Estimation of a quasi-Vandermonde determinant Lemma 1. If and , the quasi-Vandermonde determinant can be estimated as where is a homogeneous polynomials with the order on the -variables , and can be represented as where , all and there exist some . The above result was given and proven, in Apr. 2017, and then is used in the volume computing of a class of special polyhedrons.
A bicycle-sharing system, also known as public bicycle system or bike-share scheme, is a service in which bicycles are made for shared use to individuals on a short term basis. The bike share schemes allow people to borrow a bike from point A and return it at the point“B”. Bike-share systems offer many subscriptions that make the first 30-45 minutes of use either free or inexpensive, encouraging use as transportation, which allows each bike to serve several persons per day. Additional, to boosting using effectiveness of bike, red packets ,red bags or red envelop with full money have been introduced into the bicycle-sharing systems, which can encourage individuals to look for bikes depoisted some designated area to ride for the trip. Bike-share system began in Europe in 1965 and a viable format emerged in the mid-2000s thanks to the introduction of information technology. For many system, smartphone mapping applications show nearby stations with available bicycles and open docks. The central conception of bike-share systems is to provide free or affordable access to bicycles for short-distance trips in an urban area as an alternative to motorised public transport or private vehicals, thereby reducing traffic congestion, noise, and air pollution. Bike-share system have also been cited as a way to solve the last mile problem and connect users to public transit network.
安全学科，统一叫做“安全科学”，可以！ 在网络的各种在线词典、百科里面都有解释，科学是关于自然、社会、思维等客观世界规律分科的、系统化的、可证实的知识体系。据此定义，安全科学不可能不是科学。安全科学研究事故这种客观现象的规律性和预防手段，也已经形成了系统化的可证实的知识体系（如事故致因理论、安全健康管理体系等较为成熟的东西），也可以分解为分支学科，因此符合“科学”的定义，也就一定是一门科学。不但如此，安全科学的研究对象（事故）、目的（预防事故）是独特的，他还是一门完全独立的、和其他学科能够明确分开的科学。任何一门学问，有了充分发展，建立在实证基础上，形成足够的结构化的知识量，那它就是一门科学。 有观点（特别是现场的观点）认为“安全科学不是科学”，可能是认为安全管理（事故预防）的实践性比较强的角度说的。也可能由于安全科学具有自然科学和社会科学的综合特点，有不少社会科学的内容，不像自然科学那样具有确定性，但“不确定性”并不影响安全这门学问的科学性，如果因为其人文性就认为它不是科学，那么社会学、教育学、心理学这类学问就都不是科学了，可是事实上人们并没有拿这些科学不当科学。它们具有一些“不确定性”，但是是可以做实证研究的，这类实证研究事实上并不少。 安全科学在国外也有这样的例子，有时可能分布在医学院、理学院、应用技术学院、管理学院，如在the Uni of New South Wales，安全科学就变化过好几次所在学院，甚至成为独立机构（如在Monash Uni）等等，似乎安全科学不是科学，放在哪里都行。在我国，安全科学在教育部的学科目录中曾一度属于管理学科。形成这种情况的原因，并不是因为安全科学不是科学，是因为看问题的角度不一样，对安全科学的认识不一样造成的。 科学可以分为认识客观世界的基础科学和改变客观世界的应用科学（见百度百科），这是对科学的广义理解。狭义地，就是把科学只理解为对客观世界的认识的知识体系。根据广义科学来理解安全科学，研究事故发生机制的部分就是其基础科学，研究事故预防手段的部分就是其应用科学。这样一来，把安全这门学问叫做“安全科学（safety science）”就可以了，这样比较简单，但却不失全面。我国叫做安全科学与工程、安全科学技术，名称繁多，比较繁琐，和国际上不对应，叫做安全工程很不全面。统一叫做“安全科学”就解决了这些问题，也统一了名称。 事故的发生机机制（原因）有自然科学方面和社会科学方面的，预防事故的手段也就有安全工程和安全管理对应。因此，安全科学就可以分为安全科学学、安全工程学、安全管理学、系统安全学（安全系统学了）。安全科学学研究安全科学本身的问题，安全工程学研究事故发生的自然科学机制和预防手段（基础部分和应用部分合一）、安全管理学研究事故发生的社会科学原因和预防手段（基础部分和应用部分合一）、系统安全学（基础部分和应用部分合一）研究事故发生的系统原因和系统科学预防手段。 总之，安全这门学问是一门科学，叫“安全科学”这个名字，包含了安全这门学问的所有内容。正因为如此，国际上有了著名的期刊Safety Science。
没有任何时候比现在更应坚信科学！—美国总统大选感言 前二天又去了我的母校，秋日阳光下的UCLA校园显得宁静详和，年轻的学生们忙碌地穿梭在教学楼、图书馆和实验室之间，几十年来一直如此，好像什么也没有发生。就在几天前，总统选举的结果传来，这里曾经有过好几天的不安和骚动，成百上千的学生和教授们走上街头,被迫发出了愤怒的吼声：“特朗普不是我们的总统！” 抗议也行、示威也罢，选举的结果放在那里又不能改变，所以也闹腾不了几天，一切就像南加州的天气，风雨总归短暂，安定晴朗毕竟还是常态。学生还得回到教室面对考试，教授总要摧眉折腰向联邦机构申请研究经费，现代人多数是识事务的俊杰，更何况名牌大学里充斥着“精致利己主义者”，谁会为了信念去抛头颅洒鲜血呢？费些时间化点金钱也都是不情不愿的。想起三十余年前刚到UCLA，那时候的学生政治抗争可要激烈持久得多，记得学生造反派在校园的中心草坪上扎满了帐篷，日日夜夜坚守抗争。那时我晚自习后回宿舍经过，看着连片的营帐和里面摇曳的灯光，颇有些“醉里挑灯看剑，梦回吹角连营。”的感觉，常为之动容。现在的学生运动可要差远了，一代不如一代，几乎全球都是一个样。 事实上秀才们的抗争也没有什么用的，吵闹几天，把负面情绪洩放掉就可以了，接下去该干吗干吗。真正的抗争还得拿起法律的武器，自己的信念和利益还得靠自己来维护。总统选举的结果虽然无法改变，但联邦的总统的权力不是无限的，加州的一些地方政府和机构已经开始行动，决心捍卫自己的州权，不会让那位新总统为所欲为的。 美国是美利坚合众国的简称，美国的州实际上是国，California State 翻成中文应该是加利福尼亚国（或者是加利福尼亚邦），在内政管理的权力和义务上更像一个独立的国家，而不是中国人概念中的州或省。一位主要靠红色保守的内陸各州支持当选的总统对蓝色自由的沿海各州的影响力是十分有限的。特别对付加州这样深蓝自由化左派大本营，实在非常考验这位有些偏激的新总统的政治智慧，我估计除了妥协和让利也没有其它什么好办法的。加州铁了心要维护州权，也让许多政治学专家跌破眼镜。维护州权一直是保守右派的专利，常常用来对抗民主党的“大政府主义”和“人权高于主权”这些政治专利，怎么转眼一个铁杆民主党的加州竟然拿起了共和党的护身法宝反戈一击，政治风云的波诡云谲实在令人叹为观止。透过现象看本质，这些政治运作的背后除了利益还是利益，顺着一条金钱利益链条摸过去，一切也都不难理解的。 美国总统虽在许多内政的决策和运作上受到州政府多方制约，常常难有大的作为，但是在一些联邦事务上却有充分的决断力。人们想到的联邦事务往往只是军事和外交，却忽略了国家科技发展这样一个非常重要的领域。美国总统集中了全国科学技术活动的最高决策权与领导权。对总统直接负责的总统科学顾问和白宫科学技术政策办公室协助总统处理全国的科学技术问题。美国大学和一些国家实验室的科研经费几乎全部来自联邦政府各个结构的支助，联邦政府通过研究与开发（RD）经费来控制和引领全国的科技活动。 这次共和党有总统和参众两院在手，必然会根据共和党的理念修正美国的科学技术发展策略。具体来说，关于气候变化研究、新能源开发、太空计划和干细胞研究方面一定会有较大的动作，许多研究项目会被砍掉。我去母校遇到的一些过去的同事朋友，都有些心事重重、愁肠百结。谁也难以预料究竟会有哪些大的变化，而这种不确定性使研究人员更为纠结，这对科学研究工作的开展有百害而无一利。 对于美国此次总统选举，许多著名高等学府的学者们的担心和忧虑是前所未有的，他们无法理解一位如此缺乏基本的科学常识，甚至带有反智倾向的候选人怎么能最后胜出，在这样的总统领导下国家的科技发展会走向何处？学者们的担心绝不是杞人忧天，大选的尘埃未定，特朗普就准备提名传奇的页岩巨头，大陆资源公司首席执行官哈罗德·汉姆担任美国能源部长。如果落实的话，这将意味着会出现美国历史上首位由油气业界老板直接担任的能源部长。一个不顾环境影响只求油气资源开发的特朗普，加上一个做原油生意的哈罗德·汉姆做能源部长，这个组合无疑是美国油气业界的一针兴奋剂。但是对于新能源的研发，对于受控热核聚变的研究定将成为一场恶梦。 这次大选中，特朗普团队的竞选口号是:Make America great again!（让美国再次伟大）。口号挺高大上的，问题是很少有人仔细想一想，美国过去为什么伟大？现在哪里不伟大了？究竟如何才能再次变伟大？这几个问题的背后实质上指向同一个目标—科学技术。 美国以科技立国，这个国家的奠基者之一本杰明·富兰克林，他本人就是位杰出的科学家，现在的那些政治家的学识和战略眼光与富兰克林差了何止十万八千里。前人栽树后人乘凉，强大的科技实力是美国军事和经济长期独步全球的首要原因，也是国家生存发展的根本保证。一个主要靠反智人士和民科团体起哄推选出来的缺乏基本科学素养的领导人，怎么又能引领美国再次伟大呢？ 从更高更深的层次上来看，科学技术不仅是一个国家硬实力的基础，它更是一个民族走向文明的保证。科学的本质是以事实为依据，以理服人，这是民主政治的必要条件。当民众缺乏科学的基本素养，政客们又把意识形态和宗教信仰凌驾于科学精神之上，由此开展的所谓大民主必然会走向民主的反面。 美国今日的政治走向为世界各国，尤其是中国这样的大国的民主进程敲响了警钟。由精英民主走向大众民主的过程中，提高全民的科学素质，养成人人学习科学、尊重科学的精神风貌，实在是大众民主成败的关键所在。 美国的精英中，对于民主与科学的关系，还是不乏远见卓识的高人。这次大选过后没有几天，著名政治评论家、原哥伦比亚电视网晩间新闻主播 Dan Rather 发文: “ Now, More Than Ever, We Must Stand Up for Science! ”（没有任何时候比现在更应坚信科学！）该文全面阐述了科学不仅对国家的软硬实力有着决定性作用，科学也是民主政冶和民主决策最重要的基础。文章指出这次总统选举全面暴露了国家在科学普及和科学传播上的失败。文章进一步指出，要把大选的负面影响减至最低，科学家和媒体必须连手对大众进行再教育，在科学的大旗下联合起来与当政者据理力争，引领美国重返科技强国之路，真正让美国再次伟大!全文言简意赅、寓意深远，真是一篇发人深省的鼎力之作。 可惜啊，在这个滚滚红尘之中，清者自清，浊者自浊，这样好的文章又有几人会认真研读，又道是：“欲将心事付瑶筝，知音少，弦断又谁听？” 本文曾于12月5日首发于澎湃新闻，今日略作増删后保存于我的科学网博客空间。 李红雨 的评论 2016-12-16 15:17 船行险滩的时候，船上的乘客只能将命运交给掌舵者；船行静水的时候，乘客只愿欣赏沿途的风景，不会关心如何前行；船行的前方面临不测的预期时，每个乘客才会焦躁于船行的方向，更愿意倾向于保守的航向，并剥夺掌舵人航向的选择权。现在的世界更倾向保守化，其实就是群体对于悲观前景的预测体现。民主化的社会这时候特别容易被所谓的民意所绑架，形成非智的社会构型。通常来说，民主虽然名义上比较冠冕堂皇一些，但是骨子里其实是个人主义的一种形式，而每个人的私利心总和起来，构成了社会的最大的公约数，可是这里有个前提，就是社会中每个人是私利而且理性的，因此这种总和的结果应该是稳定的并且平衡的。可惜的是恰恰这些在选举形式上是不成立，很多大嘴的人多了社会的情怀，放大了社会的悲情，从而绑架了沉默多数人的话语权，导致民意表观的异变性。反观类似中国这类的国家，基本不存在这个问题，精英治国的理性能够保持其政策稳定性，这点在现今爬坡过坎的发展过程是非常重要的。爬过这个沟坎，也许中国社会才能真正有闲暇和实力细细思考社会公平与法制的切实落实。美国确实第一次面临建国以来国际实力的再平衡操作，保守主义只能让美国成为美洲的美国。这个世界本来就该形成美国治欧，中国治亚，俄罗斯跨越欧亚的板凳形力量构造，川普主义会让这种最合理的平衡变得混沌不堪，即丧失立国之本，又丢掉世界的道义责任，从而使得美国不再伟大。美国的精英还是需要把这种保守主义从政策的实施面上清除出去，2+1共治世界的局面也许是真正能够稳定住的世界和平构架。
题记： 英国牛津大学的科学家对鸟类两性行为作了一项有趣的实验，山雀情侣在食物和感情冲突时的反应和决择发人深思。春节期间“上海女生因为一顿团圆饭跟江西农村男友分手”的新闻成了网络热点 ，也许鸟类的行为研究能给新闻的深度分析提供一个新视角。 2016.2.12 “关关雎鸠，在河之洲。窈窕淑女，君子好逑。 ...”《国风·周南·关雎》这首短诗是中国文学最古老的典籍《诗经》中的第一篇。《关雎》把一对雎鸠（一种水鸟名，即王鴡。）在河中小岛上啼鸣唱和作为两情相悦的象征，这种“比兴”的艺术表现手法对中国文学的影响甚为深远。鸟类配偶夫唱妇随、琴瑟和谐的美好印象长久地刻印在我们的记忆中。 “饮食男女,人之大欲存焉。”食欲和情欲，是生物最基本的欲望，如果当这两者面临冲突，生物个体将作何种选择呢？人们首先想到用鸟类作试验，在爱情和食物之间大山雀夫妻（great tit）会作怎样的决择呢？ 最近牛津大学动物学家 Josh A. Firth 领导的研究小组对此做了一个很有趣的实验。他们在英国乡下森林 里设置了一组自动鸟儿喂食器。这些喂食器有的只让身上带有奇数码芯片的鸟儿进食，有些只让带有偶数码芯片的鸟儿进食。因而带有奇偶一致的山雀夫妻可以去喂食器同进同食，而带有奇偶不同的山雀夫妻只能一方进食，另一半只能挨饿或飞去它处觅食。研究人员挑选了十七对山雀，其中七对山雀雌雄身上芯片的数字是奇偶不同，挑选过程是完全隨机的。 对这些山雀经过冬天三个月的观察发现：那七对带有奇偶不同芯片的山雀夫妻访问喂食器的次数几乎是那些奇偶一致山雀夫妻的四倍！这意味着，那些带有奇偶不同芯片的可怜的山雀夫妻在一方进食时，另一半宁愿挨饿也不离开自己的心上人！它们总是不离不弃，只能靠更多次地访问喂食器以求果腹。表现出了“山无棱，天地合，才敢与君绝。”的高贵气质。 更有趣的是经过一段时间后，这些带有奇偶数不同芯片的可怜夫妻也在一次次的挫败中渐渐学乖，它们学会如何蹭饭。自动喂食器收到山雀身上芯片的确认讯号后会开门二秒钟，带有奇偶不同的山雀夫妻通过密切配合可以同时溜进喂食器 。 P1)实验对象: 大山雀夫妻（great tit） P2)实验地点: Wytham Woods are an area of ancient semi-natural woodland to the west of Oxford “在天愿作比翼鸟，在地愿为连理枝。”“得成比目何辞死，只羡鸳鸯不羡仙。”这些诗歌把鸟类美化成了“一夫一妻制”的楷模，但诗歌毕竟是诗歌，它们不可能也不会去解释鸟类夫妻光辉印象背后的冷酷现实。 鸟类繁殖是一个复杂艰巨的任务，从佔地、筑巢、生蛋、孵卵、收集食物、喂养雏鸟一直到幼鸟成长并能参加长途迁徙飞行为止，一步不慎，全盘皆输。鸟类大多摄取体积小热量高的昆虫种子等作食物，这些食物相比植物茎叶等更为难找，所以鸟类可能地盘意识强，相比其它小体形动物来说，密度也不是很高，个体密度不高的动物，找不到也无法控制多个异性，这也是鸟类釆用单配制婚姻的原因之一。 鸟蛋和幼雏非常脆弱，很多小鸟孵出后不会行动，雏鸟必须大量进食快速成长，只有早一日会飞才有活下去的希望，成语“嗷嗷待哺”典出于此。只有雄鸟和雌鸟共同承担孵卵捕食的工作，才可以养活更多的雏鸟。 雌、雄鸟默契程度越高，经验越丰富，繁殖成功的几率才越大，要是轻易更换伴侣，可能会因双方缺乏“合作”经验而增加繁殖“成本”，成功率会大打折扣。这是许多繁殖率低或是生存环境严苛的鸟类採用保守的单配型婚姻制度（俗称一夫一妻）的主要原因。 鸟类在在成功繁育了一个子代后，双方取得的遗传收益是相等的，即都将各自一半的基因传给了子代。同时双方都要付出时间、精力和食物等极高的成本。因而降低养育子代的总成本，提高各自的遗传收益成本比成为雌雄双方交往相处的核心原则。 雌鸟交配产卵后如果雄鸟始乱终弃，雌鸟的先期投资是不可撤回的，而且还要追加雄鸟缺失的抚育投资，自己就成最大的输家。因此雌鸟必须紧随雄鸟不离，考察对方抚育后代的诚意和能力，寻找可靠的合作伙伴；同时不给第三者有插足的可能，以免肥水流向它人田并减少性病传染的机会。而雄鸟的行为更像是紧迫盯人战术，它必须保障自己才是子代的父亲，否则自己只有付出而遗传收益为零。鸟类从交配到产卵时期较短，雄鸟容易确定父权，因之一般会积极参与孵卵和喂食等工作，毕竟有自己一半的利益在其中。 总的来说，多数鸟类的婚姻都只发生在繁殖期间，婚姻的唯一目的就是繁殖更多的后代，所以它们的婚姻只是一种生物学上的适应，是由基因决定的与生俱来的行为模式。而从经济学角度来看，动物两性行为的准则就是以最小的代价获得最大的遗传收益，在温情脉脉的背后却是冷酷无情的遗传收益最大化的算计 。 基于以上分析，山雀会如何看待“江西年夜饭”新闻呢？在择偶初期，雌鸟一定会拒绝那些无力或无心提供优质食料的雄鸟的追求，看到这种档次低的年夜饭当然会一飞了之；但如果已经确定关系进入筑巢产卵阶段，那么维护两性和谐就成为压倒一切的考量。所以婚前千挑万选、宁缺毋滥，婚后守身如玉、相濡以沫，这是两性行为准则的一体两面，其背后的原则就是以最小的代价获得最大的遗传收益。 http://www.jx.xinhuanet.com/news/jxtt/2016-02/14/c_1118028453.htm Wytham Woods are an area of ancient semi-natural woodland to the west of Oxford, UK, owned by the University of Oxford and used for environmental research. 对带有奇偶一致芯片-即双奇或双偶芯片的山雀，喂食器则是先后开两次门，这种山雀夫妻可以轻松地分别进入。 http://niaolei.org.cn/posts/1925
Special Issue Editors Guest Editor Prof. Dr. Yunlin Zhang Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 73 East Beijing Road, Nanjing 210008, China Website: http://www.researchgate.net/profile/Yunlin_Zhang Phone: +86-25-86882198 Fax: +86-25-57714759 Interests: lake optics and water colour remote sensing; chromophoric dissolved organic matter (CDOM) biogeochemistry cycle; UV-B radiation environmental effect; physical limnology; lake eutrophication; lake thermodynamics Guest Editor Dr. Claudia Giardino Institute for Electromagnetic Sensing of the Environment, National Research Council of Italy, Milan 20133, Italy Website: https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Claudia_Giardino Interests: remote sensing of lakes, bio-optical modeling, shallow waters, submersed habitats and bottom depth, water quality monitoring, cal/val activities Guest Editor Dr. Linhai Li Marine Physical Laboratory, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, La Jolla CA, 92093-0238, USA Website: http://scrippsscholars.ucsd.edu/lil032 Interests: hydrologic optics; optical remote sensing of inland and ocean waters; remote sensing inversion algorithms; radiative transfer of ocean; inelastic processes in the ocean Special Issue Information Dear Colleagues, Available water resources, including rivers, reservoirs, lakes, coastal waters, and oceans, are emerging as a limiting factor, not only in quantity, but also in quality, for human development and ecological stability. Declining water quality has become a global issue of significant concern as anthropogenic activities expand and climate change threatens to cause major alterations to the hydrological cycle. Thus, monitoring the physical, chemical, and biological status of those waters are immensely important. Remote sensing has the potential to provide an invaluable complementary source of data at local to global scales. However, accurate, cost effective, frequent, and synoptic retrieval algorithms of in-water optical and biogeochemical parameters, as well as information on the biophysical properties have several challenges. A Special Issue focusing on “water optics and remote sensing” is specifically aimed at addressing: (1) issues on water optics including characterizing optical properties among rivers, reservoirs, lakes, coastal waters, and open sea, modeling the relationships between apparent optical properties (AOPs) and inherent optical properties (IOPs); and (2) challenges on retrieval algorithm developments, validation, and applications of remote sensing of rivers, reservoirs, lakes, coastal waters, and open ocean. Obviously, this Special Issue will be helpful to update the recent progress in this rapidly growing research area. The topics, examined at local, regional, or global scales, may include, but are not limited to, the following: Characterizing bio-optical properties of river, reservoir, lake, coastal and oceanic waters; Exploring the relationships between bio-optical properties and biogeochemical parameters; Development and validation of atmospheric correction algorithms; Model calibration and validation of optical and biogeochemical parameters; Mapping optical and water colour parameters from satellite and airborne data; The Special Issue will consider invited contributed papers in response to an open call for papers. Contributions are expected from the research community focusing on algorithm development of water color and from the application community using the results obtained from remote sensing analysis. Papers will be published continuously (as soon as they are accepted) and will be listed together on the Special Issue website. Research articles, review articles, as well as communications, are invited. Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to the website. Once you are registered, click http://susy.mdpi.com/user/manuscripts/upload?journal=remotesensing to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline (1 December, 2016). Dr. Yunlin Zhang Dr. Claudia Giardino Dr. Linhai Li Guest Editors Submission Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website . Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form . Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. Papers will be published continuously (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website. Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are refereed through a peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Remote Sensing is an international peer-reviewed Open Access monthly journal published by MDPI . Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 1600 CHF (Swiss Francs).
狄更斯《双城记》 (1859) ： “ 最好的时代，最坏的时代 ” ---- 狄更斯警告的不是底层的农民或平民，而是社会上的精英 Dickens's famous opening sentence introduces the universal approach of the book, the French Revolution, and the drama depicted within: It was the best of times, it was the worst of times , it was the age of wisdom, it was the age of foolishness, it was the epoch of belief, it was the epoch of incredulity, it was the season of Light, it was the season of Darkness, it was the spring of hope, it was the winter of despair, we had everything before us, we had nothing before us, we were all going direct to Heaven, we were all going direct the other way - in short, the period was so far like the present period, that some of its noisiest authorities insisted on its being received, for good or for evil, in the superlative degree of comparison only. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Tale_of_Two_Cities ------------------ The ending sentence of “A Tale of Two Cities”: “It is a far, far better thing that I do, than I have ever done; it is a far, far better rest that I go to than I have ever known.” --- Fig.1. Charles Dickens （ 1812--1870 ） Fig.2. Fig.3. Fig.4. -------------------------------- 财新文化专栏作家 米琴 : 自 1859年问世以来，《双城记》发行了两亿多册。这部文学名著，直到现在仍广泛用做课堂教材。其中的名言也至今常为人们所引用，特别是小说的开篇。 小说这样开始：“那是最好的时代，那是最坏的时代；那是智慧的时代，那是愚蠢的时代；那是信任的时代，那是怀疑的时代；那是光明的季节，那是黑暗的季节；那是希望的春天，那是绝望的冬天；我们面前应有尽有，我们面前一无所有；我们都将直奔天堂，我们都将直奔地狱……”。接下来，作者告诉读者，那个时代其实跟现在非常相象，可一些权威坚持要用形容词的最高级来形容它。说其好，是用形容词的最高级；说其不好，也是用形容词的最高级。 最好的时代，最坏的时代 —— 《双城记》的警句 http://culture.caixin.com/2014-02-14/100638902.html 2014 年 02 月 14 日 16:30 来源于 财新网 | 标签： 名著的启示
Alaska 的秋游到九月中旬就结束了，回家以后仍心有不甘。总想再去别处看看秋景，也可有个比较。偶見有关 East Sierra's Fall colors 的報导，宣称是 No. 2 for Fall Colors in the U.S.A。离南加州也就 300 miles, 不是太远，不需坐飞机，立即做了个五天自驾游的计划。那里的彩林自九月中旬形成，到十月中旬结束。我打了几个电话确认以后，十月七日驱车出发了 。 据我的观察，East Sierra 的胜状就在 Hwy #395 沿路，且均在路的西侧，从 Big pine Rd 朝北一直到 Sonora Pass 这一段。我们去了 Big pine canyon, Bishop creek, Rock creek canyon, Mammoth lakes, June lake loop, Mono lake, Hwy 120. 请先看几張照片。 P1) Hwy 168, Bishop Creek. 一条小路曲曲弯弯向前方 P2) North lake, Bishop Creek. 金色的池塘 P3) June Lake. 这里的黎明静悄悄 P4) Drive on June Lake loop. 自古逢秋悲寂寥，我言秋日胜春朝。晴空彩林排云上，便引诗情到碧霄。 P5) Mary lake, one of Mammoth lakes. 水依霜树外，镜天无一毫。远山与秋色，气势两相高。 这里的景区就是一段十到二十來英里的峽谷，山涧沿着小路，路的尽头有一些高山湖泊。彩林就生長在山脚下，湖边上, 由于地势高，植被单一，主要是白桦和松树，彩林的主色调就是黃色,比起 Alaska 的五彩斑斓实在差至甚远。Alaska 更有连绵的雪山、垂手可及的冰川、众多的野生动物，实在好过这里太多了。 我们这次的秋游缩短了兩天，天要下雨，娘要嫁人，联邦政府要关门，都是我们升斗小民毫无办法的事情, 本想不去国家公园，就去深山老林总可以罢，Yosimite NP 不让进，在穿过 Yosimite 的 120 号公路上开车边走边看总可以罢？谁知那些地方的厠所、飲用水供应均为联邦政府农业部管理，政府关门，把厕所也关了, 此计甚为毒也，要知道厕所比政府可重要多了。第一天在 Big pine Rd 的尽头，我见厕所紧锁，无计可施，两个老美在不远处与我打招呼，指指树丛后面，笑着说，更好的厕所在那后边，还問我们手纸要不要，他们可以免费提供。国家森林公园天广地远，树茂草密，要找个方便地方也是不难。但我辈是天朝礼义之邦來客，总觉不妥，三十六计，还是早早回家为上。 还别说，老美的素质就是不一样。我们在 Yosimite 東大门碰了壁，回車开了几分钟，見一湖泊不差，就仃車下来。遇一对老美夫妇席地而坐悠悠載載的在享用他们的简单午餐, 打过招呼后，大概見我臉色难看，他说他代表政府向我们道谦。我告诉他，我们来自南加州，也是这个伟大国家的好公民。他笑了笑说，那么我们互相至谦如何？我拍了几張照片，向他们道别。但見他们俩亲亲蜜蜜，一臉的幸福。真是服了他们。 尽管有种种的不如意，但旅途还是给我们長了见识，添了愉悦。拿 Alaska 來比秋色，实在也欠公允。毕竟 世上能有几个地方可以与 Alaska 见高下。对于加州的朋友们来说，來去方便，还是一个不差的秋游景区。那里本是滑雪胜地，附近小镇上旅館、飯店、各种服务业应有尽有，挡次也很高。秋天是淡季中的淡季，可以得到很不差的优惠。虽说缺少红叶，但兰天白云下一大片白桦林，枝上的叶子由绿转黃，层次丰富，色彩缤纷，秋日的阳光透过彩叶把金色洒满湖水。这里游客极为稀少，我们常常把車子开在來去車道的中间，反正是前无古人，后无來者。如入无人之境，此乃旅游胜地之第一要素。這里你根本不需担心会杀出一队个个头帶小红帽的旅游团。世上最杀风景的，除了煮鹤焚琴，还要加上路遇旅游团。 在第三天的早上，車子开上了 Rock creek Rd. 的尽头。路两边的青松批上了雪装，雾蒙蒙中向山下望去，橙黄色的秋叶淡淡地隐化在青松白雪之中。好一幅泼墨水彩画。四周静极了，我似乎可以听見雪花飘落在松叶上的淅淅声。 East Sierra 也是垂钓的好去处，那里人少、水清、鱼傻。我见几个菜鸟也都有不少的收获。都是一些鱒魚，钓上來后被串在一起又养在湖水里。妻子说这么鲜美的鱼落在老美手中实在是暴殄天物,要是由她来做，在油中少许两面煎一下，放湯熬一下，一定是一锅奶白色的上佳魚湯。 还记得鲈鱼莼菜羹的故事吗？那位張翰仁兄，“因见秋风起，乃思吴中菰菜、莼羹、鲈鱼脍 ”，官也不要做了。我的朋友们，放下你手中的杂务，忘掉烦恼，帶上你的钓杆，开车去看看一片片秋天的彩林，闲來还可垂钓碧涧上。人生在世不称意，明朝散发弄扁舟，張翰和李白的心是相通的。 P6) Early snow at Rock Creek. 雨雪中最后的一片秋色 P7) Fall colors next Hwy #395, near city of Bishop. 八百里路云和月，不尽秋色扑面來。 去East Sierra已经整整两周年了，想来那边一定又是一片秋色斑斓。翻出存放的照片和给亲友的邮件，略作整理后成此文以作纪念。
The movie about head combustion shocked me.Cheated by the murderer,I once thought he is innocent.But the professor’s words are vigilant.Deliberately or accidentally?Physics tells the truth.Thinking in sensibility aspect,we may get wrong answers,which may allow the evil or wrong the innocent.Physics maintains the rules of society,closely connected with the fact and justice.I think I understand some of the meaning of physics.It is rational,and sublime. The more we learn, the smaller we think of ourselves and the more awed we are by life and cosmos. Only when we keep our awe, we can find the truth. That’s why I believe that every scientist has a heart of awe. What make me depressed is that there could be no time for me to see it. Cause life itself is already a great miracle. We are lucky enough that we can enjoy this travel, short but interesting, I think we need to learn this from him.When we meet a problem we can’t solve it quickly,we need to become calmed and rational,not to do something silly,and wait for a moment,then the idea will comes. there was a second that I feel lonely.Suddenly I realized that loneliness is a kind of feeling almost every scientists will faced.The world outside our planet is so dark and so boundless.Someone is doing some research alone,and someone is exploring the unknown universe alone.The danger is around the ones who are devoted to this wonderful affair,but they never give up,no matter how difficult the situation is.They devote their whole lives to chase a beam of light from star that far away from our planet,to catch electric wave from the unknown universe.They may fall to the ground by gravity one day, but their eyes will always keep staring at space. what physics shows to us are not only the scientific knowledge but also millions of magical transformations in the universe. I know clearly that beyond our everyday life, there exists a different and charming world, which is waiting for us to explore and discover. Every time, grasping and small jumping, is life's another interpretation, to grasp every opportunity to live and never give up. This was the meaning of life. When she kissed the earth, she became the hero of herself.Physics is not a dull science but an art to give you strength,letting you to be the hero of yourself. We may never know for sure whether there's life elsewhere, but we do know a lot about where we came from. Because many of the scientists, astronomers seek knowledge and discover things tirelessly, we can understand the Earth in a better way, and we can explore the universe. Although we are only a small part of the Universe, it does not really matter for us to work hard to create our own value. as the only person alive in the space, the heroine get through the real silence. Loneliness and silence don’t break her down. When she comes back the earth, she gets a very new feeling. All of them reinterpret the concept of “Learn”.That means the knowledge is what we should know but not what the text book have said and learning means get knowledge from every chance but not only by education. Looking back, I don’t like the high school physics education because I think it is full of assumption and we were forced to do many exercises which don’t exist in reality. I appreciate the colorful world,I enjoy the lovely voice,I am surprised to the supernatural light,and I am looking forward to the mystical universe.Because of the movie,I got it. I think maybe even though we can't become a scientist we can also learn the scientist's mode of thinking.Every phynomenon has causes.we can explore something important if we pay more attention to the phenomenon we don't care before. I see him slipping away in the space and his ending is only dying in spcace lonely for lack of oxygen.Often, the emotional drama can’t quite match the visual effects in such movies, but Gravity deserves equal praise for looking inward at the human heart. Our scientists, soever in the field of physics, chemistry, biology, etc, are all astronomers in the outer space far from the world of normal people. We have our responsibilities and we are reclusive but valiant travelers. “Reclusive” here doesn't mean flee from social communication, but mean that even though understood by few people, scientists find it their duty to go forward and not to turn back.
Difference between but and however. I see a lot of clients writing however when they mean but. The truth is that they do mean the same thing. However, they are not the same kind of word. But is a coordinating conjunction. It can link two independent clauses together. However is not. However is more flexible and has more possible meanings. I ate my apple. I was still hungry, however. I didn't eat again. This is equivalent to, I ate my apple but I was still hungry. I didn't eat again. The point of the sentences is that the apple didn't satisfy the speaker's hunger and not eating again is just an extra detail. I ate my apple. I was still hungry. However, I didn't eat again. This is equivalent to, I ate my apple. I was still hungry but I didn't eat again. The point of the sentences is that the speaker decided not to eat even though he or she was hungry and eating the apple is just an extra detail. So if we have a run-on sentence that goes I ate my apple. I was still hungry, however, I didn't eat again, then we can't tell exactly what the original writer was trying to say. Think of but as an arrow that only points to the right →. Think of however as an arrow that can point to the right → or to the left ← depending on context. Because however can mean different things depending on how it is placed in the sentence, we must be more careful about where we place it than with but. 此博文由LetPub编辑原创， 进一步了解， 请点击查看： www.letpub.com.cn SCI论文英语润色 │ 同行资深专家修改 │ 专业翻译 │ 格式排版整理 │ 联系我们 （转载请注明本文来自LetPub中文官网： www.letpub.com.cn/index.php?page=but ）
Maybe I am not very interest in mathematic, but I truly like physics. Learning physics can make me keep thinking and consider something other than how to make life. Obviously, art and physics are different in some aspect. Art interprets the visible world, physics chartsits unseen workings. Now I have to say that physicists are the artists in the level of rationality. They use the most accurate and creative ways to reveal secrets of the nature one by one, presenting us the most artistic masterpieces that we can ever imagine. Although we are small, life is what we make it, so we are trying to make it beautiful. When I think about physics, I am not aware of thinking about life. But physics itself is something that we call life. Physics is definitely a charming subject, but I think it’s better for me continue to be a beginner, instead of get in the door and being abused for my pool IQ. =L= Through the study, not only can I learn about some knowledge about the universe, light, atom and so forth from the view of physics, but also we obtain perceptions to get close to nature and beauty further in another way through the video. I really appreciate what he did. It always takes courage to give up what you should have for more people to have a better life. To the universe we human beings are really dust I wander if astronomers are bigger at heart cause the experience of observing the universe seems to broaden their minds. Though I studied sciences in middle school but now I study arts. There is no exclusive answer in arts. On the contrary sciences just have the only answer. So it takes me some t imes to adjust to the defference. The rational mindset with somewhat emotional feelings of the professor is what attract s and influences me most. What precious is not his contribution but his love of life. So we don’t have to feel negligible about ourselves because we are also a part of the universe. After the movie, I have learned that the time when someone devotes his heart to something is the most charming. I need to learn hard and work hard. In our daily life, we will experience a lot, maybe some interference your minds, so it is very important for us to tell ourselves, what is right, and what is wrong, and even what you must to do, something you must not to do, and do not follow like sheep. Besides, in today’s society, female are still in the state of vulnerable groups, if we want to change the terms of the situation, knowledge perhaps is the best way, because we are equal before the knowledge. From my own perspective, as members of the young generation, we are all under the obligation to give more considerations to the universe and ponder deeply over the ultimate source of our life. The past few years have witnessed our society developed rapidly and also faced with the serious issue of the boom of the materialism. This is an impetuous era, is a lost era. In recent years there has been a growing concern among the general public over the issue of the modern man's inner emptiness. To account for the phenomenon, various reasons have been put forward, and there is no denying the ignorance of the universe can play an important part. The observation of the universe can evoke a yearning for a quiet life.
Quantum mechanics and relativity theory are the two greatest achivements in the history of modern physics starting at the beginning of the 20th century. Each of the two has been so sucessfully examined by experiments and widely applied in various fields. However, in such a harmonious physical world, the two must be consistent (at least not in contradiction) with each other. The efforts of combining quantum mechanics and relativity theory have been vigorous since the early days after their births. Dirac equation for a free relativistic electron is for sure one of them. In quantum mechanics, the motion of moving particles is described by wave functions $\psi(\bf{x},\rm t) $ that satisfy the Schrodinger equation: $$ \left \psi(\bf{x},\rm t) = \it{i} \rm \hbar \frac{\partial}{\partial t} \psi(\bf{x},\rm t) $$ where li$\hbar$ is the reduced Plank constant, /li li$m$ is the particle mass/li li$V(\bf{x})$ is the potential the particle feels and for free particles $V(\bf{x})=0$/li li$\nabla ^2 = \frac{\partial ^2}{\partial x^2} + \frac{\partial ^2}{\partial y^2} + \frac{\partial ^2}{\partial z^2}$ is the 2nd-order derivative operator./li The Schrodinger equation was derived from the correspondence between phycical variables and operators $$ \bf{p} \rightarrow \it{i}\hbar \nabla , \quad E \rightarrow \it{i}\hbar \frac{\partial}{\partial t}$$ by replacing the physical variables with the corresponding operators in the momentum-energy relation $$ \left = E $$ which is valid only for classical particles. For free relativistic particles, the momentum-energy relation becomes $$ E^2 = p^2 c^2 + m^2 c^4 $$ where li$E$ is the energy of the particle,/li li$p$ is the momentum of the particle,/li li$m$ is the rest mass of the particle/li li$c$ is the velocity of light./li then the Schrodinger equation for such a relativistic particle is $$ - \hbar ^2 \frac{\partial ^2}{\partial t^2} \psi(\bf{x},\rm t) =\left( - \frac{\hbar ^2 \nabla ^2}{2m} c^2 + m^2 c^4 \right) \psi(\bf{x},\rm t)$$ or $$ \left( \frac{\nabla ^2}{2m} - \frac{1}{c^2} \frac{\partial ^2}{\partial t^2} \right) \psi(\bf{x},\rm t) = \frac{m^2 c^2}{\hbar ^2} \psi(\bf{x},\rm t)$$ The above Schrodinger equation is consisten with relativity theory in that all the four components of spacetime vector $(x,y,z,t)$ and their (second order) derivatives symmetrically enter the equation, which is obviously not true for the Schrodinger equations of non-relativistic particles. Howerver, it also produces paradoxes! The particle density defined by $$ \rho = \frac{i \hbar}{2m} ( \psi^* \partial _t \psi - \psi \partial _t \psi^*)$$ is no longer positive-definite since the initial values for $\psi$ and $\partial _t \psi$ can be freely chosen and the density may thus become negative, which is impropriate. Increasing the first derivative with respect to time to second order seems not a good choice. Dirac then went the other way around. He tried to make all the derivatives with respect to the four components of spacetime vector be first order. By hard thinking, he found that the wave operator could be square rooted like this: $$ \nabla ^2 - \frac{1}{c^2} \frac{\partial ^2}{\partial t^2} = (A \partial _x + B \partial _y + C \partial _z + \frac{i}{c} D \partial _t) (A \partial _x + B \partial _y + C \partial _z + \frac{i}{c} D \partial _t) $$ The above equation can hold provided that $$ AB + BA =0 , \; \ldots $$ and $$ A^2=B^2=\ldots=1$$. Then the Schrodinger equation can be rearranged to be $$ (A \partial _x + B \partial _y + C \partial _z + \frac{i}{c} D \partial _t) \psi(\bf{x},\rm t)= \frac{m c}{\hbar} \psi(\bf{x},\rm t)$$ Setting $$ (A,B,C) = i \beta \alpha _i, D = \beta ,$$ we get the common form of Dirac equation $$ \left( \beta m c^2 + \sum_{k=1}^{3} \alpha _k p_k c\right) \psi(\bf{x},\rm t) = i \hbar \frac{\partial}{\partial t} \psi(\bf{x},\rm t).$$ The relations between the four constants $A,B,C,D$(or $\alpha _i, \beta$) can be satisfied only when they are all $4\times4$ matrice. In consistence with the relativistic invariance of the equation, they were found to be $$ A=\frac{1}{i} \left( \begin{array} \rm 0 \sigma_x \\ -\sigma_x 0 \end{array} \right) , \quad B=\frac{1}{i} \left( \begin{array} \rm 0 \sigma_y \\ -\sigma_y 0 \end{array} \right) , \quad C=\frac{1}{i} \left( \begin{array} \rm 0 \sigma_z \\ -\sigma_z 0 \end{array} \right) , \quad D=\left( \begin{array} \rm I_2 0 \\ 0 -I_2 \end{array} \right), $$ where $\sigma_x,\sigma_y,\sigma_z$ are Pauli matrice and $I_2=\left( \begin{array} \rm 1 0 \\ 0 1 \end{array} \right) .$ The above $4\times4$ matrice lead to four-component solutions for the Dirac equation, while the solutions for non-relavistice Shrodinger equation are one-component. Howerver, when the rest mass of the particle is zero, the Dirac equation will reduce to Weyl equation $$ \left( I_2 \frac{1}{c} \frac{\partial }{\partial t} + \sigma_x \frac{\partial }{\partial x} + \sigma_y \frac{\partial }{\partial y} + \sigma_z \frac{\partial }{\partial z} \right) \psi = 0 $$ which has two-component solutions.
Time-spacevariable system multi-line vector physics Introduction WuZhong-xiang (Institute of Mechanics, AcademiaSinica) Time-pacevariable system multi-line vector physics is Inthe Theory of Relativity suggests, High-speed(3D space velocity compared with the speed of light in vacuum, can not beignored) moving object, it must be expressed by 4D space-time , Fornon- inertial tow motions, the basic characteristics of curved space-time mustbe taken into account. Andthere must be physical problems yield by the vector of the time-space variable systemmulti-line vector and vector calculus. Andthe erroneous views of so-called wave, particle 2 elephant ofquantum mechanics and its field theory that can not justify itself and must beremoved. Thekey properties and characteristicsof theirwave function are not clear so far onthe basis of such issues, Forexisting theories exist variety physical problems need to be solved, Todevelop, create that in all kinds of time-space variable system multi-linearvector, and vector calculus can perform vector operator to discuss the physicsof general covariance, Andstatistical mechanics of variety multi-linear vectors, and thus to refome and developthe theory of relativity and quantum mechanics and its field theory. Specialrelativity only in terms of inertia simplified special case. Generalrelativity can only give up vector and vector operations, only use the curvilinearcoordinates and tensor operations, by the analysis of the metric tensorcharacteristics, formly phenomenologically , confined to draw some of thegravitational problem. Theapproximate results of low speed (3D space speed as compared with that of lightin vacuum can be ignored) and small temporal range (curved time-space property isnegligible) non-inertial tow movement is the corresponding commonly classicalphysics. Experimentaltests used for the three big validation of the important basisfor the correctness of only existing non- inertial tow movement theory ,general relativity ,, the results are also consistent with Einstein , and knownexperimental results exactly. Bythe various types of multi-line vector Phase space statisticalmechanics, We get the time-machine-optirimum probabilitydistribution function, Undernormal conditions of time-space 1-linear vectors, that is usually wavefunction of quantum mechanics and its field theory. Concreteevidence: QuantumMechanics and its field theory are the statistical results of a largenumber particles, Theso-called waves are all just the collective performance and thestatistical results of the large number particles. Thus,the erroneous views of so-called wave, particle 2 elephant is excluded,and every wrong philosophical views yielded from it are proved collapse of themself.. Using the time-machine-optirimum probabilitydistributionfunctions obtained by varius multi-linear vector space Phase spacestatistics as wave functions of corresponding quantum mechanics and field theories,We reform and develop them, Whileits simplified conditions in the corresponding special case, that is the time-machine-optirimum probabilitydistribution function of the usual quantum mechanics and .its field theory. Thefindings above, Ofcourse, this also proves the correctness of the corresponding conditions. Thenew theory system of Time-space variable system multi-linear vectorphysics had been formed to solve various macroscopic and microscopicproblems. Theexisting theories about various misconceptions such as : The Big Bang UnipaseTheory , dark energy and ' quark ' based on the'standard model ' ,God particle , There are threeneutrino types and transformation two-two for each other and so on , allhave been corrected, Existingtheories have not, or can not, be solved, many related important issues, suchas : unified field theory , elementary particles and so on, all have been solved. 5 . References: space vector variable basedmulti-line world, Dr. Wu Zhongxiang Ivana Press November 2004 http://www.sciencenet.cn/u/ variablebased multi-line vector space master /
New method joins gallium nitride and diamond for better thermal management Many military radio frequency (RF) systems, like radar and communication systems, use a class of power amplifiers (PAs) called monolithic microwave integrated circuits (MIMIC). MMIC PAs using gallium nitride (GaN) transistors hold great promise for enhanced RF performance, but operational characteristics are strongly affected by thermal resistance. Much of this resistance comes at the thermal junction where the substrate material of the circuit connects to the GaN transistor. If the junction and substrate have poor thermal properties, temperature will rise and performance will decrease. DARPA's Near Junction Thermal Transport (NJTT) effort recently demonstrated the first-ever GaN-on-diamond high electron mobility transistor ( HEMT ). In early tests, the GaN-on-diamond transistor displayed substantially lower junction temperatures than comparable commercially available devices. The resulting transistor has dramatically improved thermal properties, which may lead to better performance for RF systems. These GaN-on-diamond HEMTs could enable a new generation of RF PAs that are three times smaller than the current state-of-the-art GaN amplifiers said Avram Bar-Cohen, DARPA program manager. Smaller amplifiers would lead to RF systems with better size, weight and power characteristics. Alternatively, PAs like these would be able to generate three times as much output power, leading to a stronger signal for communication systems or longer range radar. Almost any RF system could benefit from the combination of higher power, higher efficiency, and reduced size enabled by GaN-on-diamond amplifiers. In MMIC PAs, the steepest temperature rise occurs in the first few microns below the junction and is directly related to the thermal conductivity of the entire wafer, explained Bar-Cohen. Providing a high conductivity substrate in intimate contact with the GaN gets us unsurpassed heat tolerance and dissipation capability. We expect this advance will substantially improve the thermally-limited high power RF systems of today. By using a new epitaxial transfer method, performers at TriQuint Semiconductor were able to remove the GaN from its growth substrate and place it in intimate contact with a synthetically grown and specially prepared diamond substrate. Synthetic diamond has the highest known thermal conductivity of any manmade material, more than 10 times higher than the common semiconductor material, silicon. NJTT, an effort of DARPA's Thermal Management Technologies (TMT) program, focuses on reducing the thermal resistance of the near-junction region of compound semiconductor devices. Performers in NJTT, which began in 2011, are exploring epitaxial transfer of GaN from silicon and silicon carbide (SiC) to diamond substrates and direct growth of diamond in thermal vias etched in SiC. The goal of TMT is to explore and optimize new nanostructured materials and other recent advances for use in thermal management systems. 英文不好不是偶的错，希望大家看的开心。有兴趣可以加入“人造金刚石”QQ群： 152384182
说中国人无师德，其实不对，我见过一个老师，多少有点师德。但他曾经长期寓居美国的。 中国为什么现在文化还落后，因为一般地，中国人没有师德。 或许我见过一个人有师德，我的父亲是老师，好像也有师德。 毛泽东的老师好像也非常有师德，在日记对学生的喜爱，溢于言表。但我不知道是因为受传统文化的熏染而有师德，还是因为长期在外国求学，被熏染而有师德。 林群院士好像也有师德，他一下飞机就打电话让学生迅速找他讨论问题。 师德是一个国家的唯一希望。如果一个文明还是文明，是因为它有师德这方面的文明。 以下是维特根斯坦的回忆。 in the summer of 1911 he visited Frege at the University of Jena to show him some philosophy of mathematics and logic he had written, and to ask whether it was worth pursuing. He wrote: I was shown into Frege's study. Frege was a small, neat man with a pointed beard who bounced around the room as he talked. He absolutely wiped the floor with me, and I felt very depressed; but at the end he said 'You must come again', so I cheered up. I had several discussions with him after that. Frege would never talk about anything but logic and mathematics, if I started on some other subject, he would say something polite and then plunge back into logic and mathematics. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludwig_Wittgenstein 以下是罗素记 Wittgenstein arrived unannounced at Russell's rooms in Trinity College . Russell was having tea with C. K. Ogden , when, according to Russell, ... an unknown German appeared, speaking very little English but refusing to speak German. He turned out to be a man who had learned engineering at Charlottenburg, but during this course had acquired, by himself, a passion for the philosophy of mathematics has now come to Cambridge on purpose to hear me. He was soon not only attending Russell's lectures, but dominating them. The lectures were poorly attended and Russell often found himself lecturing only to C. D. Broad , E. H. Neville , and H. T. J. Norton. Wittgenstein started following him after lectures back to his rooms to discuss more philosophy, until it was time for the evening meal in Hall . Russell grew irritated; he wrote to his lover Lady Ottoline Morrell : My German friend threatens to be an infliction. Russell soon came to believe that Wittgenstein was a genius, especially after he had examined Wittgenstein's written work. He wrote in November 1911 that he had at first thought Wittgenstein might be a crank, but soon decided he was a genius: Some of his early views made the decision difficult. He maintained, for example, at one time that all existential propositions are meaningless. This was in a lecture room, and I invited him to consider the proposition: 'There is no hippopotamus in this room at present.' When he refused to believe this, I looked under all the desks without finding one; but he remained unconvinced. Three months after Wittgenstein's arrival Russell told Morrell: I love him feel he will solve the problems I am too old to solve ... He is the young man one hopes for. The role-reversal between him and Wittgenstein was such that he wrote in 1916, after Wittgenstein had criticized his own work: His criticism, 'tho I don't think he realized it at the time, was an event of first-rate importance in my life, and affected everything I have done since. I saw that he was right, and I saw that I could not hope ever again to do fundamental work in philosophy.
他的具有里程碑意义的1976年书，“自私的基因”，建立基因进化和自然选择。 他认为进化逐步走向更大的复杂性, 他已经写了一串最好的 国际畅销 书: “自私的基因” “魔幻现实” “上帝的错觉” “我的兴趣在生物学上是几乎总是哲学方面，”他列出的基本问题。 “我们为什么存在，我们为什么在这里，是什么一回事呢？” 神学家的问题 - 我们为什么在这里？是否有比我们更大的东西吗？我们为什么死？ - 人的项目？ 道金斯宗教的急躁情绪是显而易见的。 他漠不关心 超自然的信仰， “宗教教你得到满意的nonanswers，”他说。 “这是对童年的一种犯罪。” 他每节课之前苦恼。这是很难想象的。他是典型书面和口头 英语 流畅性。 他施恩不合群。问他探讨一个想法，他会高兴地翻找材料与你对话在更深层次上。但他一直牢牢锁定他的私人生活的大门。 克林顿. 理查德·道金斯, 出生于肯尼亚，他的父亲是 那里 的 一位 殖民服务 农业专家。后来，他随父母返回英国牛津，足够智能，男孩的。 “我没有一个非常明星 的 学校生涯，”他说。 “我是中高平均水平，没什么特别的。” 牛津大学的导师制，学生钻入原始文本，而不是教科书。适合他的气质。 “我喜欢 钻入原始文本 ，我变得容易痴迷，剑桥广泛的教育，更好的装备我选择的主题上写一本书。” 牛津养活许多 像他同类系列的样本-- 天才怪异非正统的家伙。 Reference (for education use only): PROFILES IN SCIENCE | RICHARD DAWKINSA Knack for Bashing Orthodoxy Tony Cenicola/The New York Times Richard Dawkins: An interview with the evolutionary biologist, best-selling author and outspoken atheist. By MICHAEL POWELL Published: September 19, 2011 454 Comments FACEBOOK TWITTER GOOGLE+ E-MAIL SHARE PRINT SINGLE PAGE REPRINTS OXFORD, England —You walk out of a soft-falling rain into the living room of an Oxford don, with great walls of books, handsome art and, on the far side of the room, graceful windows onto a luxuriant garden. Profiles in Science Richard Dawkins This is the second in an occasional series of articles and videos about leaders in science. Previous Articles in the Series » Related Exulting in Science’s Mysteries (September 20, 2011) Connect With Us on Social Media @nytimesscience on Twitter. Science Reporters and Editors on Twitter Like the science desk on Facebook. Enlarge This Image Hazel Thompson for The New York Times Richard Dawkins at the Oxford University Museum of Natural History. Readers’ Comments Readers shared their thoughts on this article. Read All Comments (454) » Does this man, arguably the world’s most influential evolutionary biologist, spend most of his time here or in the field? Prof. Richard Dawkins smiles faintly. He did not find fame spending dusty days picking at shale in search of ancient trilobites. Nor has he traipsed the African bush charting the sex life of wildebeests. He gets little charge from such exertions. “My interest in biology was pretty much always on the philosophical side,” he says, listing the essential questions that drive him. “Why do we exist, why are we here, what is it all about?” It is in no fashion to diminish Professor Dawkins, a youthful 70, to say that his greatest accomplishment has come as a profoundly original thinker, synthesizer and writer. His epiphanies follow on the heels of long sessions of reading and thought, and a bit of procrastination. He is an elegant stylist with a taste for metaphor. And he has a knack, a predisposition even, for assailing orthodoxy. In his landmark 1976 book, “The Selfish Gene,” he looked at evolution through a novel lens: that of a gene. With this, he built on the work of fellow scientists and flipped the prevailing view of evolution and natural selection on its head. He has written a string of best sellers, many detailing his view of evolution as progressing toward greater complexity. (His first children’s book, “The Magic of Reality,” appears this fall.) With an intellectual pugilist’s taste for the right cross, he rarely sidesteps debate, least of all with his fellow evolutionary biologists. Although he is a political liberal, he has taken on more than a few leftists in his writings — particularly those who read his theory of genes as sanctioning rapacious and selfish behavior. Of late he has taken up the cudgel for atheism , writing “The God Delusion,” an international best seller. When Martin Rees , Britain’s astronomer royal, recently accepted a prize from the John Templeton Foundation , which promotes a dialogue between science and religion, Professor Dawkins was unforgiving. Dr. Rees, he wrote, is a “compliant quisling,” a traitor to science. Dr. Rees declined to counterpunch. Professor Dawkins often declines to talk in San Francisco and New York; these cities are too gloriously godless, as far as he is concerned. “As an atheistic lecturer, you are rather wasting your time,” he says. He prefers the Bible Belt, where controversy is raw. He insists he frets before each lecture. This is difficult to imagine. He is characteristically English in his fluid command of words written and spoken. (Perhaps this is an evolutionary adaptation — all those cold, clammy English days firing an adjectival and syntactical genius?) He is gracious without being gregarious. Ask him to explore an idea and he’ll rummage happily. But he keeps the door to his private life firmly latched. (Briefly, he has a daughter, who is a doctor. He is married for the third time, to the actress Lalla Ward. He is on friendly enough terms with his first wife, the zoologist Marian Stamp Dawkins, that she wrote an essay for a 2006 book celebrating her former husband’s lifetime of accomplishment.) African Roots Clinton Richard Dawkins was born in Kenya, where his father was an agricultural specialist with the colonial service. He later returned with his parents to England and in due course arrived at Oxford, an intelligent enough boy. “I didn’t have a very starry school career,” he says. “I was medium to above average, nothing special.” He lighted his own intellectual fire at a university peculiarly suited to his temperament. Oxford relies on the tutorial system, in which students burrow into original texts rather than textbooks. “I loved it; I become easily temporarily obsessed,” Professor Dawkins says. “I did not end up as broadly educated as my Cambridge colleagues, but I graduated probably better equipped to write a book on my chosen subject.” (From that experience he drew a dislike of the current establishment insistence — bordering on mania — for standardized tests and curriculums. He views this as antithetical to true learning.) Enlarge This Image Terry Smith/Time Life Pictures, via Getty Images FOUNDATION Richard Dawkins, right, studying insect behavior at Oxford with Theodore Burk in 1976, the year Dr. Dawkins published The Selfish Gene. Profiles in Science Richard Dawkins This is the second in an occasional series of articles and videos about leaders in science. Previous Articles in the Series » Related Exulting in Science’s Mysteries (September 20, 2011) Connect With Us on Social Media @nytimesscience on Twitter. Science Reporters and Editors on Twitter Like the science desk on Facebook. Enlarge This Image Courtesy of Richard Dawkins EARLY DAYS Dr. Dawkins, standing at right in a family photo from 1958, before he entered Oxford. I didn't have a very starry school career, he says. Readers’ Comments Readers shared their thoughts on this article. Read All Comments (454) » After graduating in 1962, he studied with Nikolaas Tinbergen , a Nobel-winning scientist, and taught at the University of California, Berkeley. He returned to Oxford in 1971. He was working out his thoughts on sociobiology, which took form a few years later in “The Selfish Gene.” At the time, the predominant popular view of evolution was that animals and insects worked together, albeit unconsciously, and that natural selection acted on individuals to do what was good for their species. Cooperation, again unconscious, seemed woven into nature. Professor Dawkins’s voice slides playfully into High David Attenborough style as he mimics the mellifluous tone of BBC documentaries of the time: “The dung beetle is the refuse collector of the natural system, and where would we be without them? And male deer fight but take care not to kill each other.” He stops. “That sort of thinking was pretty dominant in the culture.” Artful pause. “And it’s plain wrong. I wanted to correct that ubiquitous misunderstanding.” Genes, he says, try to maximize their chance of survival. The successful ones crawl down through the generations. The losers, and their hosts, die off. A gene for helping the group could not persist if it endangered the survival of the individual. Such insights were in the intellectual air by the mid-1960s. But Professor Dawkins grasped the power of metaphor — that selfish gene — and so made the idea come alive. Andrew Read, a professor of natural history at Penn State, recalls reading “The Selfish Gene” and feeling his world change. “Gone in a stroke was the intellectually barren ‘it just is’ hypothesis,” he wrote in an essay. “ ‘The Selfish Gene’ crystallized it and made it impossible to ignore.” Not everyone bought the argument. The moral implications proved deeply troubling, suggesting that altruism disguised selfish, gene-driven behavior. “Many readers experienced the book as a psychic trauma,” wrote Dr. Randolph Nesse, a professor of psychiatry at the University of Michigan. “It turned their moral worlds upside down.” Prominent scientists and intellectuals cast Professor Dawkins as the herald angel of a selfish culture, accusing him and his fellow sociobiologists of setting the cultural stage for the “I got mine” age of Ronald Reagan and Margaret Thatcher. The evolutionary biologist Richard Lewontin , a man of the political left, painted a picture out of a George Orwell novel. “If biological determinism is a weapon in the struggle between classes,” he wrote with two other scientists, “then the universities are weapons factories, and their teaching and research faculties are the engineers, designers.” To Professor Dawkins, this badly distorted his science and his political leanings, which are resolutely liberal. (He opposed the Vietnam and Iraq wars, admires President Obama and votes most often with Labor. More recently, he voted for the Liberal Party in his district, as he admired the fact that the member of Parliament was insistently secular. The member lost in 2010, to an evangelical Conservative.) He was writing about the behavior of genes, not about psychological and emotional states. Our glory as a species is that we can overcome our genetic impulses, he says, acknowledging that the book’s title “perhaps lent itself to misunderstanding.” “It’s not the selfish individual, and certainly not the selfish species,” he says. “My book could have just as easily been called ‘The Altruistic Individual.’ ” But true to himself, he does not stop at this concession. “What would our critics have had us do, falsify the algebra?” he asks, and says of the criticism, “It was irritatingly stupid, actually.” Progressive Evolution? Professor Dawkins’s great intellectual conviction is that evolution is progressive, and tends to lead to more and more complexity. Species, in his view, often arrive at similar solutions to evolutionary puzzles — the need for ears, eyes, arms or an octopus’s tentacle. And, often although not invariably, bigger brains. So the saber-toothed tiger shows up as a cat in Europe and Asia, and as a marsupial in South America. Different species seized on the same carnivorous solution. (He most certainly does not, however, view evolution as progressing toward us, that is humans — were we to disappear, some other species most likely would fill our evolutionary niche.) (Page 3 of 4) “There are endless progressions in evolution,” he says. “When the ancestors of the cheetah first began pursuing the ancestors of the gazelle, neither of them could run as fast as they can today. Profiles in Science Richard Dawkins This is the second in an occasional series of articles and videos about leaders in science. Previous Articles in the Series » Related Exulting in Science’s Mysteries (September 20, 2011) Connect With Us on Social Media @nytimesscience on Twitter. Science Reporters and Editors on Twitter Like the science desk on Facebook. Readers’ Comments Readers shared their thoughts on this article. Read All Comments (454) » “What you are looking at is the progressive evolutionary product of an arms race.” So it would be no great surprise if the interior lives of animals turned out to be rather complex. Do dogs, for example, experience consciousness? Are they aware of themselves as autonomous animals in their surroundings? “Consciousness has to be there, hasn’t it?” Professor Dawkins replies. “It’s an evolved, emergent quality of brains. It’s very likely that most mammals have consciousness, and probably birds, too.” (He has embraced the Princeton University philosopher Peter Singer’s Great Ape Project , which would accord legal rights to apes, including a prohibition against torture.) His theory of progressive evolution, it should be said, is controversial. Professor Dawkins had a single great rival in writing about evolutionary biology: Stephen Jay Gould of Harvard. Professor Gould, who died in 2002, was adamant that evolution was contingent — that while a species might progress in leaps and bounds, it was equally likely that it might reach a dead end, or regress. If a meteorite hit Earth and destroyed all intelligent life, he argued, the chances are vanishingly small that complex, intelligent life would evolve again. As the writer Scott Rosenberg put it, Professor Gould saw our species as “simply a tiny accident occurring on a minor side-branch of the evolutionary tree.” The two evolutionary biologists had well-armored egos, their intellectual battles were spectacular, and they did not share laughs over pints afterward. Professor Dawkins acknowledged their prickly relationship in writing an appreciation of his rival, who died of cancer: “Gould and I did not tire the sun with talking and send him down in the sky.” Professor Dawkins feels more than a tinge of regret that he and Professor Gould did not appreciate each other more. “Gould wanted to downgrade the conceit that it all progressed towards us, towards humans, and I fully approved of that,” he says now, even as he makes sure to add, “But evolution most certainly is progressive.” There is a final cosmic joke to be had here. The two men quarreled about everything save their shared atheism. But Professor Dawkins’s closest intellectual ally on progressive evolution and convergence is Simon Conway Morris , the renowned Cambridge evolutionary paleontologist. And Professor Morris, as it happens, is an Anglican and a fervent believer in a personal God. He sees convergence as hinting at a teleology, or intelligent architecture, in the universe. Ask Professor Dawkins about his intellectual bedfellow, and his smile thins. “Yes, well, Simon and I have converged on the science,” he says. “I should think in the world there are not two evolutionary scientists who could rival each other in their enthusiasm for convergence.” As to Professor Morris’s religious faith? “I just don’t get it.” Impatience With Religion Aren’t the theologian’s questions — Why are we here? Is there something larger than us? Why do we die? — central to the human project? Professor Dawkins shakes his head before the question is out. His impatience with religion is palpable, almost wriggling alive inside him. Belief in the supernatural strikes him as incurious, which is perhaps the worst insult he can imagine. “Religion teaches you to be satisfied with nonanswers,” he says. “It’s a sort of crime against childhood.” And please spare him talk of spiritualism, as if that were the only way to meditate on the wonder of the universe. “If you look up at the Milky Way through the eyes of Carl Sagan, you get a feeling in your chest of something greater than yourself,” he says. “And it is. But it’s not supernatural.” It is a measure of Britain’s more resolutely secular culture that Professor Dawkins can pursue his atheism and probing, provocative views of Islam and Christianity in several prime-time television documentaries. In one, he interviewed young women in a Muslim school that receives state funds. (Page 4 of 4) “One said her ambition was to be a doctor. But she explicitly said if there is a contradiction between science and the Koran, then the Koran was right,” he says. “They were lovely girls, but utterly brainwashed.” Profiles in Science Richard Dawkins This is the second in an occasional series of articles and videos about leaders in science. Previous Articles in the Series » Related Exulting in Science’s Mysteries (September 20, 2011) Connect With Us on Social Media @nytimesscience on Twitter. Science Reporters and Editors on Twitter Like the science desk on Facebook. Readers’ Comments Readers shared their thoughts on this article. Read All Comments (454) » Critics grow impatient with Professor Dawkins’s atheism. They accuse him of avoiding the great theological debates that enrich religion and philosophy, and so simplifying the complex. He concocts “vulgar caricatures of religious faith that would make a first-year theology student wince,” wrote Terry Eagleton , regarded as one of Britain’s foremost literary critics. “What, one wonders, are Dawkins’s views on the epistemological differences between Aquinas and Duns Scotus?” Put that charge to Professor Dawkins and he more or less pleads guilty. To suggest he study theology seems akin to suggesting he study fairies. Nor is he convinced that the ecumenical Anglican, the moderate imam, the Catholic priest with the well-developed sense of irony, is religion’s truest representative. “I’ve had perfectly wonderful conversations with Anglican bishops, and I rather suspect if you asked in a candid moment, they’d say they don’t believe in the virgin birth,” he says. “But for every one of them, four others would tell a child she’ll rot in hell for doubting.” That, he says, explains why he is writing a book for children. He wants to raise questions — Why is there a sun? What is an earthquake? What about rainbows? — and provide clever, rational answers. He has toyed with opening his own state-sponsored school, though under the British system he would have to come up with matching money. But it would not be a school for atheists. The idea horrifies him. A child should skip down an idiosyncratic intellectual path. “I am almost pathologically afraid of indoctrinating children,” he says. “It would be a ‘Think for Yourself Academy.’ ” Human Gods After two hours of conversation, Professor Dawkins walks far afield. He talks of the possibility that we might co-evolve with computers, a silicon destiny. And he’s intrigued by the playful, even soul-stirring writings of Freeman Dyson , the theoretical physicist. In one essay, Professor Dyson casts millions of speculative years into the future. Our galaxy is dying and humans have evolved into something like bolts of superpowerful intelligent and moral energy. Doesn’t that description sound an awful lot like God? “Certainly,” Professor Dawkins replies. “It’s highly plausible that in the universe there are God-like creatures.” He raises his hand, just in case a reader thinks he’s gone around a religious bend. “It’s very important to understand that these Gods came into being by an explicable scientific progression of incremental evolution.” Could they be immortal? The professor shrugs. “Probably not.” He smiles and adds, “But I wouldn’t want to be too dogmatic about that.” http://www.nytimes.com/2011/09/20/science/20dawkins.html?pagewanted=4_r=0 Emmy New England NYT Pick An evolutionary arms race *Yawn* Aren't we past this macho nonsense yet? Studies have confirmed that some weakness mutations never die out, and that the biosphere of the planet influences nature just as much as nature challenges species to survive. Sure, we know that species evolve from other species. But it's more of a give and take. Darwin may be wrong on many fronts but we're all too scared to talk about it because of the absurd Creationist nonsense. Dawkins does a disservice to science when he goes on about God in the same breath as evolution. The two are seperate, period. All he's doing is fueling the non-debate at the expense of science advancement. Not that it's all his fault, but he's like Al Gore. People are listening to him instead of the actual researchers in the field and in the lab. It's time we learned to read the published studies, okay? Go to Google Scholar and type in Evolution. Then treat yourself to a few articles and get the real science. Sept. 19, 2011 at 11:14 a.m. RECOMMENDED 111 li class=shareTools shareToolsThemeClassic shareToolsThemeClassicHorizontal shareToolsInstance data-shares=facebook|,twitter| data-title=Emmy's comment on Richard Dawkins, an Original Thinker Who Bashes Orthodoxy via @nytimes data-url=http://www.nytimes.com/2011/09/20/science/20dawkins.html?comments%23permid=4 R. Dallas NYT Pick Dr. Rees, he wrote, is a “compliant quisling,” a traitor to science That quote tells it all. Dawkins is high priest in a religion of his own making. For him it's not about facts, it's about philosophy. His extreme bias against any religious thought is outside of the domain of what science can make statements about yet he persists in presenting himself as a spokesman for science. But he is only the spokesman for the radical new atheists, bullies who want to shout down believers of any kind and show no respect. They abuse their scientific credentials by claiming an authority science does not in fact give them. Dawkins is intellectually dishonest in my view. Sept. 19, 2011 at 11:57 a.m. RECOMMENDED 64 HT NYC NYT Pick Funny - his experience of moving from a Christian to an atheist at a very young age was almost precisely the same as mine, except for me it was a fascination with dinosaurs more than planets. I went to Catholic schools my entire life. I don't know how it is at other schools, but at mine they taught evolution, and long before we even got to the topic, I remember asking nuns and priests whether creation and other Bible stories were true. They generally responded that these stories were meant to teach us lessons about how to live, and not necessarily to be taken literally. Sept. 19, 2011 at 12:00 p.m. RECOMMENDED 325 Josh Hill New London, Conn. Verified NYT Pick One question about the article: I don't think the prevailing view of evolution was ever predominantly cooperative. Nature, red in tooth and claw, as Tennyson put it. The question has perhaps been more along the lines of how is it that we see cooperation and altruism at the same time as we see selfishness and greed. The observation that selection works on genetic patterns explains this elegantly: a gene may in fact sacrifice its host and copies of itself to increase the likelihood that it will be propagated. Someone compared Dawkins unfavorably to Gould, but I think his formulation of evolutionary theory was comparable in import to Gould's punctuated equilibrium. It is true as well that Dawkins's belief that evolution leads inexorably towards complexity is the correct one. *Individual* organisms may simplify, e.g., Gould's beloved parasites. Older organisms may remain simple, e.g., bacteria. But new organisms of ever-increasing complexity evolve to live side-by-side with them, because, as can easily be demonstrated by a simple computer program, complexity is an emergent quality of evolution. Parallel evolution occurs because the form that the complexity takes is constrained by selection pressure. Sept. 19, 2011 at 12:49 p.m. RECOMMENDED 68 Pawtucket San Diego NYT Pick Wait, stop. Neither Dawkins nor any other atheist is committed to an ideology. He, and they, are committed to reason and scientific observation and deduction. If God made himself visible to everyone in the sky over Greenwich Observatory, amid bolts of lightning, or took control of the BBC, and announced His presence to the world, Dawkins would be the first to agree that God was real. Sept. 19, 2011 at 12:55 p.m. RECOMMENDED 354 Steve Bolger New York, NY NYT Pick You don't understand evolution if you think that nature has some kind of sentient personality that makes emotional survival decisions about animals or people. The theory of evolution is PREDICATED on the axiom that no such personality exits. Sept. 19, 2011 at 1:00 p.m. RECOMMENDED 110 HG Califormia NYT Pick According to Karl Popper's definition of science, Evolutionary Biology is not science in the sense that it is not falsifiable. The theory cannot be examined by controlled experiments. The very fact that Prof. Gould and Prof. Dawkins cannot agree with each other is evidence that evolutionary biology is not as rigorous a science as Physics. Even Physicists dare not refute the possible existence of God the first cause. I am amazed by Mr. Dawkins's audacious claim that his theory refutes the existence of God. Refuting the literal story of Genesis is not a difficult task. Anyone with common sense will know that there is no way Noah can have the engineering know-how to build the arc, let along preserve all forms of living beings. Can anyone build the arc with today's technology? It is a trap for rational, secular minds when reading the Bible. It is easy to say: How can anyone with basic intelligence believe this literally? Well, metaphorically, it makes sense to many people. And that doesn't make them stupid. Dawkins's fundamental pitfall is that he believes whoever disagrees with him is stupid. From what I know, this is not the feature of a top-notch thinker. All top thinkers I know are humble because the more you learn, the more you realize the limit of human knowledge. Sept. 19, 2011 at 1:01 p.m. RECOMMENDED 106 Joe Chicago NYT Pick As everyone who poses such--let's call it definitivity--the answer will be found at the moment of his death, at which point he will either change consciousness or be snuffed out like a candle. He's bet on the candle (but must secretly wish for the other). Sept. 19, 2011 at 1:06 p.m. RECOMMENDED 16 jmbelan South Bend NYT Pick Dawkins is an excellent scientist but a poor theologian. Unfortunately, he seems determined to convince believers they are deluded children, but this only undermines his credibility as a thinker. He has no understanding of what religious faith is, so he can't really be expected to have much to say about it. In that regard, he is a bit like proponents of intelligent design. Sept. 19, 2011 at 2:03 p.m. RECOMMENDED 37 William upstate NYT Pick Then there is another view on the existence (or non) of a deity from another highly respected man of science.. Richard Feynman, whose conclusion was.... I don't know... I would LIKE to know and perhaps one day man will have proof, one way or the other. But, for now I don't see anything wrong with simply saying... I don't know. Absolutism, in the total absence of proof either way seems to me to be silly. That isn't to say that there isn't ample proof of the many detailed facts of the wonders of nature including that of the evolution of man. It sort of comes down to the old idea that we will probably eventually learn almost everything about HOW but answering WHY may always elude us to which Feynman would say don't sweat it. Sept. 19, 2011 at 2:03 p.m. RECOMMENDED 68 Steve Sailer America NYT Pick Shouldn't there have been some mention of the chief source of the ideas in The Selfish Gene, William D. Hamilton? My impression is that Dawkins is more the world's greatest science journalist than the world's greatest scientist. Sept. 19, 2011 at 2:16 p.m. RECOMMENDED 48 Ryan Texas NYT Pick This article has been poorly titled. Richard Dawkins has been bashing orthodoxy for so long, and has been so persistent in doing so, that his views ARE orthodoxy. Anyone in science who crosses Dawkins these days is labeled by academic elitists as non-scientific. Thus, Dawkins now wields orthodoxy, the orthodoxy he created, like a club. Switching metaphors, woe be unto the scientist who crosses the Dawkins Inquisition. Sept. 19, 2011 at 2:18 p.m. RECOMMENDED 42 Josh Hill New London, Conn. Verified NYT Pick While I heartily agree with those who point out that religious faith has no literal basis in reality, I have to take exception with those who blame it for all manner of conflicts. Blame evolution for that: both genes and memes compete. Because religion encodes social memes, it becomes a cause of conflict, but so do, for example, political belief systems, as witness the conflicts between capitalism and Communism, or fascism and democracy. Nor I'm afraid are the memes of political belief systems necessarily more sophisticated than those of religious ones: see as evidence the recent Republican debate, with its contempt for fact and theory alike. If we are to end war, we will have to grow up as a species and learn to tame our more bellicose instincts, while finding alternative ways to apply social and genetic selection pressure. Sept. 19, 2011 at 2:19 p.m. RECOMMENDED 46 Aristotle Washington, DC NYT Pick Despite his apparent brilliance and contribution to science, Dawkins strikes me as a bigot and intellectual bully. Science deals with what can be physically proven and tested, and is a tremendous path to knowledge. But it is only one path to understanding. Science is not a system for giving life meaning or teaching us the best way to live in this sorrowful world or how to love your neighbor. For those things, we all turn to matters of spirit, however you want to define that. Spirit, by its very definition, has little to do with the physical world. And Dawkins clearly has nothing to teach us about spirituality. Sept. 19, 2011 at 3:55 p.m. RECOMMENDED 58 James Rickover New York NYT Pick A very interesting interview. Just one question- What would Mr Dawkins say to the thousands of born again Christians that claim to have had a personal experience with God? Thanks Sept. 19, 2011 at 8:04 p.m. RECOMMENDED 8 DaveW Tempe, AZ NYT Pick What specific contributions to science has Dawkins made? Why are we asked to worship him? Darwinism is the reigning orthodoxy today in biology and Dawkins is arguably its biggest defender. Yet, there are no empirical tests that confirm the ability of random mutation and natural selection to produce anything of novelty and usefulness. Sept. 20, 2011 at 8:56 a.m. RECOMMENDED 10 Alex Short Cambridge, MA NYT Pick I'm thankful for The God Delusion. Its peak in popularity coincided with a personal period of the most intense anguish and self-loathing over my lack of faith. For me it was impossible to simultaneously be rational, happy, and sincere in the belief in the inerrant literal truth of the Bible as it had always been taught to me. After a few pages of God Delusion, I felt a tremendous weight of religious angst lift from my shoulders. I imagine his book helped a large number of closet doubters in the Bible Belt come to terms with their lack of faith. Sept. 20, 2011 at 8:59 a.m. RECOMMENDED 57 John Gadway Miami, Florida NYT Pick My father died when I was four. I had a picture of the angels struggling to carry his 200 pound body up to heaven. At 18, a freshman at Tulane University, I put aside such childish notions in favor on an enlightened humanism, much like what Mr. Dawkins espouses. I believe that Darwin's theory of evolution may be the single most important scientific discovery to come out of the 19th century. But now, 64 years after I imagined the angles struggling to carry my father up to heaven, I cannot understand why the evolutionary process must end when we reach the level of consciousness of an Oxford Don. It's clear to me now, after considerably more life experience than I had at 18, that angels are just further along that evolutionary trajectory than the rest of us who have learned to stand up and say what we believe. I see nothing in the arguments of scientist that challenges my personal experience of angels. They are real, and they are the quite natural product of the evolution of consciousness. Mr. Dawkins is only partway there. Angels are not supernatural. It is that nature is super. Sept. 20, 2011 at 9:02 a.m. RECOMMENDED 13 Citizen RI Verified NYT Pick Professor Dawkins, while obviously very intelligent, has quite a bit of it wrong, in my opinion. He, and Christopher Hitchens, among others, have found refuge in bashing religion because it is popular, fun, and an easy target. They are ignoring a larger part of reality that anyone who claims to be a philosopher should never completely dismiss. If they had the mind of a true scientist, they wouldn't discount God as an answer to the ultimate questions of the universe. Their insistence upon doing so is mostly based upon humans' response to faith (through religious doctrine) as opposed to the meanings behind it. That humans can use faith to violent and ignorant means is not in and of itself proof that it has no validity. I have seen both men speak and they cannot seem to grasp this simple concept. Mr. Dawkins is likely correct on the selfish gene theory, but his opposition to Gould was unfortunate. Both men could have joined forces to work toward unraveling significant parts of life's mysteries, but instead they chose discord. Gould also had quite a bit right himself I think, but his depth of understanding has been lost. One trademark character that both Dawkins and Hitchens have is an unflinching coarse, oppositional demeanor that is just plain rude. It is one thing to believe something in opposition to someone else, but to reduce one's behavior to belittling, name-calling, and pugilistic attacks really undermines one's position. Dawkins should learn a little humility. But then again I guess he is only expressing the selfish side of his own genetic makeup. Sept. 20, 2011 at 9:06 a.m. RECOMMENDED 28 stevelong nyc NYT Pick Too many commentators have bought into Dawkins' view of his differences with Gould. Gould never denied complexity as a product of evolution. The important difference was Dawkins' claim that evolution is non-random, which he makes in the very opening of the The Selfish Gene. This comes from Dawkins' misunderstanding of what randomness is. Randomness will produce regularity and complexity along with irregularity and a lack of complexity. We are looking at an isolated result with life here on earth. That was Gould's point. Other differences are worth noting. Gould pointed out that as replicators, Dawkins' genes are very unsuccessful. If they were really good at replicating, we'd all be single cells organisms. It's when they screw up at replicating that causes evolution. And, finally, the gene is not the driver of evolution, as Dawkins would have it. The laws of physics are. Parallel evolution occurs because there are physical rules that dictate that only so many solutions for flying, for wings. It is the environment that molds morphology. The genes are only the dice biology rolls to see if a form works or doesn't. Finally, Dawkins has never recognized something that Gould did very early on. And that is that there are now two kinds of evolution, accidental and intentional. With selective breeding and bio-engineering, humans have moved towards making evolution no longer a random process, but an intentional one. Sept. 20, 2011 at 10:27 a.m. RECOMMENDED 28 NG OAKLAND, CA NYT Pick I love Dawkins as a person who is willing to speak 100% unapologetically for atheism and science... but my issue is with his arrogance in the very fact that he is willing to go ahead and do what no self-respecting scientist should or would ever do (on record), and that is predict the future. It's very annoying that this article ended in this way! Dawkins, if you're reading, leave the prognosticating to the religious zealots, lest you become one yourself! Any working scientist–someone who works hard in the lab, respects the scientific method, and publishes in peer journals–would know that to speculate on the future, and to be so unguarded (or arrogant) to be allowed to be quoted on it, amounts to what he is so vehemently against: superstition, supernatural thinking and science-fiction. With all that real Science has been able to tell about the past, all it takes is a simple deduction to understand that nature takes its course in an infinitesimal number of ways, and that us humans are simply part of it, not in control of it! Sept. 20, 2011 at 11:35 a.m. RECOMMENDED 5 Youssef Skaraborg, Sweden NYT Pick I got to the point in my life where I didn't think I was going to have any more heroes. But Richard Dawkins is my hero. Sept. 20, 2011 at 11:35 a.m. RECOMMENDED 20 Val S SF Bay Area NYT Pick As a classical agnostic I view an avowed atheist much as I do a devout believer in god. In both cases it is a matter of faith in that neither can be proven by fact or research. A friend of mine has posed an interesting theory: Dark energy is everywhere in the universe, has apparently been there since the very beginning, effects everything, yet cannot be seen. That seems to be pretty much the definition of god, does it not? Sept. 20, 2011 at 11:36 a.m. RECOMMENDED 10 Lynn Richmond, VA NYT Pick His impatience with religion is incurious, which is perhaps the worst insult. Even if you're not a person of religion, that people developed religion is fascinating. Sept. 20, 2011 at 4:10 p.m. RECOMMENDED 11 JB Santa Cruz NYT Pick Dawkins actually does a disservice to science with his campaign against religion. Too many people are already confused about the difference between science and faith, which is not good for either one. Humanity has had a few centuries of experience with this dualism of science and faith, and it's pretty clear that on the whole both are needed and neither is going away any time soon. Peaceful coexistence and mutual respect rather than warfare is what is needed. Sept. 20, 2011 at 4:11 p.m. RECOMMENDED 12 Faulkner Lyme, CT NYT Pick Is it not possible to believe, fully, in the majesty of evolution and yet still believe in the possibility of any form of divinity in the world? I've never understood why so many clearly thoughtful scholars remain so completely binary on this matter. Can we not separate conventional, dogmatic, a-scientific conservative religion from a simple openness to any mystery at all? Is science so afraid of mystery? That's an orthodoxy I'd like to see bashed. Sept. 21, 2011 at 7:21 a.m. RECOMMENDED 8 DP NYC NYT Pick I second one of the comments that religion is not a big topic of conversation among scientists. Those engaged in studying molecular biology, physics, astronomy, mathematics and other subjects requiring intelligence had by only a small minority of the population generally do not waste their intellectual energy on such soft areas of thought. Furthermore, to anyone capable of doing any real scientific work, questions of religion are not very interesting. Even those thinkers who did discuss God, e.g. Descartes, Leibniz, Newton, were mathematicians whose work would have made their reputations had they done nothing else. If it were not for those attempting to ruin scientific education by tampering with science textbooks, e.g. the State of Texas, this whole debate would be a waste of time. Sept. 21, 2011 at 8:16 a.m. RECOMMENDED 19 1 2 3 4 NEXT PAGE » A version of this article appeared in print on September 20, 2011, on page D 1 of the New York edition with the headline: A Knack for Bashing Orthodoxy.
玉米分子育种实验室的官方网站终于开通了,网址为: http://www.ccmaize.org 欢迎各位朋友访问. 这个网址里有个ccmaize,刚特意看了下,看英文就明白了CIMMYT-CAAS Joint International Research Center,这两个c分别是CIMMYT和CAAS了.实验室的头是我的好朋友徐云碧老师. 呵呵,说起来我们还是网友,在他回国前我们用电子邮件联系,而结识的开端是一篇文献:就是这篇了 Xu 2003,Developing Marker-Assisted Selection Strategies for Breeding Hybrid Rice(2003).那是我的一个疯狂找全文的时代,看到好的标题没有全文心里就不塌实,所以直接找作者索要,还好作者是徐云碧.得到文章以后我把全文贴在了网上,让更多的朋友受益,没想到,有一天他需要那篇文章,通过搜索引擎把我的博客给搜出来了,还主动和我联系.然后,我们就一直保持这邮件联系. 这是让我感兴趣的另一篇文章. Yunbi Xu and Jonathan H. Crouch. 2008. Marker-assisted selection in plant breeding: from publications to practice. Crop Science 48:391-407. 这篇文章,个人认为是植物分子标记辅助育种的一篇非常重要的文章,我也是被标题吸引过去的.这篇文章的核心是关注分子标记辅助育种怎样从文献走向实践.只有真正应用于实践所谓的分子育种才能从"忽悠"变成一个实实在在的东西,做分子育种的也会觉得更有兴趣和前途.这篇文章以后他还发了多篇和这篇文章精神吻合的文章,包括基于种子的DNA提取方法,SNP检测方法,LD LA结合的QTL发掘方法,还有最新的第2代玉米单倍型图等.具体的可以到网站上看,我也许会选择性的介绍一些. 呵呵,写了这么多好象也还没进入主题,但我只能这样写了,要全面了解实验室的情况最好自己去访问主页( http://www.ccmaize.org ),甚至联系他本人.这样一个人坐镇中国农科院有点让人期待分子标记辅助育种的真正时代就要到来了,但愿早日到来. 看到我的博客然后去访问网站以及拜访徐老师的,麻烦告诉我声,我看能不能去争取点广告费,呵呵.当然这是笑话,好的东西做赔本买卖我也会干的.
http://li.mit.edu/Archive/Graphics/A/#making_movie What is the Meta key? Some environments forbid the use of Meta or Alt key. In those cases, having CapsLock at "on" works as if the Meta key is pressed
1. We can accomplish anything we want, just not everything we want. It's too big a word. There are too many options, too many things and only a certain amount of time. 2. If you don't believe in yourself, no one else will. People don't respect or follow anyone who doesn't have confidence in themselves. I think the universe tends to trust us to the degree we trust ourselves. 3. We are responsible for our life. And nobody else. Although all success requires the assistance and cooperation of others, our success can never be left to anyone else. Luck is not a strategy.
转自： http://www.sup.org/book.cgi?id=18746 Basic scientific research and technological development have had an enormous impact on innovation, economic growth, and social well-being. Yet science policy debates have long been dominated by advocates for particular scientific fields or missions. In the absence of a deeper understanding of the changing framework in which innovation occurs, policymakers cannot predict how best to make and manage investments to exploit our most promising and important opportunities. Since 2005, a science of science policy has developed rapidly in response to policymakers' increased demands for better tools and the social sciences' capacity to provide them. The Science of Science Policy: A Handbook brings together some of the best and brightest minds working in science policy to explore the foundations of an evidence-based platform for the field. The contributions in this book provide an overview of the current state of the science of science policy from three angles: theoretical, empirical, and policy in practice. They offer perspectives from the broader social science, behavioral science, and policy communities on the fascinating challenges and prospects in this evolving arena. Drawing on domestic and international experiences, the text delivers insights about the critical questions that create a demand for a science of science policy. Kaye Husbands Fealing is Professor at the Hubert H. Humphrey Institute of Public Affairs, University of Minnesota. She was the founding National Science Foundation Program Director of the Science of Science and Innovation Policy. Julia Lane is the Program Director of Science of Science Innovation Policy at the National Science Foundation. She is a former Professor of Economics at the American University, an American Statistical Association Fellow, and a Research Associate of IZA, the Institute for the Study of Labor. John H. Marburger III is Professor at State University of New York, Stony Brook. He is a former Presidential Science Advisor and Director of the Office of Science and Technology Policy. Stephanie Shipp is a Senior Research Analyst at the Science and Technology Policy Institute. She is a former Director of the Economic Assessment Office in the Advanced Technology Program at the National Institute of Standards and Technology.
2012年3月25日至28日，武汉物数所波谱与原子分子国家重点实验室、武汉磁共振中心成功举办了“武汉磁共振中心第三期核磁共振技术培训班”(The 3rd Workshop of Wuhan Center for Magnetic Resonance, 2012)，该培训班由生物波谱及代谢组学研究中心王玉兰研究员主持，以代谢组学的实验技术及数据分析的原理与新方法为主要内容，吸引了全国各地18家科研院所、高校的老师和学生参加。 叶朝辉院士为培训班开班致辞，向学员们简短地回顾了我所举办培训班的历程，期望能将培训班的举办进行到底，并勉励大家学有所获。本次培训班主要分为两大部分，第一部分由唐惠儒研究员、王玉兰研究员、刘惠丽高级工程师、张利民副研究员、刘红兵工程师分别就代谢组学应用新进展、基于核磁共振的代谢组学研究方法、代谢组学常用核磁共振实验技术与实践技巧、高分辨魔角旋转核磁共振及弛豫谱编辑应用和LC-NMR-MS/LC-SPE在代谢组学中的应用分别进行了专题报告。会中大家提问踊跃，会后讨论不断。第二部分由SimuGen有限公司的首席执行官、牛津大学统计系的Quin Wills 博士为学员们介绍了R语言在代谢组学高通量数据分析中的应用，包括数据的归一化方式、数据的换算、非监督的模式识别方法-主成分分析(PCA)和有监督的模式识别方法-偏最小二乘法判别分析(PLS-DA)和模型的交叉验证(cross-validation)。Quin Wills博士讲解深入浅出，并进行一对一的指导，理论与实践的结合让学员们受益匪浅。 近年来，基于核磁共振技术的代谢组学得到了迅猛的发展，新的实验方法和实验技术层出不穷，研究领域日益广泛。本次培训班为提升代谢组学研究人员的整体水平，促进学术交流与合作做出了积极有益的努力。
For new readers and those who request to be “ 好友 good friends” please read my 公告 栏 first. In US Universities, a first or basic course in any subjectis often label as “XXX 101”. Thus this blog article has to do with the basics of Financial Engineering as I understand it (Caveat: I am only an amateur. Thisis only my view and should not be taken as professional expertise). Principle #1. One dollar today is worth more than a dollar tomorrow (or the future value of money) If I lend you money, say one dollar, today for your use,then I expect to be paid back tomorrow by you for slightly more than one dollar even if there is iron clad guarantee that you will pay me back. Thus, we are not talking about any uncertainties here. The difference or the extra amount iscalled interest for your use of my money for one day. As to how much should this interest be is subject to supply and demand for money and manipulation by government. The whole idea is that “use of money” should not be free and carries a cost over time. Principle #2. There are always risks associated with the future. But people’s attitude towards risk are different. The best and most easily understood example is life insurance. A life insurance company knows from statistical data to a high degree of accuracy that how many persons will die every year at what age. Thus, she knows if she sells so many policies on the average how much money she has to pay out each year. By charging appropriate premium for each policy, the law of large numbers guarantees that she will make certain amount of profit almost surely. On the other hand, an individual or family cannot afford the catastrophic loss of a wage earner even though they can afford to lose a smallamount of insurance premium each year. Thus, over the years I have paid a considerable amount of money for the life insurance policy I purchased when Iwas young. Yet I have no regret paying that even by hindsight since I cannot afford to gamble on the average number of years I will live while the insurancecompany can afford to. Here is an example of a nonzero sum game where everyone comes out happy. The insurance company transfers a risk I am not willing to take to some other place or persons (the public at large who invest in the company) successfully because different entities have different attitude towards risk. For this she is allowed to make a profit. Every financial transactions in the world ultimately boils down to these two principles in my opinion. Money in my view is invented as a medium of exchange to enable the operations of the above two principles in various forms from the simple savings account (#1) to the sophisticated C redit D efault S waps that caused the financial crisis in recent years ( CDS is #2 taken to the extreme that became a fraud). However, even with this medium of exchange, principles #1-2 do not always operate smoothly which causes government to intervene or to manipulate the flow of money for the public good. But in a globalized and connected world today, single government may not be able to implement or accomplish everything even if they know precisely what they should do. Thus, unless you are a hermitically sealed country, such as North Korea who has her own set of economic problems, everyone in the world are in this together. We don’t have enough wise men and a single entity, whether it is a much more all powerful World Bank or the IMF to make the system worksmoothly. In the mean time, we stumble forward and hope for the best.
Nature | Letter和MRS bullentin发表了日本研究者关于石墨烯改进型电镜观测的研究结果。这对于深入研究石墨烯是很有实质意义的。(Single atom imaging and spectroscopy in nanostructured carbon materials)Kazu Suenaga等. Article author query suenaga k kobayashi h koshino m 因为我们也发表过石墨烯结构机理分析的文章.该文在对于石墨烯图像的解释上和示意图标示存在小失误,我专门去信编辑和论文通讯作者指出,论文分析和所示示意图有小失误,因为电子束与边界碳原子的交互作用,所反映图像不是实时真实图像.Kazu Suenaga先生和MRS bullentin编辑很快回信,Kazu Suenaga先生也认可我们的看法,认为其论文未对边界碳原子非平面非二维的因素予以充分考虑,Kazu Suenaga先生非常客气.也认为他们论文没有研究充分(is not fully investigated in our paper. We agree that there is some possible out-of-plane displacement which may have more or less affects on its electronic properties. Thank you also for letting us know your researches.) 对于纳米材料直观表征是一个推进其研究的实质手段, 但是尖端实验分析设备和标准还需改进,我们对于此认识起源来源于我们大约十年前一次不成功的纳米颗粒电镜测试,对于我们所制纳米颗粒进行电镜观察时,出现了颗粒移位和表面颗粒颤动导致图像不清的现象,照片图像不佳.虽然这是瞬间变化的现象,这使得我们在以后实验中一直有意观察此现象,并且积累了大量实验经验和数据. 但是受制于分析设备所限,现有电镜分析技术对于纳米材料深入理论研究已经属于有力不从心之感.应当说美国和日本研究者一直在实在地推进此研究.国内也许更需要对这研究工具技术加大力度.
Fornew readers and those who request to be “ 好友 good friends” please read my 公告 栏 first. In my earlier article “ A Medical Experience http://blog.sciencenet.cn/home.php?mod=spaceuid=1565do=blogid=498254”I described my recent major surgery. It has now been six weeks since the operation. My surgeon yesterday just declared that the operation was a complete success with excellent prognosis. Thus, I am considered to be “cured”. What have I learned from this experience? 1. I have not completely re-gained all my strength.I can do about 70% of my exercise routine but not the “sit-up or belly crunch”exercise for obvious reasons. 2. So far, I have not received all my hospital bills. But the amount will be well in excess of US$60,000 of which I am responsible for only $200.00 thanks to health insurance. 3. It is heart-warming to receive get well wishes and gifts from all over the world – mostly from former students and my Chinesecolleagues. 4. It is good thing that I am retired. Thus, there is absolutely no stress/pressure to “catch up” with anything during recovery 5. Speaking about modern medicine, I am continuously being impressed. Currently ( some for the past ten years) I have been taking six different kinds of prescription pills daily for a. High blood pressure (two different kinds) b. High cholesterol c. Triglyceride d. Acid reflux disease e. Gout These pills, I have no doubt, kept me alive and let me lead a more or less normal life. 20-30 years ago, this would nothave been possible. 6. I’ll need another colonoscopy early next yearjust to check. But currently the doctors consider I am free of any cancerous cells and no chemo or radiation therapies are needed. Yes, I am a lucky guy! (Note added 2/13/2012: Last week my five months follow-up colonoscopy report came back. It was entirely normal and no further complications. Next check up three years from now. How lucky can one get!) 7. I am now leading as normal a retired life aspossible. 8. I thank everyone, including readers of my blog for their best wishes. God and fate willing, I’ll try to continue my writing so ong as there are things worthwhile to say.
这是个让人感兴趣的主题.可以这样理解,重组并不完全是随机的,重组热点和重组冷点的存在是破坏这种随机性的直接原因.为什么有的位点会成为热点,而有的又是冷点,这背后的机制是什么.是不是能把任意位点变成重组热点或者冷点.既然有hotspot motif,但好象看起来也是可能的. 这不属于我的主要研究领域,但多学点知识应该没什么坏处.文章还没细读,能记住这里有这样几篇文章,可能才是要点. Wahls, W.P., and Davidson, M.K. DNA Sequence-Mediated, Evolutionarily Rapid Redistribution of Meiotic Recombination Hotspots. Genetics 189, 685-694. DNA Sequence-Mediated, Evolutionarily Rapid.pdf Baudat, F., Buard, J., Grey, C., Fledel-Alon, A., Ober, C., Przeworski, M., Coop, G., and de Massy, B. PRDM9 Is a Major Determinant of Meiotic Recombination Hotspots in Humans and Mice. Science 327, 836-840. PRDM9 Is a Major Determinant of Meiotic.pdf Cheung, V.G., Sherman, S.L., and Feingold, E. Genetic Control of Hotspots. Science 327, 791-792. Myers, S., Bowden, R., Tumian, A., Bontrop, R.E., Freeman, C., MacFie, T.S., McVean, G., and Donnelly, P.Drive Against Hotspot Motifs in Primates Implicates the PRDM9 Gene in Meiotic Recombination. Science 327, 876-879. Drive Against Hotspot Motifs in Primates Implicates.pdf Parvanov, E.D., Petkov, P.M., and Paigen, K. Prdm9 Controls Activation of Mammalian Recombination Hotspots. Science 327, 835-. Prdm9 Controls Activation of.pdf The Case of the Fickle Fingers: How the PRDM9 Zinc Finger Protein Specifies Meiotic Recombination Hotspots in Humans The Case of the Fickle Fingers How the PRDM9 Zinc Finger Protein Specifies Meiot.pdf
Controlling gene expression in response to stress,Nature Reviews Genetics 12, 833-845, 逆境反应的基因表达调控 Acute stress puts cells at risk, and rapid adaptation is crucial for maximizing cell survival. Cellular adaptation mechanisms include modification of certain aspects of cell physiology, such as the induction of efficient changes in the gene expression programmes by intracellular signalling networks. Recent studies using genome-wide approaches as well as single-cell transcription measurements, in combination with classical genetics, have shown that rapid and specific activation of gene expression can be accomplished by several different strategies. This article discusses how organisms can achieve generic and specific responses to different stresses by regulating gene expression at multiple stages of mRNA biogenesis from chromatin structure to transcription, mRNA stability and translation. 全文网址:http://www.nature.com/nrg/journal/v12/n12/abs/nrg3055.html?lang=en?WT.ec_id=NRG-201112. 可惜现在我自己都没全文,按我的习惯如果有的话,我会共享的.这篇文章会对逆境中,mRNA产生的多个环节的表达调控进行总结,从染色质结构到转录,mRNA的稳定性和翻译.
08. Industrial, Manufacturing Operational Systems Engineering Mr. Rodney C. Adkins Senior Vice President International Business Machines Corporation Greenwich, CT, United States Member Type: Member Election Year: 2005 Section: 08. Industrial Systems Mr. Paul A. Allaire Former Chairman and CEO Xerox World Headquarters Norwalk, CT, United States Member Type: Member Election Year: 1996 Section: 08. Industrial Systems Dr. Dell K. Allen Adjunct Professor Utah State University Orem, UT, United States Member Type: Member Election Year: 1984 Section: 08. Industrial Systems Dr. Egon Balas University Professor and Thomas Lord Professor of Operations Research Carnegie Mellon University Pittsburgh, PA, United States Member Type: Member Election Year: 2006 Section: 08. Industrial Systems Dr. Cynthia Barnhart Associate Dean of Engineering Massachusetts Institute of Technology Cambridge, MA, United States Member Type: Member Election Year: 2010 Section: 08. Industrial Systems Dr. Leslie A. Benmark Six Sigma Black Belt E. I. du Pont de Nemours Company Joelton, TN, United States Member Type: Member Election Year: 1993 Section: 08. Industrial Systems Dr. Daniel Berg Distinguished Research Professor of Engineering University of Miami Coral Gables, FL, United States Member Type: Member Election Year: 1976 Section: 08. Industrial Systems Dr. Dimitris J. Bertsimas Boeing Professor of Operations Research Massachusetts Institute of Technology Cambridge, MA, United States Member Type: Member Election Year: 2005 Section: 08. Industrial Systems Mr. John A. Betti Former Under Secretary of Defense for Acquisition U.S. Department of Defense North Palm Beach, FL, United States Member Type: Member Election Year: 1989 Section: 08. Industrial Systems Prof. John R. Birge Jerry W. and Carol Lee Levin Professor of Operations Management The University of Chicago Chicago, IL, United States Member Type: Member Election Year: 2011 Section: 08. Industrial Systems Dr. Robert E. Bixby Research Professor Rice University Houston, TX, United States Member Type: Member Election Year: 1997 Section: 08. Industrial Systems Dr. Jack L. Blumenthal Instructor Mayfield Senior High School Pasadena, CA, United States Member Type: Member Election Year: 1997 Section: 08. Industrial Systems Dr. Alfred Blumstein University Professor and J. Erik Jonsson Professor of Urban Systems and Operations Research Carnegie Mellon University Pittsburgh, PA, United States Member Type: Member Election Year: 1998 Section: 08. Industrial Systems Dr. John G. Bollinger Dean Emeritus, College of Engineering Professor Emeritus of Industrial and Systems Engineering University of Wisconsin, Madison Madison, WI, United States Member Type: Member Election Year: 1983 Section: 08. Industrial Systems Dr. Geoffrey Boothroyd Co-Founder Boothroyd Dewhurst, Inc. Wakefield, RI, United States Member Type: Member Election Year: 1989 Section: 08. Industrial Systems Dr. H. Kent Bowen Bruce Rauner Professor of Business Administration, Emeritus Harvard University Boston, MA, United States Member Type: Member Election Year: 1986 Section: 08. Industrial Systems Dr. Andrew Brown, Jr. Executive Director and Chief Technologist Delphi Corporation Troy, MI, United States Member Type: Member Election Year: 2002 Section: 08. Industrial Systems Dr. Gerald G. Brown Distinguished Professor of Operations Research U.S. Naval Postgraduate School Monterey, CA, United States Member Type: Member Election Year: 2008 Section: 08. Industrial Systems Dr. Lawrence D. Burns Professor of Engineering Practice University of Michigan Franklin, MI, United States Member Type: Member Election Year: 2011 Section: 08. Industrial Systems Dr. Kenneth E. Case Regents Professor Emeritus Oklahoma State University Stillwater, OK, United States Member Type: Member Election Year: 1990 Section: 08. Industrial Systems Dr. Don B. Chaffin Richard G. Snyder Distinguished University Professor Emeritus University of Michigan Ann Arbor, MI, United States Member Type: Member Election Year: 1994 Section: 08. Industrial Systems Ms. Josephine Cheng IBM Fellow and Vice President IBM Almaden Research Center San Jose, CA, United States Member Type: Member Election Year: 2006 Section: 08. Industrial Systems Dr. W. Peter Cherry Independent Consultant Ann Arbor, MI, United States Member Type: Member Election Year: 2006 Section: 08. Industrial Systems Mr. Robert P. Clagett Retired Lecturer, Management Department University of Rhode Island Williamsburg, VA, United States Member Type: Member Election Year: 1986 Section: 08. Industrial Systems Dr. W. Dale Compton Lillian M. Gilbreth Distinguished Professor of Industrial Engineering, Emeritus Purdue University West Lafayette, IN, United States Member Type: Member Election Year: 1981 Section: 08. Industrial Systems Dr. Richard W. Conway Emerson Electric Company Professor of Manufacturing Management Emeritus Cornell University Ithaca, NY, United States Member Type: Emeritus Election Year: 1992 Section: 08. Industrial Systems Dr. Harry E. Cook Professor and Head of Department University of Illinois Sharpsburg, GA, United States Member Type: Member Election Year: 1990 Section: 08. Industrial Systems Dr. Thomas M. Cook President T.C.I. Dallas, TX, United States Member Type: Member Election Year: 1995 Section: 08. Industrial Systems Prof. William J. Cook Chandler Family Professor Georgia Institute of Technology Atlanta, GA, United States Member Type: Member Election Year: 2011 Section: 08. Industrial Systems Mr. Gary L. Cowger Group Vice President Manufacturing and Labor General Motors Corporation Bloomfield Hills, MI, United States Member Type: Member Election Year: 2006 Section: 08. Industrial Systems Mr. James Q. Crowe Chief Executive Officer Level 3 Communications, Inc. Broomfield, CO, United States Member Type: Member Election Year: 2005 Section: 08. Industrial Systems Mr. Earnest W. Deavenport, Jr. Retired Chairman and CEO Eastman Chemical Company Kiawah Island, SC, United States Member Type: Member Election Year: 1997 Section: 08. Industrial Systems Dr. Ralph L. Disney Professor Emeritus Texas AM University Blacksburg, VA, United States Member Type: Member Election Year: 1997 Section: 08. Industrial Systems Mr. Michael T. Duke President and CEO Wal-Mart Stores, Inc. Bentonville, AR, United States Member Type: Member Election Year: 2010 Section: 08. Industrial Systems Mr. Joseph F. Engelberger Chairman HelpMate Robotics Inc. Newtown, CT, United States Member Type: Member Election Year: 1984 Section: 08. Industrial Systems Mr. Michael L. Eskew Former Chairman and CEO UPS Atlanta, GA, United States Member Type: Member Election Year: 2004 Section: 08. Industrial Systems Dr. Armand V. Feigenbaum President General Systems Company, Inc. Pittsfield, MA, United States Member Type: Member Election Year: 1992 Section: 08. Industrial Systems Dr. Robert E. Fenton Professor Emeritus The Ohio State University Columbus, OH, United States Member Type: Member Election Year: 2003 Section: 08. Industrial Systems Dr. Marshall L. Fisher UPS Professor University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia, PA, United States Member Type: Member Election Year: 1994 Section: 08. Industrial Systems Dr. John S. Foster, Jr. Retired Vice President, Science and Technology Northrop Grumman Aerospace Systems Redondo Beach, CA, United States Member Type: Emeritus Election Year: 1969 Section: 08. Industrial Systems Dr. Donald P. Gaver, Jr. Distinguished Professor of Operations Research, Emeritus U.S. Naval Postgraduate School Monterey, CA, United States Member Type: Member Election Year: 2009 Section: 08. Industrial Systems Dr. Arthur M. Geoffrion James A. Collins Chair in Management Emeritus University of California, Los Angeles Santa Monica, CA, United States Member Type: Member Election Year: 1998 Section: 08. Industrial Systems Mr. Louis V. Gerstner, Jr. Retired Chairman and Chief Executive Officer International Business Machines Corporation Armonk, NY, United States Member Type: Member Election Year: 1999 Section: 08. Industrial Systems Dr. Ronald E. Goldsberry Consultant Deloitte Bloomfield Hills, MI, United States Member Type: Member Election Year: 1993 Section: 08. Industrial Systems Dr. J. Michael Harrison Professor Stanford University Stanford, CA, United States Member Type: Member Election Year: 2008 Section: 08. Industrial Systems Mr. George J. Hess Retired Vice President, Planning The Ingersoll Milling Machine Company Madison, WI, United States Member Type: Emeritus Election Year: 1994 Section: 08. Industrial Systems Thom J. Hodgson Distinguished University Professor North Carolina State University Raleigh, NC, United States Member Type: Member Election Year: 2001 Section: 08. Industrial Systems Mr. Charles O. Holliday, Jr. Chairman Bank of America Washington, DC, United States Member Type: Member Election Year: 2004 Section: 08. Industrial Systems Dr. Paul M. Horn NYU Distinguished Scientist in Residence and Senior Vice Provost for Research New York University New York, NY, United States Member Type: Member Election Year: 2007 Section: 08. Industrial Systems Dr. Ronald A. Howard Professor Stanford University Stanford, CA, United States Member Type: Member Election Year: 1999 Section: 08. Industrial Systems Dr. J. Stuart Hunter Professor Emeritus, Statistics and Engineering Princeton University Highstown, NJ, United States Member Type: Member Election Year: 2005 Section: 08. Industrial Systems Mr. Lee A. Iacocca Iacocca and Associates Beverly Hills, CA, United States Member Type: Member Election Year: 1986 Section: 08. Industrial Systems Dr. Donald L. Iglehart Professor Emeritus Stanford University Stanford, CA, United States Member Type: Emeritus Election Year: 1999 Section: 08. Industrial Systems Dr. Ellis L. Johnson Coca Cola Professor of Industrial and Systems Engineering Georgia Institute of Technology Atlanta, GA, United States Member Type: Member Election Year: 1988 Section: 08. Industrial Systems Dr. Edward H. Kaplan William N. Marie A. Beach Prof. of Mgt. Sciences Professor of Public Health, Prof. of Engrg. Yale School of Management New Haven, CT, United States Member Type: Member Election Year: 2003 Section: 08. Industrial Systems Dr. Ralph L. Keeney Professor Emeritus of Systems Engineering University of Southern California San Francisco, CA, United States Member Type: Member Election Year: 1995 Section: 08. Industrial Systems Dr. Karl G. Kempf Fellow and Director, Decision Engineering Intel Corporation Chandler, AZ, United States Member Type: Member Election Year: 2003 Section: 08. Industrial Systems Dr. Yoram Koren James J. Duderstadt Distinguished University Professor of Manufacturing University of Michigan Ann Arbor, MI, United States Member Type: Member Election Year: 2004 Section: 08. Industrial Systems Dr. Way Kuo President and University Distinguished Professor City University of Hong Kong Kowloon, Hong Kong, China Member Type: Member Election Year: 2000 Section: 08. Industrial Systems Mr. James F. Lardner Retired Vice President, Tractor and Component Operations Deere Company Bettendorf, IA, United States Member Type: Member Election Year: 1985 Section: 08. Industrial Systems Dr. Richard C. Larson Mitsui Professor Massachusetts Institute of Technology Cambridge, MA, United States Member Type: Member Election Year: 1993 Section: 08. Industrial Systems Prof. Hau L. Lee Thoma Professor of Operations, Information and Technology Stanford University Stanford, CA, United States Member Type: Member Election Year: 2010 Section: 08. Industrial Systems Mr. Kenneth Levy Chairman Emeritus KLA-Tencor Corporation Los Gatos, CA, United States Member Type: Member Election Year: 2004 Section: 08. Industrial Systems Prof. John D.C. Little Institute Professor Massachusetts Institute of Technology Cambridge, MA, United States Member Type: Member Election Year: 1989 Section: 08. Industrial Systems Dr. Christopher B. Lofgren President and Chief Executive Officer Schneider National, Inc. Green Bay, WI, United States Member Type: Member Election Year: 2009 Section: 08. Industrial Systems Gen. David M. Maddox Independent Consultant Arlington, VA, United States Member Type: Member Election Year: 2004 Section: 08. Industrial Systems Dr. Thomas L. Magnanti Institute Professor Massachusetts Institute of Technology Cambridge, MA, United States Member Type: Member Election Year: 1991 Section: 08. Industrial Systems Dr. Stephen Malkin Distinguished Professor Emeritus University of Massachusetts Amherst, MA, United States Member Type: Member Election Year: 2008 Section: 08. Industrial Systems Dr. Thomas J. Malone Retired, Executive Vice Chairman Milliken Company La Grange, GA, United States Member Type: Member Election Year: 1992 Section: 08. Industrial Systems Dr. William S. Marras Professor and Director, Honda Endowed Chair The Ohio State University Columbus, OH, United States Member Type: Member Election Year: 2009 Section: 08. Industrial Systems Dr. William L. Maxwell Senior Scientist SupplyChain Consultants, Inc. Wilmington, DE, United States Member Type: Emeritus Election Year: 1998 Section: 08. Industrial Systems Dr. Dan Maydan President Emeritus Applied Materials, Inc. Los Altos Hills, CA, United States Member Type: Member Election Year: 1998 Section: 08. Industrial Systems Mr. William J. McCune, Jr. Retired Chairman Polaroid Corporation Lincoln, MA, United States Member Type: Member Election Year: 1979 Section: 08. Industrial Systems Dr. Eugene S. Meieran Intel Corporation Phoenix, AZ, United States Member Type: Member Election Year: 1998 Section: 08. Industrial Systems Mr. Richard C. Messinger Retired Vice President and Chief Technical Officer Cincinnati Milacron, Inc. Cincinnati, OH, United States Member Type: Member Election Year: 1985 Section: 08. Industrial Systems Dr. Gerald Nadler IBM Chair Emeritus in Engineering Management and Director, Breakthrough Thinking Group University of Southern California Los Angeles, CA, United States Member Type: Member Election Year: 1986 Section: 08. Industrial Systems Dr. George L. Nemhauser Institute Professor and Chandler Chair Georgia Institute of Technology Atlanta, GA, United States Member Type: Member Election Year: 1986 Section: 08. Industrial Systems Mr. Joseph H. Newman Retired President and CEO Tishman Research Corporation Jupiter, FL, United States Member Type: Emeritus Election Year: 1973 Section: 08. Industrial Systems Dr. Deborah J. Nightingale Professor of Practice Massachusetts Institute of Technology Cambridge, MA, United States Member Type: Member Election Year: 1993 Section: 08. Industrial Systems Prof. Amedeo R. Odoni Professor of Aeronautics and Astronautics, and of Civil and Environmental Engineering Massachusetts Institute of Technology Cambridge, MA, United States Member Type: Member Election Year: 2011 Section: 08. Industrial Systems Dr. Robert M. Oliver Professor of Operations Research University of California, Berkeley Berkeley, CA, United States Member Type: Member Election Year: 2006 Section: 08. Industrial Systems Mr. James J. Padilla President and Chief Operating Officer Ford Motor Company Sarasota, FL, United States Member Type: Member Election Year: 2001 Section: 08. Industrial Systems Dr. William P. Pierskalla Distinguished Professor Emeritus University of California, Los Angeles Bradenton, FL, United States Member Type: Member Election Year: 2007 Section: 08. Industrial Systems Dr. Stephen M. Pollock Herrick Emeritus Professor of Manufacturing University of Michigan Ann Arbor, MI, United States Member Type: Member Election Year: 2002 Section: 08. Industrial Systems Mr. Donald E. Procknow Retired Vice Chairman Lucent Technologies Doylestown, PA, United States Member Type: Member Election Year: 1988 Section: 08. Industrial Systems Dr. William R. Pulleyblank Professor of Operations Research US Military Academy, West Point West Point, NY, United States Member Type: Member Election Year: 2010 Section: 08. Industrial Systems Dr. Howard Raiffa Professor Emeritus, Managerial Economics Harvard University Belmont, MA, United States Member Type: Emeritus Election Year: 2005 Section: 08. Industrial Systems Dr. H. Donald Ratliff Regents' Professor and UPS Professor of Logistics and Executive Director Georgia Institute of Technology Atlanta, GA, United States Member Type: Member Election Year: 1996 Section: 08. Industrial Systems Dr. Stephen M. Robinson Professor Emeritus University of Wisconsin, Madison Madison, WI, United States Member Type: Member Election Year: 2008 Section: 08. Industrial Systems Dr. William B. Rouse Executive Director and Professor Georgia Institute of Technology Atlanta, GA, United States Member Type: Member Election Year: 1991 Section: 08. Industrial Systems Mr. Henry M. Rowan Chairman Inductotherm Group Rancocas, NJ, United States Member Type: Member Election Year: 1998 Section: 08. Industrial Systems Dr. Thomas L. Saaty Distinguished University Professor University of Pittsburgh Pittsburgh, PA, United States Member Type: Member Election Year: 2005 Section: 08. Industrial Systems Dr. Andrew P. Sage University Professor and First American Bank Professor George Mason University Fairfax, VA, United States Member Type: Member Election Year: 2004 Section: 08. Industrial Systems Dr. Vinod K. Sahney Senior Vice President and Chief Strategy Officer Concord, MA, United States Member Type: Member Election Year: 2003 Section: 08. Industrial Systems Dr. Gavriel Salvendy Professor Emeritus Purdue University Sarasota, FL, United States Member Type: Member Election Year: 1990 Section: 08. Industrial Systems Dr. John M. Samuels, Jr. President Revenue Variable Engineering, LLC Villas, NJ, United States Member Type: Member Election Year: 1996 Section: 08. Industrial Systems Ms. Linda S. Sanford Senior Vice President, Enterprise Transformation International Business Machines Corporation Somers, NY, United States Member Type: Member Election Year: 1997 Section: 08. Industrial Systems Dr. Maxine L. Savitz General Manager, Technology/Partnerships Honeywell Inc. Los Angeles, CA, United States Member Type: Member Election Year: 1992 Section: 08. Industrial Systems Mr. Laurence C. Seifert Dr. F. Stan Settles Professor and Co-Director, Systems Architecting and Engineering Program University of Southern California Los Angeles, CA, United States Member Type: Member Election Year: 1991 Section: 08. Industrial Systems Dr. Hanif D. Sherali University Distinguished Professor and W. Thomas Rice Chaired Professor of Engineering Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State Universit Blacksburg, VA, United States Member Type: Member Election Year: 2000 Section: 08. Industrial Systems Dr. Thomas B. Sheridan Ford Professor of Engineering and Applied Psychology, Emeritus Massachusetts Institute of Technology Lexington, MA, United States Member Type: Member Election Year: 1995 Section: 08. Industrial Systems Dr. John A. Simpson Retired Director, Manufacturing Engineering Laboratory National Institute of Standards and Technology Falls Church, VA, United States Member Type: Emeritus Election Year: 1988 Section: 08. Industrial Systems Dr. Mark K. Smith Management Consultant/Writer Independent Consultant Norwich, VT, United States Member Type: Member Election Year: 1967 Section: 08. Industrial Systems Dr. James J. Solberg Ransburg Professor of Manufacturing Purdue University West Lafayette, IN, United States Member Type: Member Election Year: 1989 Section: 08. Industrial Systems Ms. Anne L. Stevens Chairman and CEO SA IT Services Roswell, GA, United States Member Type: Member Election Year: 2004 Section: 08. Industrial Systems Dr. Lawrence D. Stone Chief Scientist Metron, Inc. Reston, VA, United States Member Type: Member Election Year: 1999 Section: 08. Industrial Systems Dr. James M. Tien Distinguished Professor and Dean University of Miami Coral Gables, FL, United States Member Type: Member Election Year: 2001 Section: 08. Industrial Systems Dr. Paul E. Torgersen John W. Hancock, Jr. Chair and President Emeritus Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State Universit Blacksburg, VA, United States Member Type: Member Election Year: 1986 Section: 08. Industrial Systems Executive Vice President, ATT Wireless Group ATT Corporation Bellevue, WA, United States Member Type: Member Election Year: 1989 Section: 08. Industrial Systems Dr. G. Keith Turnbull Executive Vice President, Alcoa Business Systems Alcoa, Inc. Pittsburgh, PA, United States Member Type: Member Election Year: 1993 Section: 08. Industrial Systems Dr. Howard S. Turner Retired Chairman Turner Construction Company Newtown Square, PA, United States Member Type: Emeritus Election Year: 1973 Section: 08. Industrial Systems Mr. James E. Turner, Jr. President and Chief Operating Officer General Dynamics Corporation Suffolk, VA, United States Member Type: Member Election Year: 1998 Section: 08. Industrial Systems Dr. Thomas A. Vanderslice Chief Executive Officer TAV Associates Osterville, MA, United States Member Type: Member Election Year: 1980 Section: 08. Industrial Systems Dr. Arthur F. Veinott, Jr. Professor Emeritus Stanford University Stanford, CA, United States Member Type: Member Election Year: 1986 Section: 08. Industrial Systems Dr. Kuo K. Wang Sibley College Professor of Mechanical Engineering, Emeritus Cornell University Ithaca, NY, United States Member Type: Member Election Year: 1989 Section: 08. Industrial Systems Dr. Alan R. Washburn Distinguished Professor of Operations Research U.S. Naval Postgraduate School Monterey, CA, United States Member Type: Member Election Year: 2009 Section: 08. Industrial Systems Dr. Lawrence M. Wein Paul E. Holden Professor of Management Science Stanford University Stanford, CA, United States Member Type: Member Election Year: 2009 Section: 08. Industrial Systems Dr. John A. White, Jr. Distinguished Professor University of Arkansas Fayetteville, AR, United States Member Type: Member Election Year: 1987 Section: 08. Industrial Systems Dr. Ward Whitt Professor Columbia University New York, NY, United States Member Type: Member Election Year: 1996 Section: 08. Industrial Systems Dr. Dennis F. Wilkie Corporate Vice President and Director, Business Development, Quality, and Staff Operations Motorola Corporation Bonita Springs, FL, United States Member Type: Member Election Year: 2000 Section: 08. Industrial Systems Mr. Edgar S. Woolard, Jr. Former Chairman E. I. du Pont de Nemours Company Wilmington, DE, United States Member Type: Member Election Year: 1992 Section: 08. Industrial Systems Dr. Paul K. Wright A. Martin Berlin Chair in Mechanical Engineering and CITRIS Director University of California, Berkeley Berkeley, CA, United States Member Type: Member Election Year: 2007 Section: 08. Industrial Systems Dr. Chien-Fu Jeff Wu Coca Cola Professor Georgia Institute of Technology Atlanta, GA, United States Member Type: Member Election Year: 2004 Section: 08. Industrial Systems
Fornew readers and those who request to be “ 好友 good friends” please read my 公告 栏 first. My best friend, Frank Tung passed away five years ago on 11/15/06. I haveknown Frank longer than even his own immediate family – a total of 55 yearssince 1951 when we both worked at our first job in a summer resort inVermont. Later we became collegeroommates and majored in the same discipline at MIT. We were also initiated into the same collegeFraternity at the same time. In the fifties, fraternity hazing was at itsheight. I still remember the remark Frank made after the initiation, “If thisis what they do to you when they picked you to be brothers, what happens whenthey don’t like you”. During college years we even chased after the same girl.But never became jealous of each other and Frank was far more successful. Thereis an old saying about love, “Men like to be a women’s first love. Women liketo be a man’s last love”. Both Frank and I shared that fortune. We proposed toour wives of over 50 years simultaneously (but separately of course) after adouble date on Valentine’s Day in 1959. We were best man at each other’swedding; Godparents to each other’s first-born son and had the same number ofchildren and grand children. In terms of careers, except for a few years awayin CA and MI resp., we each spent our entire adult life in Greater Boston inone job. To top it off, which two persons in the world can say that theyshare consecutive Social Security Numbers. Other moments we shared are too manyto mention. But one example illustrates them. On the morning my wife and Iwere going to move into our first house, I came down with a kidney stone attackwhich was excrutiatingly painful. I had to be hospitalized. Overnight there wasa snowstorm in addition. In desperation and with two small children of 5 and 3whom would my wife call? Frank quit work immediately and personally shoveled apath to our new house and helps settle in my wife and two small children. Thus,while we may not be brothers in blood, but certainly in name and in fact. Finally we retired within one year of each other. But Frankdid not stop his public service. He was invited to chair a study sponsored bythe prestigious National Academy of Engineering on FAA preparedness andrestructuring. In his typical modest way, I don’t think he even mentioned thisto his friend. During retirement we were members of a lunch club by the nameof Romeo, which stands for “Retired Old Men Eating Out”. We took turns to picka restaurant each months for a leisurely lunch from 11:30am to past 2pm.Members ages from 76 to 97. Thus Frank and I were at the younger end of thespectrum. The unofficial motto of the club which is also due to Shakespeare – afamous quote in which Shakespeare wrote “Isn’t it strange that “desire”outlives by so many years over “performance?” to which Frank and I alwaysresponded by “speak for yourself and not for me”. During these lunches, we talkabout anything and everything, China, politics, religion, and even sex. Ourfirst meeting next year will be at Frank’s favorite restaurant and we shallorder his favorite dishes. I think it is also fate that we never got to say goodbye toeach other since I was away on an extended trip and did not even know he wasseriously ill. In this sense and in my mind, he is still with us. This is onlya temporary separation. So here to you, Frank. Reserve a seat at the Romeotable on the other side. I’ll be joining you in due time. On this day of thanksgiving and remembrance in 2011, I am priviliged to call Frank my best friend.
Mountain Ranges May Act as ‘Safe Haven’ for Species Facing Climate Change Swiss researchers studying the projected effects of climate change on alpine plant species have discovered that mountain ranges may represent a ‘safer’ place to live during changing climate conditions. The research, published in the Journal of Biogeography, finds that the habitat diversity of mountain ranges offer species ‘refuge habitats’ which may be important for conservation. The research, led by Daniel Scherrer and Christian Krner from the University of Basel, Switzerland, was carried out over two seasons in the Swiss Central Alps at 2500m. The authors used a high resolution infrared camera and hundreds of soil sensors to monitor the actual temperature experienced by plants in alpine landscapes. The authors used known ‘indicator values’ for thermal preferences of plant species permitted to link microhabitat life conditions with biodiversity, the number and abundance of species. “In this study we examined if different vegetation types and plant species occur under different micro-habitat temperatures,” said Krner. “We also estimated the potential loss and shift in abundance of micro-habitat temperatures under a warming climate scenario." “Comparing various slopes, the study made it obvious that slope exposure and ruggedness of terrain produce a broad spectrum of life conditions not seen over similar areas in forests or in the forelands and plains,” said Scherrer. “While it was known from measurements with thermometers that plant and air temperatures can differ substantially in alpine terrain, the high degree of sustained thermal contrasts among habitats still came as a surprise.” Depending on exposure, low stature alpine vegetation warms up dramatically when the sun is out, but under cloudy weather part of that warmth remains stored in the soil, which also makes nights cosier for roots in many places. “We found that the occurrences of plant species across these mosaics of warmth match with their known temperature preferences,” explained Krner. “This means that rugged alpine terrain offers refuge habitats - or at least stepping stones to these - at short distance, for both small plants and animals that prefer cool life conditions.” The authors simulated the frequency of certain temperatures for a 2 degrees warmer climate with a computer, and found that only 3% of all types of temperature conditions will disappear. So, while the extent of some of the cooler habitats will shrink, importantly, they will not be lost altogether. The authors found that warm habitats become more frequent, and new, warmer habitats will become established, so habitat diversity will in fact increase. The study also illustrates that weather station data is not a suitable basis for projecting future life conditions of organisms in such high elevation terrain. “We suggest that alpine terrain is for the majority of species a much ‘safer’ place to live under conditions of climate warming, compared to flat terrain which offers no short-distance escapes from the changing temperatures,” said Scherrer. “It is known from earlier geological periods that mountains were always important for survival of species during periods of climatic change such as in glacial cycles, because of their 'habitat diversity,'” concluded Krner. “Mountains are therefore particularly important areas for the conservation of biodiversity in a given region under climatic change and thus deserve particular protection.” http://as.wiley.com/WileyCDA/PressRelease/pressReleaseId-86637.html
FOC Vol. 7 Page 102, 103, 105, 189 , 200 Login | eFloras Home | Help FOC | Family List | FOC Vol. 7 | Lauraceae 12. Phoebe Nees, Syst. Laur. 98. 1836. 楠属 nan shu Authors: Fa-Nan Wei Henk van der Werff Evergreen trees or shrubs. Leaves alternate, pinnately veined. Flowers bisexual, cymose paniculate or subracemose. Perianth lobes 6, equal in size or sometimes outer ones slightly short, becoming leathery or woody after flowering. Fertile stamens 9, in 3 series; 1st and 2nd series without glands and with introrse 4-celled anthers; 3rd series with 2 glands and extrorse 4-celled anthers. Staminodes triangular or sagittate. Ovary ovoid or globose; stigma dish-shaped or capitate. Fruit ovoid, ellipsoid, or globose, rarely oblong, base surrounded by persistent and enlarged perianth lobes; fruiting pedicel not thickened or conspicuously thickened. Up to 100 species: tropical and subtropical Asia; 35 species (27 endemic) in China. 1 Perianth lobes outside and inflorescences glabrous or appressed puberulent (2) + Perianth lobes outside and inflorescences densely pubescent, villous, or tomentose (15) 2 (1) Midrib of leaf blade completely elevated adaxially (3) + Midrib of leaf blade partly or completely impressed adaxially (8) 3 (2) Branchlets and leaf blade abaxially glaucous. 1 P. lichuanensis + Branchlets and leaf blade not as above (4) 4 (3) Fruit oblong or ellipsoid (5) + Fruit ovoid (6) 5 (4) Leaf blade elliptic, 7-13(-15) × 2-4 cm, lateral veins 6 or 7 pairs; petiole 1-2 cm; infructescences 3-7 cm; fruit ellipsoid, 1.1-1.3 cm × 5-7 mm. 5 P. yaiensis + Leaf blade broadly oblong-lanceolate or oblong-oblanceolate, 10-28 × 4-8 cm, lateral veins 9-15 pairs; petiole 2-4 cm; infructescences 10-17 cm; fruit oblong, 1.6-1.8 cm × ca. 8 mm. 6 P. hainanensis 6 (4) Leaf blade narrowly lanceolate, usually 15-25 × 1-2.5 cm. 2 P. angustifolia + Leaf blade lanceolate, elliptic, or elliptic-lanceolate, much wider, 3-6.5 cm in diam (7) 7 (6) Leaf blade thickly papery, veinlets not foveolate on both surfaces; inflorescences slender; pedicel glaucous; fruit beaked at apex. 3 P. lanceolata + Leaf blade leathery, veinlets foveolate on both surfaces; inflorescences thick; pedicel not glaucous; fruit not beaked at apex. 4 P. calcarea 8 (2) Inflorescences mostly slender, much branched, each branch with persistent bracts at base; leaf blade lateral veins and veinlets deeply impressed adaxially. 7 P. kwangsiensis + Inflorescences thick, each branch without persistent bracts at base; leaf blade lateral veins and veinlets not impressed or slightly impressed adaxially (9) 9 (8) Fruit globose or subglobose (10) + Fruit ovoid (13) 10 (9) Flowers large, 5-6 mm; petiole to 4 cm, 2-3 mm thick. 8 P. chinensis + Flowers smaller, 2.5-3.5 mm; petiole not more than 2.5 cm, more slender (11) 11 (10) Leaf blade not lustrous on both surfaces, abaxially not glaucescent. 11 P. minutiflora + Leaf blade lustrous on both surfaces, abaxially glaucescent (12) 12 (11) Leaf blade leathery, ovate-elliptic or lanceolate, 4-6 × 1-3.5 cm, lateral veins 5-7 pairs. 9 P. microphylla + Leaf blade thickly leathery, oblong-lanceolate or elliptic, 7-12(-15) × 2-4.5 cm, lateral veins 12-15 pairs. 10 P. faberi 13 (9) Young leaf blade densely appressed sericeous abaxially; perianth lobes conspicuously ciliate. 12 P. hunanensis + Young leaf blade glabrous or sparsely pubescent abaxially; perianth lobes glabrous or somewhat hairy at margins (14) 14 (13) Leaf blade elliptic, lateral veins 6-9 pairs, inconspicuous on both surfaces, margin revolute; perianth lobes glabrate inside. 13 P. nigrifolia + Leaf blade oblanceolate, lanceolate, pandurate-oblanceolate, or pandurate-obovate, lateral veins 8-13(-17) pairs, conspicuous abaxially, margin not revolute; perianth lobes densely pubescent inside. 14 P. neuranthoides 15 (1) Midrib of leaf blade completely elevated adaxially (16) + Midrib of leaf blade completely or partly impressed adaxially (18) 16 (15) Panicles usually 9-16 cm; leaf blade 9-22 cm, base attenuate and decurrent, lateral veins 10-15 pairs. 15 P. tavoyana + Panicles 3.5-10 cm; leaf blade 3-12 cm, base obtuse, not decurrent, lateral veins 6-8(-10) pairs (17) 17 (16) Leaf blade lanceolate or oblanceolate, 8-12 × 3-3.5(-4) cm, veinlets conspicuous abaxially; inflorescences 6-10 cm. 16 P. legendrei + Leaf blade oblong or elliptic-oblong, 3-6 × 1.5-2 cm, veinlets slightly conspicuous abaxially; inflorescences ca. 3.5 cm. 17 P. brachythyrsa 18 (15) Midrib of leaf blade impressed at lower part only adaxially (19) + Midrib of leaf blade completely impressed adaxially (but elevated distally in P. neurantha var. cavaleriei ) (20) 19 (18) Leaf blade obovate or oblanceolate, base attenuate and decurrent. 18 P. crassipedicella + Leaf blade lanceolate or elliptic-lanceolate, base cuneate, not decurrent. 16 P. legendrei 20 (18) Fruit globose. 19 P. forrestii + Fruit shape not as above (21) 21 (20) Fruit large, more than 1.8 cm (22) + Fruit smaller, below 1.5 cm (27) 22 (21) One-year-old branchlets glabrous or puberulent (23) + One-year-old branchlets conspicuously hairy (24) 23 (22) Apex of leaf blade shortly acuminate, abaxially puberulent; fruit oblong or ellipsoid, 2-3.2 × 1.1-2 cm. 20 P. rufescens + Apex of leaf blade orbicular or slightly mucronate, abaxially usually glaucous; fruit long ovoid, ca. 1.8 × 1 cm. 21 P. glaucophylla 24 (22) Branchlets sparsely pubescent; leaf blade 10-20 cm, lateral veins 10-12 pairs. 22 P. yunnanensis + Branchlets densely yellowish brown tomentose or pubescent; leaf blade 15-45 cm, lateral veins more than 20 pairs (25) 25 (24) Base of leaf blade shallowly cordate, oblique; fruit obovoid-oblong or obovoid; persistent perianth lobes ligneous, ca. 15 × 5-6 mm. 23 P. megacalyx + Base of leaf blade symmetrical; fruit ellipsoid; persistent perianth lobes leathery, 5-6 × 3.5-4 mm (26) 26 (25) Leaf blade acuminate or shortly acuminate at apex, abaxially sparsely yellowish brown pubescent; fruit 3.5-3.8(-4.2) × 1.9-2.2 cm, apex glabrous. 24 P. macrocarpa + Leaf blade obtuse or mucronate at apex, abaxially densely yellowish brown villous especially along veins; fruit 2-2.2 × 1.5-1.6 cm, apex hairy. 25 P. motuonan 27 (21) One-year-old branchlets very thick, 4.5-6 mm in diam (28) + One-year-old branchlets slender or very slender, 2-3.5 mm in diam (29) 28 (27) Leaf blade obovate-lanceolate, elliptic-oblanceolate, or oblanceolate, 10-15 × 2-4.5 cm, lateral veins 12-14 pairs; branchlets, young leaf blade, petioles, and buds densely reddish brown or ferruginous villous. 26 P. hungmoensis + Leaf blade obovate-elliptic or broadly obovate-lanceolate, 10-23 × 5-9 cm, lateral veins 12-20 pairs; branchlets and petioles densely yellowish brown tomentose. 27 P. puwenensis 29 (27) Leaf blade lateral veins very slender, conspicuous or inconspicuous, veinlets nearly disappearing or completely disappearing abaxially; leaf blade gray-white appressed pubescent abaxially. 28 P. hui + Leaf blade lateral veins thick and veinlets conspicuous or very conspicuous abaxially; leaf blade hairy abaxially but not as above (30) 30 (29) Fruit larger, 1.1-1.5 cm, ellipsoid-ovoid, ellipsoid, or suboblong; persistent perianth lobes clasping base of fruit (31) + Fruit smaller, not more than 1 cm, ovoid or ellipsoid-ovoid; persistent perianth lobes loose, rarely clasping base of fruit (33) 31 (30) Leaf blade obovate-elliptic or obovate-lanceolate, 7-17 × 3-7 cm; seed with numerous embryos, cotyledons unequal. 29 P. chekiangensis + Leaf blade elliptic, lanceolate, or oblanceolate, smaller; seed with solitary embryo, cotyledons equal (32) 32 (31) Leaf blade leathery, lanceolate or oblanceolate, veinlets very distinct, reticulate abaxially; branchlets hairy or glabrate; panicles shorter, 3-7(-10) cm, not patent. 30 P. bournei + Leaf blade thinly leathery, elliptic, veinlets indistinct, not reticulate abaxially; branchlets densely yellowish brown or gray-brown pubescent; panicles longer, 7.5-12 cm, patent. 31 P. zhennan 33 (30) Older leaf blade abaxially and fruiting pedicel glabrous or sparsely pubescent (34) + Older leaf blade abaxially and fruiting pedicel densely villous or pubescent (35) 34 (33) Flowers smaller, 2-2.5 mm; persistent perianth lobes ca. 3 mm; leaf blade obovate or obovate-lanceolate, 9-15(-20) × 4-6(-8) cm, glaucous abaxially. 32 P. formosana + Flowers larger, 4-5 mm; persistent perianth lobes 4-5 mm; leaf blade lanceolate or oblanceolate, 3-16 × 1-4 cm. 33 P. neurantha 35 (33) Leaf blade densely or sparsely pubescent, ± glaucous abaxially; persistent perianth lobes unequal, clasping base of fruit. 34 P. glaucifolia + Leaf blade densely or sparsely gray-brown villous, not glaucous abaxially; persistent perianth lobes subequal, loose, not clasping base of fruit. 35 P. sheareri List of lower taxa
使用 PAML 4 进行正选择检测时如何选择模型 We applied the recommended subset of six M-series models to investigate variation in selection pressure among sites . These models are M0 (one ratio), M1a (nearly neutral), M2a (positive selection), M3 (discrete), M7 (beta), and M8 (beta ). Parameters were estimated for each model by maximizing the likelihood of the data, and the significance of parameters was tested by contrasts of models that included a parameter of interest ( i.e. an alternative model) with the model that did not include it (the corresponding null model). The contrasts between models were tested with a log-likelihood ratio test (LRT) to determine if the alternative model was a significant improvement over the corresponding null model. The simplest model, M0, assumes that all sites belong to a single “class", and is estimated from the data. Model M1a has two classes of sites; one class is for neutral sites ( fixed at 1) and another for purifying selection ( constrained 1). Model M2a extends M1a with a third class of positively selected sites ( 1). The M1a–M2a LRT is an explicit test for the presence of positively selected sites. Model M3 (the discrete model) extends M0 to include three classes of sites, and the for each class of sites is estimated independently from the data. A LRT of M0 against M3 is a formal test for variable selection pressure among sites. Model M7 models variable selection pressure under the constraint that is between 0 and 1 with a beta distribution (with shape parameters p and q ). M8 extends M7 with a class of positively selected sites ( 1). The M7–M8 LRT also is an explicit test for the presence of positively selected sites.
Fornew readers and those who request to be “ 好友 good friends” please read my 公告 栏 first. Chinglish - a New Broadway show by the award winningplaywright David Henry Hwang Henry Hwang of M.Butterfly fame just had hisnew comedy play Chinglish opened on broadway to very good reviews.Chinglish is of course the word used to describe the Chineseattempt to speak and use broken Englishand the often comical results. I have previously written about the problems ofLanguage and Translation in a series of blog articles. Hwang's playis about an American businessman attempting to do business in the interior ofChina without the benefit of Chinese cultural and language knowledge.Conversely, the few persons who in remote Chinese cities have some rudimentaryknowledge of English and serve as translators can be difficult to function anddeal with. The resultant comical interactions among these participants arehilarious. More importantly, I was very impressed with Hwang's appreciation ofthe current Chinese environment (not thestandard fare one reads in superficial western articles about Beijing orShanghai in most print media). However, I suspect that some of the subtle humorthat require deep bi-cultural understanding may be lost on the average Americanaudience. But there are enough universal comical situations and clever dialogthat may sustain a long successful run of the play on Broadway. I feel fortunate to be able to enjoy the play last nightin NYC and meet the author afterwards to personally congratulate him on hisperceptive study of Chinese-American personal interactions. All ChineseAmericans will love this show. I don't know if the play will ever get performed in China.Although in my opinion there are nothing offensive or political in it'sdialogs, authorities may nevertheless consider some of the comical situationsto be insulting (actually there are equal amount ofinsulting situations for America and Americans in the play. ButAmericans are used to be made fun of and can take good natured criticisms instride).
This moment will nap, you will have a dream; But this moment study, you will interpret dream. 此刻打盹，你将做梦；而此刻学习，你将圆梦。 I leave uncultivated today, was precisely yesterday perishes tomorrow which person of the body implored. 我荒废的今日，正是昨日殒身之人祈求的明日。 Thought is already is late, exactly is the earliest time. 觉得为时已晚的时候，恰恰是最早的时候。 Not matter of the today will drag tomorrow. 勿将今日之事拖到明日。 Time the study pain is temporary, has not learned the pain is life-long. 学习时的苦痛是暂时的，未学到的痛苦是终生的。 Studies this matter, lacks the time, but is lacks diligently. 学习这件事，不是缺乏时间，而是缺乏努力。 Perhaps happiness does not arrange the position, but succeeds must arrange the position. 幸福或许不排名次，但成功必排名次。 The study certainly is not the life complete. But, since continually life part of - studies also are unable to conquer, what but also can make? 学习并不是人生的全部。但，既然连人生的一部分——学习也无法征服，还能做什么呢？ Please enjoy the pain which is unable to avoid. 请享受无法回避的痛苦。 Only has compared to the others early, diligently, can feel the successful taste. 只有比别人更早、更勤奋地努力，才能尝到成功的滋味。 Nobody can casually succeed; it comes from the thorough self-control and the will. 谁也不能随随便便成功，它来自彻底的自我管理和毅力。 The time is passing. 时间在流逝。 Now drips the saliva, will become tomorrow the tear. 现在流的口水，将成为明天的眼泪。 The dog equally study, the gentleman equally plays. 狗一样地学，绅士一样地玩。 Today does not walk, will have to run tomorrow. 今天不走，明天要跑。 The investment future person will be, will be loyal to the reality person. 投资未来的人是忠于现实的人。 The education level represents the income. 受教育程度代表收入。 One day, has not been able again to come. 一天过完，不会再来。 Even if the present, the match does not stop changes the page. 即使现在，对手也不停地翻动书页。 Has not been difficult, then does not have attains. 没有艰辛，便无所获
看Language That Puts You in Touch With Your Bodily Feelings一文用到心理、行为实验设计中用户故意性、倾向性的统计方法， 注：Geisser-Greenhouse conservative F tests是一个repeated measure test，是用于对于同一实验者进行多次测量的情况，repeated test是可以排除实验者本身主观因素 来测试实验的主要要素！需要连续量或分级量才能做分析。 找《Experimental Design: Procedures for the Behavioral Sciences 》这本书没有电子版， 先找了相关的F检验资料： http://blog.19lou.com/120115/viewspace-1307115
没有海潮般的激怒反应，风平浪静似的， 妖星美女似乎还在微笑。但是我知道这只是又一次风暴前的暂时沉寂，却是毫无应付之法。拖延的办法倒有一个，那就是告诉她我不是来自天河，但我偏不愿这样。 无数的星光蓦地在我和她之间爆闪，化作无数裂破虚空的银色光箭头，雨点般飞射而来。 我双手携气狂舞，掌心上跳动的火炬转变为剑状，竭力把银色光箭头打飞，同时身躯在地面上翻滚腾挪，躲避剩余银色光箭头的射击。 尽管这样，仍然有许多银色光箭头打在我的手臂上，身躯上，又酸又麻，火烧火燎，气血飞涌。 这是什么银色光箭头啊，它不是直接穿透人的肉体，而是像点穴一样使人血脉发狂，引起全身的血脉就像要爆了似的。 必须让气排放出来，否则可能脉爆人亡。危机中，我全力运气于劳宫穴，希望发出更多更强的外气来缓解血脉飞速的膨胀，同时抵抗银色光箭头的进攻。 心轮的浅红色光焰更加明亮，我的双掌劳宫穴开始发出剑气一般的强光，接着一阵钻心的疼痛，头上大汗淋漓，掌上五个手指猛然分别射出白红黄蓝紫五色光剑。 妖星美女双目射出冰冷锐利的目光，盯着我道：“总算有点意思。”说着双手轻轻一挥，十三颗绕红巨月的 光球开始偏离轨道朝我方飞驶而来。 十三颗光球犹如十三道光环，瞬时射向我的面门。手上的 五色光剑急忙挥舞， 十三颗光球一下就弹开了。 接着十三道光环又攻到，眼花缭乱，气势吓人。我 双手五色光剑挥舞着似 流光溢彩，气势如虹，只是每次光剑击在 光环上，双手都被震得发麻。稍一迟疑，光环就在身上打着 血脉发狂 。 我再次明白速度在战斗中的关键作用。 下丹田的阳光开始在猛烈地燃烧，燃烧，沸腾的气血迅速旋转到下丹田转化成浅红色的内气，然后箭一般运转到手上，终于双手五色光剑各自汇聚成一把浅红色 的光刀 ，长短变化自如，玄光闪闪。 No tide like rage reaction, as if be in smooth water, demon star beauty seems to smile. But I know this is only a temporary silence before a storm, but no deal to response. Delay approaches have one that is to tell her I'm not from the sky river, but I do not want this way. Countless stars suddenly between her and me are flashing into numerous rupture of vanity silver light arrows, flying as raining. My hands with qi gesticulate as barn dance, and beating the torch into sword-shaped, try to make silver light arrow away, at the same time my body in the ground roll maneuvers, avoid the residual silver light arrow to attack. Despite this, there are still many silver light arrows hit me on the arm and the body as numb and hot feeling terribly, and the qi and blood expanding up. What is this silver light arrow ah, it is not directly through my body, but like acupuncture as the blood of mad, causing systemic veins like exploding. Must let the qi discharged, otherwise it may be pulse detonation killed. In the crisis, my best hope to the Laogong acupoint is to let strong qi out to alleviate blood rapid expansion, and resistance of the silver arrow to attack. My heart chakra, pale red glow more brightly, my palms Laogong acupoint energy starts to emit light, and then there is a terrible pain with head sweating palm. Finally my ten fingers suddenly respectively radiate the white, red, yellow and blue colored light sabers. Demon star beauty binocular injection cold sharp eyes, staring at me to say: “having little meaning finally." With hands gently waved, thirteen light balls orbiting the red giant moon start to fly toward me by deviating from their orbits. Thirteen balls are as thirteen light rings, instantaneous project at my face. Hand colored light saber hurriedly waving, thirteen balls are bounced off. Then the thirteen balls are coming fast as see things in a blur, scary and momentum. My hands are colored light sabers as wielding a lamplight, rainbow momentum, but each time the light saber cut in the ring, both hands are trembling tingle. Just a little hesitation, halo in the body and blood. Then I know again the key role of speed in battle. Inferior sun begins in violent combustion in the down Dantian, expansion of the blood quickly rotate to the Dantian and turn into red qi, and then fast move on my hands, both hands colored light sabers finally merge into two light red broadsword, with length changes freely and mysterious light shiny.
Fornew readers and those who request to be “ 好友 good friends” please read my 公告 栏 first. From 1950 to date, in my opinion there are two greatAmerican singers of popular songs – Frank Sinatra and Tony Bennett – each with their signature songs thatall Americans love. They are “MY WAY” by Sinatra and “I LEFT MY HEART IN SANFRANCISCO” by Bennett. The Wikipedia bios of these two persons can be found at http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Sinatra , http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Bennett ,respectively. But the two signature songs they each sang and made famousin many ways exemplifies the American spirit and love of country that many ofus, immigrant and native-born alike, instinctively feel about the United Statesand about life. The Sinatra song is a perfect summary of the life of an imperfectbut decent person at the end of life. I believe many of us would be proud tohave it sung at our own memorial service. Every time I fly back from China tothe US and as the plane approaches the American west coast, the Bennett songwould be silently played back in my mind. I never get tired but rejuvenatedlistening to these two songs. There are many other pop songs these two men made well knownbut for me and many others these two songs stood out and above all others. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6E2hYDIFDIU (my way) http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ryF9p-nqsWw (I left my heart in San Francisco)
Frontiers of Mathematics in China Volume 6 Number 6 2011 December Editorial 1021 Dayue CHEN, Zhi GENG, Zhi-Ming MA Probability and Statistics — in Honor of Pao-Lu Hsu ’ s 100th Birthday Research articles 1025 Mu-Fa CHEN General estimate of the first eigenvalue on manifolds 1045 Weijuan CHU, Yan-Xia REN N-measure for continuous state branching processes and its application 1059 Jiong DU, Xiangzhong FANG Tolerance interval for exponential distribution 1067 Jun FAN, Fuqing GAO Deviation inequalities and moderate deviations for estimators of parameters in TAR models 1085 Yuanzhen HE, Mingyao AI A new class of Latin hypercube designs with high-dimensional hidden projective uniformity 1095 Zongxia LIANG, Bin SUN Optimal control of a big financial company with debt liability under bankrupt probability constraints 1131 Hui LIU, Zhichao JIANG, Xiangzhong FANG, Hanjiang FU, Xiaofei ZHENG, Lei CHA, Wuju LI Generate gene expression profile from high-throughput sequencing data 1147 Yong LIU, Jianglun WU, Fengxia YANG, Jianliang ZHAI An ergodic theorem of a parabolic Anderson model driven by L é vy noise 1185 Linyi QIAN, Hailiang YANG, Rongming WANG Locally risk-minimizing hedging strategies for unit-linked life insurance contracts under a regime switching L é vy model 1203 Quan WANG, Jianghan QU, Xiaoxing CHENG, Yongjian KANG, Lin WAN, Minping QIAN, Minghua DENG A study of biases of DNA copy number estimation based on PICR model 1217 Yun XUE, Yimin XIAO Fractal and smoothness properties of space-time Gaussian models 1249 Wei YAN, Peng DING, Zhi GENG, Xiaohua ZHOU Identifiability of causal effects on a binary outcome within principal strata 1265 Kai ZHAO, Xue CHENG, Jingping YANG Saddlepoint approximation for moments of random variables
Frontiers of Mathematics in China 2011 vol 6 ( lushn@hep.com.cn ) FRONTIERS OF MATHEMATICS IN CHINA SUBJECT INDEX TO VOLUME 6 (2011) Editorials Lie Algebras and Related Topics Yucai SU, Shaobin TAN, Hechun ZHANG (565) Probability and Statistics---in Honor of Pao-Lu Hsu's 100th Birthday Dayue CHEN, Zhi GENG, Zhi-Ming MA (1021) Survey articles Ky Fan (1914--2010), he spent every waking moment thinking about mathematics Chuankuan YUAN (379) Parafermion vertex operator algebras Chongying DONG, Qing WANG (567) Some results and problems on commutators Shanzhen LU(821) Research articles Recognition by noncommuting graph of finite simple groups $L_4(q)$ M. AKBARI, M. KHEIRABADI, A. R. MOGHADDAMFAR (1) Numerical methods for backward Markov chain driven Black-Scholes option pricing Chi Yan AU, Eric S. FUNG, Leevan LING (17) A quadrangle comparison theorem and its application to soul theory for Alexandrov spaces Jianguo CAO, Bo DAI, Jiaqiang MEI (35) Oscillatory integrals on unit square along surfaces Jiecheng CHEN, Dashan FAN, Huoxiong WU, Xiangrong ZHU (49) Restricted Lie algebras all whose elements are semisimple Liangyun CHEN, Xiaoning XU, Yongzheng ZHANG (61) On symmetric $\lambda$-configurations with small $\lambda$ Yufeng GAO, Yanxun CHANG (71) Proximal alternating direction-based contraction methods for separable linearly constrained convex optimization Bingsheng HE, Zheng PENG, Xiangfeng WANG (79) Quantum superdeterminants for ${\rm OSP}_q(1\mid2n)$ Junli LIU, Shilin YANG (115) Pathwise uniqueness of multi-dimensional stochastic differential equations with H\"older diffusion coefficients Dejun LUO (129) Stability of almost submetries Xiaochun RONG, Shicheng XU (137) A Noether type inequality Hao SUN (155) Weakly $s$-semipermutable subgroups of finite groups Yong XU, Xianhua LI (161) Sharp {\it a posteriori} error estimate for elliptic equation with singular data Gang YUAN, Ruo LI (177) Learning rates for multi-kernel linear programming classifiers Feilong CAO, Xing XING (203) On uniqueness and existence of viscosity solutions to Hessian equations in exterior domains Limei DAI, Jiguang BAO (221) On quantum cluster algebras of finite type Ming DING (231) Regularity for weakly $(K_1,K_2(x))$-quasiregular mappings of several $n$-dimensional variables Hongya GAO, Qiuhua HUANG, Fang QIAN (241) A lowest order divergence-free finite element on rectangular grids Yunqing HUANG, Shangyou ZHANG (253) Spaces of type BLO on non-homogeneous metric measure Haibo LIN, Dachun YANG (271) A class of new braided Hopf algebras Tianshui MA, Haiying LI, Shuanhong WANG (293) A new characterization of Finsler metrics with constant flag curvature 1 Xiaohuan MO (309) Collision local times of two independent fractional Brownian motions Xiangjun WANG, Jingjun GUO, Guo JIANG (325) Flows in 3-edge-connected bidirected graphs Erling WEI, Wenliang TANG, Xiaofeng WANG (339) Quasineutral limit of bipolar quantum hydrodynamic model for semiconductors Xiuhui YANG (349) Singular values of nonnegative rectangular tensors Yuning YANG, Qingzhi YANG(363) Rotationally symmetric pseudo-K\"ahler-Einstein metrics Xiaojuan DUAN, Jian ZHOU (391) Modified Roper-Suffridge operator for some holomorphic mappings Shuxia FENG, Lin YU (411) Maximal operators of commutators of Bochner-Riesz means with Lipschitz functions Shuli GONG, Bolin MA (427) Ergodicity of transition semigroups for stochastic fast diffusion equations Wei LIU (449) Convergence analysis of generalized nonlinear inexact Uzawa algorithm for stabilized saddle point problems Junfeng LU, Zhenyue ZHANG (473) Generalized fractional L\'evy random fields on Gel'fand triple: A white noise approach Xuebin L\"U, Zhiyuan HUANG, Wanyang DAI (493) Weighted estimates for commutators of one-sided oscillatory integral operators Shaoguang SHI, Zunwei FU, Shanzhen LU (507) Weighted estimates for parametrized Littlewood-Paley operators Hongbin WANG, Zongguang LIU (517) Conformal minimal two-spheres in $Q_2$ Jun WANG, Xiaoxiang JIAO (535) Exact boundary controllability of nodal profile for 1-D quasilinear wave equations Ke WANG (545) On hybrid mean value of Dedekind sums and two-term exponential sums Tingting WANG, Wenpeng ZHANG (557) On classification of $n$-Lie algebras Ruipu BAI, Guojie SONG, Yaozhong ZHANG (581) Twisted fermionic and bosonic representations for a class of $BC$-graded Lie algebras Fulin CHEN, Shaobin TAN (607) Complex Lie algebras corresponding to weighted projective lines Rujing DOU, Jie SHENG, Jie XIAO (629) Schr\"odinger-Virasoro type Lie bialgebra: a twisted case Huanxia FA, Yanjie LI, Junbo LI (641) Generating index of finite-dimensional Lie algebras Fang FANG, Fuhai ZHU (659) First cohomology group of rank two Witt algebra to its Larsson modules Jinglian JIANG, Xiaoli KONG (671) Path realization of crystal $B(\infty)$ Bin LI, Hechun ZHANG (689) Associating quantum vertex algebras to deformed Heisenberg Lie algebras Haisheng LI (707) Whittaker modules for a Lie algebra of Block type Bin WANG, Xinyun ZHU (731) Second cohomology group of extended $W$-algebras Wei WANG, Yongping WU, Chunguang XIA (745) Partial differential equation approach to $F_4$ Xiaoping XU (759) Support varieties of semisimple-character representations for Cartan type Lie algebras Yufeng YAO, Bin SHU (775) Ideals and simplicity of unitary Lie algebras Yelong ZHENG, Zhihua CHANG, Yun GAO (789) Nonexistence of block-transitive 6-designs Jing CHEN, Weijun LIU (835) On minimal non-MSN-groups Pengfei GUO, Xiuyun GUO (847) Transmutation theory of a coquasitriangular weak Hopf algebra Guohua LIU, Quanguo CHEN, Haixing ZHU (855) $F$-Willmore submanifold in space forms Jin LIU, Huaiyu JIAN (871) Ring of invariants of general linear group over local ring ${\Bbb Z}_{p^m}$ Jizhu NAN, Yin CHEN (887) Remarks on $\alpha$-strongly irreducible ideals M. J. NIKMEHR, F. FATAHI (901) Quadratic perturbations of a quadratic reversible center of genus one Linping PENG (911) Growth and distortion theorems on subclasses of quasi-convex mappings in several complex variables Jianfei WANG, Taishun LIU, Jin LU (931) Essential closed surfaces in surface sum of product $I$-bundle of closed surfaces Shuxin WANG (945) A primal-dual approximation algorithm for stochastic facility location problem with service installation costs Xing WANG, Dachuan XU, Xinyuan ZHAO (957) von Neumann's mean ergodic theorem on complete random inner product modules Xia ZHANG, Tiexin GUO (965) Strongly irreducible operators and Cowen-Douglas operators on $c_0,\ l_p\ (1\leqslant p \infty)$ Yunnan ZHANG, Huaijie ZHONG (987) On Lefschetz series Xu'an ZHAO, Hongzhu GAO (1003) Coquasitriangular Hopf group coalgebras and braided monoidal categories Meiling ZHU, Huixiang CHEN, Libin LI (1009) General estimate of the first eigenvalue on manifolds Mu-Fa CHEN (1025) ${\Bbb N}$-measure for continuous state branching processes and its application Weijuan CHU, Yan-Xia REN (1045) Tolerance interval for exponential distribution Jiong DU, Xiangzhong FANG(1059) Deviation inequalities and moderate deviations for estimators of parameters in TAR models Jun FAN, Fuqing GAO (1067) A new class of Latin hypercube designs with high-dimensional hidden projective uniformity Yuanzhen HE, Mingyao AI (1085) Optimal control of a big financial company with debt liability under bankrupt probability constraints Zongxia LIANG, Bin SUN (1095) Generate gene expression profile from high-throughput sequencing data Hui LIU, Zhichao JIANG, Xiangzhong FANG, Hanjiang FU, Xiaofei ZHENG, Lei CHA, Wuju LI (1131) An ergodic theorem of a parabolic Anderson model driven by L\'evy noise Yong LIU, Jianglun WU, Fengxia YANG, Jianliang ZHAI (1147) Locally risk-minimizing hedging strategies for unit-linked life insurance contracts under a regime switching L\'evy model Linyi QIAN, Hailiang YANG, Rongming WANG (1185) A study of biases of DNA copy number estimation based on PICR model Quan WANG, Jianghan QU, Xiaoxing CHENG, Yongjian KANG, Lin WAN, Minping QIAN, Minghua DENG (1203) Fractal and smoothness properties of space-time Gaussian models Yun XUE, Yimin XIAO (1217) Identifiability of causal effects on a binary outcome within principal strata Wei YAN, Peng DING, Zhi GENG, Xiaohua ZHOU (1249) Saddlepoint approximation for moments of random variables Kai ZHAO, Xue CHENG, Jingping YANG (1265)
植物命名依据的是《国际植物命名法规》，现在用的是维也纳法规，今年澳大利亚墨尔本刚开国际植物学大会，新版墨尔本法规应该还需要一段时间才能出来。 常见的植物学名的命名人是某个人或者某几个人，法规上没有明确规定命名人必须是具体的人，也许还可以是一个组织。最近昆明植物所税玉明博士在 Taxon 上的一篇文章举地就是这样的例子，比较新颖。 望天树 Parashorea chinensis Wang Hsie ，命名人“ Wang Hsie ”为“望协”，即“望天树协作组”。文章作者是“望天树协作组（ Cooperation Group of “ Parashorea chinensis ”）”，文章作者与命名人是一致的。命名人“ Wang Hsie ”不能缩写为“ H. Wang ”。 擎天树 Parashorea chinensis var. kwangsiensis Lin Chi 的命名人“ Lin Chi ”为“林植”，大概是林业和植物的简称，原文中并未对此做出解释。值得注意的是该文章作者是“擎天树协作组（“ Chingtienshu ” Research Group ）”，与学名命名人不同，文中也没有交待清楚“林植”对该变种研究的贡献及其与“擎天树协作组”的关系，因此，根据法规条款 46.2 ，该变种名称的正确引证方式为： Parashorea chinensis var. kwangsiensis Lin Chi ex “ Chingtienshu ” Research Group ，而不是 Parashorea chinensis var. kwangsiensis Lin Chi 。尽管该变种已经被处理为望天树的一个分类学异名，但是其命名人还是十分罕见，值得讨论。
Fornew readers and those who request to be “ 好友 good friends” please read my 公告 栏 first. My blog article http://blog.sciencenet.cn/home.php?mod=spaceuid=1565do=blogquickforward=1id=495058 posted 10/10/2011 contained a calculation error on slide #9 of the PowerPoint document which did not effect the conclusion on slides 8-10. An alert reader Dr.李江海 of Tsinghua caught the error and brought it to my attention. I thank him for his thoroughness and care. The article now contained the corrected slide #9. Readers who have dowloaded the ppt document earlier should re-download the newly posted document to avoid further propagating the error. Thank you for your attention. (Note added 11/8/11: Dr. Li asked me to add that he had help from Chaobo Yan, the PhD studentof Prof. Zhao, and Biao Sun, the PhD student of Prof. Luh, of CFINS Tsinghua in checking this error and the correction. I commend him for such ethical behavior of giving credits.)
Fornew readers and those who request to be “ 好友 good friends” please read my 公告 栏 first. Meritocracy is often heraldedas the most fair and democratic trait of America. Everyone has a chance to bethe President or rise to the top of their profession regardless of their humblebeginnings. It is the stuff the American Dreams are made of. Countless novelsand movies chronicle real and/or fictionalized account of heroes and heroinesin this genre. My own life experiencefor the past half century certainly made me a believer of this. Yet meritocracy like all other virtues also has a dark side. TheSunday New York Time this morning in its op-ed pages has a very good articleabout this http://www.nytimes.com/2011/11/06/opinion/sunday/douthat-our-reckless-meritocracy.html?nl=todaysheadlinesemc=tha212 entitled Our Reckless Meritocracy By ROSS DOUTHAT Published:November 5, 2011 One should read the entirearticle to appreciate it. However, one particular paragraph caught my eye whichI reproduce below: In hereditary aristocracies, debacles tend toflow from stupidity and pigheadedness: think of the Charge of the Light Brigadeor the Battle of the Somme. In one-party states, they tend to flow fromideological mania: think of China’s XXX.. . XXX (deleted for fear beingcensored), or Stalin’s experiment with “Lysenkoist” agriculture. Inmeritocracies, though, it’s the very intelligence of our leaders that createsthe worst disasters. Convinced that their own skills are equal to any task orchallenge, meritocrats take risks than lower-wattage elites would never evencontemplate, embark on more hubristic projects, and become infatuated withstatistical models that hold out the promise of a perfectly rational andfrictionless world. (Or as Calvin Trillin put it in these pages, quoting a tweedy WASPwaxing nostalgic for the days when Wall Street was dominated by his fellowbluebloods: “Do you think our guys could have invented, say, credit defaultswaps? Give me a break! They couldn’t have done the math.”) This also reinforces my ownlife lessons # 3, 4, and 5 about “ you arenot as smart as you think ” and “ lessonsof humility and adversity ” http://blog.sciencenet.cn/home.php?mod=spaceuid=1565do=blogid=5844 .
每天，都会空置点时间to be alone for thinking and reflecting，尤其是喧闹后的沉寂；每周，都会分出些悠闲时光，打理一下琐碎，联系相关的人…… 生活变幻得太快时，感觉自己重心不稳。之余，就会多想想，自己该如何去把持局面，以不变应万变。外在光鲜，并不能说明内在富足。于是乎，多点内涵，是我在课余时间必修的一件事。 最近确实生活不正常，每天都近2点半就寝8点起床，睡眠能保证，却不能保证学习和工作效率，有时都感觉这已成了惯性，不在乎做什么，而在于时间的利用，一个劲儿地在书桌旁耗着，有得连思考都没了，这样的学习，不会有进步的，有时会丢了大方向，而在专在一些小的细节上。这点该反思一下。 当下要做的事情真的很多，有基础课学习、软件应用、文献查阅整理、综述写作、考试、论坛积分、学团工作、领域俯视、兴趣点找寻等，这些对我都是十分重要的，每一件事都需要花大功夫，知道要做什么，而没有具体安排和实施。不能说自己在逃避，只是在选择一个空档的时间，让自己休憩会儿，然后整装待发，但有点必须清楚地告诉自己，在出发之前，得做好充分的思想准备，特别是端正好态度。 这周是收获的一周，总体上看，是这样的。但是，对我而言，需要的的归零，不断前行，在原有的基础上不断积淀，实现更大的跨越，而在这个过程中，我希望自己用笔写下来，而不是到处去宣扬，嘴巴会把一些事情夸大，而且用嘴重复某件事情，其力度极其微弱，那又何必呢？ 在真心的交流中，让双方受益。我感谢我遇到的人，有传授我软件知识的罗师兄，和我无话不谈的朋友金俊和榛榛（特意从家里带吃的给我），还有杜明，十分信任我，和我也是亲密无间，还有更多的同学，都挺融洽的。我感谢他们，我敞开心扉和他们交流，最真实，无保留，而每次和他们待在一起，都是我最快乐的时刻，站着同一个平台上，我们共创未来，当然我更明白平实的可贵。 让我最富足的有两件事：一，家人平平安安；二，我喜爱的她每周和我联系。在某些经历中，总会让人反思些，知道自己的处境到底如何，该如何做。正如负责地面对自己一样，我也在小心翼翼地经营着我和她的关系，一直都认为，我们，至少对于我，我可以爱她无条件，全心全意。 接下来需要的是专注了。加油！
本周主要看了一些小波应用方面的文献以及Matlab的帮助文档，对小波不再感到那么陌生和恐惧啦，但对于小波的原理还不甚了解。 1、对小波的认识：对小波的理解与认识主要是基于Matlab的帮助文档，另外借助几本书稍微理解了一些最简单的公式的含义。 1）What is wavelet analysis？A wavelet is a waveform of effectively limited duration that has an average value of zero.与傅里叶分析的基础的正弦曲线相比较来说，后者是从负无穷到正无穷的，并且曲线是平滑的和可预测的，而小波曲线是不规则且非对称的。 傅里叶分析是将信号分解为若干不同频率的正弦函数来表示，而小波是将信号分解为不同尺度和平移情况下的小波母函数的表示。 2）What Can Wavelet Analysis Do? 小波的主要优势在于可以进行局部分析（local analysis），即可以对一个大的信号进行某一部位的分析。例如一个包含一很小不连续的正弦信号，利用小波对其不连续性、奇异性进行分析，而FFT却无法做到。 3）内积Inner Products FFT和WT都计算信号函数与分析函数之间的相似性，相似性利用内积来表示。FFT和WT的区别在于分析函数的不同，从而导致表示信号及所提取信息的不同。两个向量u和v的内积是两者范数与夹角的余弦的积。 对于高维空间，内积不易用几何关系来表示，但他们测量相似性的方式相同。 CWT：利用平移和伸缩后的小波对信号进行比较，得到两个变量的函数： a 代表尺度，b代表位置， 表示共轭。不仅尺度和位置的选择对小波系数有影响，小波的选择也影响最后小波系数的值。 通过连续不断地变化尺度和位置参数，将会获得cwt 系数C(a,b)，通过将小波系数与不同尺度和平移的小波进行相乘，讲的原始信号的连续小波： 小波的选择主要依据与所获得的信号以及期望获得的特征。 小波系数的解释：a、对于非平滑信号，突变将引起小波系数的变化，小波系数绝对值变大表明发生不连续，即奇异点所在位置。尺度（scale）越大受奇异影响的小波系数集越大，要获得较精确地奇异位置，已经采用较小的scale（如下图）；b、对于平滑信号，小波系数代表小波函数与信号间的相关程度，在信号与小波相关较好的地方小波系数较大。 DWT：在每个尺度和位置都计算小波系数是一项庞大的工作量，并且会产生很多冗余数据，事实证明，以2的指数为基础选择尺度和位置---所谓的dyadic scale and positions，分析更有效并且很精确。 将原始信号分解为近似与细节信息（approximations and details），原始信号经过高通、低通滤波器后形成两个信号。 2、小波在光谱分析中的一些应用 目前利用小波分析进行光谱去噪和特征提取的研究比较多，去噪的研究主要由信号、光电等专业的人做，特征提取则是遥感的人做的比较多。特征提取中主要是利用DWT对原始信号进行N层分解，利用approximation曲线作为光谱匹配的参考光谱，从而忽略细节信息的影响，提高匹配精度（陈刚、陈小梅等人，光谱学与光谱分析）；或者利用第N层的detail曲线来体现原始光谱曲线上的奇异特征，并对小波变换（db5、5层）后的曲线进行奇异范围、奇异幅度、奇异指数等的计算，建立与某个参数的关系（Meiling Liu、Xiangnan Liu等，computers geoscience）；利用CWT的若干个尺度下的小波（Mexican Hat）系数与叶含水量建立模型，定量估算水分含量（Tao Cheng，Benoit Rivard等，IGARSS）。 对于Matlab实现小波的内容将在下周进行学习。
Epialleles via DNA methylation: consequences for plant evolution DNA methylation.pdf 相关概念:In plants, naturally occurring methylation of genes can affect the level of gene expression. Variation among individuals in the degree of methylation of a gene, termed epialleles , produces novel phenotypes that are heritable across generations.基因甲基化影响基因表达水平,进而影响表型.甲基化基因和未甲基化基因在DNA序列上,完全相同,但存在表观遗传学修饰的不同,甲基化是其中的一种形式.所以叫epiallele. 水稻的基因克隆过程中的真实例子:Analysis of neighboring genes revealed that the candidate 2.6-kb region was upstream of Os08g0509600 (also predicted as LOC_Os08g39890 in the Rice Genome Annotation Project; see URLs and Fig. 1e), which encodes the plant-specific transcription factor.....Sequence analysis revealed that there was no difference in the coding region of OsSPL14 between Nipponbare and ST-12 plants.(精细定位的侯选基因,在编码区无多态性).但是:Quantitative RT-PCR analysis of OsSPL14 detected a difference in expression between Nipponbare and ST-12.通过遗传互补实验证明这个基因是表型控制基因.所以很自然的就想到了Heritable differences in gene expression not due to DNA sequence changes are defined as epigenetic alleles(如果不这样假设,没法解释结果).下面就得做实验来验证了:We considered whether heritable epigenetic marks in the endogenous OsSPL14 promoter may be related to different expression levels of OsSPL14(测试的是promoter). To test this, we performed bisulfite sequencing to compare DNA methylation levels of the 2.6-kb candidate region in Nipponbare and ST-12; overall, there was no significant difference in total DNA methylation in the region (Supplementary Fig. 7) However, methylation differences were observed at several cytosines near 1,070 base pairs, with higher levels of methylation in Nipponbare (68–79%) compared to ST-12 (0–24%) (Supplementary Fig. 8). (结果:总甲击化水平无显著差异,但个别地方的甲基化水平明显不同)These results warrant further investigation to determine if OsSPL14 is regulated by a heritable epigenetic mechanism in ST-12(所以,结论是:需要进一步的测试.他的测试结果也许会另外发篇文章). 这个例子在这篇文章中:OsSPL14 promotes panicle branching and higher grain productivity in rice OsSPL14 promotes panicle branching and higher grain productivity in rice 2010.pdf .............................................. 另一种表观遗传学修饰:Trimethylation of histone H3 lysine 27 (H3K27me3).参见 Whole-Genome Analysis of Histone H3 Lysine 27 Trimethylation in Arabidopsis journal.pbio.0050129.pdf
Kolmogorov microscales From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation , search Kolmogorov microscales are the smallest scales in turbulent flow . They are defined by Kolmogorov length scale Kolmogorov time scale Kolmogorov velocity scale where is the average rate of energy dissipation per unit mass, and ν is the kinematic viscosity of the fluid. In his 1941 theory, A. N. Kolmogorov introduced the idea that the smallest scales of turbulence are similar for every turbulent flow ) and depend only on and ν . Accordingly, the Kolmogorov microscales are derived from these two quantities on dimensional grounds. The Kolmogorov 1941 theory is a mean field theory since it assumes that the relevant dynamical parameter is the mean energy dissipation rate. In fluid turbulence , the energy dissipation rate fluctuates in space and time, so it is possible to think of the microscales as quantities that also vary in space and time. However, standard practice is to use mean field values since they represent the typical values of the smallest scales in a given flow.
Fornew readers and those who request to be “ 好友 good friends” please read my 公告 栏 first. This morning’s Boston Globe (newspaper) carries a front page article about a little known U. S. immigration program where you can literally and legally buy your way into immigration status (the Green Card). http://www.boston.com/news/local/vermont/articles/2011/10/25/jobs_for_green_cards_a_controversial_program_expands/?p1=News_links It works like this. If you invest US$1 million anywhere in the US or US$500,000 in depressed and remote area of the US, you are eligible to receive immigrant status immediately. Since the program is undersubscribed, there is no waiting line (versus the other legal immigration routes that have waiting line stretching into years). Furthermore, when you are admitted as immigrant, your entire immediate family receive the green card also. I wonder how well known this is in China with the large number of rich Chinese business person currently. Note added 3/23/2015 According to a news story in China Daily USA edition 1/23-25/2015, from its beginning in 2004 with 16 Chinese applicants, the program has in 2014 nearly 7000 Chinese applicant taking up 70% of the quota allowed.
产量控制基因 GS5 Natural variation in GS5 plays an important role in regulating grain size and yield in rice GS5 NG 2011.pdf 现在克隆的基因也多了,在这个帖子里总结下,有新的随时加入.其它的东西慢慢添. ............................. GW2: A QTL for rice grain width and weight encodes a previously unknown RING-type E3 ubiquitin ligase GW2 A QTL for rice grain width and weight encodes a previously.pdf IPA1 Regulation of OsSPL14 by OsmiR156 defines ideal plant architecture in rice Regulation of OsSPL14 by OsmiR156 defines ideal plant architecture in rice.pdf GS3 GS3, a major QTL for grain length and weight and minor QTL for grain width and thickness in rice, encodes a putative transmembrane protein GS3, a major QTL for grain length and weight and minor.pdf Linking differential domain functions of the GS3 protein to natural variation of grain size in rice Linking differential domain functions of the GS3.pdf 一个基因能发多篇文章的,用1篇文章不可能把基因所有功能都弄清楚. Gn1a:Cytokinin Oxidase Regulates Rice Grain Production Gn1a OsCKX2 Cytokinin Oxidase Regulates rice grain production.pdf 这可能是第一个克隆的水稻产量控制基因/QTL DEP1:Natural variation at the DEP1 locus enhances grain yield in rice Natural variation at the DEP1 locus enhances.pdf GW5:Isolation and initial characterization of GW5, a major QTL associated with rice grain width and weight itial characterization of GW5, a major QTL associated with rice grain width and weight.pdf qSW5:Deletion in a gene associated with grain size increased yields during rice domestication qsw5 Deletion in a gene associated with grain size increased.pdf 这两个基因是撞车了. 一篇产量控制基因方面的综述,得留意发表时间2008: Identifying and exploiting grain yield genes in rice Identifying and exploiting grain yield genes in rice.pdf 张院士关于产量QTL相关综述: Annu. Rev. Plant Biol. 2010. 61:11.1–11.22.Genetic and Molecular Bases of Rice Yield Genetic and Molecular Bases.pdf .................. 水稻抽穗期控制基因:http://blog.sciencenet.cn/home.php?mod=spaceuid=479743do=blogid=370412 ............ 呵呵,现在我可以期待认真看完此文,并下载全文的朋友对我的默默感激了.原来已经克隆了这么多的产量控制QTL了,刚入学的硕士或者博士们,可以在这些资料的基础上写一篇相关的综述了.当然也得与时惧进,意思是有了新东西,马上添进来. ........ 最新分蘖NC文章 李家洋.pdf 最新分蘖NC文章 万建民.pdf 又一次基因克隆的撞车事件
PLoS One. 2011;6(10):e25802. Epub 2011 Oct 3. Agrobacterium rhizogenes-Mediated Transformation of the Parasitic Plant Phtheirospermum japonicum. Ishida JK , Yoshida S , Ito M , Namba S , Shirasu K . Source Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan. Abstract BACKGROUND: Plants within the Orobanchaceae are an agriculturally important group of parasites that attack economically important crops to obtain water and nutrients from their hosts. Despite their agricultural importance, molecular mechanisms of the parasitism are poorly understood. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: We developed transient and stable transformation systems for Phtheirospermum japonicum, a facultative parasitic plant in the Orobanchaceae. The transformation protocol was established by a combination of sonication and acetosyringone treatments using the hairy-root-inducing bacterium, Agrobacterium rhizogenes and young seedlings. Transgenic hairy roots of P. japonicum were obtained from cotyledons 2 to 3 weeks after A. rhizogenes inoculation. The presence and the expression of transgenes in P. japonicum were verified by genomic PCR, Southern blot and RT-PCR methods. Transgenic roots derived from A. rhizogenes-mediated transformation were able to develop haustoria on rice and maize roots. Transgenic roots also formed apparently competent haustoria in response to 2,6-dimethoxy-1,4-benzoquinone (DMBQ), a haustorium-inducing chemical. Using this system, we introduced a reporter gene with a Cyclin B1 promoter into P. japonicum, and visualized cell division during haustorium formation. CONCLUSIONS: We provide an easy and efficient method for hairy-root transformation of P. japonicum. Transgenic marker analysis revealed that cell divisions during haustorium development occur 24 h after DMBQ treatment. The protocols described here will allow functional analysis of genes involved in plant parasitism.
Plant J. 2011 Oct 17. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-313X.2011.04819.x. An efficient Agrobacterium -mediated transient transformation of Arabidopsis. Tsuda K , Qi Y , Nguyen LV , Bethke G , Tsuda Y , Glazebrook J , Katagiri F . Source Department of Plant Biology, Microbial and Plant Genomics Institute, University of Minnesota, 1500 Gortner Avenue, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA. Abstract Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transient transformation has been a useful procedure for characterization of proteins and their functions in plants, including analysis of protein-protein interactions. Agrobacterium -mediated transient transformation of Nicotiana benthamiana by leaf infiltration has been widely used due to its ease and high efficiency. However, this procedure in Arabidopsis has been challenging. Previous studies suggested that this difficulty was caused by plant immune responses triggered by perception of Agrobacterium . Here, we report a simple and robust method for Agrobacterium -mediated transient transformation in Arabidopsis. AvrPto is an effector protein from the bacterial plant pathogen Pseudomonas syringae that suppresses plant immunity by interfering with plant immune receptors. We used transgenic Arabidopsis plants that conditionally express AvrPto under the control of a dexamethasone (DEX)-inducible promoter. When the transgenic plants were pretreated with DEX prior to infection with Agrobacterium carrying a -glucuronidase (GUS) gene with an artificial intron and driven by the CaMV 35S promoter, transient GUS expression was dramatically enhanced compared to that in mock-pretreated plants. This transient expression system was successfully applied to analysis of the subcellular localization of a Cyan Fluorescent Protein (CFP)-fusion and a protein-protein interaction in Arabidopsis. Our findings enable efficient use of Agrobacterium -mediated transient transformation in Arabidopsis thaliana. 2011 The Authors. The Plant Journal 2011 Blackwell Publishing Ltd.
这是一个非常重要的发现.报道该发现的文章可能会被载入史册,影响深远. Exogenous plant MIR168a specifically targets mammalian LDLRAP1: evidence of cross-kingdom regulation by microRNA http://www.nature.com/cr/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/cr2011158a.html Our previous studies have demonstrated that stable microRNAs (miRNAs) in mammalian serum and plasma are actively secreted from tissues and cells and can serve as a novel class of biomarkers for diseases, and act as signaling molecules in intercellular communication. Here, we report the surprising finding that exogenous plant miRNAs are present in the sera and tissues of various animals and that these exogenous plant miRNAs are primarily acquired orally, through food intake . MIR168a is abundant in rice and is one of the most highly enriched exogenous plant miRNAs in the sera of Chinese subjects. Functional studies in vitro and in vivo demonstrated that MIR168a could bind to the human/mouse low-density lipoprotein receptor adapter protein 1 (LDLRAP1) mRNA, inhibit LDLRAP1 expression in liver, and consequently decrease LDL removal from mouse plasma. These findings demonstrate that exogenous plant miRNAs in food can regulate the expression of target genes in mammals. 植物的miRNA可以直接调控动物基因的表达,miRNA进入人体的途径是食物.所以今后对食品的营养评价可能就不是糖、氨基酸、蛋白质等那么简单了，miRNA也应该在考虑中。植物中哪些miRNA对人有正面影响，哪些miRNA对人有负面影响需要进一步评估，或许会产生一个新的研究领域。当然要进行食用的转基因产品也需要重新进行评估，评估是否会产生对人体有不利影响的miRNA. 这个报道很有意思，值得深思！ ........................... 联系一则古老的新闻: 德国确认芽苗菜是肠出血性大肠杆菌疫情“元凶” http://news.xinhuanet.com/world/2011-06/10/c_13922946.htm 如果有一天确认某种植物的miRNA是某疫情的"元凶",这个世界就变得有点恐怖了.
Fornew readers and those who request to be “ 好友 good friends” please read my 公告 栏 first. From IEEE spectrum Technical Alert: Oct. 6 2011 http://spectrum.ieee.org/computing/hardware/steve-jobs-in-four-easy-steps/?utm_source=techalertutm_medium=emailutm_campaign=100611 Steve Jobs in Four Easy StepsWhat the electronics industry can learn from his tenure at Apple By G. Pascal Zachary / October 2011 Photo: David Paul Morris/Bloomberg/Getty Images The last time I spoke to the late Steve Jobs , he was screaming at me over the phone, I'm not a failure! I'm not a failure! His shouts got so loud, I put him on speakerphone so that my editor could hear him. With Apple among the most valuable companies in the world because of its immensely popular products, the notion of Jobs as a failure seems ridiculous. But less than 20 years ago, in the mid-1990s, when Jobs was struggling to keep his forgettable NeXT computer company afloat, the idea of him failing—the possibility I'd raised in The Wall Street Journal that spurred his furious phone call—terrified him. I'd hardly call him a failure now, but the reasons for his success aren't always properly understood. Better than any of his peers, Jobs blended an understanding of technology and society, business and economics, markets and corporate power. In leading Apple past Microsoft on its way to becoming the most valuable technology company on the planet, Jobs repudiated four pillars of business and technology wisdom. First, Jobs refused to accept that software and hardware were best designed and engineered separately. For him, the venerable insight summarized by Thomas Hughes , the grand historian of American technology, as the system must be first became a lodestar. Jobs understood that Apple was fundamentally a builder of technological systems, not a generator of products. As a young man, he watched IBM lose its central role in computing by handing off the PC's basic operating system to an outsider (Microsoft). When in the 2000s Microsoft struggled (and largely failed) to persuade cellphone makers to adopt a variant of Windows, Jobs turned the industry upside down by building a cellphone with an Apple OS at its core. In embracing what traditional industrialists called vertical integration, he propelled Apple to first place in smartphones. Second, Jobs denied what is perhaps the most closely held article of faith of the information age: that openness and the wisdom of crowds are essential for successful technological systems. Under his leadership, Apple produced closed systems—devices whose basic functions could not be altered—and consumers loved them. It's not the consumer's job to know what they want, Jobs once famously said. Though an ex-hippie, he proved to be a throwback to an earlier age of top-down leadership: A direct line runs from Henry Ford's Model T to the iPad. To Jobs, Apple's systems are always open—in the sense that their uses can be adapted to an owner's needs and desires. But as iTunes demonstrates, Apple's ability to control the content, the applications, and the purchase opportunities on its mobile devices is far greater than anything carried off by its rivals. Third, Jobs found a way of selling Apple's products directly—through company-owned stores or online—which was perhaps his greatest and mostly unlikely business triumph. Makers of computers and consumer electronics had always offloaded the task of reaching customers to a motley crew of retailers, who provided no consistent purchasing experience or brand loyalty while shredding the manufacturer's profit margins. Again, going against convention, Jobs created the most valuable retail stores in the world (outselling Tiffany's on a per-square-meter basis). He then sold the inimitable iPhone through those stores and via one other channel (ATT), in what was a daring business tactic that paid enormous dividends. Fourth, Jobs found a way to dominate consumer electronics, an arena that the United States seemed to have irretrievably lost to Japan, Korea, and China. The iPod, first released by Apple 10 years ago, marked a stunning shift in global competitive dynamics in consumer electronics. No longer did U.S. firms need to presume they couldn't compete with Canon, LG, Panasonic, Samsung, Sony, and other Asian powerhouses in miniaturized digital appliances. To be sure, Jobs relied heavily on Asian production networks—Apple reportedly employs 10 times as many people in China as in the United States—but the style, engineering, and interactivity of Apple's devices are classically American. How long Apple will be able to hang on to that domination is an open question. Some say that in Apple, Jobs built a company with his own way of thinking, so it will go on just fine without him at the helm. But whether this is true doesn't really matter in the near term: Apple has a pipeline of good products and about US $75 billion in cash. What then was the elusive genius of Steve Jobs? Despite his infamous bad temper, his impatience, and his penchant for tantrums, Jobs was the ultimate human-centered technologist—even while he was the ultimate digital autocrat. No democracy either internally or externally, Apple has proved the merits of enlightened dictatorship, at least in realms technological. Jobs once summed up his method as trying to expose yourself to the best things humans have done and then trying to bring those things into what you are doing. This simple credo should long motivate designers and engineers who will inevitably walk in the footsteps of this singular master. This article was updated on 06 October 2011. About the Author G. Pascal Zachary is the author of Showstopper (Free Press, 1994), about the making of Microsoft Windows NT. He writes the Scientific Estate series for the online edition of IEEE Spectrum .
Fornew readers and those who request to be “ 好友 good friends” please read my 公告 栏 first. Stretching Exercises for person who sits in front of a deskor computer all day long (i.e., most scholars and students) : Five very shortvideos demonstrating simple exercises that require no equipment and little timeto do. Download them from: http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/office-stretches/MY00921/?utm_source=FeaturedTopicutm_medium=emailutm_campaign=HouseCallpubDate=September%2023,%202011
SCI基于被引用次数高的作者，预测诺贝尔奖的可能性。基于这种理念，他们从2002年开始凑热闹、预测诺贝尔奖。据说已经有21名诺贝尔奖的主被他们预测准了。也就是每年预测对了2-3名。今年，他们推出了预测名单。由于他们是严格基于引用率，所以之前生理医学奖的两个热门人物：屠呦呦和Carl R Woese均未上榜。 Chemistry Allen J. Bard Hackerman-Welch Regents Chair in Chemistry and Director of the Center for Electrochemistry, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at Austin, Austin TX, USA For the development and application of scanning electrochemical microscopy Martin Karplus Theodore William Richards Emeritus Professor of Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA USA and Director, Laboratory of Biophysical Chemistry, ISIS, Louis Pasteur University, Strasbourg, France For pioneering simulations of the molecular dynamics of biomolecules Jean M. J. Fréchet Professor of Chemistry and of Chemical Engineering and Henry Rapoport Chair of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley CA USA, and Vice President of Research, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia -and- Donald A. Tomalia Distinguished Professor and Research Scientist, Department of Chemistry. and Director of the National Dendrimer and Nanotechnology Center, Central Michigan University, Mount Pleasant, MI USA. Also, Chief Scientific Officer, Dendritic Nanotechnologies, Inc., Mount Pleasant, MI USA -and- Fritz Vogtle Emeritus Professor, Kekulé Institute for Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Bonn (Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universitauml;t Bonn), Bonn Germany For the invention and development of dendritic polymers Economics Douglas W. Diamond Merton H. Miller Distinguished Service Professor of Finance, Booth School of Business, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL USA For his analysis of financial intermediation and monitoring Anne O. Krueger Professor of International Economics, Paul H. Nitze School of Advanced International Studies, Johns Hopkins University, Washington, DC USA -and- Gordon Tullock Professor Emeritus of Law and Economics, George Mason University School of Law, Arlington, VA USA For their description of rent-seeking behavior and its implications Jerry A. Hausman John and Jennie S. MacDonald Professor, Department of Economics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA USA -and- Halbert L. White, Jr. Chancellor’s Associates Distinguished Professor of Economics, Department of Economics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA USA For their contributions to econometrics, specifically the Hausman specification test and the White standard errors test Physics Alain Aspect CNRS Distinguished Scientist and Head of the Atom Optics Group, Laboratoire Charles Fabry, Institut d’Optique, Palaiseau France. Also, Professor at the Institut d’Optique and at the Ecole Polytechnique France -and- John F. Clauser Research Physicist, J.F. Clauser Associates, Walnut Creek, CA USA -and- Anton Zeilinger Full Professor of Experimental Physics, University of Vienna, and Scientific Director, Institute of Quantum Optics and Quantum Information, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna Austria For their tests of Bell’s inequalities and research on quantum entanglement Sajeev John University Professor of Physics and Canada Research Chair, Department of Physics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario Canada -and- Eli Yablonovitch Professor and James and Katherine Lau Chair in Engineering, Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA USA For their invention and development of photonic band gap materials Hideo Ohno Professor of the Laboratory for Nanoelectronics and Spintronics, Research Institute of Electrical Communication, and Director of the Center for Spintronics Integrated Systems, Tohoku University, Sendai Japan For contributions to ferromagnetism in diluted magnetic semiconductors Physiology or Medicine Brian J. Druker Professor of Medicine, JELD-WEN Chair of Leukemia Research, and Director, OHSU Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health Science University, Portland OR USA. Also, Howard Hughes Medical Institute Investigator -and- Nicholas B. Lydon Founder, Granite Biopharma, LLC, Jackson Hole, WY USA; Co-founder and Director, AnaptysBio, San Diego, CA USA; and Co-founder and Director, Blueprint Medicines, Cambridge, MA USA -and- Charles L. Sawyers Marie-Josée and Henry R. Kravis Chair in Human Oncology and Pathogenesis, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY USA. Also, Howard Hughes Medical Institute Investigator For their development of imatinib and dasatinib, revolutionary, targeted treatments for chronic myeloid leukemia Robert S. Langer David H. Koch Institute Professor, Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA USA -and- Joseph P. Vacanti John Homans Professor of Surgery, Harvard Medical School; Surgeon-in-Chief and Chief of the Department of Pediatric Surgery and Director of the Laboratory for Tissue Engineering and Organ Fabrication, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA USA For their pioneering research in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine Jacques F. A. P. Miller Emeritus Professor, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research and the University of Melbourne, Parkville, Melbourne, Australia For his discovery of the function of the thymus and the identification of T cells and B cells in mammalian species -with- Robert L. Coffman Vice President and Chief Scientific Officer, Dynavax Technologies, Berkeley, CA USA -and- Timothy R. Mosmann Professor, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, and Michael and Angela Pichichero Director in the David H. Smith Center for Vaccine Biology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY USA For their discovery of two types of T lymphocytes, TH1 and TH2, and their role in regulating host immune response
Fornew readers and those who request to be “ 好友 good friends” please read my 公告 栏 first. Nix nuclear. Chuck coal. Rebuff biofuel. All we need is the wind, the water, and the sun to supply the energy requirements of the world By Mark Delucchi / September 2011 IEEE Spectrum Magazine For details see http://spectrum.ieee.org/energy/renewables/wind-water-and-solar-power-for-the-world/?utm_source=techalertutm_medium=emailutm_campaign=092211
Fornew readers and those who request to be “ 好友 good friends” please read my 公告 栏 first. I have written previously about the Center forIntelligent and Networked System (CFINS) at Tsinghua University http://blog.sciencenet.cn/home.php?mod=spaceuid=1565do=blogid=8897 It has nowbeen ten years since its establishment in 2001 (also the 100 th birthday of Tsinghua University). In the spirit of 十年 树木百年树 人 , a review and a celebration party was held on September 7 th 2011. Leaders of Tsinghua, former president 王大中 , current president 顾秉林 , Tsinghua foundation chairperson 贺美英, many other Academicians, faculty member and students were present. A detailaccount as well as photos of the event can be found at http://news.tsinghua.edu.cn/publish/news/4204/2011/20110913102346278310305/20110913102346278310305_.html . For myself, my ten year experience can be summarized in my thank you speechreproduced below (both in English and Chinese translation ably provided byProfessor Chen Xi): First of all, on behalf of theoversea professional team, I wish to thank the leaders of Tsinghua Universityincluding former President 王大中 _, President 顾秉林 , foundation chair 贺美英 for their strong and financialsupport of the Center during the past decade. It was in 2000 when PresdientWang and Academician Li Yanda learned that I was about to retire from myHarvard post after 40+ years that they asked me if I am interested in taking upa chair professorship at Tsinghua after retirement in 2001. I grew up and livedmy formative years in the US and have continuously lived there for over 60years. I realized that temperament-wise, I may no longer fit to live in Chinaon a longer term basis. Instead I came back with an alternative proposal thatI’ll undertake to assemble a team of well accomplished Chinese-Americanprofessors from different universities to share the duties of theprofessorship, each devoting about one month/year in residence in Tsinghua butotherwise conduct our duties voluntarily via e-mail and other communicationmeans.. The idea of professorial team was thus born. Accompanying the team, wealso proposed the founding of the Center for Intelligent and Networked Systems(CFINS) as a focal point for the education of graduate students and cuttingedge research in the department of Automation. At the time of the founding of theCenter, Tsinghua undergraduate students already had a world wide reputation ofbeing well prepared for graduate study. The charge to the professorial team wasthat we should devote our effort to the education of Tsinghua graduate andparticularly Ph.D student so that they will be known as world class and firstrate . In the past decade, we can honestly say that the team has done that.Speaking for myself, I can testify that the three Ph.D students I produced fromCFINS are with exactly the same care, devotion, and standards as my 50 otherHarvard Ph.Ds. However, privately I have also twounspoken goals myself which I shall now reveal at the ten year anniversarycelebration. First, as a child born to parents, s/he requires the support ofthe parents in the early years. But every child must learn to supporthim/herself and payback to his/her parent. Similarly, no organization can longsurvive if it cannot financially be independent and self supporting. I am gladto say for the past five years CFINS is supporting herself and in additionsupports a number of master and ph.d students with funds competitvely won bothin China and from the US. In this sense, one can say Tsinghua has made a veryprofitable investment in CFINS. Second, CFINS is gaining in world widerecognition. This is not on my say so but on objective evidences. For the pasttwo years, internationally well known persons at MIT, UC Berkeley, and a well establishedDutch University have independently approached CFINS for cooperative researcheffort with promised financial contribution. These overtures came directly toCFINS scientists without intervention and effort of the professorial team forintroduction and connections. Nothing speaks louder than such peer recognitionwhich can ONLY be accomplished with the effort of the resident Center staff.You can say now CFINS is ON THE MAP. Or in the words of Chairman Mao, “CFINShas stood up” In conclusion, let me say thanks tothe effort of the entire CFINS personnel for their devotion in the past decade.You are well on your way to be among the top rank in world widescience/technology research centers and help Chinese ST to claim herrightful place in the world. 在清华大学何毓琦讲席教授组及智能与网络化系统研究中心 成立十周年纪念会上的致辞 首先，我想代表讲席教授组感谢清华大学的各位领导：前校长王大中院士，校长顾秉林院士，基金会主席贺美英教授。感谢他们十年来对智能与网络化系统研究中心的强有力的帮助和财政上的支持。那是在 2000 年，当王校长和李衍达院士得知我将从我工作了 40 多年的哈佛大学的职位上退休后，他们问我在 2001 年退休后是否有兴趣到清华来担任讲席教授。我在美国长大成人，连续 60 年生活在那里。我意识到依我的情况可能不太适合长时间在中国生活。不过，我想到了另一种方案，就是由我着手组建一个讲席教授组，其中的成员来自不同的学校但学术造诣深厚，这个讲席教授组共同分担讲席教授的职责，每位教授每年在清华本地工作一个月，其余时间则通过 E-MAIL 和其他通讯方式自愿履行职责。讲席教授组的想法就这样产生了。我们还建议成立智能与网络化系统研究中心作为自动化系研究生培养和尖端研究的联络点来配合讲席教授组的工作。 在中心组建之时，清华的本科生已经在世界上享有盛誉，他们为研究生阶段的学习做好了准备。讲席教授组需要尽力培养研究生特别是博士生使他们能够达到世界一流水平。我们能问心无愧地说，在这十年里我们做到了这一点。就我而言，我在清华培养了三位博士生，我敢保证我对他们每一位的关心，付出和标准与在哈佛培养的 50 位博士生完全一样。 然而，私下里我还有两个不曾说出的目标，在今天十年庆典之际我想透露给各位。首先，正如孩子与父母的关系，孩子幼小的时候需要父母的支持。但每个孩子必须学会自立并回报父母。同样的，如果经济上不能独立和自立，没有哪个机构可以长久存在下去。我很高兴在过去 5 年中， CFINS 能够自立并利用从中国和美国获得的研究经费支持了一批硕士生和博士生。从这个角度看，可以说清华对 CFINS 的投资获利颇丰。再者， CFINS 赢得了国际上的承认。这不由我说，是有客观证据的。这两年来，分别来自 MIT ， UC Berkeley 以及荷兰的一所著名大学的国际上著名的教授找到 CFINS 主动表示提供经费进行合作研究的意向。这一切讲席教授组并没有介入也没有利用讲席教授组的引荐。没有什么比得到同行的认可更能说明问题，而这些只能由中心本地的员工才能做到。可以说，现在 CFINS 已经成为地图上的一个点。或则可以借用毛主席的话“ CFINS 站起来了。” 总之，我要感谢 CFINS 的全体员工十年来的努力和付出。 CFINS 正朝着世界一流的科学技术研究中心迈进，同时也正在帮助中国的科学技术在世界上赢得应有的地位。
temperature switch PCR Development and assessment of simple PCR markers for SNP genotyping in barley Development and assessment of simple PCR markers.pdf Efficient genetic mapping of single nucleotide polymorphisms based upon DNA mismatch digestion single-nucleotide amplified polymorphisms,SNAP SNP Efficient Genetic Mapping of Single Nucleotide mismatch digestion.pdf A Simple Procedure for the Analysis of Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms Facilitates Map-Based Cloning in Arabidopsis SNP SNAP A Simple Procedure for the Analysis of Single.pdf Reliable allele detection using SNP-based PCR primers containing Locked Nucleic Acid: application in genetic mapping Reliable allele detection using SNP-based PCR primers containing Locked Nucleic Acid.pdf High-throughput SNP genotyping by single-tube PCR with Tm-shift primers 2005 High-throughput SNP genotyping by single-tube PCR with Tm-shift primers.pdf CAPS dCAPs(这是经典方法) 1998 dCAPS,a simple technique for the genetic analysis of snp.pdf Development of SNP-based CAPS and dCAPS markers in eight different genes involved in starch biosynthesis in rice Development of SNP-based CAPS and dCAPS markers.pdf Efficient Protocols for CAPS-Based Mapping in Arabidopsis Efficient Protocols for CAPS-Based Mapping in.pdf
心在摧毁，肺在撕裂，心轮在破碎，内气在散溃，我应掌而飞，重重地撞到殿壁，然后弹到另一面殿壁上，经数次碰撞后，又被飞掷于地面，再也无法爬起来了。 这一掌虽然要不了我的命，却毁掉了我的心轮，那是下丹田的阳光培育的结果，内气感觉再也没有了，前功尽弃，一切都归回起点。 这个万恶的妖星美女，杀气也太重了，是不是要过来再补上一掌，了结我的性命？那样有意思吗？ 心轮的黄光已消遁，精神已接近昏迷，心中充满了虚空，虚空的虚空，一切都是虚空。 在虚空中，我突然内视到心轮处一点浅红色的光在迅速扩大，然后心轮处开始重新跳跃出明亮的光芒，心轮的结构在迅速恢复，不仅如此，内气在浅红色光芒的引到下，充沛流畅，运行百脉，双手掌心中，自然跳动着火炬般的外气。 这是不可能的，我刚才清楚察觉到心轮已被妖星美女外气团击为粉碎，在这个过程中它承受了绝大部分的外力冲击，我之所以免予形神俱灭完全是得益于它的承担。 唯一的解释，是心轮在毁灭中接受了外气团的巨大能量和信息，在精神的虚空中又重新获得新生，甚至比以前强大许多。 但这中间的奥秘，我也无法知道。只是心轮重生使我顿然生出希望，恢复斗志，尽管知道其实有没有斗志，在遇上妖星美女这般宇宙高级场态生命面前，是没有什么区别的，我们之间的战斗力恐怕相差几个无穷大的阶数。 我刚一个鲤鱼翻身跳起身体，眼前一花，她已飘近于十米之处，一双 水 澄 的大眼睛闪动着讶异的神色，牢牢地盯着我道： “ 你安装的是什么心盾？ ” 我总算感到一丝自豪般的快意。心轮的确是我内气衍生的伟大的产物，具有我所不知的奇妙，任凭妖星美女活过了多少个宇宙年轮，如何见多识广，也要到与我交锋时方能觉察到心轮不一般的秉性，而感到惊异。 心轮是上天赋予地球人的潜能吗？ 我佯作若无其事地道： “ 我好像不是你的同类，没有回答你的义务吧！ ” The heart is being destroyed, the lung is being torn, the heart chakra is being broken, and the internal qi is collapse in bulk, I am flying by beating, heavily hit the wall, then rebound to other wall of the hall. After several collisions, I am thrown on the ground, and could no longer climb up. Although this beat can not destroy my life, but it destroyed my heart chakra which is a result cultivated by the sun of down Dantian; I am no longer feeling the internal qi, and come to naught, all the property back to the starting point. This evil MS beauty, murderous too heavy, is coming to give me beating again and taking my life away? Is that so interesting? Consumers have been lodged round yellow heart, the spirit is close to coma, my heart full of empty, empty void, and all is vanity. In the void, as to the heart within me suddenly a little light red light at the wheel in the rapidly expanding, and then start again at the heart jumping out of round bright light, the structure of the heart chakra in the rapid recovery, not only that, the qi in the light red light leading is plenty of smooth, running lotus; in my hands palm, there are the natural beat of the torch-like external qi. This is impossible. I clearly aware of the heart chakra have been broken by the external qi mass of MS beauty. During the crushed process it bears the most of the external shocks, which is the reason that I completely exempt the death of shape and sprit, from benefit to its commitment. The only explanation is that the heart chakra have received the great energy and information from the external qi, and obtained new life again in the spirit of the void. It is even much stronger than before. But the mystery in this process, I do not know. Round of rebirth is just the heart that I suddenly give birth to hope, to restore morale, although whether there is fighting or not, in case to meet MS beautiful state of life in the universe, is no different, since I am afraid that the difference between fighting of ours having several infinite order. I just turn over a carp by jumping the body, my eyes blazing, she has been floating on ten meters in front of me, and her pair of water clearly eyes flashing a look of surprise, staring at me and say firmly: "What you have installed heart shield? " I finally feel like a trace of pride in the pleasure. Indeed, my heart chakra is a great product derived from qi, I do not know about this wonderful meaning. Although MS beauty has lived a number of cosmic rings and know how well-information, she can only detect round of unusual natures of my heart chakra by fighting with me, and then surprise. Is the heart chakra the Earth God-given human potential? I pretend nothing had happened to say: "I am not to like your kind; there is no obligation to answer you, right?"
关于任务类型和研究方法问题，每届同学都会问到，因此将回答赵雅琴的聊天记录摘录下来，以供参考： 赵雅琴2011 10:12:16 陆老师您好，今天我和两位师兄聚了会儿并交流了一下，我觉得其实我对程序设计并不是很感兴趣，您能不能给我布置一些其他方面的任务啊？ Spring 11:04:56 那要看你将来的发展思路是什么？我对学生的专业技能要求分两类，一类是与算法、软件有关的应用研究，一类是与调研、统计有关的规律研究，邓晶是做第二类，陈德照是做第一类。黄佳音我想让他做第一类。 Spring 11:08:25 如果不做算法、程序，就必须要掌握调研和统计分析方法，要深入学习 市场调研、实验设计、统计学、线代、概率、矩阵论 等方面的内容，不然掌握不了专业技能。 Spring 11:11:50 我刚批下来的学校自主科研项目是做调研分析的，我的思路是要通过问卷调查+统计分析方法研究，你可以找陈德照要申请书看看。再找国内外期刊论文看看调研型论文的一般过程结构。 Spring 11:12:53 邓晶的毕业论文统计分析做的较差，这方面你不用参考她了（其软件环境及实验部分由陈德照支撑完成） Spring 11:44:00 管工的学生，必须要有建模的科研训练，特别是数学建模，统计模型也可以，所以看论文资料时要多参考管理学和信息系统方面的，不要多看情报学方面论文 Spring 12:02:56 无论你选择做软件算法还是统计分析，都要先学相关课程、掌握思想，再熟悉软件和工具，学会运用 ；不能直接拿软件工具就用 。 我正在考虑改进邓晶做过的实验，数据集还没有到手，实验目标、环境和实验过程陈德照已基本了解，你可以先找他要资料看看。其中要使用到人脸表情识别软件和统计分析工具。你的学习重点在统计分析课程和用户行为、心理分析论文方面
Improving immunity in crops: new tactics in an old game. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1369526611000525 Current Opinion in Plant Biology Volume 14, Issue 4 , August 2011, Pages 468-476
什么是MAGIC?Multiparent Advanced Generation Inter-Cross (MAGIC)lines.关于拟南芥的MAGIC见这篇文章. http://image.sciencenet.cn/olddata/kexue.com.cn/upload/blog/file/2010/9/201092721592062736.pdf MAGIC的优点:能同时结合连锁作图及关联作图的方法进行复杂性状的遗传解析. 文章摘要: Most traits of economic and evolutionary interest vary quantitatively and have multiple genes affecting their expression. Dissecting the genetic basis of such traits is crucial for the improvement of crops and management of diseases. Here, we develop a new resource to identify genes underlying such quantitative traits in Arabidopsis thaliana, a genetic model organism in plants. We show that using a large population of inbred lines derived from intercrossing 19 parents, we can localize the genes underlying quantitative traits better than with existing methods. Using these lines, we were able to replicate the identification of previously known genes that affect developmental traits in A. thaliana and identify some new ones. This paper also presents all the necessary biological and computational material necessary for the scientific community to use these lines in their own research. Our results suggest that the use of lines derived from a multiparent advanced generation inter-cross (MAGIC lines) should be very useful in other organisms. 这个MAGIC群体的亲本已经进行了全基因组及转录组测序: Multiple reference genomes and transcriptomes for Arabidopsis thaliana nature10414.pdf 该群体的作图能力: Finally, despite using only 19 accessions, we fine-mapped ciseQTLs to small genomic regions (less than 10 kb), suggesting that analogous genome-wide scans in the more than 700 derived MAGIC lines could have single-gene mapping resolution for some loci. Our findings indicate that the MAGIC lines, for which population structure is largely mitigated, will be an important and complementary resource to genome-wide association studies in A. thaliana populations. 拟南芥和玉米都这样弄了,水稻也得这样走.不过,还未见动静. ..................................... Genetics. 2009 Oct;183(2):723-32, 1SI-7SI. Epub 2009 Aug 3. Cis-regulatory changes at FLOWERING LOCUS T mediate natural variation in flowering responses of Arabidopsis thaliana. Schwartz C , Balasubramanian S , Warthmann N , Michael TP , Lempe J , Sureshkumar S , Kobayashi Y , Maloof JN , Borevitz JO , Chory J , Weigel D . Source Plant Biology Laboratory, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The Salk Institute for Biological Sciences, La Jolla, California 92037, USA. Abstract Flowering time, a critical adaptive trait, is modulated by several environmental cues. These external signals converge on a small set of genes that in turn mediate the flowering response. Mutant analysis and subsequent molecular studies have revealed that one of these integrator genes, FLOWERING LOCUS T (FT), responds to photoperiod and temperature cues, two environmental parameters that greatly influence flowering time. As the central player in the transition to flowering, the protein coding sequence of FT and its function are highly conserved across species. Using QTL mapping with a new advanced intercross-recombinant inbred line (AI-RIL) population, we show that a QTL tightly linked to FT contributes to natural variation in the flowering response to the combined effects of photoperiod and ambient temperature. Using heterogeneous inbred families (HIF) and introgression lines, we fine map the QTL to a 6.7 kb fragment in the FT promoter. We confirm by quantitative complementation that FT has differential activity in the two parental strains. Further support for FT underlying the QTL comes from a new approach, quantitative knockdown with artificial microRNAs (amiRNAs). Consistent with the causal sequence polymorphism being in the promoter, we find that the QTL affects FT expression. Taken together, these results indicate that allelic variation at pathway integrator genes such as FT can underlie phenotypic variability and that this may be achieved through cis-regulatory changes.
Plant Cell Rep. 2011 Aug 19. Improved Agrobacterium -mediated transformation of cowpea via sonication and vacuum infiltration. Bakshi S , Sadhukhan A , Mishra S , Sahoo L . Source Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, 781039, Assam, India. Abstract An improved method of Agrobacterium -mediated transformation ofcowpea was developed employing both sonication and vacuum infiltration treatments. 4day-old cotyledonary nodes were used as explants for co-cultivation with Agrobacterium tumefaciens strain EHA105 harbouring the binary vector pSouv-cry1Ac. Among the different injury treatments, vacuum infiltration and their combination treatments tested, sonication for 20s followed by vacuum infiltration for 5min with A. tumefaciens resulted in highest transient GUS expression efficiency (93% explants expressing GUS at regenerating sites). After 3days of co-cultivation, the explants were cultured in 150mg/l kanamycin-containing selection medium and putative transformed plants were recovered. The presence, integration and expression of nptII and cry1Ac genes in T(0) transgenic plants were confirmed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR), genomic Southern and qualitative reverse transcription (RT)-PCR analysis. Western blot hybridization and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) detected and demonstrated the accumulation of Cry1Ac protein in transgenic plants. The cry1Ac gene transmitted in a Mendelian fashion. The stable transformation efficiency increased by 88.4% using both sonication-assisted Agrobacterium -mediated transformation (SAAT) and vacuum infiltration than simple Agrobacterium -mediated transformation in cowpea.
最近收到非洲生物技术杂志的审稿邀请，当时没仔细看摘要，看到题目是biodegradable materials的，就答应了。今天仔细一看，原来是在尿素表面涂覆可降解的物质， urea alone, palm stearin + Cu coated urea, agar + Cu coated urea, gelatin + Cu coated urea, Cu coated urea, and Zn + Cu coated urea，然后在试验田上做试验，内容倒是看得懂，但还是不装了，很诚恳地给主编写了信，道歉，说自己无法审稿。给自己一个教训吧。
Fornew readers and those who request to be “ 好友 good friends” please read my 公告 栏 first. This is a short article well worth reading. I don't think this article will be blocked in China since it only has complimentary and not offensive things to say about China. Nor was the content about China but about social conditions in the world at large http://www.nytimes.com/2011/08/14/opinion/sunday/Friedman-a-theory-of-everyting-sort-of.html?_r=1ref=columnists
Genome Engineering With Zinc-Finger Nucleases 773.full .pdf 谁能妨碍转基因技术的进步呢?争论什么转啊不转的有什么意思,没人能妨碍谁占领技术制高点. .... 具体的方法可能不只是这一种,水稻中还有其它的例子 Application of Gene Targeting to Designed Mutation Breeding of High-Tryptophan Rice 1269.full.pdf 既然转基因有争议,转基因怎么搞?http://bbs.sciencenet.cn/home.php?mod=spaceuid=479743do=blogid=365401.这篇博文展示的技术是一个方向.如果完全用水稻的基因(或元件)来改造水稻,至少部分用转基因产品中病毒或细菌序列来反对转基因的人失去支持的理由. 个人认为,转基因技术本身还有很大的发展空间.一个值得关注的方向是:利用转基因的方法转入整个代谢途径.当然这样做转基因,可能有更大的潜在风险.
Fornew readers and those who request to be “ 好友 good friends” please read my 公告 栏 first. Nefarious-Numbers.pdf Before myretirement in 2001, I have never heard of Impact factor and H-index inscholarly life and only vaguely aware of SCI. In fact to this date, thesepseudo-quantitative measurements of scholarly fame and achievement are stillregarded with suspicion and not often used in evaluation (see http://bbs.sciencenet.cn/home.php?mod=spaceuid=1565do=blogid=30274 ) in the western world. However, in China and because of the emphasis onquantitative measures of achievement (as replacement for the only workable butnot perfect system of “PEER REVIEW”), these numbers have taken on god-likestatus and materially determine the reputation and financial well-being of ascholar. Given such incentive, it is understandable that people will useillegal and/or legal but unethical means to boost their quantitative measures. Plagiarizingpapers and falsifying data in experiments are well known deviant behaviors. However,using legally permissible but rather unsavory means for the sole purpose of improvingthe impact factor of a journal and the H-index of a person were news to me. TheMarch 2011 issue of the Notices of the American Mathematic Society carried adetail report about how one person were able to do these feats and createincredible high impact factors that are way higher than the best journals inthe world and H-index surpassing many Nobel prize winners. The report isattached here (I thank Professor Ron Chen of the City University of Hong Kongfor bringing this to my attention.)
Fornew readers and those who request to be “ 好友 good friends” please read my 公告 栏 first. Recentlythere were considerable discussion among the Chinese American communities andmedia concerning possible discrimination against Chinese American applicants toIvy League universities and the existence of glass ceiling for ChineseAmericans (CAs) in employment 1. The former were sparked by the complaint of oneChinese American father whose son even with near perfect SAT score was deniedadmission to an Ivy League university while his son’s classmate with a lowerscore was admitted. 2. The latter fact was first documented in a 2006 reporton glass ceilings for Asian American (as confirmed by the Equal EmploymentOpportunity Commission, http://www.80-20initiative.net/action/equalopp_glassceiling.asp#1 ), then the latest Wall Street Journal article of7/25/2011 http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424053111904233404576462042857022426.html reiteratedthis fact. Countless studies have suggested/provedthat racial discrimination is a factor in the admissions rate of Chinese and Chinese-Americanapplicants and glass ceiling certainly exist for Chinese Americans as the aboveevidences suggest. I believe this, and I believe that everyone should be awareof this and advocate for racial equality in the world. At the same time I believethat Chinese do not understand the importance of factors beyond grades and testscores as well as the fact that merit and performance are multi-faceted. At therisk of offending some sensibilities this is what I am going to address here byoffering my personal but frank observations on the contributing (but notnecessarily the dominating) reason behind these two facts. For this we considercertain Chinese cultural traits. First , for thousands of year, the one sure-fire and democratically fair wayfor upward social mobility in Chinese society is through the examinationsystem. If one shines in scholastic ability through the regional and imperialexaminations, then ones future in assured. Even today, a high score alone willget a student into the Harvard and MIT (Peking and Tsinghua universities inBeijing) of China. The old Chinese social hierarchy of“Scholar-Farmer-Craftsman-Merchant” further emphasize the importance oflearning. Thus Chinese parents typically value academic score and class rank tothe exclusion of other attributes foremost in raising their children. Butadmission to prestigious US private colleges depend on many nonacademic factorsincluding the legally permissible issue of “legacy” (i.e., did your parents goto the same school) Secondly , The Chinese mentality of “mind your own business(cleaning the snow off my own doorsteps and never mind the frost on otherpeople’s roof)” as well as strong family loyalty and obligation, dilute anysense of “social responsibility”. In fact, while Chinese are often taught toobey the law and submit to authorities, the larger concept of one’s involvementwith the rest of society is deficient in Chinese culture. Example: in recentyears both in Boston and Vancouver, affluent Chinese immigrants built grotesqueand ostentatious residences on their land over the objections of theirneighbors resulting in legal action and jail terms. Their rationale was “thisis my land, I can built anything I want on it”. They did not understand andaccept the concept of visual pollution of their houses on their neighbors - aform of social responsibility. Another common offence not considered to beunethical is the “tragedy of the common”. I had Chinese students boasting to methat they never buy toilet papers in all the years in the US since they cantake what is offered for free in the school restrooms. Elderly Chineseresidents who had suffered hardship during WWII often hoard sugar packets and other condiments offered for free insenior residences for on the spot use only. Thirdly , this form of mental isolation and relative lack ofsocial interaction further results in refusal to assimilate – one of the contributingreasons for the insular existence of various Chinatowns in the US where one cancontinue to practice Chinese customs while living in a foreign land. Thus, bothconsciously and subconsciously, Chinese Americans still downplay the variousnon-scholastic traits necessary for career success in America. The famousEnglish saying “the battle of Waterloo was won on the playing field of Eton” isseldom appreciated by the Chinese mind. Thus, sports, extra-curricularactivities, team spirit, and public or volunteer service are generally notpushed nor taught by parents to their children. Fourthly , emphasis on scholarship also places undue importanceon “substance” over “form”. Ability to explain things clearly and persuasivelyis often derided as “salesmanship”. I have often said that for ideas you onlyneed one Jesus, but for practice you need millions of missionaries to propagateyour idea. Form and Content are equally important (By the way, this negligenceof form over content is also prevailing in scholarly circles resulting in muchmisunderstanding of the sciences by the public). Yet skillful public speakingis very important in American life. Lastly , The “mind my own business” altitude fosters adon’t-stick-your-neck-out nonaggressive approach to career development. Therough-and-tumble environment in commerce and politics is not comfortable formany Chinese. Worse, CAs as a group areleast capable for group political action . Historically all minoritieswhether Irish, Italian, African or Jewish Americans won their rights via grouppolitical power. Examples of NAACP and AIPAC are well known. But I wonder whatpercentage of Chinese Americans even today are aware of the name AIPAC, how theJewish American won admissions discrimination to Ivy League schools, the movie“Gentleman’s Agreement”, and glass ceilings in country clubs and work places.In fact, today not only are Jewish Americans totally integrated in the Americanmainstream and no longer identified as a minority group, the very existence of Israel as a nation owesmuch to the political clout of AIPAC. This is something Chinese Americans needto be cognizant of if they are overcome discrimination. By this I don’t meanChinese are not appreciative of political connections or “Kwanxi”. But againthis is viewed as a personal matter. You protect and nurture your own turf andconnection. The fact that certain things and rights can only be achievedthrough group political action is lost on many. The 80-20 Initiative, the only PAC (Political Action Committee)devoted to win equal rights for Asian Americans with a 700,000 mailing list isstruggling to survive due to apathy. Thus,we came to the curious position that discrimination against Ivy League applicantsand the existence of Glass Ceilings in the work place for CAs are both culturaland racial. In admissions, Chinese are both (1) overrepresented AND (2)discriminated against (i.e., simultaneous co-existence of both phenomena), and Chinesebumping into the glass ceiling is both a result of (1) don't understand theimportance of political group power and (2) the reality of the American workplace. Forthese reasons, I believe the opinions and facts surrounding the issues of IvyLeague admissions and Glass ceiling in employment are not pure-and-simplediscrimination. Although my observations are mainly about Chinese Americans ,to a lesser extent also pertaining to the larger Asian Americans whose culturalbackground may be somewhat different. Nor do I claim any uniqueness/priority tothese observations which others have also voiced. (Note added Aug.4, 2011 at 12.05 pm EDT. Somehow the reply mechanism on sciencenet is not working. Below is my reply to comment #10 by Tainyi Zhang. I am posting is here also because of its general interest: Dear Dr. Zhang, Please do not feel offended when I say that your question represents a form of Chinese thinking and another common misunderstanding of the American political process. A politician is elected to represent his/her electorate, I.e., the people in his/her district. Unless his district happen to have a CA majority (there are no such congressional district in the US to my knowledge), s/he should represent America and NOT her/his ethnic origin. On the other hand, a PAC ( political action committee) is a voluntary group formed, to push and lobby for special or ethnic interest. Organization. such as 80-20 are formed to represent and argue minority interests. To expect an elected CA politician to argue for CA interests is to insure his/her defeat. This question and distinction between an elected politician and a PAC deserves a lot more discussion than here. Let me think about this and write a separate article for it. YCHo (More notes added 8/4/2011 @1:35 pm EDT. It should be emphasized that to assimilate does not mean to give up ones cultural identity. While America is often described as a melting pot, a more apt description is a delicious stew where each ingredient can maintain its distinct identity and yet contribute harmoniously to the greater common good. For example Jewish Synagogue and Arabic mosque can each co-exist with Christian churches. There are Sons of Italy and Irish clubs organizations in most major cities)
昨天终于放假了……学院行政教辅人员终于可以长吁一口气，跟短学期说声拜拜，只是明年它又会卷土重来。眼下放松是最要紧的，我也有幸被邀请与他们一起休闲。由于是车队统一行动，三点出发前往四明山居。我在下午两点半到了学校，学生们上午已经走得差不多了，再加上天气炎热，校园里面几乎没有太多人，很空旷，很安静，有图有真相。 这不由得想起上午的时候，因为科学探究实验室的建设工程已经开工一周了，我抽空赶去看了看进度，中小学校放假更早，校园更是一片静逸。 时间回到下午五点，经过1个多小时的车程，我们终于到了四明山居，其实不是四明山庄，而是鄞州这里的一个小山脚。不过经营得不错，远近闻名，前来开会度假的人不少。 By the way，以上图片均为手机拍摄，所以图片质量稍有不足，但是总体效果还是让人满意的，毕竟是手机拍的嘛。近拍的效果更不错，基本可以媲美与普通卡片机了。
Fornew readers and those who request to be “ 好友 good friends” please read my 公告 栏 first. Thisis a famous saying in American politics. Historical incidents starting with the“Nixon Watergate” in 1973 to the mostrecent “Congressman Wiener” incident in 2011 amply illustrate the folly and heavypenalties of lying about and attempts to cover up indiscretions and misdeed inpolitics. Oneof the problems of current Chinese scholarly misconduct seems to be also ofChinese family culture origin. When a misdeed by a scholar is uncovered, thefirst reaction of the institution to which the accused scholar belongs is to considerthis as bringing shame to the organization. Thus, in China in the spirit of notwashing your family dirty laundry in public, the institution tends to protectthe individual by attempting to white wash or cover up the misconduct. Because ofthis relative lack of punishment for misconduct, further incentive, beyondfinancial ones, is provided to induce mis-behavior. In contrast, in the West,misconduct of a scholar is a personal affair. The duty of the organization isto investigate the event and if true dismiss or heavily punish the scholar.There is no stigma attached to the institution. Cover up is not in the academicculture. Thus,it is a welcomed sign to read the new blog http://blog.sciencenet.cn/home.php?mod=spaceuid=75099do=blogid=464927page=2 about “ 燕山大学解聘付炜教授职务”. It appears that lessons aregradually being learned.
作者 王季陶 ” 基本粒子 ”( 中外学界的定义 ) ¹ 中医的 ” 气 ”( 中外学界的定义 ?) “ 基本粒子 ” 是一个近代科学中的名词 . 它不等于所谓 ” 中外学界的定义 ” 中医的 ” 气 ”. 许培扬老师的中医的 ” 气 ” 一文中在 科技名词定义 “ 气 ” 的下方 , 删除了一个重要的标注 . 以及 ” 官方 ” 定义和 ” 其他概念 ” 的分界线 . 因此某种意义上说 , 这是中国官方对 ” 气 ” 的定义 . 国外主要是翻译中国的 ”qi( 中国拼音 , 不是英文 )” 定义 , 还 往往说明 ” In traditional Chinese culture, qi (also chi or ch'i) is an active principle forming part of any living thing . Qi is frequently translated as " lifeforce " or 等等 . 以下才真正是 ” 基本粒子 ”( 中外学界的定义 ), 今后随着科学的发展 , “ 基本粒子 ” 的定义也可能发生变化 . 但是 ” 基本粒子 ” 定义中不含 " lifeforce " 等中医"气"的含义 . 两者决不能混淆 . http://baike.baidu.com/view/24904.html 基本粒子 baikeViewInfo.expIndex="0"; 求助编辑 百科名片 基本粒子 基本粒子，即在不改变物质属性的前提下的最小体积物质。它是组成各种各样物体的基础。并不会因为小而断定它不是某种物质。现在科学家利用粒子加速器加速一些粒子，有时候用粒子相撞的方法，来研究基本粒子。 目录 简介 1. 基本粒子 2. 强子 3. 轻子 4. 传播子 主要特征 1. 粒子的质量 2. 粒子的寿命 3. 粒子具有对称性 4. 自旋 5. 守恒 6. 双重属性粒子性和波动性 主要结构 1. 基本粒子的秘密 2. 夸 克 模 型 基本粒子表 1. 第一代 2. 第二代 3. 第三代 基本粒子理论 1. 一个发展中的理论 2. 各种大统一模型理论相继提出 3. 基本粒子分族特性 基本粒子物理学 1. 第一阶段 2. 第二阶段 3. 第三阶段 1. 基本资料 2. 演职员表 3. 制作发行 4. 幕后制作 5. 幕后花絮 6. 影片评价 7. 剧情简介 简介 1. 基本粒子 2. 强子 3. 轻子 4. 传播子 主要特征 1. 粒子的质量 2. 粒子的寿命 3. 粒子具有对称性 4. 自旋 5. 守恒 6. 双重属性粒子性和波动性 主要结构 1. 基本粒子的秘密 2. 夸 克 模 型 基本粒子表 1. 第一代 2. 第二代 3. 第三代 基本粒子理论 1. 一个发展中的理论 2. 各种大统一模型理论相继提出 3. 基本粒子分族特性 基本粒子物理学 1. 第一阶段 2. 第二阶段 3. 第三阶段 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elementary_particle Elementary particle Standard Model of Elementary Particles In particle physics , an elementary particle or fundamental particle is a particle believed not to have substructure ; that is, it is believed not to be made up of smaller particles. If an elementary particle truly has no substructure, then it is one of the basic building blocks of the universe from which all other particles are made. In the Standard Model , the quarks , leptons , and gauge bosons are elementary particles. Historically, the hadrons ( mesons and baryons such as the proton and neutron ) and even whole atoms were once regarded as elementary particles. A central feature in elementary particle theory is the early 20th century idea of " quanta ", which revolutionized the understanding of electromagnetic radiation and brought about quantum mechanics . For mathematical purposes, elementary particles are normally treated as point particles , although some particle theories such as string theory posit a physical dimension. Contents 1 Overview 2 Standard Model 2.1 Fundamental fermions 2.1.1 Antiparticles 2.1.2 Quarks 2.2 Fundamental bosons 2.2.1 Gluons 2.2.2 Electroweak bosons 2.2.3 Higgs boson 3 Beyond the Standard Model 3.1 Grand unification 3.2 Supersymmetry 3.3 String theory 3.4 Technicolor 3.5 Preon theory 3.6 Acceleron theory 4 See also 5 Notes 6 Further reading 6.1 General readers 6.2 Textbooks 7 External links 附 : 科技名词定义 中文名称： 气 英文名称： qi 定义： 中医学中指构成人体及维持生命活动的最根本、最微细的物质，同时也具有生理机能的含义。在中医学术语中，气与不同的词合用表达各种不同的意义。 应用学科： 中医药学 （一级学科）； 中医基础理论 （二级学科）；气血津液精神（三级学科） 本内容由 全国科学技术名词审定委员会 审定公布 Qi - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia - In traditional Chinese culture, qi (also chi or ch'i) is an active principle forming part of any living thing. Qi is frequently translated as "lifeforce" or ... en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ Qi - 网页快照 - 类似结果
Fornew readers and those who request to be “ 好友 good friends” please read my 公告 栏 first. I thank my freind Professoe Weibo Gong of UMass for bringing the following to my attention. The Munk Debate on 6/17/2011 among Neil Ferguson, David Li, FareedZakaria, and Henry Kissinger – with the first two speakers arguing for and thenext two against the motion http://wwww.c-spanvideo.org/program/Munk This is a fascinating 2 hour debate among four of the foremostgeopolitical thinkers in the world on this question. The only person perhapsnot yet well known to ScienceNet reader is Neil Ferguson, Professor of Historyat Harvard University. I am also sure that thisvideo is available for viewing in China since it is co-sponsored by thePeople’s Daily of China If you don’t have time to watch the entire video of 2 hours, watchat least the first 38 minutes during which each debater argues for and againstthe motion of this title. If you are like me, then you will become convincedafter each speaker that “he is right!” Thus, the question is how can this be so? I submit that the motionis really an artificial question posed to arouse interest. Each debater isreally addressing different issues raised by the question but not answering yesand no to the question. This is typical in debates. But the issues they addressare truly fascinating.
奥巴马的减税政策演讲。和我国的个税起征点终于提高到3500元了。两者具有异曲同工之处。赞一下！ 以下为转载： On Closing Tax Loopholes for Millionaires and Billionaires: There’s been a lot of discussion about revenues and raising taxes in recent weeks, so I want to be clear about what we’re proposing here. I spent the last two years cutting taxes for ordinary Americans, and I want to extend those middle-class tax cuts. The tax cuts I’m proposing we get rid of are tax breaks for millionaires and billionaires; tax breaks for oil companies and hedge fund managers and corporate jet owners. It would be nice if we could keep every tax break there is, but we’ve got to make some tough choices here if we want to reduce our deficit. And if we choose to keep those tax breaks for millionaires and billionaires, if we choose to keep a tax break for corporate jet owners, if we choose to keep tax breaks for oil and gas companies that are making hundreds of billions of dollars, then that means we’ve got to cut some kids off from getting a college scholarship. That means we’ve got to stop funding certain grants for medical research. That means that food safety may be compromised. That means that Medicare has to bear a greater part of the burden. Those are the choices we have to make. So the bottom line is this: Any agreement to reduce our deficit is going to require tough decisions and balanced solutions. And before we ask our seniors to pay more for health care, before we cut our children’s education, before we sacrifice our commitment to the research and innovation that will help create more jobs in the economy, I think it’s only fair to ask an oil company or a corporate jet owner that has done so well to give up a tax break that no other business enjoys. I don’t think that’s real radical. I think the majority of Americans agree with that.
Fornew readers and those who request to be “ 好友 good friends” please read my 公告 栏 first. “Life,Liberty, and the Pursuit of Happiness” are the unalienable rights promised by theAmerican Constitution to all her citizens. Among them, the third right – thepursuit of happiness- is the most elusive to define and acquire. A few yearsback, the nationwide best seller “ Stumblingon Happiness (Vintage books, 2007)” by the Harvard Psychologist, DanielGilbert, in some sense raises more questions than answers. In my own life, Ihave defined “ happiness is a positivederivative http://blog.sciencenet.cn/home.php?mod=spaceuid=1565do=blogid=5844 “ which I firmly believe. Inany case, the purpose of this blog article is not to discuss this ephemeral anddifficult matter. Instead I submit that human being often used a surrogate forhappiness, namely “The pursuit of superiority or the feeling I am better thanthe rest”. Even though the idea of improvement and optimization is basic to allof us, to openly pursuit and display superiority is not socially acceptable.Civilization and society have developed elaborate customs and rituals to getaround this difficulty. In academia, the “opinion of your peers” is a workablebut still imperfect scheme for the recognition of being superior. From this wederived numerous “objective” measures such a SCI count, H-index, awards, andelection to prestige membership to make concrete the standing among one’speers. However, for the majority of the populace, such measure is notavailable. Instead WEALTH becomes a convenient substitute. But the raw displayof wealth is again considered to be gauche and socially lacking grace. Thus,customs and rituals are again devised to enable person to display wealth withsome measure of social acceptability. One of the earliest study of this socialphenomena I know of is the book by Vance Packard ( The Status Seeker 1959) which describes how social hierarchy aremaintained via the used of various “status” symbols. Luxury and expensive goodsare examples of such status symbols, whether it is automobiles, designerclothes, or Tiffany or Cartier jewelry. But there is one problem with such symbols – there are also available tothe general not so wealthy public. A person of average means can acquire asingle piece of luxury good if s/he wants it badly enough. Consequently, suchluxury good will lose its superiority appeal when it becomes too popular. Agood example is what happened to the American luxury auto brand – Cadillac. TheCadillac car used to represent the ultimate in auto luxury in the US. To ownone is to declare you have “arrived”. But beginning mid 20 th century, ownership of Cadillac cars became too widespread particularly amongminority and some criminal population who wish to display legitimacy and upwardsocial mobility. As a result, wealthy people begin to avoid the brand. It tookyears for General Motors to shed this stigma and sales of Cadillac only beganto recover in this century. The fact is that status symbols are dynamicallychanging and the American public is forever concerned with what is “IN” andwhat is “OUT”. For symbols to remain status symbols it must somehow managing toretain “exclusivity” and yet be “desirable and popular”. This is a toughbalancing act well known to marketers. One way to maintain exclusivity is tomake the goods very expensive – expensive way beyond what the quality of thegoods justify. In other words, the customer is paying for the brand name. Womencosmetics are well known examples. Name brand cosmetics often contain the sameingredients as the much cheaper no name counterpart. But via clever advertisingand celebrity endorsement, a product can command the higher price. The pursuitof the name brand is of course also well known in China. Stories aboundnowadays of Chinese tourists purchasing huge quantities of name brand goods instores abroad. Diamond sales in China have become big business for Europeandiamond merchants. But I wish to conclude the article by telling anextreme story of the pursuit of exclusivity and brand name : Thereis a limit on how much one can charge for restaurant food. Thus price cannot beused to maintain exclusivity in the restaurant business. But someone has comeup with a clever way. I seriously doubt how many people in the world, includingeven the well informed have heard of the Spanish restaurant - elBulli – locateda couple of hours drive outside of Barcelona, Spain (note 1). But thisrestaurant is open only six months every year. Its award winning chef, FerbanAdria uses the other six months to create different and new menu items for eachyear (e.g., Liquid nitrogen frozen cocktails which are to be eaten not drunk).The restaurant only accepts reservation (over two million requests) via e-mailon a single day each year. Acceptances are determined by lottery to only 8000dinners. He lectures at Harvard on molecular gastronomy, his restaurant hasbecome a Harvard Business School case study in marketing, and he jointlyteaches a course on the science of cooking at Harvard. Eating at elBulli is notabout a good meal but a once-in-lifetime experience that participant can bragabout and feel superior with for years afterwards. Here is an example onhow-to-marketing and something for new Chinese Billionaires to aspire to. (note1. I only became aware of this exclusive restaurant recently because of myHarvard connection. Otherwise, I’ll just be another ignorant public compared tothe privileged few who have dined there.) (Note added 7/7/2011. This week the Economist magazine has a featured article on the Mystery of the Chinese Consumer which describes Chinese consumer behavior that westerner find strange. http://www.economist.com/node/18928514?story_id=18928514fsrc=nlw|hig|07-07-2011|editors_highlights ) (Note added Aug. 6 2011. Alas, Elbulli annouced today that it will close in 2011 and re-open as a culinary institute in 2014. This will certainly give additional bragging rights and status to those who have already dined there. Just like a painter who dies, his painting will go up immediately in value. Chef Adria is a marketing genius.)
Fornew readers and those who request to be “ 好友 good friends” please read my 公告 栏 first. ScienceNet readers have heard me talk about T. Freidman, the NYTimes columnist whom Irecommend. Now I wish to recommend another columnist Fareed Zakaria on TIMEmagazine and on CNN. In a way, I am even more tuned-in to Zakaria since he andI have similar backgrounds – we are both immigrants who left home (he fromIndia and I from China) when young to come to the US for study in undergraduatecolleges, we both choose to remain in the US, become citizens by choice, and recevied our ph.d from Harvard. Inthis sense we have viewpoints that are bi-cultural and perhaps moreinternational and less nationalistic. Thelatest book by Zakaria, The Post-AmericanWorld release 2.0, is a most enjoyable read. In it, Zakaria talk about thethree waves of human developments. First the Renaissance and the rise ofEuropean power; the second, the American century; and now the Rise of the Rest,in particular China and India. There is also a fasinating and rather fair comparison of China and India. Inscience and technology, there are people who make and discover major advances,and there are popularizers who make complex ST understandable to thepublic. Both are important contributors. Similarly in world affairs, there arestatesman and leaders who make history, and there are commentators who make thecomplex world understandable to us. Friedman and Zakaria, in my opinion, arethe best of this genre. They command data and statistics, synthesize disparateand related facts, and weave a viewpoint of the world not often seen orappreciated by common folks. Idon’t know to what extent TIME and CNN are available in China. But I am surethe above mentioned book is not censored. It is definitely worth reading.
Best paper awardhttp://www.boku.ac.at/top-stories.html?no_cache=1tx_ttnews =2990tx_ttnews =2cHash=1d352de855 Mag. Viktoria Gaß hat den Best Paper Award im Bereich Sustainable Transport beim World Renewable Energy Congress 2011 bekommen. Viktoria Gaß, Johannes Schmidt und Erwin Schmid, alle vom Institut für Nachhaltige Wirtschaftsentwicklung, Department für Wirtschafts- und Sozialwissenschaften, haben den Best Paper Award im Bereich Sustainable Transport beim World Renewable Energy Congress 2011 bekommen. Das paper „Analysis of alternative policy instruments to promote electric vehicles in Austria“ wird in einem Special Issue von Applied Energy publiziert werden. Abstract The large amount of CO2 emissions and of fossil fuel consumption by the transportation sector makes the sector central for attaining the EU energy and climate policy targets. Consequently, new propulsion systems are developed in the automotive industry, which currently have cost disadvantages compared to conventional internal combustion engines (ICE). The article provides a review on support measures for electric vehicles which have been currently implemented within the European Union. In a case study analysis for Austria, we analyze different policy instruments including a CO2 tax aiming to support electric vehicles in Austria. We have calculated and compared total costs of ownership (TCO), which includes all costs associated with the ownership of an automobile including costs of purchasing, operating and maintaining, charges and taxes as well as costs of recycling and disposal. A survey on main specifications of electric vehicles has been conducted among the main automobile manufacturers and importers in Austria. Based on this survey, TCO have been calculated dynamically from 2011 to 2020 for a business as usual (BAU) scenario considering currently implemented taxes and subsidies for ICE and electric vehicle systems. Three alternative policy support measures have been assessed to promote EV to ICE until 2015. We conclude that an up-front price support seems to be favorable over taxation systems.
Fornew readers and those who request to be “ 好友 good friends” please read my 公告 栏 first. Boston,because of its high concentration of institutions of higher learning (80+college and universities) and her position in American history, carries thenickname of “the hub of the US”. Professionalsports are big business in the US. Major daily newspapers have special section ofthe paper and the radio-TV stations have regular programs each day devoted tothe local and national sport teams. “ SportsIllustrated ” is a well known weekly nation-wide magazine specializing insport reporting. Sports fans in the US are fanatics in their life long devotionto teams from their home town even though they may now live thousands of milesaway. The four major sports that are the year round features of all US TVstations are, American Football, Baseball,Basketball and Hockey . Boston has all four types of professional teamswhich in their long history have won all kinds of championships. Many sportslegends from these teams and the players have become part of the national lores and fabricsof America. Because of this crowding, the other world sport, soccer, never canquite gain the same popularity in the US. Duringthe past decade, the four Boston teams have all again won national and arguablyworld championships in Football (twice), Baseball (twice after a drought of 86years), Basketball, and Hockey (last night after 39 years). Thus, the citydeservedly may call herself – the hub of the sports world http://hubbub.wbur.org/2011/06/16/bostons-decade-of-dominance . The feeling of euphoriafor a citizens of Boston last night were an emotional high. A city wide paradeis scheduled for Saturday (6/18) to honor the winning Hockey team, The BostonBruins. Myfavorite viewing sports are baseball and American football. But last night Iwas sitting at the edge of my seat for 3 hours watching the championship hockeygame and cheering for Boston.
( For new reader and those who request 好友请求 , please read my 公告栏 first) Every organization, whether commercial, governmental, or academic, usually issue a report to its constituents, sponsors, and supporters reviewing the happenings, progresses, and visions for the future of the organization at end of each year. In academia, this usually happens in June. Such reports often only serve its primary purpose of being a record rather than interesting reading. This year, SEAS has the year end report in the form of an all school meeting with the entire meeting videotaped. I thought the video might be of viewing interest to ScienceNet reader and Chinese academic leaders for the following reasons: 1. The Dean of SEAS reviews her vision of the role of Engineering and Applied Sciences in a full scale University (as opposed to an Institute of Technology). 2. How to collaborate with other schools such as Law (HLS), Business (HBS),Government (HKS), and Medicine (HMS) 3. How engineering courses including laboratories and design projects are taught in a modern school The video is 1 hour and 11 minutes long available at http://media.seas.harvard.edu/content/communications/All_Hands_Large.mp4?play Of course you don’t have to watch it all the way from the beginning to the end. Use your computer curser to skip and repeat any portion of the video. The screen can also be enlarged to full screen mode for easy watching.
Fornew readers and those who request to be “ 好友 good friends” please read my 公告 栏 first. Another 8 months have passed since my last update.The list is now up-to-date as of Nov 10, 2017. For Readers seeking help and advice (II) http://blog.sciencenet.cn/home.php?mod=spaceuid=1565do=blogid=376393 and For Readers seeking help and advice http://www.sciencenet.cn/m/user_content.aspx?id=274536
( For new reader and those who request 好友请求 , please read my 公告栏 first) For sometime now, there have been a great deal of discussion both in the US and China about “innovation”. I offer here a small personal observation and contribution to this topic. Although I cannot claim the most recent experience, but I am willing to bet the following: If you sit for an hour in an elementary school classroom in the US and in China, then the most striking difference you will observe is the initiatives the US students will take in speaking up in class. In fact this is encouraged by teacher in the US while in China, the first rule taught to the students is to obey and respond only when asked to. A young student is never scolded if his/her volunteered answer or spoken words are wrong in the US . The teachers are trained to always find something good to say. For example, if a student got two of ten questions right on a test, then in China this will be considered a total failure by both the parents and the teacher. In the US, the teacher more likely will say, “Good, you got two right answers. Let us see what we can learn from these two answers?” This Chinese tendency for students to stay silent even persists into university and graduate school. In my Tsinghua classes, I often had to force the students to raise question by adopting the QA mode instead of the lecturing mode of teaching ( http://blog.sciencenet.cn/home.php?mod=spaceuid=1565do=blogid=8412 , http://blog.sciencenet.cn/home.php?mod=spaceuid=1565do=blogid=13708 , http://blog.sciencenet.cn/home.php?mod=spaceuid=1565do=blogid=3859 ). In scientific conferences, Chinese educated scholars seldom get up and ask questions. I submit this is not a matter of language fluency but ingrained habit from early schooling. Of course, asking stupid questions can make you look ridiculous. This happens. But in one’s own research and innovation effort, the ability and habit to ask questions and not be afraid of failures are very important. I don’t want to condemn rote learning, memorization, and reciting back what you have been taught as bad teaching. Free form education has its drawbacks too. One reason American middle school students consistently lag other nations in math and science tests can be traced to the lack of rigorous standards and discipline of study in such subjects. How to educate our youth with the proper balance of inquiry and discipline will be a continuous debate both in China and in the US.
Fornew readers and those who request to be “ 好友 good friends” please read my 公告 栏 first. First Chinese to win a grandslam tennis championship ( in the French Open) 30 seconds ago. (note added 6/5/2011. She is apparently not only the first Chinese but the first Asian according to the Sunday NY Times this morning which featured her photo and story on the front pages of the paper as well as the sport section.)
( For new reader and those who request 好友请求 , please read my 公告栏 first) Vocabulary according to dictionary is a list of words understood or used by a person in a language. This, however, is too simple a definition. We often need to distinguish among Reading Vocabulary,Speaking Vocabulary, and Writing Vocabula ry each of which is a propersubset of its predecessor (although one may debated whether or not writing vocabulary is contained within the speaking one.) When there are multiple languages involved, the situation is more complicated. Personally, I find reading scientific Chinese text rather difficult. This is because I learned almost all scientific pronouns and terms in English and have no idea what their Chinese equivalents are. Phonetically, sometimes, but not always, I can guess. But I have no difficulty in conducting a conversation in everyday Chinese. As for writing Chinese, I am only at middle school level or worse. Yet I can read and understand old classic or official Chinese text without too much trouble. It is because of these considerations that I write my blog in English. Bythe same reasoning, I realize that by writing my blog in English, the readers of ScienceNet may not always catch the nuance and exact meaning of things I was saying. Thus, whenever possible, I try to insert appropriate Chinese phrases to clarify the text. However, this is hampered by my unreliable Chinese writing software and my limited skill in using the software (note 2). Fortunately, the staff at ScienceNet are most capable. In their spare time, they try to translate those blog articles of mine which they think are significant and have general appeal.Thus, overall my writing serve the purpose (note 1 below) judging from their continued popularity. (note1. As stated several times in the past four years, the primary purpose of myblog articles is to help young scholars and students with my life experience inAcademia and in the US) (Note 2. For example my Chinese writing software will not work with the new Windows 7 Professional operating system that was installed on my PC recently)
( For new reader and those who request 好友请求 , please read my 公告栏 first) At my age, the most frequent social events for me are attendances at retirement parties and memorial/funeral services. For the past ten days I was at two coasts of the US (San Francisco and New York) for both type of events. But here I want to talk about the retirement parties of two old friends from the above named institute. We are all familiar with high tech start up in the Silicon Valley. But I doubt too many people have heard of nonprofit start up there. In 1990, the US-China relation was at it's low point. Two far sighted and well known Chinese Americans, C.B. Sung ( http://www.cctv.com/program/upclose/20070108/104379_1.shtml see CCTV interview about the man who has a sixth sense about China) and Hang Sheng Cheng (VP of the Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco) founded the 1990 Institute with the idea of positive engagement and help to improve US-China relationships. The Institute played key roles in the macro economic modernization of China (see explanation below) during the 1990 decade. As Chinese economy blossomed and matured, the Institute gradually morphed her role into more microeconomic and humanistic tasks for the 21st century. Another co-founder and director and my old friend, William (Billy) M.S. Lee, together with his wife, Lucille initiated projects such as Children's art, student exchanges, and micro finance loans ( http://1990institute.org/microfinance/intro ) which now occupy significant portion of the activities of the Institute. Both Sung and Lee are my oldest friends in the US. I first met them in 1950. Sung is like a big brother who guided and advised me during the crucial formative years of my youth. Lee is the first Chinese friend I made in the US and our friendship stretches over more than half a century ( http://blog.sciencenet.cn/home.php?mod=spaceuid=1565do=blogid=263414 ) . Both of them are retiring from their duties at the 1990 Institute after almost a generation of volunteer service. The 21st Annual Institute Dinner on May 25 th honors both C.B. Sung and Billy Lee as they retire from Chairman of the board and co-founder and director of the Institute respectively. The acceptance speech by Billy Lee on behalf of the honorees says and explains more and far better about what the Institute did and does than I can. This is reproduces with permission from Billy below: BILLY’S TALK AT THE 1990 INSTITUTE’S ANNUAL DINNER May 25, 2011 Hang Sheng and C.B. asked me to express their deep appreciation and gratitude for honoring them this evening. I too thank you from the bottom of my heart. We want to extend our best wishes to those who will continue the Mission and Spirit of The 1990 Institute, and we wish to thank all the Past and Present 1990 Board Members, the Institute’s Honorable Co-Chairs, Volunteers, Friends, and Supporters who have helped us directly and indirectly to do what we loved to do the past 20 years. I personally have learned so much from everyone but particularly from CB, Hang Sheng, and Roz Koo. Tonight, however, I especially wish to thank CB and Hang Sheng - my 2 Big Brothers and Mentors at The 1990 Institute. Almost 65 years ago, when I was leaving China for schooling in the United States, my father gave me his parting advice: DiDi, now you will be on your own. Behave well and stay close to people who are Good and people who want to do Good. Also, follow those who are bright and preferably who are much smarter than you. Yes, I have followed my Dad’s advice. You see, I married Lucille who is a good person, and who is - as many of you know - much much smarter than I. Yes, I also joined The 1990 Institute, because I trusted CB and I was impressed by HangSheng’s warmth and sincerity. I regarded them as Good people who clearly wanted to do Good, and they were unquestionably many times more capable and accomplished than I. Tonight, I like to take this opportunity to thank them personally. Hang Sheng ! I like to share with you what I heard at Stanford University’s Lecture Series last year – titled “ SIX DECADES OF THE PRC from 1950 to 2010 “.Prof. Barry Naughton, a renowned scholar on Chinese Economy and Chair of International Affairs at UCSD covered the Decade 1990 to 2000. He emphatically pointed out that the 1990 Decade was indeed the TURNING POINT in China’s Fiscal Reform which brought about the country’s impressive development of today. He particularly pointed out that Premier Zhu Rongji China’s Economic Tsar based much of his economic policies on the new knowledge brought back to China by a group of young Chinese scholars who had spent time and did in-depth research in the United States. Hang Sheng, I think Prof. Naughton was indeed referring to the impact and contribution made by you and The 1990 Institute at that critical period. As V.P. of the Federal Reserve Bank, you were instrumental in placing the very first group of bright Chinese Research Scholars who came to the U.S. to learn the Market–Oriented Economic System at various key institutions, and you came up with this visionary concept to pair up the brightest of the bright young PRC Economists with selected U.S. Experts to do Joint Research on China’s Economic Reform. That in fact gave birth to our 1990 Institute . You, My Good Friend, truly deserve tremendous accolade ! CB ! You have been my Big Brother since my college days. You have always given me encouragement, fresh ideas, critical comments, and often very inspirational words. I still remember vividly one lunch gathering we had, and I was babbling about The 1990 Institute’s Children, Art, and Environment Projects and about Xin Xin Jiao the Heart to Heart Bridging of Children from different cultures. You quietly wrote 8 Chinese characters on a slip of paper and showed them to me. Xin Xin Tse Whor, Ker Yee Liao Yuan . It was a metaphor saying: Little Sparks of Fire Can Inflame a Vast Terrain . I think, CB, you have been someone who can spot potential Sparks while others may not. You can visualize the Vast Terrain not imaginable to most other people. You can analyze what fuels are necessary to induce, maintain and expand the flame. You would most surely check the weather and the wind, and make sure that the blaze is carefully managed and directed. Most importantly, however, you would first start by asking Why ! Why this action, effort, time, and involvement ? What is the Good in Purpose ? Then you would want to know the potential impact and result. You always aim for maximum value and benefit. I have carefully observed and analyzed how you led The 1990 Institute. To me, you were an admirable Orchestrator and a really smart Optimizer! I learned a lot from you, Dear Bro. I thank you and love you ! Again, Good Friends and Supporters of The 1990 Institute, on behalf on C.B., Hang Sheng and myself, thank You All for coming this evening ! (I note here that Billy is far too modest about his own role in the speech here. But reader should go to the 1990 website to see the details of the micro-economic and humanistic work he did during the past ten years.) Note added 8/13/2012. The 1990 Insitute website today featured several articles about US-China relations well worth reading. http://blog.sciencenet.cn/blog-1565-449810.html , http://www.1990institute.org/
( For new reader and those who request 好友请求 , please read my 公告栏 first) From the Wall Street Journal http://www.fins.com/Finance/Articles/SB130313870461006621/What-Not-to-Say-in-a-Job-Interview?Type=4reflink=djm_emailfinshouse_may1911_wsjfr What Not to Say in a Job Interview By Kelly Eggers It's not all that difficult to completely blow a job interview . Showing up late, wearing inappropriate clothing and answering your cell phone are a few good ways to kill your chances. But sticking your foot in your mouth will do the job as well. Many hiring managers say that on occasion, candidates that seem perfect at first get crossed off the list by saying something senseless when asked a routine interview question. Here are a few responses to some of those frequently asked questions that will be sure to kill the conversation and send you straight out the door. 1: So, tell me a little about yourself. If your answer begins with anything remotely related to your place of birth, experiences in grade school, or your bad relationship with your parents, you can pretty much consider the interview over. And remember, this is often the first question you'll face. It's hard to know what exactly an interviewer is looking for you to say to this question, but it's safe to assume they want you to give a bit of background on your professional history. "Ask them where they'd like you to begin," says Carolyn Thompson, an executive recruiter and author of 10 Steps to Finding the Perfect Job . Are they looking for your entire professional background, or just your most recent work experience? "It gives you a point to work forward or backward from," Thompson explains. 2: Why do you want to leave your current job? First and foremost, you should actually want to leave your job if you're going on interviews. If you meet that qualification, you shouldn't say you are just looking for a change and you definitely shouldn't badmouth your employer. "It's ok to bring up a problem with your current employer," says J. Patrick Gorman, co-founder of the iFind group, an executive recruiter based in New York, "but you have to show how you attempted to solve it so you don't sound like a whiner." Rita Boyle, a senior executive search consultant with New Jersey-based Cornerstone Search Group, suggests explaining how the change is the next logical step for your career path. "Explain why you're running to their company instead of why you're running away from your current one," Boyle says Other no-nos? Noting that you want to leave your company (or join a new one) because of anything relating to location, pay, or benefits. 3. What are your biggest strengths and weaknesses? The worst way to answer this question is without the slightest pinch of modesty. "'Weaknesses? I don't have any weaknesses,' is the worst thing possible to say," says Gorman. A less-obvious-but-still-awful answer? Identifying a weakness, but not explaining how you got through it, he says. It's important to acknowledge your downfalls, but explain how you've been able to work around them as well. When it comes to discussing strengths, don't give yourself an endlessly glowing review -- but don't go with a one-size-fits-all answer, either. Mark Herschberg, a career skills professor at the Levin Institute in New York City, says almost every candidate trots out a platitude about being smart or hard-working. "In those cases, I respond, '95% of the candidates gave me that same answer, can you tell me anything that distinguishes you from them?'" he says. 4. How would your current or former colleagues describe you? This is not an opportunity to simply re-frame your strengths. "There's a difference between how you and everyone you work with would describe you," says Thompson. You should also steer clear of responses like "the only employee who did things right," or "a great guy to hang out with after work," says Lynne Sarikas, director of the MBA career center at Northeastern University's College of Business Administration. Think about what people at each level of the workforce look to you for, says Thompson. Your subordinates, for example, might say you're fair, and are always looking to pass along useful knowledge and opportunities to gain experience. 5. What is your goal for the short term? Never imply that you'll be leaving in short order to start your own business, go back to school, or that you see yourself in the interviewer's job. Another gaffe? Not knowing what your interviewer means by "short term." You might define short-term as the next six months, and your interviewer might be thinking in terms of the next 18 to 24 months, so it's important to clarify the timeframe upfront. "A lot of people think 'I know what my short-term goal is,' but if you don't know their definition of 'short term,' your answer may or may not be appropriate," says Thompson. 6. Are there certain tasks or types of people you don't like? This is a particularly loaded question, according to Steven Raz, co-founder of Cornerstone Search Group, so make sure to tread carefully. Steer clear of any answer that is abrasive to authority figures, he counsels. At the same time, Bruce Hurwitz of Hurwitz Strategic Staffing, a New York City executive recruiting firm, advises not to feign a universally agreeable demeanor. Be honest here, and note the things you tend to avoid -- whether it's people who are overly chatty, or jobs that require endless data input -- as long as the tasks or personalities aren't going to be an inherent part of the role. 7. Do you have any questions? If there's a question that's a guaranteed game-changer, it's this one. Coming up blank is a good way to show that you aren't thoughtful or interested in the job, says Raz. And not just any questions in return are appropriate. No-nos include asking about compensation for the job, what the company does, if you can work from home, how much vacation time you'll get, or if the drug and background testing are really mandatory. Ask queries that will help "match up your skills, experiences and accomplishments with what they're looking for," says Raz. Instead of fumbling in the final minutes of the interview, be prepared with a few great questions that show you're interested in both the company and the job.
( For new reader and those who request 好友请求 , please read my 公告栏 first) The old saying “history is written by the victors” which carries approximately the same notion as the Chinese saying “ 成則為王, 敗則為宼 ”. The history of the world is always viewed through nationalistic eyes. I received an 11 th grade ( 高二 ) education in China before I left in 1949. My knowledge of the history of China and the World were learned through the official version than existing. Thus, it was a shock when I first arrived in Hongkong (6/49) and saw the British version of Chinese geography (Tibet, Mongolia. And Manchuria were not considered to be part of China by the British at that time). Subsequently for the next 50+ years in the US, I mostly absorbed US history through osmosis of daily living and reading. It was only during retirement in the last ten years that I had time to expand my knowledge of world history through reading and leisure travel. Here I list below a random collection of some of my “misunderstandings / misinformation” acquired while young and learning history through nationalistic filters. 1. I was always taught Chinese dynastic history as 唐,宋,元,明,清 in succession. But in reality the three countries 元,明,清 always existed in parallel. It is only which group is more dominant at any time that mattered. 2. The Song dynasty was very weak and occupied a rather small part of China compared to the Kim 金 and Yuan 元 countries co-existing and occupying much larger part of China at the same time. But this fact was never emphasized to students in high school history class. 3. China is an old civilization. But there are other equally old and sophisticated civilizations in Egypt, Northern Europe, Central America, and elsewhere which were never taught or emphasized when I was in Chinese high school. 4. By the same token, American history class in high school are rather deficient about Asian geography and history. I recall when my children were in junior high and took a class in world civilization which contained nothing about China (I complain to the teacher that the course should be titled western civilization instead). This was some 30 years ago. Nowadays, this cannot be true anymore, I hope. But extrapolating from my own experience, one cannot but wonder how much “misinformation” the average American and Chinese public have about each other despite the fact that US and China are the two biggest economy of the world, and how many wars/conflicts in the world throughout the ages are results of such misunderstandings among different people and countries. (Note added June 4, 2011 and June 19, 2011 : Only last night I learned that in 1932 during the height of the Great Depression there was a month longbig demonstration by thousands of US veterans of WWI who camped in Washington DC in front of the Congress demanding bonus payment promised by the government. The month long demonstration was crushed by US Army with tanks eventually. The promised payment was utlimately paid in 1936. This historical fact was never emphasized or taught in history classes as far as I know in my 60+ years here. Another example of history through nationalistic eyes. The only saving grace is that one can find such information freely on the Internet http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bonus_Army . There is no attempt to censor the information) Another example is the Mexican-American war of the late 1840s in which the US was clearly the aggressor against a weaker nation because the US desire to obtain the vast tract of western land including California then under Merxican control. Again although de-emphasized in history teaching, such fact are not censored.
Someday and for something, I wrote my CV (curriculum vitae) in English. Former Dr Zheng Banqiao, a famous painter, poet and calligrapher in Qing Dynasty (1644-1911), was ever assigned by the emperorasa highest local officer—Xianling in my home county in 18??. He said a famous word: "Nan De Hutu"(难得糊涂). I intended to translate and also to introduce it into my CV at that time. Ideemed myfinal versiongood enough— "It is not easy to be in a muddle."What is more, my academic friend abroad seemed to have understood and acceptedmy self-admiring version. In fact, I found a few days ago its optimal translation is something like this: " Where ignorance is bliss(福气), it is folly to be wise ".
(For new reader and those who request 好友请求 , please read my 公告栏 first) From a reader’s comment and my response : “One of your students mentioned "making decisions in the midst of incomplete information" as one of the most important lessons learned from you. May I ask you to write an article on this topic? It is one of the constant challenges faced by every scientist trying to push the boundary of human knowledge. I'd love to hear your thoughts/experiences in this regard. Thx ”. 博主回复 (2011-5-7 21:30) ： Thank you. Let me think about this This is a very good question and a vexing problem faced by all of us. Let me first give some background. 1. Students of Operations Research (OR) all know the existence of a topic within OR called “Decision Analysis (DA) ”. I have also touched on the subject in one of my blog articles http://blog.sciencenet.cn/home.php?mod=spaceuid=1565do=blogid=16273 which incidentally is well worth re-reading (re-reading it myself three years later, I’d not change a word nor think I can do better). 2. “Decision Analysis (DA)”, however, suffers several drawbacks when applying to real world problems. a. Most real problems are so computationally intensive that render the methodology of DA impractical or infeasible. b. DA only deals with “one shot” decision making, i.e., you decide once and there are no recourse or second chances c. DA requires the decision maker to amalgamate all consequences of the decision into one measurement in the units of “utility” (e.g., money). Utility Theory can be questioned theoretically regarding its assumption (see next point), and practically in terms our ability to assess utility. d. If one believes in Utility theory, then, it requires the decision maker to choose the decision that maximize the expected utility. But we know human beings do not always derive comfort from expected (or average) basis. Recall my frequent analogy of immersing one foot in boiling water and the other in ice in previous blog articles. 3. Regarding criticism point 2b above, there is actually a sub-branch of DA called “Sequential Decision Analysis”. This endeavor expands the decision possibilities from “yes”, “no” to include “wait and see or no decision”. The point here is that by waiting for more information, it may make the correct decision easier to ascertain. The “Sequential Probability Ratio Test (SPRT)” in statistics is one specific example. However, this extension only takes care of acquiring possible new information. Other issues such as feedback, second chance, and changing environment are not addressed. 4. Consequently, when it comes to making decisions in complex real world problems, decision theory at best is only of qualitative use in help us avoiding emotion or rash actions. Under this background, what did I tell my student and myself about practical decision making under incomplete or uncertain information? Here knowledge of control theory comes in. In my article on optimal control http://bbs.sciencenet.cn/home.php?mod=spaceuid=1565do=blogid=209522 Four prominent features of control theory were pointed out, namely, FEEDBACK, DYNAMICS, UNCERTAINTY, and EXTENSION to LEARNING and ADAPTATION. For practical decision making, each of these comes into play. By “feedback” we learn from mistakes. In life, second chances are plentiful and there are always a series of related decisions in which midcourse corrections are possible. By “dynamics” we mean things and environment including goals do change. These will induce changes in decisions that we subsequently make. Very seldom it is a “one shot” affair Finally “uncertainty, learning and adaptation” are generalizations of the sequential decision analysis approach mentioned in point 3 above. My other articles about "recipe for life" http://blog.sciencenet.cn/home.php?mod=spaceuid=1565do=blogid=8186 in general terms, and http://blog.sciencenet.cn/home.php?mod=spaceuid=1565do=blogid=276944 in a specific but important situation illustrated how they are relevant in my own decision making in life. Of course, a precise formula for practical decision making under uncertainty for real world problems does not exist. The above are still guidelines and are what makes life interesting and let me earn a living among other things. Lastly, consulting my series of articles on "How to do Research" and "On Research and Education" will also be helpful.
(For new reader and those who request 好友请求 , please read my 公告栏 first) A lesser known Churchill saying is “ The best argument against democracy is to talk to an average voter for five minutes ”. Here Churchill was lamenting the fact that the average person often is badly informed or educated to vote for best course of action for him and the society, and often are voting based on raw emotion or misinformation. Certainly the founding Fathers of America did not have enough trust of the masses and choose to have a government elected by representatives (the elector of all fifty states) of the people. It is only later that the process was evolved to the current popular vote system and the electors become only symbolic figures. On the other hand, the check-and-balance system of government in the US is a unique invention of democracy that survived many crisis and wars. Even with the current gridlock in the US government with regard to spending and welfare, the better known Churchill quotation of “ Democracy is the worst form of government except for all others ” still rings true. This past week, the Economist magazine had a cover article about the financial woes of California. The article laid blame squarely on the shoulder of “extreme democracy” practiced by the State of California. In California, voters can directly enact laws by-passing the elected legislature using the so-called ”initiatives”. In the past decades, many such “initiatives” were passed by the diet-drink addicted populace (i.e. sweet (meaning benefits and services) but no calories (no tax to pay for it)). As a result, the state is basically bankrupt and in heavy debt. Freedom of speech is another basic rights guaranteed by democracy. But with the rise of the Internet and instant communication of the modern world, rumors and falsehood spread like wildfire in a crowded theater with many unforeseen and unintended consequences. Here we are reminded of the saying of the modern Chinese philosopher Liang Chi-Cao who said “you must limit your freedom in order to protect it” Finally, the Arrow Impossibility Theorem proved to us that perfect DEMOCRACY is unattainable even in the abstract. Pessimists of the future of mankind can unite behind that depressing thought.
GEO卫星测距系统设计 作者： 朱振华 ; 冯阳凯 ; 郭润全 作者单位： 上海交通大学 ; 上海卫星工程研究所 文献来源： 信息技术 发表时间： 2010-12-25 来源库： 期刊 被引频次： 下载频次： 摘要： 随着卫星测定轨精度的提高,现有测距系统难以满足要求。文中着重介绍了GEO卫星采用三点测距为实现高测距精度的方案,给出了三点测距系统的结构和功能,并分析测距系统模型,以及提高测定轨精度的因素,最后对测距性能进行了分析。 Design of geostationary orbit satellite ranging system ZHU Zhenhua1, FENG Yangkai2, GUO Runquan2 ( 1. Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai 200000, China; 2. Shanghai Research Institute of Satellite Eng ineer ing, Shanghai 200240, China) Abstract: Th is paper m ain ly in troduces the construction and function o f tristat ion ranging system for new generat ion GEO sate llite. It ana lyses the system mathemat ica lmode l bu ilding. The GEO satellite requires h igher precision o f its orb itmeasuring, but rang ing systems in use canno tmatch the requ irement by now. A spread spectrum rang ing system w ith tristation is designed, to improve rang ing prec ision. It a lso present the structure of transm itter onboard , and the composition of rang ing station on earth, asw e ll as the protocol of communication. The system performance is analysed in the end. Key words: sate llite rang ing; GEO satellite; high precision
At Costco (in Hawaii) until March 1st, you can get a "free" one with a new two-year contract, that includes additional $30/month data plan per line (for unlimited web access). It's a good toy.
More than a year ago ( under the old SciNet system) , I wrote a Blog: Your “good friend” is only a click away … At that time, I didn’t like to become someone’s “good friend” without knowing. Now, I am afraid that I am partly responsible for the “two click” to mingle provided by the new SciNet system. I wonder if it is possible to add a “choice” for the Blogger to decide whether he prefers “one click” or “two click.” As suggested by Neil: Neil决定接受科学网任何用 户的好友申请 Happy Chinese New Year!
hiroseite是一个合成词，由日本科学家Kei Hirose的姓氏（Hirose）和常用岩石矿物后缀-ite（表岩石或矿物名称）组成，用来表示Hirose研究组首先（2004年）发现的地幔底部可能存在的新高压相——后钙钛矿（post-perovskite，ppv）。ppv对于重新认识地球的基本结构和成分具有重大意义，被认为是21世纪初地球深部研究最重大的发现。post-perovskite一词略显冗长，有人建议用Hirose（广濑）的名字来重新命名这一新发现的高压相，即hiroseite。尽管目前"hiroseite"这一称谓并未得到学术界广泛认可，但Kei Hirose的接触研究足以让他获得“hiroseite”这一无上光荣。用科学家的名字来命名一种新矿物相，是学术界对他的最高肯定。 图1. 地球内部圈层结构简图（after Hirose and Lay,2008） Discovery of post-perovskite 后钙钛矿的发现 核幔边界（core-mantle boundary,CMB,下同）是地球内部最主要的界面之一（图1），铁合金液态外核与硅酸盐下地幔底部进行着强烈的热交换作用，对地球内部的物质运动具有重要的意义。地球物理研究观测到下地幔底部200-400km范围内（即D"层），存在着一些较为特殊的地震波特征和现象，如超低速层（ultralow velocity zone, ULVZ），剪切波分裂（shear wave spliting），地震波不连续面（velocity discontinuities）以及相关的地震波异常（velocity anomalies）等，这些现象和特征的成因长期以来并未得到满意的答案（参考Shim，2008）。 直到2004年，来自日本东京工业大学的Kei Hirose（广濑 敬）研究组，在日本先进的同步辐射中心SPring-8利用金刚石压砧（LHDAC）技术（图2），首先在美国Science上报道了下地幔主要矿物MgSiO3钙钛矿(perovskite,pv)在下地幔底部温压条件下继续向更高压矿物相的转变，他们将这一新发现的矿物相称为post-perovskite（后钙钛矿，ppv），并认为ppv可能是下地幔底部、CMB之上D"层的物质成分，通过对ppv的后续研究将有望揭开D"层的许多疑团。 图2. 利用第三代同步辐射设施中双面加热DAC装置进行原位X光衍射实验（after Shim,2008） 随后苏黎世联邦理工学院的Oganov小组（OganovOno,2004）和美国麻省理工学院的Shim（2004）也分别独立报道了ppv相变，而理论计算研究也迅速证实了ppv相变（Iitaka et al.,2004; Tsuchiya et al.,2004）。从此以后针对ppv的各种研究相继广泛展开，获得了大量喜人的成果，成为新世纪初地球深部研究（SEDI）的最大热门之一。 Phase diagram 相图 2004年Murakami等（2004）在Science文章中首先报道了MgSiO3pv在125GPa、2500K条件下转变为ppv相，克拉伯龙斜率（Clapeyron slope,CS）为6MPa/K（图3）。 图3. Phase diagram of MgSiO3 (after Murakami et al.,2004) Oganov Ono(2004)报道的CS则稍大：9.85 MPa/K（LDA）和 9.56 MPa/K（GGA），相图见图4。 图4. Pressure–temperature phase diagram(after Oganov Ono,2004) 而2009年Hirose组发表的EPSL文章（Tateno et al.,2009报道了更大的CS：+13.3±1.0 MPa/K（图5）。其他的CS报道可以参考Taneno et al.,2009的文章。 图5. Phase diagram of MgSiO3 based on the MgO pressure scale（after Tateno et al.,2009） Crystal structure of post-perovskite (ppv的结构) XRD以及理论计算研究表明，ppv属斜方晶系，与CaIrO3具有相同晶体结构，ppv晶胞体积比pv小1.0-1.5%（表1），所以它的密度比pv大。晶体结构比较见图6。 表1 pv与ppv比较(据Iitaka et al.,2004) 图6. pv，ppv晶体结构比较（after Shim,2008） XRD patterns of ppv X光衍射图像 图7. X-ray diffraction paterns of ppvwith different composition(after Shim,2008,相关解释见原文献及其参考文献) Double-crossing model 2005年Hernlund等（2005）在Nature上报道了下地幔底部与ppv相变相关的复杂D"层的热结构，提出的“double-crossing” model随后被许多类似研究所证实，并用来解释下地幔底部、CMB之上的复杂热结构和地震波速度结构。 图8. Possible thermal structure in D" layer(after Hernlund et al.,2005; Shim,2008). 图9. Structure of D"(after Hirose,2006; Hirose and Lay,2008) 目前已知ppv相变具有正的CS，但是CMB附近温度梯度极大，在CMB之上的下地幔底部，温度会急剧地升高，这就可能会导致ppv相变线两次穿越地温梯度线，ppv又会再次转变回pv相。如图8，地球外核温度非常高，地温曲线在接近CMB之前会陡然上升。当温度相对较低时，下地幔中的pv随压力增大转变成ppv，但随后温度升高更快使得地温曲线再次穿越ppv相变线，ppv又转变回pv（back transition）。这在正常的地幔和低温下地幔环境中是可能发生的。但是在相对较高的温度条件下，下地幔中的pv还未达到ppv相变线，温度升高太快而很快就达到了液相线（CMB），因此不见有ppv相变。 结合现今的下地幔环境（图9），考虑到CMB可以plume，而且大洋板块也可以俯冲到下地幔底部。那么在温度较高的plume区域，温度太高无法形成ppv层；而受深俯冲影响的温度较低的区域，由于double-crossing作用，可以形成透镜状的ppv层。由此可见，CMB之上的下地幔可能具有很大的不均一性。 如果认为ppv是D"层的主要物质成分，考虑到地球早期温度是非常高的，因此在地球早期阶段D"层是不可见的；随着地球整体温度下降，物质分异，在一定的地质历史阶段才开始形成有ppv构成的D"层。换句话说，D"层随着地球温度的降低而不断“生长”，其厚度或许可以衡量其“年龄”（age），不过如何建立厚度与时间的关系确是一项极其复杂的工作（外注：如果有兴趣您可以挑战这一课题，呵呵！）。 unsolved problems 未解之问题（个人见解，仅作参考） 1.下地幔pv有三种：富Ca的CaSiO3钙钛矿，(Mg,Fe)SiO3钙钛矿和含Al的钙钛矿，目前研究多集中于富Mg的pv，具有一定的局限性，而Fe（还要考虑价态和自旋态转换）和Al的作用也还不是十分明确。 2.目前的实验技术中只有DAC能达到CMB条件，但是DAC实验中样品内部存在着极大的压力和温度梯度，对数据的可靠性和稳定性产生了很大的影响。 3.需要更精确可靠的压标。由于不同研究者采用的压力标定方法不一样，会导致对压力的解释相差达10GPa以上，如图10，采用Au压标与采用Pt压标相变线偏移（shift）10GPa以上，对实验结果的解释也将随之不同。理论计算中采用LDA和GGA方法得出的结果也具有一定的差距。 4.目前实验和理论计算都证明了ppv可以在下地幔底部条件下稳定存在，但并不代表ppv就是D"层的实际成分，仍然有不少学者试着用残留的深俯冲大洋物质去解释D"层的相关性质，我想这两种思想的碰撞一定会产生非常多的有趣的课题。 图10. 采用不同压标计算得到的相变边界差异较大.（after Taneno et al.,2009） （后记：本文是作者在阅读了相关文献后的小结报告，转载请注明出处：周春银科学网博客 http://blog.sciencenet.cn/?92454 ） 主要参考文献： Murakami, M., Hirose, K., Kawamura, K., Sata, N. and Ohishi, Y., 2004. Post-perovskite phase transition in MgSiO3. Science, 304(5672): 855-858. Oganov, A.R. and Ono, S., 2004. Theoretical and experimental evidence for a post-perovskite phase of MgSiO3 in Earth's D" layer. Nature, 430(6998): 445-448. Shim, S.H., Duffy, T.S., Jeanloz, R. and Shen, G., 2004. Stability and crystal structure of MgSiO3 perovskite to the core-mantle boundary. Geophys. Res. Lett., 31(10): L10603,doi:10.1029/2004GL019639. Iitaka, T., Hirose, K., Kawamura, K. and Murakami, M., 2004. The elasticity of the MgSiO3 post-perovskite phase in the Earth's lowermost mantle. Nature, 430(6998): 442-445. Tsuchiya, T., Tsuchiya, J., Umemoto, K. and Wentzcovitch, R.M., 2004. Phase transition in MgSiO3 perovskite in the earth's lower mantle. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 224(3-4): 241-248. Hernlund, J.W., Thomas, C. and Tackley, P.J., 2005. A doubling of the post-perovskite phase boundary and structure of the Earth's lowermost mantle. Nature, 434(7035): 882-886. Hirose, K. (2006), Postperovskite phase transition and its geophysical implications, Rev. Geophys., 44, RG3001,doi:10.1029/2005RG000186. Hirose, K. and Lay, T., 2008. Discovery of Post-Perovskite and New Views on the Core-Mantle Boundary Region. Elements, 4(3): 183-189. Shim, S.-H., 2008. The Postperovskite Transition. Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences, 36(1): 569-599. Tateno, S., Hirose, K., Sata, N. and Ohishi, Y., 2009. Determination of post-perovskite phase transition boundary up to 4400 Kand implications for thermal structure in D'' layer. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 277(1-2): 130-136.
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