有些时候，Myeclipse在使用标签时会报错，例如： %@ taglib prefix=c uri=http://java.sun.com/jsp/jstl/frm %会报错，错误提示为： Can not find the tag library descriptor for http://java.sun.com/jsp/jstl/frm 主要原因是缺少jstl.jar包，其它标签错误也多属于此类错误。 解决办法： BuildPath--Add Library--Myeclipse library--JSTL 1.2.x Library;
千言万语说不尽我的人生故事（ 19 ） --- 被贴上 ” Slave ” 的标签 蒋继平 2015 年 7 月 18 日 1988 年 9 月份的某一天， 当我走在实验楼的过道上时， 我发现见到我的人都用一种奇怪的眼光看着我 ，他们的脸上显露出一种说不出的表情，我觉得我的身上一定出现了某种问题。 当时， 我身上穿着实验室的白大褂。 我利用实验大楼的玻璃窗的反光， 照看我的身体， 结果我发现 我的背上有一张白纸， 纸上有一个大字。 因为在背后， 我看不到， 所以， 我急急地回到实验室， 脱下白大褂，将上面的纸条取下， 看到纸上写着“ Slave ” 的一个黑色大字。 看到这样的标签， 我当然有些意外， 更是有一种被 辱的感觉。我回想起 近段时期以来的各种情景， 猜想是谁会对我产生如此的看 法和作出如此的举动。 在经过一番周密的回顾之后， 我找到了这个始作俑者， 他是我隔壁实验室 的一位正教授， 从字的笔迹上也可 确认是他所为。 我拿着这张纸条， 给我的导师看， 他老人家显出一脸的尴尬， 也没有说什么， 我们两人心里都知道到底是这么回事。 这张纸条又把我的思绪带回到了三个月来的各种际遇。 自从获得硕士学位， 以第一作者的身份在国际一流的两种专业期刊上发表论文外， 还顺利地获得了洛克菲勒奖学金， 所以， 系里的几位教授都希望我成为他们的博士生， 他们纷纷约谈我和我的导师， 希望将我的博士培养计划转到他们的名下。我隔壁实验室的那位正教授更是如此。 他们的一个 理由是我的导师已经要退休了， 不能继续担任我的博士指导工作。 记得前不久， 他神情激动地来到我导师的办公室， 当时我正在与导师商讨下一步的学习和研究计划， 他 急不可耐地打断我们的对话 ， 对我的导师说：“ Dan, I would like to use my 6 people, they are 3 Ph. D students , 2 Master students, and one post doctor, to exchange with Jiping . I would like to let these 6 people to work with y ou in your lab, and let Jiping work in my lab . ( 丹， 我想用我 6 个人， 其中三位博士生， 两位硕士生和一位博士后，与继平交换。 我让这六个人到 你的实验室由你指导， 而让继平到我的实验室来。 ” 我导师听了后， 显出有点奇怪的表情， 立即问道：“ Why? ” 这位教授继续激动地说： “ This is because you have Jiping alone, I have 6 people in my lab, but your lab ’ s lights are always on and Jiping is always working in the lab after 9:00 PM, whereas my lab is always dark and no one working in the lab after 9:00 PM. I want to use my lab more efficiently so that I would like to have Jiping working in my lab. ” （这是因为你只有继平一个学生，而我有 6 个人， 但是你的实验室在晚上 9 点以后仍然灯火通明， 继平仍然在工作； 而我的实验室在晚上 9 点以后一片漆黑， 没有任何人在里面工作。 我想更有效地利用我的实验室， 所以， 想让继平到我的实验室来工作。” 当然， 这样的对话仅是一种情绪的表露， 不会有任何结果的。 在此之前， 这位教授已经几次找我谈话， 要我做他的学生， 我总是非常婉转地拒绝他的好意， 我总是对他说：“ Please ask my advisor if he agrees me to work for you. ” （请与我导师商量看他是否愿意让我跟你做研究。” 那位教授的话， 实际上是对我两年多来的情况总结。 自从 1986 年初到达美国， 我就在宿舍， 图书馆， 实验室和健身房四处奔波， 当然， 实验室是我花费时间最多的地方。 通常情况下， 晚上 10 ： 00 以后， 整个大楼只有我一个人在实验室。 我这样做， 是出于生存的本能， 不是因为有远大理想， 也没有想成为著名科学家的梦想， 只是想能够按时完成我的学业， 不负祖国的期望。 因为我有听力障碍， 与身体正常的人一起参与激烈的竞争， 本身就是处在不利的地位， 所以， 我必须加倍努力， 才能达到平等的水平。 本着这样的理念， 我唯一的选择是用我的勤奋努力来弥补我的不足之处。 其实， 被 标示 为“ Slave ( 奴隶 ) ）， 对我来说无所谓， 或者更使我觉得值得 。 他最后还是没有能够得到这位奴隶。
社会化标签应用已经成为人们组织和分享信息资源的重要手段。在用户标注信息资源过程中，用户是如何使用具有不同流行性的标签进行标注的，这些不同流行性的标签使用是否与用户的活跃度和资源的受关注度有关，这些问题的回答不管是对于标注资源的用户在标注资源时的标签选择，还是对于社会化标注应用的服务商提高服务质量都具有现实意义。 我们从用户的标注行为出发，以标注次数来区分标签的流行性、用户的活跃度和资源的受关注度，在构建用户、资源和标签的超网络基础上，定义了该超网络的超度及其分布、余平均超度和超度条件概率分布等指标，利用来自Delicious的数据展开研究。通过研究发现用户在标注过程中倾向于同时使用个性化标签和流行性标签对资源进行标注，且使用个性化标签的个数往往多于流行性标签的个数。此外用户的活跃度和资源的受关注度也与用户选择不同流行性标签具有相关性。而这些现象和规律的出现与不同流行性标签的功能以及用户的标注动机紧密关联。据此可以为不同类型的用户在标注不同资源时该如何使用不同流行性的标签以及社会化标注应用服务商如何根据用户和资源特性的不同提供标签服务提出更好的建议。 Thispaper focuses on exploring theusage patterns and regularities of coemploymentof various popular tags andtheir relationships with the activeness of users and the interest level ofresources in social tagging. A hypernetwork for social tagging is constructed,in which a tagging action is expressed as a hyperedge, and the user, resourceand tag are expressed as nodes. Quantitative measures for the constructedhypernetwork are defined, including the hyperdegree and its distribution, theexcess average hyperdegree and the hyperdegree co nditional probabilitydist ribution. Using the dataset from the Delicious, an empirical study is conducted.The empirical results show that multiple individual tags and one or a very fewpopular tags are generally employed together in one tagging action, and theusage patterns and regularities of tags with varying popularity are correlatedto both user activity and resource interest. The empirical results are furtherdiscussed and explained from the perspectives of tag functions and motivations.Finally, suggestions regarding the usage of various popular tags forboth tagging users and service providers of social tagging are given . 论文信息： Pan, X., He, S., Zhu, X. and Fu, Q. (2016), How users employ various popular tags to annotate resources in social tagging: An empirical study. Journal of the Association for Information Science and Technology. 2016, 67(5): 1121-1137. doi: 10.1002/asi.23478 下载地址： http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/asi.23478/pdf
专利号不仅仅是一个数字编码，从专利号上是可以观察到许多特征的。 U.S. Application Series Codes Code: Filing Dates: 02 Filed prior to January 1, 1948 03 January 1, 1948 through December 31, 1959 04 January 1, 1960 through December 31, 1969 05 January 1, 1970 through December 31, 1978 06 January 1, 1979 through December 31, 1986 07 January 1, 1987 through January 21, 1993 08 January 22, 1993 through January 20, 1998 09 January 21, 1998 through October 23, 2001 10 October 24, 2001 through November 30, 2004 11 December 1, 2004 through December 5, 2007 12 December 6, 2007 through Current Design Patents Code: Filing Dates: 07 Filed prior to October 1, 1992 29 Filed after October 1, 1992 ********************************************************************************** 识别这些专利号有什么用呢？其实对于专利分析而言是非常有用的。 例如，DERWENT中是有专利家族的，很多人并不能很清晰的判断这些专利号，那么他分析结论的可靠性就大打折扣了。 以下是DII数据中的一项专利，其中包含的专利家族信息如下：US2005105867-A1; WO2005053116-A2; EP1687874-A2; AU2004310694-A1; CN1883085-A; JP2007511919-W; US7403689-B2; TW200532267-A; WO2005053116-A3 上面的数字看起来很乱，但又有一定的规律。 例如，该专利家族分别在： US、 WO、 EP、 AU、 CN、 JP、 TW申请了专利，说明该专利的申请范围很广。 其中，获得授权的国家和区域是： US7403689-B2； EP1687874-A2； JP2007511919-W说明该专利是一项三国专利。 但是，有人又问为什么有的国家有两个号，而有的国家仅有一个号呢？ EP1687874-A2 Based on Patent WO2005053116; EP1687874-A2 PCT application Application WOUS038982; AU2004310694-A1 Based on Patent WO2005053116; JP2007511919-W Based on Patent WO2005053116; JP2007511919-W PCT application Application WOUS038982 根据这条信息可见，该专进入到了PCT程序，所以，会导致 有的国家仅有一个授权号。 先写到这里，以后再补充。
背景：看了李侠老师的博客“食品安全的困境：从表层失范到深层危机” http://blog.sciencenet.cn/home.php?mod=spaceuid=829do=blogid=699459 这几天，中国官方开始谈论“空气质量。”因为这是有目共睹的“公害”。相对而言， 食品安全似乎只是“偶发”的“事件” -- 如果我不去餐馆，“地沟油”与我无关。但是，你知道你买的大米是否含重金属？（这和土壤污染有关。）你买的素菜 和 肉类是否含 (农)药残迹？ 其实，食品安全已经不 再 是中国人的困境了。 据报道， 90%以上的 “美国 生产 ” 的维生素 C，其原料来自中国。（所以，中国人和美国人已是“同一条战壕里的战友”了。）几年前， 美国 的 食品标签 是 “ 某某州生产 ” (Product of xxx) 。现在，更多的是 “美国包装” （ Packaged in the US）… 原因很简单：地球是一个“孤岛”(The Earth is an island),我们都是“一个村里的百姓”（We are all from the same village）.也许，“毒死美国人”后会改变中国的 食品安全 ？
Multi-Label是一个比较新的研究方面，可能很多人没有听过。这里我简单地翻译一下Tsoumakas的介绍（ http://mlkd.csd.auth.gr/multilabel.html）。 Introduction Traditional single-label classification is concerned with learning from a set of examples that are associated with a single label l from a set of disjoint labels L, |L| 1. In multi-label classification, the examples are associated with a set of labels Y in L. In the past, multi-label classification was mainly motivated by the tasks of text categorization and medical diagnosis. Nowadays, we notice that multilabel classification methods are increasingly required by modern applications, such as protein function classification, music categorization and semantic scene classification. 介绍 传统的单标签分类（中国也有翻译成单标记，不过我个人认为还是应该翻译成一个名词）学习是从一个只属于一个标签l的样本集合中学习，其中每一个标签属于一个互斥的标签集合L |L| 1。在多标签分类中，每个样本属于一个L样本集合的一个子集。在过去，多标签分类由文本分类和医学分析而产生和推动的。现在，我们发现现代的许多应用对多标签分类方法需求持续增长，比如蛋白质分类，音乐归类，和语义场景分类。 原文比较抽象，翻译比较费解，这里再翻译两个Tsoumakas的综述Multi-Label Classification: On View（这是一篇不错的入门论文）中的两个例子：一篇有关基督教教堂对于Da Vinci Code（达芬奇密码，这本书也不错）电影发行反应的新闻文章，可以同时被分类（归类）到Society/Religion（社会/宗教）和Arts/Movies（艺术/电影）。在semantic scene分类中，一张照片可以属于多个概念类别，如它可以同时属于日出和海滩。 http://mlkd.csd.auth.gr/multilabel.html中有数据集和一些已经完成的底层代码，不过作者实现的分类器都是非常Na?ve的。因为做多标签分类的人比较少，所以我也不打算在Blog中介绍有关的东西，介绍这一篇是希望能有更多的人一起做多标签分类，再一点就是在我失败的研究生学习中知道了一点没几个人知道的东西，与大家分享。 最后再讲一句多余的，源代码中mulan.examples.CrossValidationExperiment是一个示例，里面的代码基本是自解释的。 zz from: http://quweiprotoss.blog.163.com/blog/static/408828832009299195976/
TagCompletion for Image Retrieval Wu, L.; Jin, R.; Jain, A. PatternAnalysis and Machine Intelligence, IEEE Transactions on Volume: PP , Issue: 99 Digital Object Identifier: 10.1109/TPAMI.2012.124 Publication Year: 2012 , Page(s): 1 Tag Completion：完整的标签 _REVW 4.17.pdf Tag Completion：完整的标签 4.17.pdf Tag Completion：完整的标签_RED 4.17.doc Tag Completion：-Re On your PAMI paper Tag 8.8.txt
参考文献是科技论文的重要组成部分，也是编辑加工和重要内容。温哥华格式要求，著录文后参考文献时，英文刊名和人名一律用缩写。这一规则也是众多检索系统在人名著录时的首选规则。下面我们先看一个例子： 在文章发表时，由于西方人士名在前 姓在后，一般也采用名+姓的格式书写，如下题名 、作者及正文的书写： Bis-pyranoside Alkenes: Novel Templates for the Synthesis of Adjacently Linked Tetrahydrofurans Zheming Ruan, Phyllis Wilson and David R. Mootoo 而上述文章若作为参考文献为他人引用，则需写成 Bis-pyranoside Alkenes: Novel Templates for the Synthesis of Adjacently Linked Tetrahydrofurans Tetrahedron Letters Volume: 37, Issue: 21, May 2, 1996, pp. 3619-3622 Ruan, Zheming; Wilson, Phyllis; Mootoo, David R. 由于东西方姓与名排列的差异，有的国外杂志在人名后还给出作者学位或参加的学会， 因此很多人不知道如何区别姓、名、学位单位，如何缩写。 下面我们将著者姓名缩写规则的几个要点摘录如下： 1 姓名缩写只缩写名而不缩写姓； 2 无论东西方人，缩写名的书写形式都是姓在前、名在后； 3 杂志作者名中，全大写一定是姓； 4 省略所有缩写点 如 R. Brain Haynes缩写为Haynes RB, Edward J. Huth缩写为Huth EJ等。 但有些特殊情况： (1)Maeve O'Conner, 正确缩写应为O'Conner M, 有人会按英文的构词习惯认为是印刷错 误，认为Oconner M (2)国外也有复姓，如Julie C. Fanbury-Smith, Hartly Lorberboum-Galski等分别缩写 为Fanbury-Smith JC, Lorbertoum-Galski HL (3)姓名中含前缀De,Des,Du,La,Dal,La,Von,Van,den,der等，将前缀和姓作为一个整体 ，按字顺排列，词间空格和大小写字母不影响排列，如Kinder Von Werder缩写为Von W erder K,不可写为Werder KV. (4)国外杂志要求作者署名后给出作者学位和加入的学会，学位与学会名也是用缩写。学 位常见的有PhD（哲学博士）, SM(理科硕士）MBA（管理学硕士）等，学会名称的缩写一 般采用首字母缩写，如Royal Society of Chemistry缩写为RSC等。一篇论文作者署名为 Edward J. Huth, MD, PhD,ICMJE则表示Edward J. Huth是作者名，MD和PhD表示该作者 是医学博士和哲学博士，ICMJE表示该作者是国际医学期刊编辑委员会委员。在著录参考 文献时，该作者缩写Huth EJ。 值得注意的是，中国人在国外杂志发表文章，署名名前姓后，在国内则姓前名后，这样 做，国外人会认为不是同一个作者，如Lihuang Zhong,国外人会认为，中国人习惯姓前 名后，会将其缩写为Lihuang Z,关于中国人名的缩写，国际著名检索刊物如CA BA等也经常搞错。为了准确判断作者的姓和名，现在有不少杂志开始把作者的姓全大写，以此进 行区别，收到较好的效果。另外，国外杂志的目录往往只提供作者的缩写名，这给我们准确缩写国外人名提供了重要依据。
相关PPT下载详见 “视觉计算研究论坛”「SIGVC BBS」： http://www.sigvc.org/bbs/thread-171-1-1.html 讲者：李海昌 报告时间：2012.10.10 文章信息： paper #1:Wenyuan Dai, Gui-Rong Xue, Qiang Yang, Yong Yu, Transferring Naive Bayes Classifiers for Text Classification, AAAI 2007. paper #2:Kamal Nigam, Andrew Kachites Mccallum, Sebastian Thrun, Tom Mitchell, Text Classification from Labeled and Unlabeled Documents using EM, Machine Learning 1999. 文章简介： Problem: 训练集和测试集来自不同的数据源，分布不同，但来自相同的特征空间。比如：以标注的新闻文档为训练集，对博客文档的话题进行分类。 Model：在已有的贝叶斯分类器和EM结合的算法基础上，给出计算标签数据集和未标签数据集在分类器中所占的比重的方法：计算标签数据分布和未标签数据分布的KL离散度，并手工调出标签数据集和未标签数据集在分类器中所占的最优比重与KL离散度的函数关系。将计算出的比重，作为全局常量带入原模型求解。 Paper #2： Problem: 文档分类。 Motavition: 使用未标注样本的信息。 Model:使用EM与贝叶斯分类器的组合对文档进行分类，是半监督分类的方法。首先使用标注的数据训练传统的贝叶斯分类器，然后利用得到的分类器对测试样本分类，再使用标注样本和得到的测试样本的后验概率，训练贝叶斯分类器，如此循环直到收敛。
汉语词性对照表 词性编码 词性名称 注 解 Ag 形语素 形容词性语素。形容词代码为 a，语素代码ｇ前面置以A。 a 形容词 取英语形容词 adjective的第1个字母。 ad 副形词 直接作状语的形容词。形容词代码 a和副词代码d并在一起。 an 名形词 具有名词功能的形容词。形容词代码 a和名词代码n并在一起。 b 区别词 取汉字“别”的声母。 c 连词 取英语连词 conjunction的第1个字母。 dg 副语素 副词性语素。副词代码为 d，语素代码ｇ前面置以D。 d 副词 取 adverb的第2个字母，因其第1个字母已用于形容词。 e 叹词 取英语叹词 exclamation的第1个字母。 f 方位词 取汉字“方” g 语素 绝大多数语素都能作为合成词的“词根”，取汉字“根”的声母。 h 前接成分 取英语 head的第1个字母。 i 成语 取英语成语 idiom的第1个字母。 j 简称略语 取汉字“简”的声母。 k 后接成分 l 习用语 习用语尚未成为成语，有点“临时性”，取“临”的声母。 m 数词 取英语 numeral的第3个字母，n，u已有他用。 Ng 名语素 名词性语素。名词代码为 n，语素代码ｇ前面置以N。 n 名词 取英语名词 noun的第1个字母。 nr 人名 名词代码 n和“人(ren)”的声母并在一起。 ns 地名 名词代码 n和处所词代码s并在一起。 nt 机构团体 “团”的声母为 t，名词代码n和t并在一起。 nz 其他专名 “专”的声母的第 1个字母为z，名词代码n和z并在一起。 o 拟声词 取英语拟声词 onomatopoeia的第1个字母。 p 介词 取英语介词 prepositional的第1个字母。 q 量词 取英语 quantity的第1个字母。 r 代词 取英语代词 pronoun的第2个字母,因p已用于介词。 s 处所词 取英语 space的第1个字母。 tg 时语素 时间词性语素。时间词代码为 t,在语素的代码g前面置以T。 t 时间词 取英语 time的第1个字母。 u 助词 取英语助词 auxiliary vg 动语素 动词性语素。动词代码为 v。在语素的代码g前面置以V。 v 动词 取英语动词 verb的第一个字母。 vd 副动词 直接作状语的动词。动词和副词的代码并在一起。 vn 名动词 指具有名词功能的动词。动词和名词的代码并在一起。 w 标点符号 x 非语素字 非语素字只是一个符号，字母 x通常用于代表未知数、符号。 y 语气词 取汉字“语”的声母。 z 状态词 取汉字“状”的声母的前一个字母。 un 未知词 不可识别词及用户自定义词组。取英文Unkonwn首两个字母。(非北大标准，CSW分词中定义)
主题:Google scholar搜索结果中的所有 SFX@zjulib : Full Text标签我都无法使用 内容:Google scholar搜索结果中的 SFX@zjulib : Full Text全文标签我一个都没法使用。我使用的10元包月的vpn，点击这个标签后老是显示找不到服务器，请教老师如何解决?是不是50元包月的vpn可以打开而10元包月的不行? 我举个例子:http://scholar.google.com.hk/scholar?hl=zh-CNq=Pyrolysis+of+a+blend+of+biomass+with+poor+coalsbtnG=搜索lr=as_ylo=as_vis=0 我点击这个网页每一行后面的 SFX@zjulib : Full Text全文标签，结果都是“找不到服务器”。我猜测50元的vpn应该可以打开这些全文标签的，所以我想请老师测试这个例子的时候换用个10元vpn的账号，看看能否打开?谢谢. 回复:文献信息:Fluidized-bed co-gasification of residual biomass/poor coal blends for fuel gas production ，Fuel, Volume 79, Issue 11, September 2000, Pages 1317-1326，Y. G. Pan, E. Velo, X. Roca, J. J. Manyà, L. Puigjaner 经测试，可以通过10元的VPN获取全文， SFX@zjulib 的第一个链接是有效的。所以您遇到的问题估计和您本身电脑的设置有关。请检查是否用了搜狗浏览器?如是，请改用其他浏览器。 邮件:老师您好。我之前举的那个例子可能有点特殊，我再给您举一个例子: Hydrodynamics of a circulating fluidized bed with a bubbling bed section separated by an inner rim baffle 用10元包月的VPN 在谷歌学术搜索里面搜这个，我在我的电脑以及另外我好几个同学的电脑上(他们也都是用的10元的VPN)搜这个，也都是打不开 SFX@zjulib : Full Text 这个标签，都是显示“找不到服务器”。注:我用的浏览器都是傲游浏览器或者IE浏览器，没有用搜狗浏览器。而我之后又暂时借用我导师的50元包月的VPN在我电脑上搜索这个，却能打开 SFX@zjulib : Full Text 这个标签。麻烦您再次测试一下，您用10元包月的VPN 在谷歌学术搜索里面搜索Hydrodynamics of a circulating fluidized bed with a bubbling bed section separated by an inner rim baffle 看能否打开谷歌学术所搜索到的第一条，也就是后面的那个 SFX@zjulib : Full Text 标签? 非常感谢老师。祝您工作顺利! 回复:谢谢，其实我们也需要各种实例来测试相关功能。您的这个例子经查是收录在J-STAGE 网站上的，这是一个著名的开放存取门户，主要反映日本的科研成果，提供许多文献信息和可以免费获取的电子文献全文，该网站是在国外的，所以只有50元包月才能访问。另外，通过 SFX@zjulib 获得的文献信息也并不一定都有全文，要看链接的网站或数据库是否对我校用户开放全文权限，没有权限也还是不能看到全文的。如您的这个例子，即使50元包月也只能看到摘要信息，并不能下载全文。 另外推荐您一个更好用的综合检索平台:CALIS外文期刊网( http://ccc.calis.edu.cn/ )，它的缺陷是回溯时间比较短，但优点是对数据库和全文等信息的揭示更加清楚，而且是针对国内高校的资源做的。 邮件:非常感谢老师这么细致的回复，我收获了很多信息。再次表示感激之情!谢谢您! 体会: 读者的问题其实对于我们做咨询的人来说是最好的测试对象。所谓教学相长，我们的大多数经验和能力是来自读者的需求。平时确实也知道许多学生习惯用Google Scholar，但自己用的并不很多，而且也没有关注过10元和50元VPN之间的区别，现在看来，Google的许多链接是国外的服务器，如果没有专线连接是不能通过10元的VPN访问的。另外，了解了一下SFX的配置情况，图书馆已经很久没有专人来配置了，而是否有 SFX@zjulib 的标记其实没什么关系，只要有访问权限的数据库中的资源，即使没有 SFX@zjulib 的标记，也能够打开全文。当然，这些东西读者并不关注。 但作为图书馆员其实应该考虑的是，现在遍地开花的统一检索平台或者叫一站式检索到底有多大的意义?某种意义上说，读秀、Scopus 等已经具备统一检索的特征，而CALIS的CCC就是一个统一检索平台。我们图书馆都已经有这些数据库了，但还在折腾统一检索平台，弄了个Primo，耗费大量人力和经费，ZADL也开发了统一检索平台。问题是没有一个平台能称的上完美，都有不少缺陷，而读者最喜欢的还是Google。
转自： SCI文章中引述别人观点常用词汇 http://bbs.sciencenet.cn/forum.php?mod=viewthreadtid=540604 Rosenthal and Evans used playbacks of video animations to show that females did not exhibit a preference between a swordless male and a sworded male if the total body length of the two were equal. 最常见的引述观点的词汇 Much of the research in sexual selection in the last two decades has examined how a female’s preference that does not influence her immediate reproductive success can still evolve if it is genetically correlated with another character under direct selection. Examined调查，研究。不要每次写到研究时总用study，可以用些其它的词汇，比如examine，比如work。 Two hypotheses for female preference evolution—runaway sexual selection and good genes selection—state that preferences evolve indirectly because they are genetically correlated with male traits that are under direct selection; that is, the preferences themselves are not under direct selection. State声明。在引述别人的观点时，如果不能完全同意，使用state 比show更加中立些。 Studies of receiver biases suggest that such analogies might not be broadly applicable. 又一种较为客观的引述观点的表达方法。 Burley argued that the preference for red beaks is adaptive because it indicates male health, and this preference is then transferred to leg-band color. 证明。 According to the anti-monotony hypothesis, habituation plays an important role in the evolution of complex vocalizations in songbirds: Increased song complexity reduces habituation of neighboring males and courting females. 根据… Previous studies of acoustic and bioluminescent interactions had emphasized potential advantages to group-signaling organization, such as minimizing predation, preserving species-specific signal characters, or increasing the attractiveness of the group. 带有小小的强调
Hi, Off label and open label are different. Off label : Getting the drug outside the trial, if you have been on it for a diffeent indication and responded , the drug is made available to you. Open label : Trial withone or two drugs where the content of the drug is known both to the patient and the doctor. No blind drug but in a trial. Drug may be available commercially on prescription as well. Dr Sharat C Misra MD,DM,FACG Re:What Here we go again: Open label , open trial : all know the drug Single Blind trial : Patient doesnt know the drug, Doc knows the drug he is giving Double blind trial : Neither the Doc nor the patient know the drug, they are labelled A and B and the codes are in a sealed envelope , decoded only after the trial, usually by the company suppying the drug or the trial co-ordinator. Dr Sharat C Misra MD,DM,FACG http://www.hbvhbv.com/forum/thread-64342-1-1.html
GM food labelling poses many questions By: Yolandi Booyens 6th July 2012 While the new Labelling and Adver- tising of Foodstuffs Regulations (GN R146), which came into effect in March, is offering consumers greater awareness, more information and better protection against false advertising on food and beverage products, the labelling of genetically modified (GM) food still seems to be problematic, says Camargue Underwriting Managers director of general liability Simon Colman . The use of hormones in food products seems to be relatively unregulated, he adds. Producers are allowed to use hormones in meat products and are under no obligation to disclose this fact. Even when a producer states that a product is organic, there is still a chance the animal that produced the meat or the milk was treated with antibiotics or steroids at some stage. As long as treatment is stopped ten days before the animal is slaughtered, there is no obligation to disclose this information, Colman explains. He notes that those in favour of producing hormone-enhanced foods say that growth hormones occur naturally in all humans and animals, while those opposed to the use of hormone-enanced foods argue that hormones, such as steroids, are added hormones that were not produced as a result of natural biological processes in the animal. “A lot of research has been done on hormone- enhanced foods and, while there seems to be a lot of speculation regarding the possible side effects, big retailers sell milk, which is labelled as not having been treated with hormones,” says Colman. Recombinant bovine growth hormone (rBGH) is a genetically engineered artificial hormone that is extensively used to increase milk production in cows. According to the Vegetarian Society of South Africa, rBGH increases the possibility of the occurrence of mastisis, a painful inflammatory reaction of a cow’s udder tissue. Its use has, therefore, been banned in many countries, such as Australia, New Zealand and Japan, but not South Africa. The society also states that while there have been no long-term studies about the effect of rBGH on humans, it has been linked to increased rates of colon, breast and prostate cancer. “The larger milk packers get farmers to sign affidavits that rBGH has not been used but that seems to be the extent of the controls,” states Colman. He points out that the disclosure of hormones used in food and milk products could, possibly, in future, be enforced by regulatory authorities, even if alternatives are not available. “If all meat products contain hormones, there is no point in labelling it as such, as no alternatives are available. However, consumers still need to be informed of hormone use in products to enable them to make an informed decision about whether or not they want to continue eating meat.” Plant science industry representative CropLife Canada plant biotechnology VP Dr Steven Yarrow said at the 2012 annual general meeting of AfricaBio in Pretoria, that manda- tory labelling was likely to increase costs across the value chain, cause confusion among consumers, and give rise to expensive compliance and enforcement regulatory programmes. Colman insists, however, that consumers have a right to be adequately informed and educated about the food and beverage products they consume. Meanwhile, tests randomly conducted by the African Centre for Biosafety earlier this year, showed that four common food products contained genetically modified organisms (GMOs) and were not correctly labelled. GM foods are derived from GMOs. Consumer groups are threatening to take legal action against some major food producers for the supply of what they believe are unsafe foods that contain GMOs, says Colman. “Consumers have the right to choose whether they want to consume foods that have been genetically modified or not, and should be able to trust that food labels will reveal this information,” he adds. In 2003, South Africa and Brazil joined the US, Argentina, Canada and China as the top six growers of GM crops, The Scientist publication reported in February of that year. A report issued by the International Service for the Acquisition of Agri-biotech Applica- tions showed that South Africa’s GM crop area increased to 2.3-million hectares in the 2011/12 season from 2.2-million hectares in the 2010/11 season. The land area cultivated for staple maize was 1.9-million hectares, while GM soya beans were produced on 450 000 ha and cotton on 15 000 ha. “Many questions exist about the long-term effects of GM foods, which is why the Con- sumer Protection Act (CPA) addressed the issue so aggressively,” says Colman. Europe, however, has a much more aggressive approach towards GM foods. Food or beverage products containing more than 0.9% GMOs have to disclose that. South Africa’s threshold for disclosure is 5%. Owing to the strict food and beverage regu- lations in Europe and the US, the increase of unregulated products containing GMOs imported into South Africa strengthened the need for new regulations. “The long-term effects of food containing GMOs are not yet completely established. To have such products flowing through our markets without regulation could be disastrous,” Colman states. Further, he comments that the regulations pertaining to the food industry provide enough clarity about the generic requirements as stipulated in the CPA and that businesses have no excuse for noncompliance. “We do not support the notion that the regulations surrounding GMOs are unclear. Our interpretation is that all foods containing more than 5% GMOs need to be labelled as such.” He adds that, unfortunately, businesses are not always aware of their obligations. Member- ship of industry bodies, such as the Consumer Goods Council of South Africa, is recom- mended, as it helps to educate and inform members about new regulations and the implementation thereof. The National Consumer Commission (NCC) receives about 28 000 complaints a month from consumers and businesses regarding the labelling of food and beverages. Dealing with these matters is estimated to be six months behind schedule, Colman notes. “Unfortunately, many businesses rely on the backlogs at the NCC to buy time and not comply with labelling regulations. “In doing so, they face the possible cancellation of contracts by major clients such as food retailers, fines amounting to 10% of a company’s turnover, or 12 months in jail under the CPA, as well as prosecution and forfeiture of stock under the Foodstuffs, Cosmetics and Disinfectants Act.” The recently promulgated GN R146 regulations fall under the Foodstuffs, Cosmetics and Disinfectants Act. Camargue adds that another reason for many businesses not complying with the new labelling regulations is the increased cost and the difficulty of marketing products without using words such as nutritious or healthy on food labels. “Before the implementation of the labelling regulations, consumers were being misled by the catchy advertising slogans on products. Foods stating they were low-fat or sugar-free often proved otherwise,” says Colman. He adds that many businesses seem to be unaware of their disclosure responsibilities, while others are ignorant of the fact that, according to the provisions of the CPA, a business that is part of the supply chain carries exposure and can be held liable for noncompliance to the regulations. “Retailers can’t assume that labelling regulations are manufacturer issues only.” Camargue believes the new labelling regulations will protect customers and ensure they are informed but, because the testing of products can be prohibitively expensive, the reporting of noncompliance with legislation will be the responsibility of the consumer, which is problematic. Further, the underwriting company notes that businesses with a sustainable approach to food and beverage production are considering ways to turn the new labelling regulations into an advantage over their competitors. “Larger companies in the retail sector tend to bind their suppliers to contracts that force them to comply with the regulations.” Meanwhile, Section 24 of the CPA deals with the labelling of products and trade descriptions, such as the name of the producer, the product number, quantity, weight and measurements, as well as stating the obligations imposed on product suppliers. The section states that the labelling and trade descriptions must not be misleading with regard to the contents or goods attached to the products and trademarks. Labelling must also not be altered, amended, concealed or removed by suppliers, with the intention to mislead customers, says Colman. In addition, the GN R146 regulations state that labels must accurately depict the country of origin, if imported, the expiry dates, as well as other information that may be prescribed in a specific industry. Producers, suppliers and importers have an obligation to disclose the presence of GM ingredients. Camargue notes that the aim of introducing the regulations was to prevent manufacturers and retailers from misleading the public, and provide consumers with more information about the nutritional value of food. The company adds that the previous labelling regulations, R 2034 of 1993, which had been in operation since 1993, were outdated and regulations that specifically targeted the food and beverage industry were needed. Consumers with health conditions, allergies and those with specific dietary requirements are most vulnerable to food products that do not disclose nutritional information. “But in the long term, we all need to eat healthy and should be given adequate information to make healthy decisions,” says Colman. Further, he states that the enforcement of regulations is always an issue owing to the cost and complexity involved. Colman concludes that the new Companies Act, which came into effect on May 1, 2011, also enables consumers to hold the directors of a company personally liable if injury or financial loss is caused as a result of negligence or recklessness. “Directors that act recklessly and negligently in relation to food safety can find themselves in hot water under this legislation,” he says. Edited by: Chanel de Bruyn http://www.engineeringnews.co.za/article/genetically-modified-food-labelling-poses-many-questions-2012-07-06
From looking at your XSLT and expected results, it looks like that for each a element in your XML, you want to output infomation on the following c elements present, if any occur before the next a element present. For this, you could use an xsl:key to look up c elements for a given a element xsl:key name = "lookup" match = "c" use = "generate-id(preceding-sibling::a )" / i.e. Group together all c elements by the first preceding a element. Then, you can firstly select a elements for which there are such c elements like so: xsl:apply-templates select = "a " / Then, within this template, you can select the cc elements for output, like so: xsl:apply-templates select = "key('lookup', generate-id())" / So, given the following XSLT xsl:stylesheet version = "1.0" xmlns:xsl = "http://www.w3.org/1999/XSL/Transform" xsl:output method = "text" indent = "yes" / xsl:key name = "lookup" match = "c" use = "generate-id(preceding-sibling::a )" / xsl:template match = "/root" xsl:apply-templates select = "a " / /xsl:template xsl:template match = "a" xsl:value-of select = "concat(@id, ':#13;', '#13;')" / xsl:apply-templates select = "key('lookup', generate-id())" / /xsl:template xsl:template match = "c" xsl:apply-templates select = "@*" / xsl:value-of select = "'#13;'" / /xsl:template xsl:template match = "c/@*" xsl:value-of select = "concat(local-name(), ':', ., ':#13;')" / /xsl:template /xsl:stylesheet When applied to the following XML root a id = "a1" name = "a1" / b text = "b1" / d test = "test0" location = "L0" text = "c0" / a id = "a2" name = "a2" / b text = "b2" / c test = "test1" location = "L1" text = "c1" / c test = "test2" location = "L2" text = "c2" / a id = "a3" name = "a3" / b text = "b3" / c test = "test3" location = "L3" text = "c3" / c test = "test4" location = "L4" text = "c4" / c test = "test5" location = "L5" text = "c5" / /root The following is output a2: test:test1: location:L1: text:c1: test:test2: location:L2: text:c2: a3: test:test3: location:L3: text:c3: test:test4: location:L4: text:c4: test:test5: location:L5: text:c5: Note that I am output the attributes on the c element in the order they appear in the XML document.
From: http://sociallearnlab.org/wiki/index.php/Tag%E6%A0%87%E7%AD%BE%E9%AB%98%E7%BA%A7%E8%BF%9B%E9%98%B6%E4%B8%8E%E8%B5%84%E6%BA%90%E6%8B%93%E5%B1%95 Tag机制 A、B、C分别表示不同的学习者。 给学习者的建议： 一是不要用无任何语义的符号来做Tag标签； 二是尽可能与自己以往Tag标签建立联系； 三是除非有某种特定需求外，尽可能让自己的Tag标签与其他用户Tag标签建立联系，即尽可能采用领域共有术语进行Tag标签。 Tag标签与Folksonomy分类 Folksonomies: power to the people（ by Emanuele Quintarelli） Social Bookmarking Tools （I） A General Review（by Tony Hammond, Timo Hannay, Ben Lund, and Joanna Scott） Folksonomies Tidying up Tags?（by Marieke Guy,Emma Tonkin） Folksonomies - Cooperative Classification and Communication Through Shared Metadata（by Adam Mathes） Beneath the Metadata--Some Philosophical Problems with Folksonomy(by Elaine Peterson) Tag标签与认知研究 A cognitive analysis of tagging(or how the lower cognitive cost of tagging makes it popular)（by Rashimi Sinha） A social analysis of tagging(or how tagging transforms the solitary browsing experience into a social one)（by Rashimi Sinha） Tag标签与社会网络分析 http://del.icio.us/sociallearn/tag http://del.icio.us/bettywong/tagging Tag用户行为研究 2007年中国网民Tag使用状况报告（by 百度） Analyzing Communal Tag Relationships for Enhanced Navigation and User Modeling（by Simpson,Edwin;Butler,Mark H.） Usage patterns of collaborative tagging systems(by Scott A. GolderBernardo A. Huberman) Patterns and Inconsistencies in Collaborative Tagging Systems: An Examination of Tagging Practices(Kipp,Margaret E.I.and Campbell,D.Grant) Tag与搜索 Automated Tag Clustering: Improving search and exploration in the tag space（by Grigory Begelman,Philipp KellerFrank Smadja） Can Social Bookmarking Improve Web Search?(Heymann,Paul;Koutrika,Georgia;Garcia-Molina,Hector) Tag与Library2.0 who says librarians（and teachers）don’t like tags（from del.icio.us blog） Tags(by Lorcan Dempsey) Tags Help Make Libraries Del.icio.us(by Melissa L. Rethlefsen) Internet Librarian Day 1: Innovative Uses of Web 2.0 Technologies(By Meredith Farkas) Tag与语义网，ontology Ontology is Overrated: Categories, Links, and Tags(by Clay Shirky) Tag相关国际会议资源 WWW 2006 Tagging Workshop Proceedings Tagging and Metadata for Social Information Organization（www2007）
Call for a survey of allergen labelling Friday 2 September 2011 The Food Standards Agency is inviting researchers to carry out a survey of allergen advisory labelling to provide a better understanding of whether the labelling relates to the actual level of allergen present in processed foods. It will also help the FSA gather information on the levels of allergens present as a result of cross contamination. In addition, the survey will look at the different types of advisory labelling used on foods and will consider how different statements, such as ‘may contain nuts’ or ‘not suitable for someone with a nut allergy’, are used by consumers to assess the levels of risk. To find out more about the research call, you will need to register as a supplier on the FSA’s electronic tendering system ePPS via the link below and search for: ‘Survey of allergen advisory labelling and allergen content of UK retail pre-packed processed foods’. Applications should be submitted by Monday 17 October 2011. http://www.food.gov.uk/news/newsarchive/2011/sep/allergyresearch
据英国《每日邮报》 10 月 18 日 报道，西班牙一家公司研发出了一种新技术，可用激光在蔬菜和水果表皮上像纹身一样刻上标签，其内容可包括价格、商标和最迟销售日期等。与传统的纸质标签技术相比，该技术更加环保。 据了解，该设备由一家西班牙公司研发，苹果、香蕉、柑橘等水果均可适用。目前，该技术已经在法国家乐福超市中进行了应用，为其销售的一种甜瓜印上了家乐福公司的商标。此外，该公司还希望英国主要大超市能够使用这项技术，在今年年底之前给蔬菜贴上激光标签，其他食品明年也用上激光标签。 该公司首席执行官杰米 桑菲尼克斯表示，激光标签并不需要纸、墨水或者胶水，因此比传统纸质标签更加环保。同时，使用激光标签能帮助零售商们更好地控制商品销售，比如，零售商使用激光刻上最迟销售日期后能更好地管理其货架上容易腐烂的食品，并能方便快速地将过期食品撤离货架。 激光标签技术已进入日本等国，美国新奇士果农公司也打算将该技术引入美国，并给其取名为 自然光标签 。英国苹果和梨子公司首席执行官阿德里安 巴洛表示，激光标签技术在英国将大有应用潜力。但他也警告说，激光标签技术的精确性、合法性以及消费者对该技术的认知非常重要，需要让消费者确信这项技术不会影响食品的自然状态。不过激光食品公司称，市场研究显示，消费者在有所认知后会更加愿意选择激光标签技术而不是传统的纸质标签技术。 来源：科技日报 找到了原文,贴在下面: End of the sticky label: Lasers to etch sell-by dates and price onto fruit By Daily Mail Reporter Last updated at 8:45 AM on 19th October 2010 Comments (37) Add to My Stories Hi-tech lasers which 'tattoo' prices, logos and sell-by dates on to fruit and vegetable skins could make sticky labels thing of the past, a new report showed yesterday. Leading UK supermarket chains such as Tesco, Asda, Waitrose and Marks Spencer are now being targeted by the company behind the food-engraving technology. The Spanish technology company already lasers logos on to melons for French grocery giant Carrefour. A Carrefour apple that has been branded using the technology It plans to start distributing laser-labelled citrus fruit in the UK before the end of the year, with other produce to follow in 2011. Valencia-based Laser Food uses low-intensity lasers to etch information such as country of origin and retailer names. It can also etch small graphics on to the skins of apples, bananas, citrus fruit and other fresh produce. Chief executive Jaime Sanfelix said laser engravings were an environmentally friendly alternative to sticky labels because they did not require paper, ink or glue. He told trade magazine The Grocer: 'Our aim is that big UK retailers use our technology as a means of differentiation and to control the products they sell.' He added a lasered-on use-by date would make it easier for retailers to manage perishable products on their shelve. It would also allow shop keepers to remove individual pieces of produce once they had passed their sell-by date, he added. A Kiwi is imprinted with logos, sell-by dates other details Laser-labelling technology is already used in other parts of the world, such as Japan and is about to be rolled out in the US by Sunkist Growers under the name 'natural light labelling'. Adrian Barlow, chief executive of English Apples Pears, said he could see potential for laser technology in the UK. But he warned that accuracy and legibility of the engravings, as well as consumer perception, would be key. Mr Barlow told The Grocer: 'It would be important to ensure consumers did not think the technology used interfered with the naturalness of the product.' The company claims market research showed shoppers preferred laser etchings to traditional labels once they had become familiar with the idea. Read more: http://www.dailymail.co.uk/sciencetech/article-1321588/End-sticky-label-Lasers-etch-sell-dates-price-fruit.html#ixzz14VUdJoaA
From: http://www.mkbergman.com/374/an-intrepid-guide-to-ontologies/ There are at least 40 terms or concepts across these various disciplines, most related to Web and general knowledge content, that have organizational or classificatory aspects that loosely defined could be called an ontology framework or approach: Tag cloud Controlled vocabulary Thesauri Collaborative tagging Folk taxonomy Directory Subject Map Semantic Web Cladistics Markup languages Social bookmarking Tags Tagging Taxonomy Folksonomy Classification Categorization RDF Metadata Systematics Ontology Microformats Data dictionary OPML XOXO OWL Subject Trees Information Architecture Data Reference Model Phylogeny Topic Maps Concept Maps Synsets Glossary WordNet Metadata Facets Structure Dublin Core Typology 博主注 ： 以上术语主要强调结构性，若补充Terminology 、Concept等基本单元相关的术语，这样的相关列表显得更加完整。
Field Tags (Articles and Conference Proceedings) These two-character field tags identify fields in records that you e-mail or save to file . FN File Name VR Version Number PT Publication Type (conference, book, journal, book in series, or patent) AU Authors AF Author Full Name CA Group Authors TI Document Title ED Editors New Field Tag! SO Publication Name SE Book Series Title BS Book Series Subtitle New Field Tag! LA Language DT Document Type CT Conference Title New Field Tag! CY Conference Date New Field Tag! HO Conference Host New Field Tag! CL Conference Location New Field Tag! SP Conference Sponsors New Field Tag! DE Author Keywords ID Keywords Plus AB Abstract C1 Author Address RP Reprint Address EM E-mail Address CR Cited References NR Cited Reference Count TC Times Cited PU Publisher PI Publisher City PA Publisher Address SC Subject Category SN ISSN BN ISBN New Field Tag! J9 29-Character Source Abbreviation JI ISO Source Abbreviation PD Publication Date PY Year Published VL Volume IS Issue PN Part Number SU Supplement SI Special Issue BP Beginning Page EP Ending Page AR Article Number PG Page Count DI Digital Object Identifier (DOI) SC Subject Category GA Document Delivery Number UT Unique Article Identifier ER End of Record EF End of File
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