain any core forest pixels perforated and edge forests are with 100 meters of urban pixels but are part of a tract containing core pixels: edge pixels are along the outside edge of the forest tract perforated pixels are along the edge of small forest gaps See Parent and Hurd (2008) for a detailed description of the procedures used by LFT v2.0 使用方法： 这个工具提供了两个版本，一个是需要开启空间分析功能的，一个是不需要的，我选择了需要空间分析功能的（在arcgis使用时，需要打开spatial analyst工具条）。 1 加载工具箱：右键arcgis工具箱，添加工具，找到工具箱，添加 2 打开工具箱，找到要分析的数据。这里的数据格式应为tif格式，属性字段为1（非森林）,2（森林），这个必须要改，可以重分类（reclassify）实现。要实在不想改，就去工具箱里把那个py文件里面，读取栅格属性的1和2，改成0和1或者其他你想代表的非森林和森立的数值。 3 主要就一个参数，就是那个edge width，一般设置为100m就够了， 注意事项： （1）都是用英文路径，包括数据存放地址、工作空间以及输出位置 （2）使用.mdb或者.gdb作为输出存放的位置 （3）打开py文件你会发现它的临时文件存放在C盘FragData文件夹下面，这是默认的，我的C空间不够（我的区域大，临时文件最大有80G+），我在py文件里改到了D盘 （4）注意运行工具时，在环境（environment）里面把工作路径和临时文件存放路径都设置一致
http://carnegiescience.edu/news/first_highresolution_national_carbon_map%E2%80%94panama First High-resolution National Carbon Map—Panama Monday, July 22, 2013 Watch the Carnegie Airborne Observatory make the world's highest resolution carbon map of a country (Panama) in less than one minute http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_fQwv4coRR8 Washington, DC—A team of researchers has for the first time mapped the above ground carbon density of an entire country in high fidelity. They integrated field data with satellite imagery and high-resolution airborne Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) data to map the vegetation and to quantify carbon stocks throughout the Republic of Panama. The results are the first maps that report carbon stocks locally in areas as small as a hectare (2.5 acres) and yet cover millions of hectares in a short time. The system has the lowest demonstrated uncertainty of any carbon-counting approach yet—a carbon estimation uncertainty of about 10% in each hectareoverflown with LiDAR as compared to field-based estimates. Importantly, it can be used across a wide range of vegetation types worldwide. The new system, described in Carbon Balance and Management, will greatly boost conservation and efforts to mitigate climate change through carbon sequestration. It will also inform our understanding of how carbon storage can be used to assess other fundamental ecosystem characteristics such as hydrology, habitat quality, and biodiversity. The approach provides much-needed technical support for carbon-based economic activities such as the United Nations Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation (REDD) program* in developing countries. Panama has complex landscapes, with variable topography, and diverse ecosystems (ranging from grasslands and mangroves to shrublands and dense forests). As a result, Panama is an ideal laboratory to develop and test a method for quantifying aboveground carbon. Lead author Greg Asner commented: “Three things make this national-scale study unique. First, Panama is an outstanding place for testing carbon mapping approaches due in part to the long-term forest studies that have been undertaken by our partners at the Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute (STRI). Second, we have applied the very latest techniques using high-performance instrumentation, resulting in demonstrably high accuracy at fine spatial resolution. And third the partnership permitted us to estimate our errors in a novel way, and we did so over every point on Panamanian soil.” In addition to Carnegie and STRI researchers, scientists from McGill University and UC-Berkeley combined measurement methods—an extensive and essential network of ground-based plot sampling, satellite imagery, and LiDAR measurements from the Carnegie Airborne Observatory—to achieve the unprecedented accuracy. LiDAR uses reflected laser light to image vegetation canopy structure in 3-D. The scientists calibrated the LiDAR measurements, taken at one-meter resolution throughout nearly one million acres (390,000 hectares), to the carbon density in 228 regional field plots, established and sampled by the collaborating scientists. They used 91 other plots to validate the LiDAR’s aboveground carbon density estimates. “Rarely has such a large number of field plots been available to validate LiDAR calibration independently,” remarked Asner. “Our collaboration with STRI and its partners was vital to assess the accuracy of what we achieved from the air.” Traditional carbon monitoring has relied upon on-the-ground sampling of field plots, but this approach usually represents just small areas of land and is time-consuming. “There has been growing interest in using satellite imagery to cover larger areas, but it is low resolution both spatially and in terms of the structural information about the vegetation,” described Carnegie author Joseph Mascaro. “In some parts of Panama, different global methods disagree by more than 100% at square-kilometer scale.” That’s where the airborne LiDAR comes in. It directly probes the ecosystem’s physical structure, which Carnegie scientists have repeatedly proven to be tightly linked to tropical carbon stocks. These measurements are the bedrock for mapping and estimating the amount of carbon locked up in plants from dense forests to shrublands. The researchers then were able to scale up the plot and LiDAR data with freely available satellite data on topography, rainfall and vegetation to model carbon stocks at the national level. The LiDAR and satellite combination were able to account for variations in the carbon pattern from differences in elevation, slope, climate, and fractional canopy cover over the entire country. For instance, the scientists found that highest carbon levels are in humid forests on the Caribbean side of Panama, often exceeding 110 tons of carbon per hectare (2.5 acres). In contrast, large regions were deforested to very low carbon levels, such as in the developed regions outside the protected watershed of the Panama Canal. Human activity is the overwhelming driver of carbon stock patterns in Panama. “Panama is one of the first UN REDD partner countries, and these new maps put the country at the forefront of high-resolution ecosystem management.” said co-author and STRI’s director Eldredge Bermingham, “The new carbon mapping approach could be the model for other tropical nations.” --------------------- *The objective of UN-REDD+ is to create a financial incentive for developing countries to protect their forest resources in order to offset increasing carbon emissions. By creating financial value for the carbon stored in trees, the aim is to make forests more valuable standing than they would be harvested or destroyed. The Carnegie Airborne Observatory is made possible by the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation, the Andrew Mellon Foundation, the Grantham Foundation for the Protection of the Environment, Avatar Alliance Foundation, W. M. Keck Foundation, the Margaret A. Cargill Foundation, Mary Anne Nyburg Baker and G. Leonard Baker Jr., and William R. Hearst III. The Department of Global Ecology was established in 2002 to help build the scientific foundations for a sustainable future. The department is located on the campus of Stanford University, but is an independent research organization funded by the Carnegie Institution. Its scientists conduct basic research on a wide range of large-scale environmental issues, including climate change, ocean acidification, biological invasions, and changes in biodiversity. The research reported in this article was based on funding to the CAO described above, a Grantham Foundation for the Protection of the Environment grant to STRI, in addition to Grantham funding for the CAO, SIGEO/ForestGEO funds from the Smithsonian Institution and STRI, and support to the CAO Panama project from William R. Hearst III. The Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, headquartered in Panama City, Panama, is a unit of the Smithsonian Institution. The institute furthers the understanding of tropical nature and its importance to human welfare, trains students to conduct research in the tropics, and promotes conservation by increasing public awareness of the beauty and importance of tropical ecosystems. See www.stri.si.edu
WWF and Thailand government launch TREEMAPS, the first high-precision forest carbon mapping initiative in South-east Asia Bangkok, Thailand - The Department of National Parks, Wildlife and Plant Conservation (DNP) and WWF-Thailand formally launched on June 6th the joint project, TREEMAPS - Tracking Reductions in Carbon Emissions through Enhanced Monitoring and Project Support - which aims to establish Thailand’s first forest carbon basemap and monitoring system, as well as establishing a sub-national REDD+ project. Presiding over the launch ceremony at the Rama Gardens Hotel were Mr. Chote Trachu, Permanent Secretary of the Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment which oversees all of Thailand’s conservation agencies, Dr. Ingo Winkelmann, Minister and Deputy Head of Mission of the German Embassy in Bangkok who represented the project’s major donor – the German government, and Mr. Petch Manopawit, Manager of WWF’s Conservation programme in Thailand. TREEMAPS’ overriding objective is for Thailand to develop the capacity at the national level - and, in one region, at the sub-national level - to measure and monitor change in forest carbon and to take advantage of the full range of emerging forest carbon financing and benefit opportunities. Data will be collected from three sources: satellite imagery, on-the-ground surveys and through the use of groundbreaking LiDAR technology. “WWF is introducing cutting-edge LiDAR technology to help Thailand survey carbon levels in forests to establish its first carbon basemap with accurate data on carbon inventory and a reliable system of monitoring carbon level in forests,” said Mr. Justin Foster, Project Director of TREEMAPS with WWF-Thailand. LiDAR, which stands for Light Detection and Ranging, utilizes a highly sensitive airborne sensor that bounces laser beams off foliage in forests and ground below to measure ground topography, forest height and structure at the highest precision available today. LiDAR will be the key technology employed in developing Thailand’s first forest carbon basemap. LiDAR scanners will be fitted to aircraft conducting aerial surveys. The aerial surveys will collect data that will subsequently be processed to produce 3D (three dimensional) images of the surveyed forest. The data collected will provide highly accurate information, which will form the basis of a forest carbon basemap. The creation of the forest carbon basemap will allow for ongoing monitoring of changes in Thailand’s forests. Thailand is the first country in Southeast Asia to adopt and employ LiDAR technology for forest conservation through this WWF initiative. According to Dr. Songtham Suksawang, Director of the National Park Research Division, and an expert in forest and wildlife conservation, the TREEMAPS project does not solely focus on the collection of scientific data but attracts involvement of local stakeholders such as forest dependent communities in how the project is run. “Promoting the involvement of people to actively plant trees supports the creation of a carbon credit market,” said Dr. Songtham. “At the same time, other environmental services such as water resources management, tourism, wildlife conservation are also included in the project’s mission statement and this mutually benefits all aspects of conservation work simultaneously.” The TREEMAPS project will initiate a pilot initiative in the Dong Phayayen Khao Yai (DPKY) Forest Complex in the northeast of Thailand. The area, which includes several national parks, is a UNESCO World Heritage Site and host to globally important forest ecosystems and more than 800 species, including tigers, elephants and gibbons. But the forest area has suffered severe impacts from deforestation and encroachment. Over the past 20 years, Thailand lost 577,000 hectares of forest, at an average rate of 0.15% per year. Estimates of forest degradation are currently not available Prior to the TREEMAPS project, the available approaches for measuring forest carbon in Thailand were not capable of delivery the level of accuracy required by REDD+ or private sector voluntary carbon markets. REDD+ (Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and forest Degradation in Developing Countries) is an initiative of the United Nations (UN) to reduce emissions from deforestation and forest degradation, promote conservation and sustainable management of forests and enhancement of forest carbon stocks. TREEMAPS provides an opportunity for Thailand to receive funding support through REDD+ and various other payment for ecosystem services (PES). However, in order to benefit from the REDD+ programme and receive funding from these mechanism, Thailand must first establish a system to measure and monitor changes in forest carbon levels, that meets the highest level of accuracy (tier 3) of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). TREEMAPS hopes to play a key role in conserving forests for Thai people to receive the full benefits of REDD+ initiatives, exchange knowledge, skills, experiences and lessons learned with other countries and regions. Additionally, various co-benefits and environmental services will be experienced, such as climate change mitigation as well as the creation of new opportunities for Thai people to maximize benefits from managing forests sustainably. WWF’s TREEMAPS project has received financial support from the Germany’s Federal Ministry for the Environment, Nature Conservation and Nuclear Safety (BMU) under the its International Climate Initiative (ICI) framework. 引自： http://wwf.panda.org/what_we_do/where_we_work/greatermekong/news/?208960goback=.gde_1317037_member_249792412
问尔所之，是否如适。 Are you going to Scarborough Fair? 蕙兰芫荽，郁郁香芷。 Parsely sage rosemary and thyme. 彼方淑女，凭君寄辞。 Remember me to one who lives there. 伊人曾在，与我相知。 She once was a true love of mine. 嘱彼佳人，备我衣缁。 Tell her to make me a cambric shirt. 蕙兰芫荽，郁郁香芷。 Parsely sage rosemary and thyme. 勿用针砧，无隙无疵。 Without no seams nor needle work. 伊人何在，慰我相思。 Then she will be a true love of mine. 彼山之阴，深林荒址。 On the side of hill in the deep forest green, 冬寻毡毯，老雀燕子。 Tracing of sparrow on snow crested brown. 雪覆四野，高山迟滞。 Blankets and bed clothers the child of maintain 眠而不觉，寒笳清嘶。 Sleeps unawafe of the clarion call. 嘱彼佳人，营我家室。 Tell her to find me an acre of land. 蕙兰芫荽，郁郁香芷。 Parsely sage rosemary and thyme. 良田所修，大海之坻。 Between the salt water and the sea strand, 伊人应在，任我相视。 Then she will be a true love of mine. 彼山之阴，叶疏苔蚀。 On the side of hill a sprinkling of leaves 涤我孤冢，珠泪渐渍。 Washes the grave with slivery tears. 惜我长剑，日日拂拭。 A soldier cleans and polishes a gun. 寂而不觉，寒笳长嘶。 Sleeps unaware of the clarion call. 嘱彼佳人，收我秋实。 Tell her to reap it with a sickle of leather. 蕙兰芫荽，郁郁香芷。 Parsely sage rosemary and thyme. 敛之集之，勿弃勿失。 And gather it all in a bunch of heather. 伊人犹在，唯我相誓。Then she will be a ture love of mine. 烽火印啸，浴血之师。 War bellows blazing in scarlet battalions. 将帅有令，勤王之事。 Generals order their soldiers to kill and to fight for a cause. 争斗缘何，久忘其旨。 They have long ago forgoten. 痴而不觉，寒笳悲嘶。 Sleeps unaware of the clarion call. URL:http://zhidao.baidu.com/question/6389773.html
I will teach forests on Monday. I thought you may be interested in what a physical oceanographer has to say about world forests. Take a look at the three maps (= three thousand words?) in my lecture ppt. How do you feel as a Chinese? Forests_spr2011_4p.pdf
The second stop of sightseeing during my one-way driving trip from San Diego to Fort Worth is the Petrified Forest National Park , AZ. The forecast predicted a severe weather of heavy snow, starting at noon on December 29 in the area, but we were determined to go to the park that morning. (The snow did come, and may be the biggest one of this winter for the area.) It turned out to be a quick visit, because the wind was strong and the air, bitter cold. It is a place that one should spend a day for some short hiking, so I hope to return but not in winter or summer. Petrified wood (from the Greek root petro meaning rock or stone; literally wood turned into stone) is the name given to a special type of fossilized remains of terrestrial vegetation. It is the result of a tree having turned completely into stone by the process of permineralization. All the organic materials have been replaced with minerals (most often a silicate , such as quartz ), while retaining the original structure of the wood. Unlike other types of fossils which are typically impressions or compressions, petrified wood is a three dimensional representation of the original organic material. The petrifaction process occurs underground, when wood becomes buried under sediment and is initially preserved due to a lack of oxygen which inhibits aerobic decomposition. Mineral-laden water flowing through the sediment deposits minerals in the plant's cells and as the plant's lignin and cellulose decay, a stone mould forms in its place. In general, wood takes fewer than 100 years to petrify. The organic matter needs to become petrified before it decomposes completely. A forest where the wood has petrified becomes known as a petrified forest . One of such places is the Petrified Forest National Park , AZ. If you plan to see the Grand Canyon South Rim, leave an extra day for the park and another half day for the Meteor Crater in between the two parks.
标签: Forest
