主席女士、秘书长先生、世界领导人、大使和尊敬的代表们： 一年前，我在这个大厅里第一次站在你们面前。 我当时介绍了世界所面临的威胁，并提出了实现全人类更光明未来的愿景。 今天，我再次站在这里，分享我们取得的非凡进展。 在不到两年的时间里, 我的政府几乎达成了超过我国历史上任何一届政府的成就。 美国–真是这样……（笑声）我没期待会有这种反应，但没关系。（笑声和掌声） 美国经济前所未有地蓬勃发展。自我当选以来，我们增加了10万亿美元的财富。股市创历史新高，失业人数处于50年来的最低点。非裔美国人，西班牙裔美国人和亚裔美国人的失业率都达到了有史以来的最低水平。我们增加了四百多万个新工作岗位，其中包括五十万个制造业岗位。 我们通过了美国历史上最大的减税法案和改革措施。我们已经开始建设一个大型边界墙，我们也已大大加强了边境安全。 我们为军队分配了创纪录的预算 - 今年为7000亿美元，明年为716亿美元。我们的军队很快将比以往任何时候都更加强大。 换句话说，美国比不到两年前我上任时更强大，更安全，更富裕。 我们正大力支持美国和美国人民，我们也在支持世界发展。 这对我们的公民和世界各地爱好和平的人来说都是一个好消息。 我们相信，当各国尊重邻国的权利，捍卫其本国人民的利益时，他们可以更好地共同努力以获得安全、繁荣和和平。 今天，我们每个人都是各自国家的使者，代表着各自独特的文化、丰富的历史、以及通过记忆、传统和价值观联系在一起的人民，这些联系使我们各自的祖国与其他国家得以区分。 这就是美国将始终选择独立与合作而非全球治理、控制和统治的原因。 我尊重这个会议室中每个国家追求自己的习俗，信仰和传统的权利。美国不会告诉你如何生活、工作或崇拜。我们只要求你尊重我们的主权作为回报。 从华沙到布鲁塞尔，从东京到新加坡，在海外代表美国是我的最高荣誉。我与在座的许多国家的领导人建立了密切的关系和友谊，以及强有力的伙伴关系，这样的关系已经产生了令人难以置信的变化。 在许多国家的支持下，我们与朝鲜接触，以大胆和新的和平方式取代曾经的冲突。 6月，我前往新加坡与朝鲜领导人金正恩主席面对面交流。我们开展了富有成效的对话和会议，我们一致认为，追求朝鲜半岛无核化符合两国的利益。自那次会议以来，我们已经看到了一些前人无法想象的鼓舞人心的措施。 导弹和火箭不再指向各个国家。 核试验已经停止。 一些军事设施已经被拆除。 我们的人质已被释放。 以及正如所承诺的那样，我们阵亡英雄的遗体将被送回家，在美国的土地上安息。 我要感谢金主席的勇气和他所做出的努力，尽管仍有许多工作要做。 制裁将持续至无核化实现。 我还要感谢帮助我们实现这一成就的许多成员国 - 这个成就实际上比人们所能理解的意义更要伟大 – 我也要感谢他们曾给予的支持，以及我们未来继续推进这一事宜都需要的支持。 特别感谢韩国总统文在寅，日本首相安倍晋三和中国国家主席习近平。 在中东，我们的新方法也取得了很大的进步和非常历史性的变化。 在我去年访问沙特阿拉伯之后，海湾国家建立了一个新的针对恐怖主义融资的中心。 他们正在实施新的制裁，与我们一起识别和追踪恐怖分子网络，并为在本地区打击恐怖主义和极端主义承担更多责任。 阿联酋，沙特阿拉伯和卡塔尔已承诺提供数十亿美元援助叙利亚和也门人民。 他们正在寻求多种途径来结束也门可怕、恐怖的内战。 最终，由该地区各国决定他们对自己和子女的未来如何打算。 因此，美国正在与海湾合作委员会，约旦和埃及合作，建立区域战略联盟，以便中东国家能够促进各国的繁荣，稳定和安全。 由于美国军队与许多国家的伙伴关系，我很高兴地说，被称为伊斯兰国的嗜血杀手已经被驱逐出他们曾占领的伊拉克和叙利亚境内的领土。 我们将继续与盟友合作，打击激进的伊斯兰恐怖主义分子的资金、领土、支持、或渗透国界的手段。 叙利亚正在发生的悲剧令人心碎。 我们的共同目标必须是缓和军事冲突，寻求尊重叙利亚人民意愿的政治解决方案。 在这方面，我们敦促重振联合国领导的和平进程。 但是，请放心，如果阿萨德政权部署化学武器，美国将作出回应。 我赞扬约旦和其他邻国人民在这场非常残酷的内战中收容难民。 正如我们在约旦看到的那样，最富有同情心的政策是尽可能让难民靠近家园，作为重建过程的一部分。这种方法还延伸了有限的资源，帮助更多的人，增加每一美元花费的影响。 叙利亚人道主义危机的每个解决办法都必须包括一项战略，即应对为其提供资金和资助的残酷政权：伊朗腐败的独裁统治。 伊朗领导人散播混乱，死亡和破坏。他们不尊重邻国或边界，也不尊重国家主权。相反，伊朗领导人掠夺国家的资源来增加自身的财富，并在中东和其他地区制造混乱。 伊朗人民感到愤怒的是，他们的领导人贪污了国库数十亿美元，攫取了国家经济中的财富，还掠夺了人民的宗教捐赠，所有这些都是为了中饱私囊并发动代理人战争。这样不好。 伊朗的邻国为该政权的侵略和扩张付出了沉重代价。这就是为什么中东这么多国家强烈支持我将美国从可怕的2015年伊朗核协议中撤出，并重新实施核制裁。 伊朗核协议对伊朗领导人来说是意外收获。在达成协议后的几年里，伊朗的军事预算增长了近40%。独裁统治使用这些资金建造核导弹，增加内部镇压，资助恐怖主义，也资助叙利亚和也门的破坏和屠杀。 美国发起了一场经济压力运动，停止为伊朗政府推进血腥统治提供所需资金。上个月，我们开始重新实施在伊朗协议下解除的强硬核制裁。更多的制裁将于11月5日恢复，而之后还会有更多制裁。我们正在与进口伊朗原油的国家合作，让他们大幅削减采购量。 我们不能让世界上主要的恐怖主义支持者拥有这个星球上最危险的武器。我们不能允许一个高呼“美国去死”并威胁歼灭以色列的政权拥有向地球上任何城市发射核弹头的手段。就是不能。 只要伊朗继续侵略，我们就会要求所有国家孤立伊朗政权。我们要求所有国家支持伊朗人民，因为他们正在努力夺回宗教和正义。 今年，我们在中东又迈出了重要的一步。为了表彰每个主权国家确定自己的首都，我将美国驻以色列大使馆迁至耶路撒冷。 美国致力于该地区和平与稳定的未来，包括以色列人和巴勒斯坦人之间的和平。通过确认明显的事实，上述举措推动了这一目标，而不是妨害了目标的实现。 美国的原则性现实主义政策意味着我们不会被旧教条、名声扫地的意识形态和那些多年来被证明是错误的所谓专家们所劫持。不仅在和平问题上如此，在繁荣问题上也是如此。 我们认为，贸易必须是公平和对等的。美国将不再被利用。 数十年来，美国开放了它的市场--这是迄今为止世界上最大的市场，而且限制条件也很少。我们允许来自世界各地的外国商品在我们国家自由流动。 然而,，其他国家却不允许我们公平和对等地进入他们的市场。更糟糕的是, 一些国家滥用开放条件，倾销商品，补贴自己的商品，专门针对我们的产业，并操纵他们的货币，以在和我们的交易中获得不公平的优势。因此，我们的贸易逆差每年膨胀至近8000亿美元。 因此，我们正系统地重新谈判那些已经破裂和糟糕的贸易协议。 上个月，我们宣布了一项突破性的美墨贸易协定。就在昨天，我和韩国总统一起宣布成功实现了全新的美韩贸易协议。这只是个开始。 参与会议的许多国家都同意，世界贸易体系亟需变革。例如，一些获准加入世界贸易组织的国家，违反了该组织赖以存在的每一个原则。尽管美国和其他许多国家都遵守这些规则，但这些国家却利用政府主导的工业规划和国有企业来操纵这个体系，以获取利益。他们从事无情的产品倾销、强制技术转让和知识产权盗窃。 在中国加入世界贸易组织后，美国失去300万制造业就业岗位，几乎占了所有钢铁产业岗位的一半，美国同时还损失了6万家工厂。在过去二十年，我们的贸易赤字累积高达13万亿美元。 但是这样的日子已经结束了。我们将不再容忍这种虐待行为。我们不会让我们的工人受害、我们的公司被骗、我们的财富被掠夺和转移。美国永远不会为保护本国公民而道歉。 美国刚刚宣布对2000亿美元中国制造的商品加征关税，迄今为止总额达2500亿美元。我对我的朋友习主席非常尊敬和爱戴，但我已经明确表示，贸易失衡是不能接受的。中国市场的扭曲和其交易方式是不能容忍的。 正如我的政府所表示的那样, 美国将始终将国家利益放在首位。 去年我在此发言，警告联合国人权理事会，说它已经变成了我们这个组织很丢人的一个机构，它维护的是严重侵犯人权的行为，攻击的却是美国及其很多的盟友。 我们驻联合国的大使妮基黑莉制定了清晰的改革议程。然而，尽管有报告和多次的警告，却没有采取任何行动，因此，美国践行了负责任的的路线，我们撤出了人权理事会。我们不会回到理事会，除非真正的改革生效。 出于相同的原因，美国将不再向国际刑事法院提供任何支持。对美国而言，国际刑事法院没有任何管辖权、合法性和权威。国际刑事法院声称对每个国家的公民具有普遍性的管辖权，它违反了所有正义、公平和程序正当的原则。我们永远不会把美国的主权拱手让给一个未经选举、不负责任的全球官僚机构。 美国是由美国人民自己管理的，我们拒绝全球主义的意识形态。我们接受的是爱国主义的信条。 在全世界，负责任的各国必须要防御对主权的威胁。威胁不光来自于全球治理，也来自于其他的新形式的控制和胁迫。 在美国，我们对自己和盟友的能源安全有强烈的信念。我们已经成为地球上最大的能源生产国。美国随时准备出口丰富、价廉的石油、洁净的煤和天然气。 石油输出国组织及其会员国，一如既往地在剥削全世界。我不喜欢这一点，应该没有人喜欢这一点。我们为很多这种国家提供免费的保护，然后他们却占我们便宜，给我们高油价。这不好！ 我希望这些国家停止提高油价，希望他们降低油价。他们必须从现在起为军事保护做出重大贡献。我们不会再容忍这些糟糕的价格。 对单一外国供应商的依赖可能使一个国家容易受到敲诈和恐吓。正因为如此，我们祝贺波兰等欧洲国家领导了波罗的海管道的建设，使各国不必依赖俄罗斯满足能源需求。如果德国不立即改变路线，它将完全依赖于俄罗斯的能源。 在西半球，我们致力于保持独立，不受扩张主义外国势力的侵犯。 自从门罗总统以来，我国的正式政策就是拒绝外国在本半球和美国事务中的干涉。我们最近加强了法律，以便更好地甄别在美国的外国投资，以防范国家安全威胁。我们欢迎与本地区和世界各地希望这样做的国家进行合作。你需要保护自己。 美国还与拉丁美洲的伙伴合作，应对不受控制的移民对主权构成的威胁。容忍偷运人口是不人道的，这是一件可怕的事情，其程度是前所未有的，这非常非常残忍。 非法移民为犯罪网络、残忍团伙和致命毒品的流动提供资金。非法移民压榨弱势群体，伤害辛勤工作的公民，导致了犯罪、暴力和贫困的恶性循环。只有维护国界，消灭犯罪团伙，才能打破这一循环，为繁荣建立真正的基础。 我们承认，在这个大厅里的每一个国家都有权根据自己的国家利益制定自己的移民政策，就像我们要求其他国家尊重美国这样做的权利一样——我们正在这样做。这是美国不会参与新的全球移民协定的原因之一。移民不应由一个对我国公民不负责任的国际机构来管理。 最终，解决移民危机的唯一长期方案就是帮助人们在自己的祖国建立更有希望的未来。让他们的国家再次伟大。 目前，我们正目睹一场人类悲剧。以委内瑞拉为例，超过两百万人逃离了尼古拉斯马杜罗和其古巴资助者控制下的政权带来的苦难。 不久之前，委内瑞拉还是世界上最富裕的国家之一。今天，这个石油丰富的国家破产，人民陷入赤贫状态。我们请聚集在这里的各国与美国一道呼吁恢复委内瑞拉的民主。今天，我们宣布针对马杜罗核心集团和亲密顾问，对专制政权实施更多制裁。 我们感谢联合国在世界各地为帮助人民为自己及其家人建立更好的生活所做的一切工作。 迄今为止，美国是世界上最大的对外捐助国。但很少有人给我们任何东西。这就是为什么我们要认真看待美国的对外援助，这将由国务卿迈克蓬佩奥来领头。我们将检查哪些是有效的，哪些是无效的，以及辨别接受我们资金和保护的国家是否也以我们的利益为重。 今后，我们将只向那些尊重我们的人提供外国援助，坦率地说，这些人是我们的朋友。我们期待其他国家为他们的国防支出支付公平的份额。 美国致力于使联合国更加有效和负责。我已多次说过，联合国具有无限的潜力。作为改革努力的一部分，我告诉我们的谈判代表，美国将不会为联合国维和预算支付超过25%的费用。这将鼓励其他国家加快步伐，参与其中，并分担这一巨大负担。 我们正在努力将更多的资金从分摊捐资转为自愿捐资，这样，就可以把美国的资源用于那些取得最好成绩的项目。 只有我们每个人都尽自己的一份力量，贡献自己的一份力量，才能实现联合国的最高目标和愿望。我们必须毫无恐惧地推进和平、毫无绝望地推进希望、毫无愧疚地推进安全。 环顾这个发生了这么多历史事件的大厅，我们想起许多前人，他们来到这里是为了应对国家和时代的挑战。我们的思考面临同样的问题，贯穿前人的演讲和决议，贯穿他们的每一句话和每一个希望。问题是，我们将给我们的孩子留下一个什么样的世界，他们将继承什么样的国家。 今天，这个大厅里充满了各种各样的梦想，就像站在这个讲台上的人们一样，就像这个机构中所代表的国家一样。这真的很了不起。这真是一段伟大的历史。 印度是一个拥有10亿多人口的自由社会，它成功地让无数人摆脱了贫困，跻身中产阶级。 在沙特阿拉伯，萨勒曼国王和王储正在进行大胆的新改革。 以色列也在自豪地庆祝作为一个繁荣的民主国家扎根圣地的70周年。 在波兰，伟大的人民正在为独立、安全和主权挺身而出。 许多国家都在追求自己独特的愿景，建设自己充满希望的未来，追逐自己对命运、遗产和家园的美好梦想。 整个世界更丰富了，人类更美好了，因为这美丽的星球上每一个国家都很特别，每一个都很独特，每一个都在世界的某个角落闪闪发光。 在每一个方面，我们都看到了一个由共同的过去和共同的未来紧密联系在一起的人民的美好承诺。 至于美国人，我们知道自己想要什么样的未来。我们知道美国必须永远是一个什么样的国家。 在美国，我们相信自由的尊严和个人的尊严。我们相信自治和法治。我们珍视维系自由的文化——一种建立在牢固的家庭、深厚的信仰和强烈的独立之上的文化。我们颂扬我们的英雄，我们珍视我们的传统，最重要的是，我们爱我们的国家。 在今天这个伟大的会议厅里的每个人，在全世界聆听的每个人，都有一颗爱国者的心，对国家有着同样强烈的爱，对祖国有着同样强烈的忠诚。 爱国志士和各国人民心中燃烧的激情激发了改革和革命、牺牲和无私、科学突破和宏伟的艺术作品。 我们的任务不是消除它，而是拥抱它。用它来搞建设、利用它的古老智慧，并从中找到使国家更强大、地区更安全、世界更加美好的意愿。 要释放人们这种不可思议的潜力，就必须捍卫使这一切成为可能的基础。拥有主权和独立的国家是自由得以存在、民主得以存在、和平得以繁荣的唯一载体。因此，我们必须首先保护主权和所珍视的独立。 当这样做时，我们将找到展开合作的新途径。我们将发现在内心深处升起的建立和平的新激情。我们将发现新的目标、新的决心和新的精神在周围蓬勃发展，使这个世界变得更加美好。 因此，让我们一起选择一个爱国、繁荣和自豪的未来。让我们选择和平与自由，而不是支配与失败。今天我们站在这里，代表着人民和国家永远强大，永远保持主权，永远公正，永远感谢上帝的恩典、仁慈和荣耀。 谢谢你！上帝保佑你们。愿上帝保佑世界各国。 非常感谢。（掌声） 英文全文： Madam President, Mr. Secretary-General, world leaders, ambassadors, and distinguished delegates: One year ago, I stood before you for the first time in this grand hall. I addressed the threats facing our world, and I presented a vision to achieve a brighter future for all of humanity. Today, I stand before the United Nations General Assembly to share the extraordinary progress we’ve made. In less than two years, my administration has accomplished more than almost any administration in the history of our country. America’s — so true. (Laughter.) Didn’t expect that reaction, but that’s okay. (Laughter and applause.) America’s economy is booming like never before. Since my election, we’ve added $10 trillion in wealth. The stock market is at an all-time high in history, and jobless claims are at a 50-year low. African American, Hispanic American, and Asian American unemployment have all achieved their lowest levels ever recorded. We’ve added more than 4 million new jobs, including half a million manufacturing jobs. We have passed the biggest tax cuts and reforms in American history. We’ve started the construction of a major border wall, and we have greatly strengthened border security. We have secured record funding for our military — $700 billion this year, and $716 billion next year. Our military will soon be more powerful than it has ever been before. In other words, the United States is stronger, safer, and a richer country than it was when I assumed office less than two years ago. We are standing up for America and for the American people. And we are also standing up for the world. This is great news for our citizens and for peace-loving people everywhere. We believe that when nations respect the rights of their neighbors, and defend the interests of their people, they can better work together to secure the blessings of safety, prosperity, and peace. Each of us here today is the emissary of a distinct culture, a rich history, and a people bound together by ties of memory, tradition, and the values that make our homelands like nowhere else on Earth. That is why America will always choose independence and cooperation over global governance, control, and domination. I honor the right of every nation in this room to pursue its own customs, beliefs, and traditions. The United States will not tell you how to live or work or worship. We only ask that you honor our sovereignty in return. From Warsaw to Brussels, to Tokyo to Singapore, it has been my highest honor to represent the United States abroad. I have forged close relationships and friendships and strong partnerships with the leaders of many nations in this room, and our approach has already yielded incredible change. With support from many countries here today, we have engaged with North Korea to replace the specter of conflict with a bold and new push for peace. In June, I traveled to Singapore to meet face to face with North Korea’s leader, Chairman Kim Jong Un. We had highly productive conversations and meetings, and we agreed that it was in both countries’ interest to pursue the denuclearization of the Korean Peninsula. Since that meeting, we have already seen a number of encouraging measures that few could have imagined only a short time ago. The missiles and rockets are no longer flying in every direction. Nuclear testing has stopped. Some military facilities are already being dismantled. Our hostages have been released. And as promised, the remains of our fallen heroes are being returned home to lay at rest in American soil. I would like to thank Chairman Kim for his courage and for the steps he has taken, though much work remains to be done. The sanctions will stay in place until denuclearization occurs. I also want to thank the many member states who helped us reach this moment — a moment that is actually far greater than people would understand; far greater — but for also their support and the critical support that we will all need going forward. A special thanks to President Moon of South Korea, Prime Minister Abe of Japan, and President Xi of China. In the Middle East, our new approach is also yielding great strides and very historic change. Following my trip to Saudi Arabia last year, the Gulf countries opened a new center to target terrorist financing. They are enforcing new sanctions, working with us to identify and track terrorist networks, and taking more responsibility for fighting terrorism and extremism in their own region. The UAE, Saudi Arabia, and Qatar have pledged billions of dollars to aid the people of Syria and Yemen. And they are pursuing multiple avenues to ending Yemen’s horrible, horrific civil war. Ultimately, it is up to the nations of the region to decide what kind of future they want for themselves and their children. For that reason, the United States is working with the Gulf Cooperation Council, Jordan, and Egypt to establish a regional strategic alliance so that Middle Eastern nations can advance prosperity, stability, and security across their home region. Thanks to the United States military and our partnership with many of your nations, I am pleased to report that the bloodthirsty killers known as ISIS have been driven out from the territory they once held in Iraq and Syria. We will continue to work with friends and allies to deny radical Islamic terrorists any funding, territory or support, or any means of infiltrating our borders. The ongoing tragedy in Syria is heartbreaking. Our shared goals must be the de-escalation of military conflict, along with a political solution that honors the will of the Syrian people. In this vein, we urge the United Nations-led peace process be reinvigorated. But, rest assured, the United States will respond if chemical weapons are deployed by the Assad regime. I commend the people of Jordan and other neighboring countries for hosting refugees from this very brutal civil war. As we see in Jordan, the most compassionate policy is to place refugees as close to their homes as possible to ease their eventual return to be part of the rebuilding process. This approach also stretches finite resources to help far more people, increasing the impact of every dollar spent. Every solution to the humanitarian crisis in Syria must also include a strategy to address the brutal regime that has fueled and financed it: the corrupt dictatorship in Iran. Iran’s leaders sow chaos, death, and destruction. They do not respect their neighbors or borders, or the sovereign rights of nations. Instead, Iran's leaders plunder the nation's resources to enrich themselves and to spread mayhem across the Middle East and far beyond. The Iranian people are rightly outraged that their leaders have embezzled billions of dollars from Iran's treasury, seized valuable portions of the economy, and looted the people’s religious endowments, all to line their own pockets and send their proxies to wage war. Not good. Iran’s neighbors have paid a heavy toll for the region’s agenda of aggression and expansion. That is why so many countries in the Middle East strongly supported my decision to withdraw the United States from the horrible 2015 Iran Nuclear Deal and re-impose nuclear sanctions. The Iran deal was a windfall for Iran’s leaders. In the years since the deal was reached, Iran’s military budget grew nearly 40 percent. The dictatorship used the funds to build nuclear-capable missiles, increase internal repression, finance terrorism, and fund havoc and slaughter in Syria and Yemen. The United States has launched a campaign of economic pressure to deny the regime the funds it needs to advance its bloody agenda. Last month, we began re-imposing hard-hitting nuclear sanctions that had been lifted under the Iran deal. Additional sanctions will resume November 5th, and more will follow. And we’re working with countries that import Iranian crude oil to cut their purchases substantially. We cannot allow the world’s leading sponsor of terrorism to possess the planet’s most dangerous weapons. We cannot allow a regime that chants “Death to America,” and that threatens Israel with annihilation, to possess the means to deliver a nuclear warhead to any city on Earth. Just can’t do it. We ask all nations to isolate Iran’s regime as long as its aggression continues. And we ask all nations to support Iran’s people as they struggle to reclaim their religious and righteous destiny. This year, we also took another significant step forward in the Middle East. In recognition of every sovereign state to determine its own capital, I moved the U.S. Embassy in Israel to Jerusalem. The United States is committed to a future of peace and stability in the region, including peace between the Israelis and the Palestinians. That aim is advanced, not harmed, by acknowledging the obvious facts. America’s policy of principled realism means we will not be held hostage to old dogmas, discredited ideologies, and so-called experts who have been proven wrong over the years, time and time again. This is true not only in matters of peace, but in matters of prosperity. We believe that trade must be fair and reciprocal.The United States will not be taken advantage of any longer. For decades, the United States opened its economy — the largest, by far, on Earth — with few conditions. We allowed foreign goods from all over the world to flow freely across our borders. Yet, other countries did not grant us fair and reciprocal access to their markets in return. Even worse, some countries abused their openness to dump their products, subsidize their goods, target our industries, and manipulate their currencies to gain unfair advantage over our country. As a result, our trade deficit ballooned to nearly $800 billion a year. For this reason, we are systematically renegotiating broken and bad trade deals. Last month, we announced a groundbreaking U.S.-Mexico trade agreement. And just yesterday, I stood with President Moon to announce the successful completion of the brand new U.S.-Korea trade deal. And this is just the beginning. Many nations in this hall will agree that the world trading system is in dire need of change. For example, countries were admitted to the World Trade Organization that violate every single principle on which the organization is based. While the United States and many other nations play by the rules, these countries use government-run industrial planning and state-owned enterprises to rig the system in their favor. They engage in relentless product dumping, forced technology transfer, and the theft of intellectual property. The United States lost over 3 million manufacturing jobs, nearly a quarter of all steel jobs, and 60,000 factories after China joined the WTO. And we have racked up $13 trillion in trade deficits over the last two decades. But those days are over. We will no longer tolerate such abuse. We will not allow our workers to be victimized, our companies to be cheated, and our wealth to be plundered and transferred. America will never apologize for protecting its citizens. The United States has just announced tariffs on another $200 billion in Chinese-made goods for a total, so far, of $250 billion. I have great respect and affection for my friend, President Xi, but I have made clear our trade imbalance is just not acceptable. China’s market distortions and the way they deal cannot be tolerated. As my administration has demonstrated, America will always act in our national interest. I spoke before this body last year and warned that the U.N. Human Rights Council had become a grave embarrassment to this institution, shielding egregious human rights abusers while bashing America and its many friends. Our Ambassador to the United Nations, Nikki Haley, laid out a clear agenda for reform, but despite reported and repeated warnings, no action at all was taken. So the United States took the only responsible course: We withdrew from the Human Rights Council, and we will not return until real reform is enacted. For similar reasons, the United States will provide no support in recognition to the International Criminal Court. As far as America is concerned, the ICC has no jurisdiction, no legitimacy, and no authority. The ICC claims near-universal jurisdiction over the citizens of every country, violating all principles of justice, fairness, and due process. We will never surrender America’s sovereignty to an unelected, unaccountable, global bureaucracy. America is governed by Americans. We reject the ideology of globalism, and we embrace the doctrine of patriotism. Around the world, responsible nations must defend against threats to sovereignty not just from global governance, but also from other, new forms of coercion and domination. In America, we believe strongly in energy security for ourselves and for our allies. We have become the largest energy producer anywhere on the face of the Earth. The United States stands ready to export our abundant, affordable supply of oil, clean coal, and natural gas. OPEC and OPEC nations, are, as usual, ripping off the rest of the world, and I don’t like it. Nobody should like it. We defend many of these nations for nothing, and then they take advantage of us by giving us high oil prices. Not good. We want them to stop raising prices, we want them to start lowering prices, and they must contribute substantially to military protection from now on. We are not going to put up with it — these horrible prices — much longer. Reliance on a single foreign supplier can leave a nation vulnerable to extortion and intimidation. That is why we congratulate European states, such as Poland, for leading the construction of a Baltic pipeline so that nations are not dependent on Russia to meet their energy needs. Germany will become totally dependent on Russian energy if it does not immediately change course. Here in the Western Hemisphere, we are committed to maintaining our independence from the encroachment of expansionist foreign powers. It has been the formal policy of our country since President Monroe that we reject the interference of foreign nations in this hemisphere and in our own affairs. The United States has recently strengthened our laws to better screen foreign investments in our country for national security threats, and we welcome cooperation with countries in this region and around the world that wish to do the same. You need to do it for your own protection. The United States is also working with partners in Latin America to confront threats to sovereignty from uncontrolled migration. Tolerance for human struggling and human smuggling and trafficking is not humane. It’s a horrible thing that’s going on, at levels that nobody has ever seen before. It’s very, very cruel. Illegal immigration funds criminal networks, ruthless gangs, and the flow of deadly drugs. Illegal immigration exploits vulnerable populations, hurts hardworking citizens, and has produced a vicious cycle of crime, violence, and poverty. Only by upholding national borders, destroying criminal gangs, can we break this cycle and establish a real foundation for prosperity. We recognize the right of every nation in this room to set its own immigration policy in accordance with its national interests, just as we ask other countries to respect our own right to do the same — which we are doing. That is one reason the United States will not participate in the new Global Compact on Migration. Migration should not be governed by an international body unaccountable to our own citizens. Ultimately, the only long-term solution to the migration crisis is to help people build more hopeful futures in their home countries. Make their countries great again. Currently, we are witnessing a human tragedy, as an example, in Venezuela. More than 2 million people have fled the anguish inflicted by the socialist Maduro regime and its Cuban sponsors. Not long ago, Venezuela was one of the richest countries on Earth. Today, socialism has bankrupted the oil-rich nation and driven its people into abject poverty. Virtually everywhere socialism or communism has been tried, it has produced suffering, corruption, and decay. Socialism’s thirst for power leads to expansion, incursion, and oppression. All nations of the world should resist socialism and the misery that it brings to everyone. In that spirit, we ask the nations gathered here to join us in calling for the restoration of democracy in Venezuela. Today, we are announcing additional sanctions against the repressive regime, targeting Maduro’s inner circle and close advisors. We are grateful for all the work the United Nations does around the world to help people build better lives for themselves and their families. The United States is the world’s largest giver in the world, by far, of foreign aid. But few give anything to us. That is why we are taking a hard look at U.S. foreign assistance. That will be headed up by Secretary of State Mike Pompeo. We will examine what is working, what is not working, and whether the countries who receive our dollars and our protection also have our interests at heart. Moving forward, we are only going to give foreign aid to those who respect us and, frankly, are our friends. And we expect other countries to pay their fair share for the cost of their defense. The United States is committed to making the United Nations more effective and accountable. I have said many times that the United Nations has unlimited potential. As part of our reform effort, I have told our negotiators that the United States will not pay more than 25 percent of the U.N. peacekeeping budget. This will encourage other countries to step up, get involved, and also share in this very large burden. And we are working to shift more of our funding from assessed contributions to voluntary so that we can target American resources to the programs with the best record of success. Only when each of us does our part and contributes our share can we realize the U.N.’s highest aspirations. We must pursue peace without fear, hope without despair, and security without apology. Looking around this hall where so much history has transpired, we think of the many before us who have come here to address the challenges of their nations and of their times. And our thoughts turn to the same question that ran through all their speeches and resolutions, through every word and every hope. It is the question of what kind of world will we leave for our children and what kind of nations they will inherit. The dreams that fill this hall today are as diverse as the people who have stood at this podium, and as varied as the countries represented right here in this body are. It really is something. It really is great, great history. There is India, a free society over a billion people, successfully lifting countless millions out of poverty and into the middle class. There is Saudi Arabia, where King Salman and the Crown Prince are pursuing bold new reforms. There is Israel, proudly celebrating its 70th anniversary as a thriving democracy in the Holy Land. In Poland, a great people are standing up for their independence, their security, and their sovereignty. Many countries are pursuing their own unique visions, building their own hopeful futures, and chasing their own wonderful dreams of destiny, of legacy, and of a home. The whole world is richer, humanity is better, because of this beautiful constellation of nations, each very special, each very unique, and each shining brightly in its part of the world. In each one, we see awesome promise of a people bound together by a shared past and working toward a common future. As for Americans, we know what kind of future we want for ourselves. We know what kind of a nation America must always be. In America, we believe in the majesty of freedom and the dignity of the individual. We believe in self-government and the rule of law. And we prize the culture that sustains our liberty -– a culture built on strong families, deep faith, and fierce independence. We celebrate our heroes, we treasure our traditions, and above all, we love our country. Inside everyone in this great chamber today, and everyone listening all around the globe, there is the heart of a patriot that feels the same powerful love for your nation, the same intense loyalty to your homeland. The passion that burns in the hearts of patriots and the souls of nations has inspired reform and revolution, sacrifice and selflessness, scientific breakthroughs, and magnificent works of art. Our task is not to erase it, but to embrace it. To build with it. To draw on its ancient wisdom. And to find within it the will to make our nations greater, our regions safer, and the world better. To unleash this incredible potential in our people, we must defend the foundations that make it all possible. Sovereign and independent nations are the only vehicle where freedom has ever survived, democracy has ever endured, or peace has ever prospered. And so we must protect our sovereignty and our cherished independence above all. When we do, we will find new avenues for cooperation unfolding before us. We will find new passion for peacemaking rising within us. We will find new purpose, new resolve, and new spirit flourishing all around us, and making this a more beautiful world in which to live. So together, let us choose a future of patriotism, prosperity, and pride. Let us choose peace and freedom over domination and defeat. And let us come here to this place to stand for our people and their nations, forever strong, forever sovereign, forever just, and forever thankful for the grace and the goodness and the glory of God. Thank you. God bless you. And God bless the nations of the world. 转自 http://mbd.baidu.com/newspage/data/landingsuper?context=%7B%22nid%22%3A%22news_5207984924656211892%22%7Dn_type=0p_from=1
中国生态文明建设（中英对照）连载之四十三 联合国防治荒漠化公约 本书由北京语言大学出版社出版，2014（教学课件光盘版） 作者 蒋高明 4.4.3 联合国防治荒漠化公约 4.4.3 United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification 1994 年 6 月 7 日，《联合国关于在发生严重干旱和 / 或沙漠化的国家特别是在非洲防治沙漠化的公约》（简称《联合国防治荒漠化公约》）在巴黎通过，并于 1996 年 12 月正式生效。 On June 7, 1994, the United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD) was passed in Paris, and it came into force in December 1996. 中国于 1994 年 10 月 14 日签署该公约，并于 1997 年 2 月 18 日交存批准书。中国政府积极参加履约委员会的工作，并敦促发达国家真诚履行其义务，协调好公约现有资金机制 —— “全球机制”和全球环境基金的工作。在预算问题上，中国主张缔约方会议尽快就经费等问题做出决定，以加强区域协调办事处的作用。 China signed the Convention on 14 October 1994, and deposited its letter of ratification on February 18, 1997. The Chinese government actively participated in the work of the Compliance Committee, urged developed countries to fulfill their obligations, and coordinated the work between the existing financial mechanisms of the Convention—“Global Mechanism” and the Global Environment Facility. In terms of the budget, China advocates timely decisions on funding by contracting parties to strengthen the role of regional coordination offices. 2005 年 10 月，《公约》第七次缔约方大会在肯尼亚首都内罗毕召开。期间还召开了高级别会议、履约审查委员会第四次会议、科技委员会第七次会议和议员圆桌会议。中国代表团出席了大会。 In October 2005, the Seventh Conference of the contracting parties was held in Nairobi, Kenya. High-level meetings, the Committee for the Review of the Implementation of the Convention, the seventh conference of the Council for Science and Technology, and round table conference of councilors were held at the same time. The Chinese delegation attended the conference. 2006 年 12 月 17 日～ 19 日，我应联合国荒漠化防治办公室的邀请，在阿尔及尔出席全球防治沙漠化国际会议。在那次会议上，我作为中国代表团成员之一，介绍了我们在内蒙古正蓝旗浑善达克成功的治沙案例，并作为大会分会场的主持人，与埃及学者共同主持了一个分会场的讨论。 On December 17th – 19th, 2006, I was invited by the United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification to attend the Global conference to combat desertification in Algiers. At the conference, as a member of the Chinese delegation, I introduced the successful case of combating desertification in Hunshandake Sandy Land of Plain Blue Banner, Inner Mongolia. I also co-chaired with an Egyptian scholar discussions in a subsession. 与生物多样性公约一样，荒漠化公约本身没有法律约束力，仅对签约国有一定的行为督促作用。一系列重大行动计划，在国际会议上形成了决议，但关键还是下一步，各签约国的落实与执行。在荒漠化防治公约履行方面，中国政府应当说是相当积极、有所作为的。除了继续执行“三北防护林”计划，政府还坚持执行京津风沙源防治计划，西部荒漠化地区的退耕还林、退牧还草、自然保护区工程等。中国政府拟连续支持 70 年的三北防护林工程，在国际上的影响很大，被誉为“绿色长城”计划。 Like the Convention on Biodiversity, the Convention to Combat Desertification itself is not legally binding, and it only plays a supervisory role among the signatory countries. Decisions about a series of major action plans have been made at international conferences, but what is more important is the implementation and execution by countries. China has been very active in fulfilling the Convention to Combat Desertification. In addition to the Three-North Shelter Forest Program, it has been carrying out a sandstorm source control program in Beijing and Tianjin, to return grain plots to forestry in western desertification areas, to return grazing land to grassland and to protect natural reserves, etc. Three-North Shelter Forest Program, supported by the Chinese government for 70 years, is greatly influential in the international arena, and it is often called the Green Great Wall project.
UN: 20 million going hungry in 4 nations Associated Press 5:01 p.m. ET Feb. 22, 2017 http://www.detroitnews.com/story/news/world/2017/02/22/un-million-going-hungry-nations/98270018/ 1 CONNECT TWEET LINKEDIN 1 COMMENT EMAIL MORE United Nations — Secretary-General Antonio Guterres says the United Nations needs $4.4 billion by the end of next month to prevent “a catastrophe” of hunger and famine in South Sudan, Nigeria, Somalia and Yemen. Just $90 million has been collected so far. Guterres said Wednesday that over 20 million people altogether are going hungry in those countries. Amplifying concerns that other U.N. officials expressed recently, Guterres said the world “is facing a tragedy” and “must avoid it becoming a catastrophe.” Children’s agency UNICEF warned Tuesday that almost 1.4 million children are at “imminent risk of death” from acute malnutrition this year in the four countries. Already, famine was declared Monday in parts of South Sudan’s Unity state. Guterres says he believes governments and other donors will step up financially to help. Copyright 2017 The Associated Press . All rights reserved. This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten or redistributed. 联合国儿基会：四国闹饥荒 140万儿童恐饿死 来源： 新华网 作者：陈丹 时间：2017-02-22 17:36:07 联合国儿童基金会２０日说，由于尼日利亚、索马里、南苏丹和也门四国闹饥荒，今年恐怕会有约１４０万儿童死于严重营养不良。 法新社援引联合国儿基会数据报道，也门内战爆发将近两年，４６.２万儿童急性营养不良；尼日利亚东北部有４５万儿童严重营养不良。 饥荒早期预警系统网说，尼日利亚博尔诺州部分偏远地区去年年底就受到饥荒影响，由于援助团体无法抵达，灾难恐将持续。 索马里干旱已导致１８.５万儿童处于饥荒边缘。联合国儿基会认为，这一数字在今后数月内恐怕会增至２７万。 南苏丹现有超过２７万儿童营养不良，北部联合省部分地区已宣布发生饥荒。 联合国儿童基金会执行主任安东尼?莱克呼吁迅速采取措施，“我们依然能拯救许多生命”。（陈丹）【新华社微特稿】
《联合国防治荒漠化公约（ UNCCD ）》 ( 以下简称公约 ) 是 1992 年里约环境与发展大会《 21 世纪议程》框架下的三大重要国际环境公约之一。该公约于 1994 年 6 月 17 日在法国巴黎外交大会通过，并于 1996 年 12 月 26 日生效。目前公约共有 194 个缔约方。 公约的核心目标是由各国政府共同制定国家级、次区域级和区域级行动方案，并与捐助方、地方社区和非政府组织合作，以对抗应对荒漠化的挑战。在发生严重干旱和 / 或荒漠化的国家，尤其是在非洲，防治荒漠化，缓解干旱影响，以期协助受影响的国家和地区实现可持续发展。 《联合国防治荒漠化公约》是联合国环境与发展大会框架下的三大环境公约之一。 目前， UNCCD 面向全球征集 2017 年“ Land forLife Award （服务生活的土地治理奖）”，具体链接： http://www.unccd.int/en/programmes/Event-and-campaigns/LandForLife/Pages/2017-Land-for-Life-Award.aspx ：欢迎您和您熟悉的机构积极申报。请注意截止日期： 2017 年 2 月 28 日。 请注意，申报时需要下载申请表（见附件），并发给以下邮箱： jchoo@unccd.int （ Coordinatorof Land for Life Programme External Relations, Policy and Advocacy Unit UnitedNations Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD) ， UN Campus,Platz der Vereinten Nationen 1 ） 由于不能自己推荐自己，如果您或者单位有意申请，我可以通过国际荒漠化协会（ http://desertnet-international.org/ ， DNI ）帮助您申报。 请联系我， 王飞： wafe@ms.iswc.ac.c n, 或者联系我国国家林业局（ UNCCD 的国家联络中心）。 2017 L4L Award Nomination form.docx Dear colleagues, The United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD) Secretariat is currently inviting partners, governmental organizations and civil society organizations to nominate candidate(s) for the UNCCD Land for Life Award 2017. The Land for Life Award recognizes excellence and innovation of individuals or organizations who have made outstanding contributions towards achieving Sustainable Development Goal 15 Life on Land, in particular Target 15.3 Land Degradation Neutrality. Under the theme Land and Human Security, the 2017 Award will give spotlights to those whose work has tremendously contributing to stability and security of communities suffered from the impacts of land degradation and desertification. Your support for nominations will help us reaching out potential individuals and organizations whose efforts deserve global recognition. The deadline of nomination submission is 28 February 2017. Nominators are required to filled in the nomination form, briefly describe the candidate(s) works, and provide the rationale for nominating the candidate. Please return the completed form to jchoo@unccd.int . The Candidates Selection Criteria and Template of Nomination are as attached. We also appreciate very much that you help to spread this message to partners, organizations and civil societies that you work with. For further information regarding the award, please visit http://www.unccd.int/en/programmes/Event-and-campaigns/LandForLife/Pages/2017-Land-for-Life-Award.aspx or kindly contact me directly. Thank you and we look forward to receive your nomination. Best regards, Jenny Choo ___________________________________________ Coordinator of Land for Life Programme External Relations, Policy and Advocacy Unit United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD) UN Campus, Platz der Vereinten Nationen 1 53113 Bonn, Germany Email: jchoo@unccd.int Tel: + 49 228 815 2831 Skype: jenny.tze.pei.choo visit us at: UNCCD - Home @UNCCD
世卫组织官网：切尔诺贝利事故的真实规模 ——20 年后联合国报告给出明确答案及修复方法 世界卫生组织、国际原子能机构、联国合开发计划署联合新闻发布 2005 年 9 月 5 日，日内瓦 一个超过 100 名科学家组成的国际团队得出结论：总共最高可达 4 千人可能最终因受到 20 年前切尔诺贝利核电站事故的辐射而死亡。 不过，到 2005 年中为止，因受到此次灾难的辐射而直接致死的不到 50 人，几乎全部是受到高度辐射的抢险工人。他们当中很多在事故后几个月内死亡，也有的迟至 2004 年才去世。 给出这些最新数字的是一份里程碑式的摘要报告《切尔诺贝利的遗产：健康、环境和社会经济影响》，刚刚由切尔诺贝利论坛公布。摘要基于一份三册、 600 页的报告，包含了几百名科学家、经济学家、健康专家的工作，评估了这次史上最大核事故的 20 年影响。切尔诺贝利论坛由 8 个联合国专门机构组成，包括国际原子能机构、世界卫生组织、联合国开发计划署、粮农组织、联合国环境署、联合国人道主义协调委员会办公室、联合国原子辐射效应科学委员会、世界银行，以及白俄罗斯、俄罗斯联邦、乌克兰政府。 全文如下，参见世界卫生组织官网 http://www.who.int/mediacentre/news/releases/2005/pr38/en/ Chernobyl: the true scale of the accident 20 Years Later a UN Report Provides DefinitiveAnswers and Ways to Repair Lives Joint News Release WHO/IAEA/UNDP 5September 2005 | Geneva - A total of up to 4000people could eventually die of radiation exposure from the Chernobyl nuclearpower plant (NPP) accident nearly 20 years ago, an international team of morethan 100 scientists has concluded. As of mid-2005, however, fewer than 50 deaths had beendirectly attributed to radiation from the disaster, almost all being highlyexposed rescue workers, many who died within months of the accident but otherswho died as late as 2004. The new numbers are presented in a landmark digest report,“Chernobyl’s Legacy: Health, Environmental and Socio-Economic Impacts,” justreleased by the Chernobyl Forum. The digest, based on a three-volume, 600-pagereport and incorporating the work of hundreds of scientists, economists andhealth experts, assesses the 20-year impact of the largest nuclear accident inhistory. The Forum is made up of 8 UN specialized agencies, including theInternational Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), World Health Organization (WHO),United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), Food and Agriculture Organization(FAO), United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), United Nations Office forthe Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (UN-OCHA), United Nations ScientificCommittee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation (UNSCEAR), and the World Bank, aswell as the governments of Belarus, the Russian Federation and Ukraine. “This compilation of the latest research can help to settlethe outstanding questions about how much death, disease and economic falloutreally resulted from the Chernobyl accident,” explains Dr. Burton Bennett,chairman of the Chernobyl Forum and an authority on radiation effects. “Thegovernments of the three most-affected countries have realized that they needto find a clear way forward, and that progress must be based on a soundconsensus about environmental, health and economic consequences and some goodadvice and support from the international community.” Bennett continued: “This was a very serious accident withmajor health consequences, especially for thousands of workers exposed in theearly days who received very high radiation doses, and for the thousands morestricken with thyroid cancer. By and large, however, we have not found profoundnegative health impacts to the rest of the population in surrounding areas, norhave we found widespread contamination that would continue to pose asubstantial threat to human health, within a few exceptional, restrictedareas.” The Forum’s report aims to help the affected countriesunderstand the true scale of the accident's consequences and also suggests waysthe governments of Belarus, the Russian Federation and Ukraine might addressmajor economic and social problems stemming from the accident. Members of theForum, including representatives of the three governments, will meet September6 and 7 in Vienna at an unprecedented gathering of the world’s experts onChernobyl, radiation effects and protection, to consider these findings andrecommendations. Major study findings Dozens of important findings are included in the massivereport: Approximately 1000 on-site reactor staff and emergency workers were heavily exposed to high-level radiation on the first day of the accident; among the more than 200 000 emergency and recovery operation workers exposed during the period from 1986-1987, an estimated 2200 radiation-caused deaths can be expected during their lifetime. An estimated five million people currently live in areas of Belarus, Russia and Ukraine that are contaminated with radionuclides due to the accident; about 100 000 of them live in areas classified in the past by government authorities as areas of “strict control”. The existing “zoning” definitions need to be revisited and relaxed in light of the new findings. About 4000 cases of thyroid cancer, mainly in children and adolescents at the time of the accident, have resulted from the accident’s contamination and at least nine children died of thyroid cancer; however the survival rate among such cancer victims, judging from experience in Belarus, has been almost 99%. Most emergency workers and people living in contaminated areas received relatively low whole body radiation doses, comparable to natural background levels. As a consequence, no evidence or likelihood of decreased fertility among the affected population has been found, nor has there been any evidence of increases in congenital malformations that can be attributed to radiation exposure. Poverty, “lifestyle” diseases now rampant in the former Soviet Union and mental health problems pose a far greater threat to local communities than does radiation exposure. Relocation proved a “deeply traumatic experience” for some 350,000 people moved out of the affected areas. Although 116 000 were moved from the most heavily impacted area immediately after the accident, later relocations did little to reduce radiation exposure. Persistent myths and misperceptions about the threat of radiation have resulted in “paralyzing fatalism” among residents of affected areas. Ambitious rehabilitation and social benefit programs started by the former Soviet Union, and continued by Belarus, Russia and Ukraine, need reformulation due to changes in radiation conditions, poor targeting and funding shortages. Structural elements of the sarcophagus built to contain the damaged reactor have degraded, posing a risk of collapse and the release of radioactive dust; A comprehensive plan to dispose of tons of high-level radioactive waste at and around the Chernobyl NPP site, in accordance with current safety standards, has yet to be defined. Alongside radiation-induced deaths and diseases, the reportlabels the mental health impact of Chernobyl as “the largest public healthproblem created by the accident” and partially attributes this damagingpsychological impact to a lack of accurate information. These problems manifestas negative self-assessments of health, belief in a shortened life expectancy,lack of initiative, and dependency on assistance from the state. “Two decades after the Chernobyl accident, residents in theaffected areas still lack the information they need to lead the healthy andproductive lives that are possible,” explains Louisa Vinton, Chernobyl focalpoint at the UNDP. “We are advising our partner governments that they mustreach people with accurate information, not only about how to live safely inregions of low-level contamination, but also about leading healthy lifestylesand creating new livelihoods.” But, says Dr Michael Repacholi, Manager of WHO'sRadiation Program, “the sum total of the Chernobyl Forum is a reassuring message.” He explains that there have been 4000 cases of thyroidcancer, mainly in children, but that except for nine deaths, all of them haverecovered. Otherwise, the team of international experts found no evidencefor any increases in the incidence of leukemia and cancer among affectedresidents. The international experts have estimated that radiationcould cause up to about 4000 eventual deaths among the higher-exposed Chernobylpopulations, i.e., emergency workers from 1986-1987, evacuees and residents of themost contaminated areas. This number contains both the known radiation-inducedcancer and leukaemia deaths and a statistical prediction, based on estimates ofthe radiation doses received by these populations. As about quarter of peopledie from spontaneous cancer not caused by Chernobyl radiation, theradiation-induced increase of only about 3% will be difficult to observe.However, in the most exposed cohorts of emergency and recovery operationworkers some increase of particular cancer forms (e.g., leukemia) in particulartime periods has already been observed. The predictions use six decades ofscientific experience with the effects of such doses, explained Repacholi. Repacholi concludes that “the health effects of theaccident were potentially horrific, but when you add them up using validatedconclusions from good science, the public health effects were not nearly assubstantial as had at first been feared.” The report’s estimate for the eventual number of deaths isfar lower than earlier, well-publicized speculations that radiation exposurewould claim tens of thousands of lives. But the 4000 figure is not fardifferent from estimates made in 1986 by Soviet scientists, according to DrMikhail Balonov, a radiation expert with the International Atomic Energy Agencyin Vienna, who was a scientist in the former Soviet Union at the time of theaccident. As for environmental impact, the reports are alsoreassuring, for the scientific assessments show that, except for the stillclosed, highly contaminated 30 kilometer area surrounding the reactor, and someclosed lakes and restricted forests, radiation levels have mostly returned toacceptable levels. “In most areas the problems are economic and psychological,not health or environmental,” reports Balonov, the scientific secretary of theChernobyl Forum effort who has been involved with Chernobyl recovery since thedisaster occurred. Recommendations Recommendations call for focusing assistance efforts onhighly contaminated areas and redesigning government programs to help thosegenuinely in need. Suggested changes would shift programs away from those thatfoster “dependency” and a “victim” mentality, and replacing them withinitiatives that encourage opportunity, support local development, and givepeople confidence in their futures. In the health area, the Forum report calls for continuedclose monitoring of workers who recovered from Acute Radiation Syndrome (ARS)and other highly exposed emergency personnel. The Report also calls for focusedscreening of children exposed to radioiodine for thyroid cancer and highlyexposed clean-up workers for non-thyroid cancers. However, existing screeningprograms should be evaluated for cost-effectiveness, since the incidence ofspontaneous thyroid cancers is increasing significantly as the targetpopulation ages. Moreover, high quality cancer registries need continuinggovernment support. In the environmental realm, the Report calls for long termmonitoring of caesium and strontium radionuclides to assess human exposure andfood contamination and to analyse the impacts of remedial actions andradiation-reduction countermeasures. Better information needs to be provided tothe public about the persistence of radioactive contamination in certain foodproducts and about food preparation methods that reduce radionuclide intake.Restrictions on harvesting of some wild food products are still needed in someareas. Also in the realm of protecting the environment, the Reportcalls for an “integrated waste management program for the Shelter, theChernobyl NPP site and the Exclusion Zone” to ensure application of consistentmanagement and capacity for all types of radioactive waste. Waste storage anddisposal must be dealt with in a comprehensive manner across the entireExclusion Zone, according to the Report. In areas where human exposure is not high, no remediationneeds to be done, points out Balonov. “If we do not expect health orenvironmental effects, we should not waste resources and effort on low priority,low contamination areas,” he explains. “We need to focus our efforts andresources on real problems.” One key recommendation addresses the fact that large partsof the population, especially in rural areas, still lack accurate informationand emphasizes the need to find better ways both to inform the public and toovercome the lack of credibility that hampered previous efforts. Even thoughaccurate information has been available for years, either it has not reachedthose who need it or people do not trust and accept the information and do notact upon it, according to the Report. This recommendation calls for targeting information tospecific audiences, including community leaders and health care workers, alongwith a broader strategy that promotes healthy lifestyles as well as informationabout how to reduce internal and external radiation exposures and address themain causes of disease and mortality. In the socioeconomic sphere, the Report recommends a newdevelopment approach that helps individuals to “take control of their own livesand communities to take control of their own futures.” The Governments, theReport states, must streamline and refocus Chernobyl programs through moretargeted benefits, elimination of unnecessary benefits to people in lesscontaminated areas, improving primary health care, support for safe foodproduction techniques, and encouragement for investment and private sectordevelopment, including small and medium-size enterprises. Notes Vinton, “The most important need is for accurateinformation on healthy lifestyles, together with better regulations to promotesmall, rural businesses. Poverty is the real danger. We need to take steps toempower people.” Answers to Longstanding Questions How much radiation were people exposed to as a result ofthe accident? With the exception of on-site reactor staff and emergency workers exposedon 26 April, most recovery operation workers and those living in contaminatedterritories received relatively low whole body radiation doses, comparable tobackground radiation levels and lower than the average doses received byresidents in some parts of the world having high natural background radiationlevels. For the majority of the five million people living in the contaminatedareas, exposures are within the recommended dose limit for the general public,though about 100 000 residents still receive more. Remediation of those areasand application of some agricultural countermeasures continues. Furtherreduction of exposure levels will be slow, but most exposure from the accidenthas already occurred. How many people died and how many more are likely to diein the future? The total number of deaths already attributable to Chernobyl or expectedin the future over the lifetime of emergency workers and local residents in themost contaminated areas is estimated to be about 4000. This includes some 50emergency workers who died of acute radiation syndrome and nine children whodied of thyroid cancer, and an estimated total of 3940 deaths fromradiation-induced cancer and leukemia among the 200 000 emergency workers from1986-1987, 116 000 evacuees and 270 000 residents of the most contaminatedareas (total about 600 000). These three major cohorts were subjected to higherdoses of radiation amongst all the people exposed to Chernobyl radiation. The estimated 4000 casualties may occur during the lifetime of about 600000 people under consideration. As about quarter of them will eventually diefrom spontaneous cancer not caused by Chernobyl radiation, theradiation-induced increase of about 3% will be difficult to observe. However,in the most highly exposed cohorts of emergency and recovery operation workers,some increase in particular cancers (e.g., leukemia) has already been observed. Confusion about the impact has arisen owing to the fact that thousands ofpeople in the affected areas have died of natural causes. Also, widespreadexpectations of ill health and a tendency to attribute all health problems toradiation exposure have led local residents to assume that Chernobyl relatedfatalities were much higher than they actually were. What diseases have already occurred or might occur in thefuture? Residents who ate food contaminated with radioactive iodine in the daysimmediately after the accident received relatively high doses to the thyroidgland. This was especially true of children who drank milk from cows who hadeaten contaminated grass. Since iodine concentrates in the thyroid gland, thiswas a major cause of the high incidence of thyroid cancer in children. Several recent studies suggest a slight increase in the incidence ofleukemia among emergency workers, but not in children or adult residents ofcontaminated areas. A slight increase in solid cancers and possibly circulatorysystem diseases was noted, but needs to be evaluated further because of thepossible indirect influence of such factors as smoking, alcohol, stress andunhealthy lifestyle. Have there been or will there be any inherited orreproductive effects? Because of the relatively low doses to residents of contaminatedterritories, no evidence or likelihood of decreased fertility has been seenamong males or females. Also, because the doses were so low, there was noevidence of any effect on the number of stillbirths, adverse pregnancyoutcomes, delivery complications or overall health of children. A modest butsteady increase in reported congenital malformations in both contaminated anduncontaminated areas of Belarus appears related to better reporting, notradiation. Did the trauma of rapid relocation cause persistentpsychological or mental health problems? Stress symptoms, depression, anxiety and medically unexplained physicalsymptoms have been reported, including self-perceived poor health. Thedesignation of the affected population as “victims” rather than “survivors” hasled them to perceive themselves as helpless, weak and lacking control overtheir future. This, in turn, has led either to over cautious behavior andexaggerated health concerns, or to reckless conduct, such as consumption ofmushrooms, berries and game from areas still designated as highly contaminated,overuse of alcohol and tobacco, and unprotected promiscuous sexual activity. What was the environmental impact? Ecosystems affected by Chernobyl have been studied and monitoredextensively for the past two decades. Major releases of radionuclides continuedfor ten days and contaminated more than 200 000 square kilometers of Europe.The extent of deposition varied depending on whether it was raining whencontaminated air masses passed. Most of the strontium and plutonium isotopes were deposited within 100kilometres of the damaged reactor. Radioactive iodine, of great concern afterthe accident, has a short half-life, and has now decayed away. Strontium andcaesium, with a longer half life of 30 years, persist and will remain a concernfor decades to come. Although plutonium isotopes and americium 241 will persistperhaps for thousands of years, their contribution to human exposure is low. What is the scope of urban contamination? Open surfaces, such as roads, lawns and roofs, were most heavilycontaminated. Residents of Pripyat, the city nearest to Chernobyl, were quicklyevacuated, reducing their potential exposure to radioactive materials. Wind,rain and human activity has reduced surface contamination, but led to secondarycontamination of sewage and sludge systems. Radiation in air above settledareas returned to background levels, though levels remain higher where soilshave remained undisturbed. How contaminated are agricultural areas? Weathering, physical decay, migration of radionuclides down the soil andreductions in bioavailability have led to a significant reduction in thetransfer of radionuclides to plants and animals. Radioactive iodine, rapidlyabsorbed from grasses and animal feed into milk, was an early concern andelevated levels were seen in some parts of the former Soviet Union and SouthernEurope, but, given the nuclide’s short half life, this concern abated quickly.Currently and for the long term, radiocaesium, present in milk, meat and someplant foods, remains the most significant concern for internal human exposure,but, with the exception of a few areas, concentrations fall within safe levels. What is the extent of forest contamination? Following the accident, animals and vegetation in forest and mountainareas had high absorption of radiocaesium, with persistent high levels inmushrooms, berries and game. Because exposure from agricultural products hasdeclined, the relative importance of exposure from forest products hasincreased and will only decline as radioactive materials migrate downward intothe soil and slowly decay. The high transfer of radiocaesium from lichen toreindeer meat to humans was seen in the Artic and sub-Arctic areas, with highcontamination of reindeer meat in Finland, Norway, Russia, and Sweden. Theconcerned governments imposed some restrictions on hunting, includingscheduling hunting season when animals have lower meat contamination. How contaminated are the aquatic systems? Contamination of surface waters throughout much of Europe declined quicklythrough dilution, physical decay, and absorption of radionuclides in bedsediments and catchment soils. Because of bioaccumulation in the aquatic foodchain, though, elevated concentrations of radiocaesium were found in fish fromlakes as far away as Germany and Scandinavia. Comparable levels ofradiostrontium, which concentrates in fish bone, not in muscle, were notsignificant for humans. Levels in fish and waters are currently low, except inareas with “closed” lakes with no outflowing streams. In those lakes, levels ofradiocaesium in fish will remain high for decades and, therefore, restrictionson fishing there should be maintained. What environmental countermeasures and remediation havebeen taken? The most effective early agricultural countermeasure was removingcontaminated pasture grasses from animal diets and monitoring milk forradiation levels. Treatment of land for fodder crops, clean feeding and use ofCs-binders (that prevented the transfer of radiocaesium from fodder to milk)led to large reductions in contamination and permitted agriculture to continue,though some increase in radionuclide content of plant and animal products hasbeen measured since the mid-1990s when economic problems forced a cutback intreatments. Some agricultural lands in the three countries have been taken outof use until remediation is undertaken. A number of measures applied to forests in affected countries and inScandinavia have reduced human exposure, including restrictions on access toforest areas, on harvesting of food products such as game, berries andmushrooms, and on the public collection of firewood, along with changes inhunting to avoid consumption of game meat where seasonal levels of radiocaesiummay be high. Low income levels in some areas cause local residents to disregardthese rules. What were radiation-induced effects on plants andanimals? Increased mortality of coniferous plants, soil invertebrates and mammalsand reproductive losses in plants and animals were seen in high exposure areasup to a distance of 20-30 kilometers. Outside that zone, no acuteradiation-induced effects have been reported. With reductions of exposurelevels, biological populations have been recovering, though the genetic effectsof radiation were seen in both somatic and germ cells of plants and animals.Prohibiting agricultural and industrial activities in the exclusion zonepermitted many plant and animal populations to expand and created,paradoxically, “a unique sanctuary for biodiversity.” Does dismantlement of the Shelter and management ofradioactive waste pose further environmental problems? The protective shelter was erected quickly, which led to someimperfections in the shelter itself and did not permit gathering complete dataon the stability of the damaged unit. Also, some structural parts of theshelter have corroded in the past two decades. The main potential hazard posedby the shelter is the possible collapse of its top structures and the releaseof radioactive dust. Strengthening those unstable structures has been performed recently, and constructionof a New Safe Confinement covering the existing shelter that should serve formore than 100 years, starts in near future. The new cover will allowdismantlement of the current shelter, removal of the radioactive fuel mass fromthe damaged unit and, eventually, decommissioning of the damaged reactor. A comprehensive strategy still has to be developed for dealing with thehigh level and long-lived radioactive waste from past remediation activities.Much of this waste was placed in temporary storage in trenches and landfillsthat do not meet current waste safety requirements. What was the economic cost? Because of policies in place at the time of the explosion and theinflation and economic disruptions that followed the break-up of the SovietUnion, precise costs have been impossible to calculate. A variety of estimatesfrom the 1990s placed the costs over two decades at hundreds of billions ofdollars. These costs included direct damage, expenditures related to recoveryand mitigation, resettlement of people, social protection and health care forthe affected population, research on environment, health and the production ofclean food, radiation monitoring, as well as indirect losses due to removingagricultural lands and forests from use and the closing of agriculture andindustrial facilities, and such additional costs as cancellation of the nuclearpower program in Belarus and the additional costs of energy from the loss ofpower from Chernobyl. The costs have created a huge drain on the budgets of thethree countries involved. What were the main consequences for the local economy? Agriculture was hardest hit, with 784 320 hectares taken from production.Timber production was halted in 694,200 hectares of forest. Remediation made“clean food” production possible in many areas but led to higher costs in theform of fertilizers, additives and special cultivation processes. Even wherefarming is safe, the stigma associated with Chernobyl caused marketing problemsand led to falling revenues, declining production and the closure of somefacilities. Combined with disruptions due to the collapse of the Soviet Union,recession, and new market mechanisms, the region’s economy suffered, resultingin lower living standards, unemployment and increased poverty. All agriculturalareas, whether affected by radiation or not, proved vulnerable. Poverty is especially acute in affected areas. Wages for agriculturalworkers tend to be low and employment outside of agriculture is limited. Manyskilled and educated workers, especially younger workers, left the region.Also, the business environment discourages entrepreneurial ventures and privateinvestment is low. What impact did Chernobyl and the aftermath have on localcommunities? More than 350 000 people have been relocated away from the most severelycontaminated areas, 116 000 of them immediately after the accident. Even whenpeople were compensated for losses, given free houses and a choice ofresettlement location, the experience was traumatic and left many with no employmentand a belief that they have no place in society. Surveys show that those whoremained or returned to their homes coped better with the aftermath than thosewho were resettled. Tensions between new and old residents of resettlementvillages also contributed to the ostracism felt by the newcomers. Thedemographic structure of the affected areas became skewed since many skilled,educated and entrepreneurial workers, often younger, left the areas leavingbehind an older population with few of the skills needed for economic recovery. The older population has meant that deaths exceed births, which reinforcesthe perception that these areas are dangerous places to live. Even when pay ishigh, schools, hospitals and other essential public services are short ofqualified specialists. What has been the impact on individuals? According to the Forum’s report on health, “the mental health impact ofChernobyl is the largest public health problem unleashed by the accident todate.” People in the affected areas report negative assessments of their healthand well-being, coupled with an exaggerated sense of the danger to their healthfrom radiation exposure and a belief in a shorter life expectancy. Anxiety overthe health effects of radiation shows no signs of diminishing and may even bespreading. Life expectancy has been declining across the former Soviet Union,due to cardiovascular disease, injuries and poisoning, and notradiation-related illness. How have governments responded? The resettlement and rehabilitation programs launched in Soviet conditionsproved unsustainable after 1991 and funding for projects declined, leaving manyprojects unfinished and abandoned and many of the promised benefits underfunded. Also, benefits were offered to broad categories of “Chernobyl victims”that expanded to seven million now receiving or eligible for pensions, specialallowances and health benefits, including free holidays and guaranteedallowances. Chernobyl benefits deprive other areas of public spending ofresources, but scaling down benefits or targeting only high-risk groups isunpopular and presents political problems. Given significant reduction of radiation levels during past twenty years,governments need to revisit the classification of contaminated zones. Many areaspreviously considered to be at risk are in fact safe for habitation andcultivation. Current delineations are far more restrictive than demonstratedradiation levels can justify. The report identifies the need to sharpen priorities and streamline the programsto target the most needy, noting that reallocating resources is likely to face“strong resistance from vested interests. One suggestion calls for a “buyout” of the entitlement to benefits in return for lump sum start-up financingfor small businesses.
Article 16. (1) Men and women of full age, without any limitation due to race, nationality or religion, have the right to marry and to found a family. They are entitled to equal rights as to marriage, during marriage and at its dissolution. (2) Marriage shall be entered into only with the free and full consent of the intending spouses. (3) The family is the natural and fundamental group unit of society and is entitled to protection by society and the State. Artikolo 16. Plenaĝaj viroj kaj virinoj, sen ia ajn limigo pro raso, nacieco aŭ religio, rajtas edziĝi kaj fondi familion. Iliaj rajtoj estas egalaj koncerne la geedziĝon, dum la geedzeco kaj koncerne eksedziĝon. Geedziĝo okazu sole laŭ libera kaj plena konsento de la geedziĝontoj. La familio estas la natura kaj fundamenta grupunuo de la socio, kaj ĝi rajtas ricevi protekton de la socio kaj de la Ŝtato. 第16条 ㈠ 成年男女，不受种族、国籍或宗教的任何限制有权婚嫁和成立家庭。他们在婚姻方面，在结婚期间和在解除婚约时，应有平等的权利。 ㈡ 只有经男女双方的自由和完全的同意，才能缔婚。. ㈢ 家庭是天然的和基本的社会单元，并应受社会和国家的保护 。. 【笔记：男女平等，结婚自由。两厢情愿，禁止逼婚。组建家庭，社会保障。】 Article 17. Everyone has the right to own property alone as well as in association with others. (2) No one shall be arbitrarily deprived of his property . Artikolo 17 Ĉiu rajtas proprieti havaĵon, kaj sola kaj en asociiĝo kun aliaj. Al neniu estu arbitre forprenita lia proprieto. 第17条 ㈠ 人人得有单独的财产所有权以及同他人合有的所有权。 ㈡ 任何人的财产不得任意剥夺 。. 【笔记：私有财产，基本人权。】 Article 18. Everyone has the right to freedom of thought, conscience and religion; this right includes freedom to change his religion or belief, and freedom, either alone or in community with others and in public or private, to manifest his religion or belief in teaching, practice, worship and observance . Artikolo 18. Ĉiu havas la rajton je libereco de penso, konscienco kaj religio; tiu ĉi rajto inkluzivas la liberecon ŝanĝi sian religion aŭ kredon, kaj liberecon manifesti, ĉu sola ĉu kune kun aliaj, ĉu publike ĉu private, sian religion aŭ kredon per instruado, praktikado, adorado kaj observado. . 第18条 人人有思想、良心和宗教自由的权利；此项权利包括改变他的宗教或信仰的自由，以及单独或集体、公开或秘密地以教义、实践、礼拜和戒律表示他的宗教或信仰的自由 。. 【笔记：思想无罪，宗教自由。】 Article 19. Everyone has the right to freedom of opinion and expression; this right includes freedom to hold opinions without interference and to seek, receive and impart information and ideas through any media and regardless of frontiers . Artikolo 19. Ĉiu havas la rajton je libereco de opinio kaj esprimado; ĉi tiu rajto inkluzivas la liberecon havi opiniojn sen intervenoj de aliaj, kaj la rajton peti, ricevi kaj havigi informojn kaj ideojn per kiu ajn rimedo kaj senkonsidere pri la landlimoj. 第19条 人人有权享有主张和发表意见的自由；此项权利包括持有主张而不受干涉的自由，和通过任何媒介和不论国界寻求、接受和传递消息和思想的自由 。. 【笔记：言论无罪，发表自由。】 Article 20. (1) Everyone has the right to freedom of peaceful assembly and association. (2) No one may be compelled to belong to an association. Artikolo 20. Ĉiu havas la rajton je libereco de pacema kunvenado kaj asociiĝo. Neniu estu devigita aparteni al asocio. 第20条 ㈠ 人人有权享有和平集会和结社的自由。 ㈡ 任何人不得迫使隶属于某一团体 。. 【笔记：集会随愿，结社自由。】 Article 21. (1) Everyone has the right to take part in the government of his country, directly or through freely chosen representatives. (2) Everyone has the right of equal access to public service in his country. (3) The will of the people shall be the basis of the authority of government; this will shall be expressed in periodic and genuine elections which shall be by universal and equal suffrage and shall be held by secret vote or by equivalent free voting procedures . Artikolo 21 Ĉiu homo rajtas partopreni la regadon de sia lando, aŭ rekte aŭ pere de libere elektitaj reprezentantoj. Ĉiu rajtas je egala aliro al publika servo en sia lando. La volo de la popolo estu la bazo de la aŭtoritato de la registaro; tiu volo estu esprimata per regulaj kaj aŭtentikaj elektoj, kiuj okazu per universala kaj egala balotrajto, kaj per sekreta voĉdono aŭ ekvivalentaj liberaj voĉdonaj proceduroj. . 第21条 ㈠ 人人有直接或通过自由选择的代表参与治理本国的权利。 ㈡ 人人有平等机会参加本国公务的权利。 ㈢ 人民的意志是政府权力的基础；这一意志应以定期的和真正的选举予以表现，而选举应依据普遍和平等的投票权，并以不记名投票或相当的自由投票程序进行 。. 【笔记：民可参政， 天下为公 。人民意愿，政府之基。平等 投票 ，自由 选举 。】 Article 22. Everyone, as a member of society, has the right to social security and is entitled to realization, through national effort and international co-operation and in accordance with the organization and resources of each State, of the economic, social and cultural rights indispensable for his dignity and the free development of his personality. Artikolo 22 Ĉiu, kiel membro de la socio, havas rajton je socia sekureco kaj povas postuli la realigon, per naciaj klopodoj kaj internacia kunlaboro, kaj konforme al la organizo kaj disponeblaj rimedoj de ĉiu Ŝtato, de tiuj ekonomiaj, sociaj kaj kulturaj rajtoj, kiuj estas nepre necesaj por lia digno kaj por la libera disvolviĝo de lia personeco. 第22条 每个人，作为社会的一员，有权享受社会保障，并有权享受他的个人尊严和人格的自由发展所必需的经济、社会和文化方面各种权利的实现，这种实现是通过国家努力和国际合作并依照各国的组织和资源情况 。. 【笔记：社会保障，人人受惠。】 Article 23. (1) Everyone has the right to work, to free choice of employment, to just and favourable conditions of work and to protection against unemployment. (2) Everyone, without any discrimination, has the right to equal pay for equal work. (3) Everyone who works has the right to just and favourable remuneration ensuring for himself and his family an existence worthy of human dignity, and supplemented, if necessary, by other means of social protection. (4) Everyone has the right to form and to join trade unions for the protection of his interests. Artikolo 23 Ĉiu havas rajton je laboro, je libera elekto de sia okupo, je justaj kaj favoraj laborkondiĉoj kaj je protekto kontraŭ senlaboreco. Ĉiu, sen ia ajn diskriminacio, rajtas ricevi egalan salajron pro egala laboro. Ĉiu, kiu laboras, rajtas ricevi justan kaj favoran kompenson, kiu certigu por li mem kaj por lia familio ekziston konforman al homa digno, kaj kiun suplementu, laŭnecese, aliaj rimedoj de socia protekto. Ĉiu rajtas formi kaj aliĝi sindikatojn por protekto de siaj interesoj. 第23条 ㈠ 人人有权工作、自由选择职业、享受公正和合适的工作条件并享受免于失业的保障。 ㈡ 人人有同工同酬的权利，不受任何歧视。 ㈢ 每一个工作的人，有权享受公正和合适的报酬，保证使他本人和家属有一个符合人的尊严的生活条件，必要时并辅以其他方式的社会保障。 ㈣ 人人有为维护其利益而组织和参加工会的权利。 【笔记：自由择业，有权工作。同工同酬，保障失业。最低工薪，体面生存。组织工会，保障权益。】 Article 24. Everyone has the right to rest and leisure, including reasonable limitation of working hours and periodic holidays with pay. Artikolo 24 Ĉiu havas rajton je ripozo kaj libertempo, inkluzive racian limigon de la laborhoroj kaj periodajn feriojn kun salajro. 第24条 人人有享有休息和闲暇的权利，包括工作时间有合理限制和定期给薪休假的权利 。. 【笔记：带薪休假，有 劳有逸，劳者休闲，天经地义 。】 Article 25. (1) Everyone has the right to a standard of living adequate for the health and well-being of himself and of his family, including food, clothing, housing and medical care and necessary social services, and the right to security in the event of unemployment, sickness, disability, widowhood, old age or other lack of livelihood in circumstances beyond his control. (2) Motherhood and childhood are entitled to special care and assistance. All children, whether born in or out of wedlock, shall enjoy the same social protection. . Artikolo 25 Ĉiu havas rajton je vivnivelo adekvata por la sano kaj bonfarto de si mem kaj de sia familio, inkluzive de nutraĵo, vestaĵoj, loĝejo kaj medicina prizorgo kaj necesaj sociaj servoj, kaj la rajton je sekureco en okazo de senlaboreco, malsano, malkapablo, vidvineco, maljuneco aŭ alia perdo de la vivrimedoj pro cirkonstancoj ekster sia povo. Patrineco kaj infaneco rajtigas al specialaj prizorgoj kaj helpo. Ĉiuj infanoj, egale ĉu ili naskiĝis en aŭ ekster geedzeco, ricevu saman socian protekton. 第25条 ㈠ 人人有权享受为维持他本人和家属的健康和福利所需的生活水准，包括食物、衣着、住房、医疗和必要的社会服务；在遭到失业、疾病、残废、守寡、衰老或在其他不能控制的情况下丧失谋生能力时，有权享受保障。 ㈡ 母亲和儿童有权享受特别照顾和协助。一切儿童，无论婚生或非婚生，都应享受同样的社会保护。 【笔记：全民保障，大势所趋。人人受惠， 社会福利： 救济失业，社保病残，孤寡有助， 老有所依 。体面生存， 衣食住医 。婚生私生，同等呵护。 照顾妇孺，社会之责。 】 Article 26. (1) Everyone has the right to education. Education shall be free, at least in the elementary and fundamental stages. Elementary education shall be compulsory. Technical and professional education shall be made generally available and higher education shall be equally accessible to all on the basis of merit. (2) Education shall be directed to the full development of the human personality and to the strengthening of respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms. It shall promote understanding, tolerance and friendship among all nations, racial or religious groups, and shall further the activities of the United Nations for the maintenance of peace. (3) Parents have a prior right to choose the kind of education that shall be given to their children Artikolo 26 Ĉiu havas rajton je edukiĝo. La edukado estu senpaga, almenaŭ en la elementa kaj fundamenta stadioj. La elementa edukado estu deviga. La teknika kaj porprofesia edukado estu ĝenerale akirebla, kaj pli alta edukado estu egale akirebla por ĉiuj laŭ ties meritoj. Edukado celu la plenan disvolvon de la homa personeco kaj plifortigon de la respekto al la homaj rajtoj kaj fundamentaj liberecoj. Ĝi kreskigu komprenon, toleron kaj amikecon inter ĉiuj nacioj, rasaj aŭ religiaj grupoj, kaj antaŭenigu la agadon de Unuiĝintaj Nacioj por konservo de paco. Gepatroj havas unuavican rajton elekti la specon de la edukado, kiun ricevu iliaj infanoj. . 第26条 ㈠ 人人都有受教育的权利，教育应当免费，至少在初级和基本阶段应如此。初级教育应属义务性质。技术和职业教育应普遍设立。高等教育应根据成绩而对一切人平等开放。 ㈡ 教育的目的在于充分发展人的个性并加强对人权和基本自由的尊重。教育应促进各国、各种族或各宗教集团间的了解、容忍和友谊，并应促进联合国维护和平的各项活动。 ㈢ 父母对其子女所应受的教育的种类，有优先选择的权利 。. 【笔记：初教 免费 ，人人得享，初教普及，人人有责。职业培训，有教无类。高等教育，唯才是举。教育宗旨，发展个性，尊重人权，宽容理解，促进和平。】 Article 27. (1) Everyone has the right freely to participate in the cultural life of the community, to enjoy the arts and to share in scientific advancement and its benefits. (2) Everyone has the right to the protection of the moral and material interests resulting from any scientific, literary or artistic production of which he is the author. Artikolo 27 Ĉiu rajtas libere partopreni la kulturan vivon de la komunumo, ĝui la artojn kaj partopreni sciencan progreson kaj ĝiajn fruktojn. Ĉiu havas rajton je protekto de la moralaj kaj materialaj interesoj rezultantaj el eventualaj sciencaj, literaturaj aŭ artaj produktaĵoj, kiujn li aŭtoris. 第27条 ㈠ 人人有权自由参加社会的文化生活，享受艺术，并分享科学进步及其产生的福利。 ㈡ 人人对由于他所创作的任何科学、文学或美术作品而产生的精神的和物质的利益，有享受保护的权利 。. 【笔记：文化艺术，科技进步，人人得益，全民受惠。文艺创作，智慧产权，法律保障。】 Article 28. Everyone is entitled to a social and international order in which the rights and freedoms set forth in this Declaration can be fully realized. Artikolo 28 Ĉiu havas rajton je socia kaj internacia organizo, en kiu la rajtoj kaj liberecoj difinitaj en ĉi tiu Deklaracio povas esti plene realigitaj . 第28条 人人有权要求一种社会的和国际的秩序，在这种秩序中，本宣言所载的权利和自由能获得充分实现 。. 【笔记：人权保障，社会必然。】 Article 29. (1) Everyone has duties to the community in which alone the free and full development of his personality is possible. (2) In the exercise of his rights and freedoms, everyone shall be subject only to such limitations as are determined by law solely for the purpose of securing due recognition and respect for the rights and freedoms of others and of meeting the just requirements of morality, public order and the general welfare in a democratic society. (3) These rights and freedoms may in no case be exercised contrary to the purposes and principles of the United Nations. Artikolo 29 Ĉiu havas devojn al la komunumo, en kiu, sole, estas ebla la libera kaj plena disvolviĝo de lia personeco. En la uzado de siaj rajtoj kaj liberecoj, ĉiu estu subigita sole al tiuj limigoj, kiuj estas jure difinitaj ekskluzive kun la celo certigi adekvatan rekonon kaj respekton por la rajtoj kaj liberecoj de aliaj kaj por konformiĝi al justaj postuloj de moralo, publika ordo kaj ĝenerala bonfarto en demokrata socio. Tiuj ĉi rajtoj kaj liberecoj estas en neniu okazo efektivigeblaj kontraŭe al la celoj kaj principoj de Unuiĝintaj Nacioj. . 第29条 ㈠ 人人对社会负有义务，因为只有在社会中他的个性才可能得到自由和充分的发展。 ㈡ 人人在行使他的权利和自由时，只受法律所确定的限制，确定此种限制的唯一目的在于保证对旁人的权利和自由给予应有的承认和尊重，并在一个民主的社会中适应道德、公共秩序和普遍福利的正当需要。 ㈢ 这些权利和自由的行使，无论在任何情形下均不得违背联合国的宗旨和原则 。. 【笔记：社会维系，人人有责。个性自由，充分发挥。他人权益，不得侵犯。】 Article 30. Nothing in this Declaration may be interpreted as implying for any State, group or person any right to engage in any activity or to perform any act aimed at the destruction of any of the rights and freedoms set forth herein. Artikolo 30 Nenio en ĉi tiu Deklaracio estu interpretita kiel implico, ke iu ajn Ŝtato, grupo aŭ persono iel ajn rajtas entrepreni ian ajn agadon aŭ plenumi ian ajn agon, kiu celus detrui kiun ajn el la rajtoj kaj liberecoj ĉi-ene difinitaj. 第30条 本宣言的任何条文，不得解释为默许任何国家、集团或个人有权进行任何旨在破坏本宣言所载的任何权利和自由的活动或行为 。. 【笔记： 人权为上，不容损伤。】 【相关】 《世界人权宣言》是文明世界的圣经 2015-07-28 《人权宣言》读书笔记（序言篇） 2015-07-31 《人权宣言》读书笔记（1/2） 2015-07-31 《社会主义人权歌》 2015-08-01 http://www.ohchr.org/EN/UDHR/Pages/UDHRIndex.aspx
当今世界气候变化和环境问题日益加剧，特别是温室气体的排放导致的全球变暖，引起了海平面上升、冰川退缩等一系列破坏自然生态系统平衡问题的出现。为了防止剧烈的气候变化对人类造成伤害，各国政府纷纷加入《联合国气候变化框架公约》，并鼓励研究与应用新型可再生能源来替代化石燃料。对于太阳能和风能等可再生能源，由于资源丰富，近几年其装机容量迅速增加。但是，这些可再生能源受环境因素的影响，不能保证实时供应。同时，各地资源分布的不均衡也致使其使用范围受限制。而电能，这种灵活、高效、成熟的能量形态赋予了可再生能源应用腾飞的翅膀，将成为可再生能源主要的存贮方式。而近几年来，随着物联网时代的到来，手机等智能终端越来越普及，信息传感设备的更加智能化和小型化要求在更小的体积内实现更多的技术应用，这对其电能存贮系统的能量密度和输入输出功率提出了更高的要求。因此，关于电能存贮的研究受到广泛关注。目前常用的电能存贮系统主要分为锂离子电池和电容器。锂离子电池是索尼公司于1990 年最先提出的，经过多年发展，虽然成本高，但由于具有较高的能量密度（180Wh·kg -1 ），目前仍是应用最广的电能量存贮系统。但是，锂离子电池的充放电过程属于化学氧化还原反应，受电解质扩散控制，其功率密度较低，充放电稳定性不高，可重复使用次数也有限。而传统的电容器充放电只是物理过程，电解质离子吸附在电极表面，能在数秒内完成充放电过程，其功率密度能达到10kW·kg -1 。由于不存在化学过程，电容器的重复使用次数能够达到数十万次。但是，正因为电容器的电荷只能贮存在电极有限的表面上，其能量密度远低于锂离子电池。超级电容器作为一种新型电容器，则被期望能够综合锂离子电池和传统电容器两者的优点。超级电容器根据电荷存贮机理可以分为电化学双电层电容器和赝电容器。电化学双电层电容是离子在电极表面附近发生物理吸附所引起的，电极的面积越大，离子在电极表面吸附的就越多，电容也越大，因此，提高电化学双电层电容的关键在于使用具有高比表面积和良好电导性的电极材料。目前关于石墨烯、碳纳米管等碳材料的研究较多；同时，也有研究表明，多孔材料的结构如孔径尺寸和分布对电容也会产生影响，通过对材料的结构进行设计优化，可以获得较高的电容。虽然电化学双电层电容具有优越的功率密度和充放电稳定性，然而，它具有能量密度较低的缺点。电化学赝电容，和锂离子电池类似，是通过电池材料上的活性物质表面的可逆氧化还原反应产生的化学能来将电能存贮和释放的，因此具有较高的能量密度。这类活性材料主要包括过渡金属氧化物和导电高分子材料。但是由于存在氧化还原反应，赝电容和锂离子电池一样，其功率密度和充放电稳定性不高。综上所述，获得具有电化学双电层电容和电化学赝电容两者优点的超级电容器——既具有较高功率密度，又有较高能量密度——已成为研究人员的共识。目前电极材料的研究热点主要是石墨烯等导电碳材料和导电高分子材料与具有较高电化学赝电容的过渡金属氧化物等材料的复合 。有研究人员提出建立所谓“纳米复合超级电容器”的概念，这种复合超级电容器的正负电极材料是将钛酸锂等锂离子电池材料嵌入到活性炭或其他碳材料模板中 。这样既克服了超级电容器能量密度低的缺陷，又保证了电化学双电层电容较高的功率密度的优点。超级电容器的研究除了获得具有优异的电化学性能之外，在实际生产应用中成本的降低也是重要的目标之一。柔性电子技术，作为一种新兴电子技术，极大地降低了电子器件的制造成本，并将带来一场电子革命。手机、可穿戴电子设备和电子屏等器件的柔性化将成为未来发展的趋势，而柔性超级电容器作为一种柔性的电能贮存器件，也将拥有广阔的市场需求。柔性超级电容器不仅仅要求电极材料本身具有优越的电化学性能，也要能够与柔性材料结合成具有高柔性的电极。目前研究较多的柔性材料包括金属（包括铝、铜、钛等）、碳材料（包括石墨烯、碳纳米管、碳纤维等）、织物（包括纤维、棉花和涤纶）、导电高分子等材料 。而如何在柔性基底上获得较高的电容特性，仍须继续深入研究。目前，超级电容器所具备的性能，不管是电化学性能还是成本控制，暂时都还不能达到人们的期望。因此，关于超级电容器的研究仍将继续，而对超级电容器能量存贮机理的深入探析与理解，以及各种新型材料的研发与问世，将大大促进高性能超级电容器的发展，最终使之成为实用化、低成本、高性能的新能源产品。 参考文献 Salunkhe R R, Lee Y H, Chang K H, et al. Nanoarchitectured Graphene-Based Supercapacitors for Next- Generation Energy- Storage Applications . Chemistry-A European Journal,2014, 20: 13838-13852. . Naoi K, Naoi W, Aoyagi S, et al. New Generation “Nanohybrid Supercapacitor” . Accounts of Chemical Research, 2013, 46(5): 1075-1083. . Dubal D P, Kim J G, Kim Y, et al. Supercapacitors Based on Flexible Substrates: An Overview . Energy Technology, 2014, 2: 325-341. . 文/邹飞，周海涛 （编辑 王丽娜）
国际在线报道（记者 步晶晶）；当地时间10月1日，联合国粮食机构发布的一份最新报告指出，全球饥饿人口与过去相比有所减少，但仍有数亿人处于长期挨饿状态。 根据联合国粮食及农业组织、国际农业发展基金会以及世界粮食计划署每年发布的《世界粮食不安全状况》报告，在2011年至2013年期间，全球大约有8.42亿人口，也就是相当于全球八分之一的人长期处于挨饿状态，得不到积极健 康生 活所需的食物。这一数字与2010年至2012年期间的报告数字相比有所减少。报告指出，在全球饥饿人口中，1570万人生活在发达国家，其他绝大多数饥饿人口生活在发展中地区。 报告指出，虽然进展情况存在差异，但是作为整体，发展中地区在实现到2015年将饥饿人口比例减半的目标方面已经取得了重大进展，这项目标是千年发展目标的一部分。如果饥饿人口自1990年以来的年均下降速度能够延续到2015年，那么食物不足发生率将下降到非常接近这一目标的水平。 报告强调，经济增长是促进减少饥饿的关键所在。但经济增长不一定能够保证为所有人创造更多、更好的就业机会和收入，除非政策能够明确将贫困人口作为目标群体，特别是农村的贫困人口。报告指出，在贫困国家减轻饥饿和贫困的唯一途径是实现持续并且惠及大众的增长。粮农组织、农发基金和粮食计划署敦促各国立刻加大力度，采取更多的行动来实现千年发展目标以及世界粮食首脑会议制定的目标。 How many people in the world are malnourished? There is no single estimate of the number of people in the world who are malnourished because the different types of malnutrition overlap. An estimated 868 million people in the world (12.5 2 percent of the population) are undernourished (SOFI 2012). 160 million children under the age of five (28 percent) are stunted . About 2 billion people suffer from micronutrient deficiencies . About 1.4 billion people are overweight; 500 million of these are obese . The persistence of stunting and micronutrient deficiencies in countries that are on track to achieve the MDG target on reducing undernourishment illustrates the key point that good nutrition requires more than just consuming adequate levels of dietary energy. SOFA Exec-2013-E.pdf SOFA 2013 Questions and Answers_final.pdf http://news.ifeng.com/world/detail_2013_10/01/30042277_0.shtml
联合国教科文组织 http://www.unesco.org/new/en/ 将向全世界数百万公众免费提供附带开放许可的数字出版物。按照教科文组织执行局会议作出的相关决议，教科文组织成为联合国机构中首家通过出版物开放式获取政策的机构。新的政策意味着任何人都将可以下载、翻译、改编、分发并重新共享教科文组织出版物及数据，并无需为此缴纳费用。 自2013年7月起，上千份教科文组织数字出版物将可以通过一个多语言界面的新的开放式获取文库下载。所有新的出版物都将会连同开放许可证一起发布。教科文组织也将寻求反溯推行这一政策的方法，也就是说，将这一政策应用于业已发布的出版物。 http://www.unesco.org/new/en/unesco/resources/publications/open-access/ http://www.chinalibs.net/ArtInfo.aspx?titleid=300127 Bookshop, library, archives Access our online bookshop, documents, publications, library and archives: Online Bookshop Presents titles currently for sale in English, French, Spanish, Russian, Chinese and Arabic published or co-published by UNESCO. These include books, multimedia (DVDs, CD-Roms, VHS videos), periodicals, and scientific maps for professionals. UNESDOC database Contains over 130 000 free downloadable documents in six official languages covering all UNESCO fields of competence since 1945 and publications edited by the Organization. Library The UNESCO Library provides reference and information services, including research, to the Organization as a whole, as well as to the general public with an interest in UNESCO's fields of competence. Archives This website presents the UNESCO Archives, which document the Organization’s history and provides access to all official correspondence, documents, publications, multimedia and electronic records. http://www.unesco.org/new/en/unesco/resources/publications/ 英国为开放存取出版拨款1000万英镑 政府已经宣布建立1000万英镑的基金用于支持免费公开在线访问英国学者发表在，学术期刊上的研究结果。 这一基金是对珍妮特•芬奇（Dame Janet Finch）教授一项报告的提议的回应，基金不是来自新的资金而是来自现有的科学预算。它将由负责分配政府研究基金的机构——英国研究理事会（Research Councils UK）来具体安排。 随着大批学者们联合抵制荷兰商业出版商爱思唯尔，抗议其依靠期刊访问费用获取暴利，学术圈对开放存取出版的呼吁一直不断增长。 政府采取的是被芬奇称为“黄金（gold）”开放获取的基金模式。这种开放获取不是大学图书馆的期刊订阅，而是研究人员为发表他们的研究调查向商业出版商或学术团体付费，但是对他们的研究结果的访问应该是直接和不受限制的。 30个研究型高等教育机构将受益于新公布的资金。大学与科学大臣大卫•威利茨（David Willetts）在阿伯丁英国科学节上说，这一基金已经获得担保，且“不带有在其他方面降低预算的附加条件”。当被问到在没有国际互惠访问的情况下，政府对英国研究者的开放存取就提供资金支持是否太快了些的时候，威利茨回答道：我个人觉得在做这样的事情上我们有先发优势。 他说：“我认为我们在欧洲的行为方式上有很大的影响力。就在我们发布报告后不久，欧盟委员会就产生了一项针对欧洲制度的提案，这一提案与我们的非常类似。” 威利茨大臣希望那些具有很高影响力的学术期刊如《自然》杂志（Nature）会最终接受这一新的商业模式，他认为开放存取是必然趋势。他说，这是无法回避的国际潮流，《自然》杂志的主编菲尔•坎贝尔（Phil Campbell）也已经表达了类似的观点。 伦敦帝国理工大学的图书馆服务主管德博拉•肖利（Deborah Shorley）说，这一基金非常受欢迎。这一投资将支持我们向着更自由、更开放地共享研究成果走出关键的第一步。 “但是，我们还有很长的路要走。为开放存取做的改变牵动着每一分钱，钱不会少花，很多大学将面临六到七位数的年度运营成本。” http://www.chinalibs.net/bbs/showtopic-59495.aspx
黄金大米事件纸保不住火了，想给每家赔偿8万元了事，但有关媒体和专家给出的理由依然有不确定的信息，这些信息概括起来就是：进行转基因儿童实验是非法的，不合道德的，但转基因大米安全没有问题，国际组织都支持转基因大米，美国也做过人体安全实验，因此，对转基因黄金大米的安全性是不容怀疑的。果真如此吗？请看直言了的分析。 另外，此事事件的始作甬者是美国有关机构及其科学家，应该申请美国国家赔偿，而不能拿中国纳税人的钱来消灾。 转基因腐败：以联合国名义搞欺骗。 本文同时发至不良信息举报中心、新闻管理署、中纪委、监察部。 直言了，2012-12-06 | 2012-12-7 12:45:37。 http://zhiyanle.blog.hexun.com/81799481_h.html . 看到新华社发表的署名报道《新华社三叹黄金大米事件：骗孩子毁道德伤科研》（2012年12月06日20:43 新华网）。该报道有严重伪造内容和虚假信息。 一：用联合国名义撒谎。 该报道说：“‘黄金大米’本是联合国粮农组织长期支持的一个国际合作研究项目，目的是改善第三世界贫困地区儿童和妇女的营养条件，减少因缺乏维生素A而引起的失明、免疫力低下等疾病”。 事实： 联合国机构从没有对黄金大米研究搞什么“长期支持”，相反，联合国机构专家会议对黄金大米提出了不止一次的严肃质疑。让我们看看联合国机构相关文献的原文： 联合国文献摘录：生物技术是解决饥饿问题的答案吗？ 标题：UN: Biotechnology -- A Solution to Hunger? 相关内容摘录：This privatization of a plant’s genetic resources puts not only agricultural research in developing nations at a disadvantage, but might ultimately threaten the livelihoods of a majority of small farmers in Africa, Latin America, and Asia who largely depend on seed saved from one crop to sow in the next. In developing countries, there may be a potential negative impact from Intellectual Property Rights (IPR) over biotechnological products or the processes used in producing them. 大意： 黄金大米是有私有专利产权的，付诸实施对发展中国家有潜在的负面作用。 联合国粮农组织文献：饥饿问题和食品安全座谈会。 农业生物技术能帮助发展中国家解决食品安全问题吗？ 标题：FAO: CHAPTER 7. HUNGER AND FOOD SECURITY CONFERENCE CAN AGRICULTURAL BIOTECHNOLOGY HELP TO REDUCE HUNGER AND INCREASE FOOD SECURITY IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES? 相关内容摘录： The issue of how Golden Rice was presented to the public was raised by participants. Ferry, 8/11(1) complained that to get financial and/or political support, biotechnology projects were often presented incorrectly, badly or superficially and that Golden Rice was a good example of this (Ferry, 6/11). He maintained that exaggerated claims for Golden Rice came often not from journalists but from public biotechnology laboratories and institutions, using the publicity to promote their work at a time that is difficult for public research (Ferry, 10/11). Regarding private industry, Fakir (20/11) argued that the focus on saving people from malnutrition and blindness was a marketing strategy, a view shared by Ferry (21/11) who maintained that “propaganda is an essential part of the strategy of the companies and the Golden Rice has constituted a golden opportunity”. 大意： 专家认为，关于黄金大米的功效，有很大夸张（名不副实）成分、属于市场宣传战略；那些夸张宣传往往来自产品开发从事者和私利相关者。 看看吧：联合国和粮农组织对黄金大米提出的严肃质疑，在新华社报道里成了“长期支持”了。明摆着是编造谎言和散布虚假信息。 其实，起始“黄金大米”开发的洛克菲勒基金会的负责人就曾说过，他们根本就不相信“黄金大米”可以解决维生素-A缺乏症的问题。那当事人的言论证实了联合国专家会议的质疑。 前阵子，联合国粮农组织向所有成员国发文，提倡“让农业回归自然”，即：联合国机构不但不是“长期支持”转基因化工农业，相反，其立场是提倡“回归自然”的天然有机农业。 一：黄大昉又搞欺骗活动。 该报道说：中国农业科学院生物技术所研究员黄大昉说，2009年，美国曾进行过为期36天的成年人食用“黄金大米”的营养转化研究。据正式公布的科学资料，每人一次性摄入200克“黄金大米”，没有发现受试者健康异常。 事实一： 在美国官方试验记录中，关于黄金大米试验做了三个，它们分别是： Bioavailability of Golden Rice Carotenoids in Humans First received: May 16, 2008/Last updated: April 6, 2012/Last verified: April 2012 连接：http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00680355?term=golden+ricerank=1 Retinol Equivalence of Plant Carotenoids in Children First received: May 6, 2004/Last updated: January 12, 2010/Last verified: January 2010 连接：http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00082420?term=golden+ricerank=2 Vitamin A Equivalence of Plant Carotenoids in Children First received: May 16, 2008/Last updated: February 17, 2009/Last verified: February 2009 http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00680212?term=golden+ricerank=3 其中只有第一个为成年人试验。就该试验，美国官方记录说明： Estimated Enrollment: 15（估计参加试验人数：15人）。 Time Frame: 33 days （试验天数：33天）。 该记录“HISTORY-OF-CHANGES”说明，摄入量并非“每人一次性摄入200克”）。 该记录说明“ No Study Results Posted on ClinicalTrials.gov for this Study ”，即该试验至今没有提出正式报告。 对比事实，显然，黄大昉搞了撒谎欺骗。 事实二： 至今为止，黄金大米没有做过任何安全性试验。上述试验目标是营养对比而不是安全性。因此，仅从常识论，就根本不能得出任何黄金大米是“安全”的结论；而黄大昉试图用数次少量食用得出没有健康异常的结论，则更是明知故犯地搞欺骗。 事实三： 黄大昉是ISAAA机构的中国代理人。 ISAAA是孟山都等转基因公司资助的专搞转基因推销的机构，其活动重点之一是在发展中国家推销“黄金大米”。参与该组织推销活动的，有黄大昉，还有美国杜邦公司兼农业部副部长李家洋。他们的活动一大特点就是伪造证据和大搞欺骗活动。 为商业利益而欺骗本国民众社会，黄大昉和李家洋已经活动多年多次。他们是中国官方机构的官员。就是说，外国转基因公司已经渗透了中国农业部门及其官员、使该部门及其官员成为那些转基因公司的中国代理人而不再为中国国家利益和中国人民服务。 打开地图看看，世界上有哪个国家的官方机构及其官员为商业利益和为外国商业利益而坑骗本国民众和坑害本国国家利益的？大概只有中国吧。对比看看，美国官方被看作世界上最大转基因推销者，可美国官方机构还是以阐明转基因食品作物危害风险为主的，美国白宫甚至以身作则鼓励全国民众食用天然有机食品和避免转基因食品。 十八大明确表明了坚决清除各种腐败的意志。官方机构及官员被外国商业渗透，在任何文明国家都属于最严重腐败。如此，为本国国土安全和人民生命安全，中国当局对农业部门被渗透和为外国公司商业利益而欺骗本国人民、坑害本国利益和公开联手搞营私舞弊的严重腐败，到底做不做调查处理呢？这是对十八大反腐败意志到底如何的一个严肃考验。 参考阅读： 衡阳当局给法西斯试验戴安全帽。2012-12-6 21:09:19。 http://zhiyanle.blog.hexun.com/81786237_h.html 。 党报不必为法西斯试验搞圆说辩护。2012-11-21 21:22:28 。 http://zhiyanle.blog.hexun.com/81398936_h.html 。 黄金大米=黄金谎言。2012-9-16 11:50:56。 http://zhiyanle.blog.hexun.com/79826831_h.html 。 中国人站起来了，又趴下了？2012-9-13 16:31:13] 。 http://zhiyanle.blog.hexun.com/79765046_h.html 。 转基因：金色大米是高风险的药品大米。2011-07-07 09:09。 连接： http://zhiyanle.blog.hexun.com/66004610_d.html 。
这是由联合国儿童基金、世界卫生组织、世界银行和联合国人口署 共同编写的2012年《Levels and trends in child mortality》，共有32页。 希望了解全文请链接： http://www.who.int/maternal_child_adolescent/documents/levels_trends_child_mortality_2012.pdf
针对全球环境问题的解决路线图，笔者是环境悲观派，这主要是基于如下的考虑：1）贪婪的资本与贫穷直接的矛盾；2）国与国之间的利益博弈；3）发展中国家重复发达国家的老路；4）科学进步受追求利益的影响，环境将被最后考虑；5）不可再生资源的衰减；6）环境容量有限；7）公众对环境问题的麻木，愿意过着“温水里煮青蛙”的日子，从来不考虑环境的承受力；7）富裕人群无限占有穷人的环境污染排放指标；8）发达国家向欠发达国家转移污染（高污染制造业，洋垃圾等等）。 试图通过几次国际会议解决上述问题，仅仅是学者或者NGOs组织的一厢情愿。每一次会议都是争来争去，很难达到实质性的进展。环境会议约开级别越高，但环境问题越来越多。 尽管如此，下面的文章还是有一些值得关注的地方，特转发在这里供环境问题研究同行关注。值得欣慰的是，我们关注的生态农业问题，联合国文件里也有重重的一笔，我们的实践证明，那是一条可持续的农业道路，然而，离被政府采纳，我们要走的路很远很远，因为，我们侵占了他人的利益——那些靠将农业生态系统破坏后趁机发财的人的利益（农药制造商和销售商，化肥制造商和销售商，农膜制造商和销售商，转基因公司和学者，等等）。 更多资讯，欢迎浏览第三世界网络中文网页： http://twnchinese.net “里约+20”峰会：机遇与挑战 编译：戴蓉 来源： http://www.unep.org “里约+20”峰会即“联合国可持续发展大会”，此次峰会于2012年6月20-22日在巴西里约热内卢举行。此次会议正好与1992年在里约热内卢召开的“联合国环境和发展大会”时隔20 年，因此被称为“里约+20”峰会。联合国秘书长潘基文说：“里约+20是我们这个时代关于可持续发展的最重要全球会议之一 。”有上百个国家的元首和政府首脑出席这次大会，数万名非政府组织、媒体和社会各界代表参与此次会议。 1 “里约+20”峰会背景及意义 “里约+20”峰会秘书长沙祖康强调：“可持续发展不是任由取舍的选择！全人类要在这一个星球上过象样的生活，这是唯一途径。里约+20给我们这一代人提供机会选择这个途径。”此次会议是继1992年联合国环境与发展大会和2002年可持续发展峰会后，可持续发展领域的一次大规模、高级别的国际会议。 在全球环境问题不断涌现，金融危机频频发生、食品安全问题突出、生物多样性严重丧失和气候变化等背景下，从可持续发展思潮的萌发到目前取得的进展情况来看，全球社会推进可持续发展形成的成果文件对世界可持续发展进程产生重要而深远的影响。此次峰会产生和召开有着深刻的可持续发展历史背景。 从1962年美国科学家雷切尔?卡尔逊《寂静的春天》，我们开始意识到环境问题到2012年召开的“里约+20”峰会，这50年中各国协商达成的很多协议均已成为了现在可持续发展领域中的重要文件。如建立了多个新的多边环境协定（MEAs）和公约，以解决新出现的全球环境问题，包括“联合国气候变化框架公约”（UNFCCC）为国际社会在应对全球气候变化问题上进行合作提供了一个基本框架；“生物多样性公约”（CBD）有利于推动保护生物多样性、可持续性利用其组分以及公平、公正的分享其（遗传资源）利用所产生的惠益；与化学品有关的协定（巴塞尔，鹿特丹和斯德哥尔摩公约），“联合国防治荒漠化公约”（UNCCD）的协议等都体现了可持续发展的思想 。 2 “里约+20”峰会面临的机遇与挑战 在1992年的第一届地球首脑会议以来的20年中，世界以我们大多数人无法想象的方式发生了改变。互联网，移动电话和其他信息通信技术已使世界变得更小，更像一个“地球村”。估计有50亿人订阅手机服务，并有大约20亿全球互联网用户。近年来社会媒体进一步增加了沟通，例如，Facebook自2004年成立以来已有超过8亿用户。同时，空间卫星现在可以放大到街道级别，在先进的智能手机上实时提供详细的图像 。 我们也看到，经济实力和生产模式在地区之间正在转向东部和南部，整体贸易量急剧上升。也许我们无法明显感觉到环境的改变，自然资源正在被耗尽或退化，有时在我们意识到之前，某些金属似乎突然变得“稀有”。水、能源、食品、矿产和土地资源的需求随着人口的增长和人们收入的提高而日益增加，但与此同时，这些资源的增长又受到生态系统的变化、固有的变异性天气条件、资源生产率和气候变化的约束。在迅速变化的世界和社会“大趋势”背景下出现了一些新的环境问题和现象 。 “里约+20”峰会主要围绕两大主题、三个目标和七大重要领域进行的。大会聚焦两个主题：可持续发展和消除贫困背景下的绿色经济与可持续发展的体制框架。三个目标：第一，重申各国对实现可持续发展的政治承诺；第二，评估迄今为止在实现可持续发展主要峰会成果方面取得的进展和实施中存在的差距；第三，应对新的挑战。峰会讨论的七大重要领域包括就业、能源、城市、粮食、水、海洋和减灾 。从“里约+20”峰会的主题和目标可以看出“里约+20”峰会是在可持续发展的基础上展开的，但也面临着众多的机遇与挑战，即如何在可持续发展的背景下，帮助人类实现消除贫困，保障粮食生产和安全，合理管理水资源、森林资源以及清洁能源的普及；保护生物多样性；应对气候变化；政府的行动能力和新技术使用和发展等方面。 （1）绿色经济发展 经济发展必须与自然环境相适应，不应盲目追求生产效益而造成环境污染和资源耗竭。可持续发展是所有国家的首要目标，而绿色经济是实现可持续发展的重要手段。在可持续发展和消除贫困的大背景下，绿色经济应该以保护自然资源为前提，提高其资源使用效率，推广可持续生产和消费模式，推动整个世界走可持续发展之路。 一个国家的经济状况与其人口增长速度之间有很强的相关性。1992年和2010年之间，世界人口从约55亿人增长到接近77亿人，相当于增加了26％。地区之间的人口数量和变化有较大的差异。例如，全球人口的近60％生活在亚洲，15％生活在非洲，还有15％在北美和欧洲。然而，总人口的增长比较快的地方在西亚（自1992年以来67％）和非洲（53％），而在欧洲的人口数量仅略有增长（4％）。然而，人口增长率正在下降。在过去的几十年，人口年增长率已经在下降，从20世纪90年代初的1.65％下降到21世纪后期的1.2％。这表明自1992年至2010年增长率下降了27％。发展中国家的增长率往往高于发达国家2-3倍。全球性的“增幅下降”意味着世界上的人口和其人口增长率的增长速度变缓，并有可能在2100年达到稳定，约为100亿人 。而目前1.9亿失业人员，以及在未来10年内5亿多的求职者来说，能使工作适应自然环境的需要是至关重要的。 目前正在积极探索绿色经济发展的可行途径，希望从根本上转变经济发展方式，使其变得更低碳，能适应变化的气候，资源被高效利用，重视生态系统服务功能，增加绿色就业机会，最大限度地减少各种形式的浪费和污染 。 （2）资源和能源的可持续利用 随着世界人口的不断增长，人们对更高的物质生活水平也更为渴望，对商品与服务的要求也越来越高，而这些都需要有巨大的资源与能源供给。资源和能源如森林资源、水资源、生物燃料资源，以及太阳能和风能等能源的承载力受到了极大的挑战。如何善用这些资源能源成为人类不可逃避的、急需应对的难题。 目前森林约占地球陆地面积的30%。虽然森林砍伐速率在放缓，但是原始森林和其他自然再生森林在大面积减少，特别是在南美洲和非洲，而在欧洲和亚洲的森林面积比较稳定，这得益于大范围的造林项目。自2000年至2010年，每年大约有1300万公顷的森林被转为他用或由于自然原因消失，而上一个十年为1600万公顷 。这样不仅造成生物多样性的丧失，并且也由于释放二氧化碳到大气中和阻止二氧化碳被进一步贮存，从而致使全球变暖速度增加了12-15% 。“每年有数以百万公顷的热带森林被清除，用来发展农业、牧业和其他非林业用途，或由于不可持续的非法采伐以及其他低效土地使用活动造成森林的退化” 。 对以可持续方式生产的商品的消费需求，已经推动认证和生态标签的发展，如对森林产品的森林管理委员会（FSC）和森林认证体系（PEFC），鱼产品的海洋管理理事会（MSC），许多农产品，包括咖啡，茶和乳制品的“生物”或有机标签。目前纳米技术为工业和社会提供了重大机遇和利益，特别是在能源、医疗保健、清洁水和气候变化等领域。但是，对这项新技术的争论仍在继续，潜在的环境危害和风险可能也会逐渐显现。 虽然可再生能源的总体利用还很有限，但生物燃料已经占据了一定的市场份额，风力和太阳能发电量急剧增加。风车和太阳能电池板日益增加，在交通领域，混合动力汽车已进入街道，航空运输业中使用生物燃料正在成为现实。 （3）应对气候变化 自1958年以来，已测量到了夏威夷冒纳罗亚火山以及其它5个监测点大气层中的二氧化碳（CO2）浓度，结果表明二氧化碳浓度从1992年的357ppmv（按体积计算百万分之一）稳步增长至2011年的389ppmv。全球CO2排放量从1992年至2008年增加了36％，即从20亿吨左右增至300亿吨。随着经济增长，发展中国家，如巴西、中国和印度等正加大其在基础设施与生产项目上的投资。过去几年中，发展中国家的二氧化碳排放量的增长速度更快（1992年和2008年之间，二氧化碳总的排放量增长了64%，人均二氧化碳排放量增长了29％）。最新估计表明，全球二氧化碳排放量在2010年累积至306亿吨 。地区和国家之间存在着较大的差异，80%的全球二氧化碳排放量产生于19个国家—主要为那些具有高经济发展水平和（或）大量人口的地区。赋予温室气体排放量货币价值，并创造一个碳交易市场，是一个新的概念和思路且越来越多地被用以应对气候变化。其他新的市场框架，包括生物多样性抵消和补偿方案，栖息地的信用交易和保护银行，目标都是减少生物多样性的丧失，并影响到经济的决策。 大气中二氧化碳的增加主要是由于化石燃料的燃烧，天然气的燃烧和水泥生产，近些年来呈加速之势 。目前，气候变化已经成为一个“热门话题”，并进入政策领域，成为全球环境问题焦点之一。 （4）农业及粮食生产和安全问题 全球粮食产量跟上至超过了过去二十年的人口增长所产生的需求。生产上的收益主要来自提高产量，来自新农业土地的范围变小。尽管在粮食安全方面得到了坚实的收益，发展中国家数以百万计的人民仍然面临着长期饥饿和营养不良。 更多在农业生产方面的重要成果对满足全球持续的人口增长是必要的，但是这些都需要扩大耕地和使用更集约的生产技术。这些做法对环境会产生负面影响，包括会导致生物多样性的丧失，来自氮肥和其他农业化学品的污染等。而一个更为可持续的解决方案是，如在“联合国食物权特别报告”中提到的，在农业生态系统之间创造有利的相互作用和协同作用 。 粮食安全与农业的可持续发展是里约+20高峰会最重要的议题之一，一个简单的原因就是粮食是我们每个人赖以生存的基本物质，从生态上来讲，要求现代农业必须是可持续、良性发展的，以便为庞大的，并且持续增长的世界人口永续的提供食物供应。 6月22日里约大会通过的案文中，关于“粮食安全、影响与可持续发展农业”部分重申了粮食的权利，强调农村发展及小农与土著居民的重要性以及他们安全占有土地和获得信贷的需要，促进农业的可持续发展，同时强调了需要从根源上解决粮食价格波动难题。但是，关于贸易却只有非常薄弱的一个段落，并没有解决由发达国家引起的农业补贴的问题，或者说并没有解决发展中国家的小农通过贸易政策来满足其基本的生存的需要。关注粮食安全、食品权利、可持续发展农业以及小农利益的重要性能促进这些目标活动和政策的开展 。 威胁人类和生态系统健康的有毒和其他危险化学品的管理已经有所改善。一些致命的化学品已被禁止使用，截至2010年1月，世界已停止氯氟烃（CFC）的生产。转基因生物（GMOs）已经研究了几十年，近年来获得了广泛的关注，主要聚焦于其能增加粮食产量的潜力。但在其安全性上仍然存在很大争议。 （5）生物多样性 生物多样性指数反映了地球的生态系统健康的变化。生物多样性是人类赖以生存的物质基础，作为维持陆地生态系统结构和功能的主要载体，在全球变化背景下生物多样性也经历着地质历史上前所未有的急剧变化。据估计，目前地球上物种的灭绝速率是有人类活动之前的100—1000倍。按照中等范围的全球气候变暖情形，到2050年，占地球陆地表面积20%的区域中15—37%的物种将注定消亡。在热带地区的生物多样性急剧下降，自1992年以来下降了30％ 。由于物种之间存在复杂的相互作用，在全球变化背景下一个物种的消失可能会危及其它物种的生存，造成对生物多样性的连锁效应，最终导致物种的灭绝和生物多样性的丧失。可以预见在本世纪，这种过程将随着全球变化速度的增强而加剧，某些物种灭绝可能导致基本的生态过程的改变，进而导致其它物种的消亡乃至整个生态系统结构和功能的不可逆的转变，进而影响生态系统所提供的生态产品和服务以及自然和社会经济的可持续发展。 （6）政府的执行力 世界大多数国家都签署了至少14个主要的多边环境协定中的9个；60个国家已签署所有协定。只有少数国家或地区没有签署这些多边环境协定中的大部分。即有更多的国家签署多边环境协定，如“生物多样性公约”（CBD），“拉姆萨尔公约”或“京都议定书”，标志着环境问题已经上升到政治意愿问题。新确立的全球和区域多边环境协定的数量正在逐步下降，环境协定数量的下降也并不意味着环境争端和问题正稳步减少，而是各国在签署环境协定时更注重事先明确具体法律框架，这就拖慢签署进度 。 在可持续发展的例子里，政治意愿非常关键。当试图协调大量的资源投资或结构改革的时候，这在很大程度上取决于国家或具体制度的视角。 （7）新技术的使用和发展 在过去15年中，互联网和移动电话的使用急剧增长，彻底改变了全球的通信方式。互联网和手机的普及，几乎让每个人都可以“保持联系”，更重要的是，这有助于人们参与全球话题的讨论，并从中获益。这也有所谓的“公民科学”，对当地的各种现象和瞬时监测网络的发展产生了积极的影响。同时，越来越多的通信和计算机设备和其他硬件等增加了电子废物的数量，而这些电子废弃物在被制造过程中都使用了含有有害的化合物。电子废物对环境和人类健康具有严重的影响，并且回收也是巨大的挑战 。 虽然对于电子废品的回收在世界许多国家和地区还是新兴产业，但在有些国家却已经发展的相对成熟了，他们将废品重新改造为可利用的资源和产品或原材料。国家也出台了相应的配套鼓励政策以促进这类产业的蓬勃发展。 3 总结与讨论: 我们能做什么？ 上文对“里约+20”峰会的背景、意义以及面临的机遇与挑战进行了回顾和总结。我们需要将注意力集中在如何确保子孙后代的生存能力上。环境的所有组分：土地、水、生物多样性、海洋和大气——继续在退化。当下我们还缺乏足够、可靠的数据和监测系统，用来衡量可持续发展的进展程度，同时数据的差距和监测的不足也将影响相关政策的制定，因此也需要把注意力和资源重点放在提高各级监测和对环境数据的收集上，以便为决策提供可靠的相关信息。 我们需要通过合作，灵活和创新的解决环境保护与可持续发展中的问题和障碍。需要谨慎的利用和管理自然资源，以确保环境可以支持人类的永续发展。联合国可持续发展大会是一个机会，让我们纠正环境的恶化状态，和这种恶化的趋势对社会弱势群体的负面的影响。 参考文献： UNSCD, www.un.org/sustainablefuture UNEP, Keeping Track of Our Changing Environment: From Rio to Rio+20 (1992-2012) http://news.xinhuanet.com/world/2012-06/07/c_123245858.htm UNEP, The Real Wealth of Nations: Pathways to Human Development. Accessed on Jul 10, 2011 at http://hdr.undp.org/en/mediacentre/summary/ FAO. Global Forest Resources Assessment 2010. Food and Agriculture Organization, Rome. UCSUSA. Deforestation Today: It’s Just Business. Union of Concerned Scientist USA. Accessed on Jul 10, 2011 at http://www.ucsusa.org/global_warming/solutions/forest_solutions/ deforestation-today-business.html ITTO (2011). Survey of World’s Embattled Tropical Forests Reports 50% Increase in Areas under Sustainable Management since 2005. International Tropical Timber Organization, Bern IEA (2011). Prospect of Limiting the Global Increase in Temperature to 2°C is getting leaker. Accessed on Aug 17, 2011 at http://iea.org/index_info.asp?id=1959 IPCC (2007). IPCC Fourth Assessment Report: Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, New York. UN (2010b). Report Submitted by the Special Rapporteur on the Right to Food, Olivier De Schutter. United Nations. Accessed on Aug 17, 2011 at http://www.srfood.org/ 许国平(Martin Khor).里约+20高峰会聚焦的粮食问题,http://twnchinese.net. WWF. Living Planet Report 2010: Biodiversity, biocapacity and development. World Wildlife Fund, Gland Nick Ishmael Perkins. Rio+20必须解决变化的过程而不仅仅是其内容, http://www.scidev.net/zh/science-and-innovation-policy/science-at-rio-20/editorials/zh-139505.html . UNEP (2005b). E-waste, the Hidden Side of IT Equipment Manufacture and Use. United Nations Environment Programme, Geneva
anyone familar with the university? ...................................... 尊敬的老師您好： 關于貧窮與創新在中國的聯合國人民大學。 Philanthropic giving in education is a beautiful gift to the world and future generations. 聯合國于 2009 年宣布推出第壹所免費在線大學。今天希望通過您環� 箱： uopeople@yahoo.cn 志願者博客： http://blog.sina.com.cn/u/2871909605 美國駐華大使館： http://chinese.usembassy-china.org.cn/ 博客： http://user.qzone.qq.com/622008844/blog/1338279611#!app=2via=QZ.HashRefreshpos=1338279611 麻省理工學院開放課程中文版 http://ocw.mit.edu/courses/translated-courses/simplified-chinese/
今天收到国际晶体学联合会主席Gautam R. Desiraju发来的邮件，得知联合国宣布2014年为国际晶体学年的消息。Gautam R. Desiraju指出： 宣布2014年的国际晶体学年（IYCr）给我们大家提供了一个极好的机会去保持和重启我们对这个杰出学科的承诺。它使我们走到一起，不管我们认为自己是晶体学家、或是物理学家、化学家、生物学家和大量使用晶体学及其相关技术的材料科学家。 我们的（晶体学）是一个非常古老的学科，在一百多年前把它的研究重点从晶体转向结构。今天，这个学科正准备对动力学和性能的研究。所有健康的科学探索都能够重建和改造，晶体学是这方面有重要意义的例证。 我希望每一个人利用这个机会，激发和点燃学生、科学家和公众对晶体学的兴趣。 由联合国宣布2014年的国际晶体学年是为晶体学的最好代言，晶体学经受了时间和潮流的考验，继续蓬勃发展。这标志着晶体学具有持续不断的文化相关性，并且，这是在这个充满政治和社会动荡和不断的经济变数的瞬息万变的世界中开展科学的最恰当的理由。 ---------------- 因为担心自己的理解和翻译不当，以下附上原文： Dear fellow crystallographer, This is to communicate the excellent news that the United Nations has declared that 2014 will be the official International Year of Crystallography. The initiative had been proposed by the International Union of Crystallography and spearheaded by the Moroccan Crystallographic Association.They have worked closely with the Permanent Representative of the Kingdom of Morocco in the United Nations along with helpful support from a number of delegations to the United Nations from other countries. The IUCr thanks the Moroccan authorities for the help and cooperation extended to us in bringing this proposal to fruition. The declaration of IYCr 2014 provides all of us with a wonderful opportunity to sustain and renew our commitment to this outstanding subject. It has brought us together, whether we consider ourselves as crystallographers, or as physicists, chemists, biologists and materials scientists who work extensively with crystallography and its related techniques. Ours is a very old subject, which shifted its emphasis from a study of crystals to a study of structures over a hundred years ago. Today, the subject is poised towards a study of dynamics and properties. All healthy scientific endeavour can recreate and reinvent: crystallography is a meaningful example of this. I would like each and every one of you to use this opportunity to stimulate and ignite an interest in crystallography amongst students, scientists and the general public. The declaration of IYCr 2014 by the United Nations is the finest endorsement for a subject that has weathered time and tide and continues to thrive. It signifies that crystallography has continuing cultural relevance and, in the end, this is the only justification for carrying out science in this rapidly changing world with its political and social flux and constant economic variables. I will write about IYCr 2014 in more detail in the IUCr Newsletter but, in the meantime, I would ask all of you to participate in this happy occasion. Gautam R. Desiraju President, International Union of Crystallography
自然发表一篇综述性文章,比较全球变化对地球生物圈影响的证据,该文于联合国地球峰会之前刊出.某些植物/动物物种正在消失,新的物种混合,影响农作物的生长.上个月UCBerkely启动BiGCB项目,可研究植物与动物对气候变化的响应.43%的陆表已经转变为农业或者城市用地,随着全球人口不断增长,比例将会继续增加,这会带来生物圈的转折点吗? A group of scientists from around the world is warning that population growth, widespread destruction of natural ecosystems, and climate change may be driving Earth toward an irreversible change in the biosphere, a planet-wide tipping point that would have destructive consequences absent adequate preparation and mitigation. "It really will be a new world, biologically, at that point," warns Anthony Barnosky, professor of integrative biology at the University of California, Berkeley, and lead author of a review paper appearing in the June 7 issue of the journal Nature . "The data suggests that there will be a reduction in biodiversity and severe impacts on much of what we depend on to sustain our quality of life, including, for example, fisheries, agriculture, forest products and clean water. This could happen within just a few generations." The Nature paper, in which the scientists compare the biological impact of past incidents of global change with processes under way today and assess evidence for what the future holds, appears in an issue devoted to the environment in advance of the June 20-22 United Nations Rio+20 Earth Summit in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. The result of such a major shift in the biosphere would be mixed, Barnosky noted, with some plant and animal species disappearing, new mixes of remaining species, and major disruptions in terms of which agricultural crops can grow where. The paper by 22 internationally known scientists describes an urgent need for better predictive models that are based on a detailed understanding of how the biosphere reacted in the distant past to rapidly changing conditions, including climate and human population growth. In a related development, ground-breaking research to develop the reliable, detailed biological forecasts the paper is calling for is now underway at UC Berkeley. The endeavor, The Berkeley Initiative in Global Change Biology, or BiGCB, is a massive undertaking involving more than 100 UC Berkeley scientists from an extraordinary range of disciplines that already has received funding: a $2.5 million grant from the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation and a $1.5 million grant from the Keck Foundation. The paper by Barnosky and others emerged from the first conference convened under the BiGCB's auspices. "One key goal of the BiGCB is to understand how plants and animals responded to major shifts in the atmosphere, oceans, and climate in the past, so that scientists can improve their forecasts and policy makers can take the steps necessary to either mitigate or adapt to changes that may be inevitable," Barnosky said. "Better predictive models will lead to better decisions in terms of protecting the natural resources future generations will rely on for quality of life and prosperity." Climate change could also lead to global political instability, according to a U.S. Department of Defense study referred to in the Nature paper. "UC Berkeley is uniquely positioned to conduct this sort of complex, multi-disciplinary research," said Graham Fleming, UC Berkeley's vice chancellor for research. "Our world-class museums hold a treasure trove of biological specimens dating back many millennia that tell the story of how our planet has reacted to climate change in the past. That, combined with new technologies and data mining methods used by our distinguished faculty in a broad array of disciplines, will help us decipher the clues to the puzzle of how the biosphere will change as the result of the continued expansion of human activity on our planet." One BiGCB project launched last month, with UC Berkeley scientists drilling into Northern California's Clear Lake, one of the oldest lakes in the world with sediments dating back more than 120,000 years, to determine how past changes in California's climate impacted local plant and animal populations. City of Berkeley Mayor Tom Bates, chair of the Bay Area Joint Policy Committee, said the BiGCB "is providing the type of research that policy makers urgently need as we work to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and prepare the Bay region to adapt to the inevitable impacts of climate change. To take meaningful actions to protect our region, we first need to understand the serious global and local changes that threaten our natural resources and biodiversity." "The Bay Area's natural systems, which we often take for granted, are absolutely critical to the health and well-being of our people, our economy and the Bay Area's quality of life," added Bates. How close is a global tipping point? The authors of the Nature review -- biologists, ecologists, complex-systems theoreticians, geologists and paleontologists from the United States, Canada, South America and Europe -- argue that, although many warning signs are emerging, no one knows how close Earth is to a global tipping point, or if it is inevitable. The scientists urge focused research to identify early warning signs of a global transition and an acceleration of efforts to address the root causes. "We really do have to be thinking about these global scale tipping points, because even the parts of Earth we are not messing with directly could be prone to some very major changes," Barnosky said. "And the root cause, ultimately, is human population growth and how many resources each one of us uses." Coauthor Elizabeth Hadly from Stanford University said "we may already be past these tipping points in particular regions of the world. I just returned from a trip to the high Himalayas in Nepal, where I witnessed families fighting each other with machetes for wood -- wood that they would burn to cook their food in one evening. In places where governments are lacking basic infrastructure, people fend for themselves, and biodiversity suffers. We desperately need global leadership for planet Earth." The authors note that studies of small-scale ecosystems show that once 50-90 percent of an area has been altered, the entire ecosystem tips irreversibly into a state far different from the original, in terms of the mix of plant and animal species and their interactions. This situation typically is accompanied by species extinctions and a loss of biodiversity. Currently, to support a population of 7 billion people, about 43 percent of Earth's land surface has been converted to agricultural or urban use, with roads cutting through much of the remainder. The population is expected to rise to 9 billion by 2045; at that rate, current trends suggest that half Earth's land surface will be disturbed by 2025. To Barnosky, this is disturbingly close to a global tipping point. "Can it really happen? Looking into the past tells us unequivocally that, yes, it can really happen. It has happened. The last glacial/interglacial transition 11,700 years ago was an example of that," he said, noting that animal diversity still has not recovered from extinctions during that time. "I think that if we want to avoid the most unpleasant surprises, we want to stay away from that 50 percent mark." Global change biology The paper emerged from a conference held at UC Berkeley in 2010 to discuss the idea of a global tipping point, and how to recognize and avoid it. Following that meeting, 22 of the attendees summarized available evidence of past global state-shifts, the current state of threats to the global environment, and what happened after past tipping points. They concluded that there is an urgent need for global cooperation to reduce world population growth and per-capita resource use, replace fossil fuels with sustainable sources, develop more efficient food production and distribution without taking over more land, and better manage the land and ocean areas not already dominated by humans as reservoirs of biodiversity and ecosystem services. "Ideally, we want to be able to predict what could be detrimental biological change in time to steer the boat to where we don't get to those points," Barnosky said. "My underlying philosophy is that we want to keep Earth, our life support system, at least as healthy as it is today, in terms of supporting humanity, and forecast when we are going in directions that would reduce our quality of life so that we can avoid that." "My view is that humanity is at a crossroads now, where we have to make an active choice," Barnosky said. "One choice is to acknowledge these issues and potential consequences and try to guide the future (in a way we want to). The other choice is just to throw up our hands and say, 'Let's just go on as usual and see what happens.' My guess is, if we take that latter choice, yes, humanity is going to survive, but we are going to see some effects that will seriously degrade the quality of life for our children and grandchildren." The work was supported by UC Berkeley's Office of the Vice Chancellor for Research. 参考Nature文章--Anthony D. Barnosky, Elizabeth A. Hadly, Jordi Bascompte, Eric L. Berlow, James H. Brown, Mikael Fortelius, Wayne M. Getz, John Harte, Alan Hastings, Pablo A. Marquet, Neo D. Martinez, Arne Mooers, Peter Roopnarine, Geerat Vermeij, John W. Williams, Rosemary Gillespie, Justin Kitzes, Charles Marshall, Nicholas Matzke, David P. Mindell, Eloy Revilla, Adam B. Smith. Approaching a state shift in Earth’s biosphere . Nature , 2012; 486 (7401): 52 DOI: 10.1038/nature11018
蒋高明 因竞争十分激烈，从来自52个国家100多个参赛项目或个人中选择15个进入决赛，再从15个中选择3项(个人)最终获奖，共享10万元美元奖金，笔者个人最后没有赢得联合国土地生命奖决赛。但个人和我所带的团队(材料是以团队上报的，但分组时进入了个人角逐)，还是为祖国争了光，我们提出的荒漠化治理新理念获得了国际认可。从这层意义上看，我们虽败犹荣，呵呵。 下面15项中红颜色的为最终获奖者，基本给了非洲的NGO。 以下是进入半决赛时中外媒体有关报道信息： 新华社消息： 中国参赛项目和个人晋级联合国“土地生命奖”半决赛 http://news.xinhuanet.com/world/2012-05/25/c_112033962.htm 中国日报国际频道报道 http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/hqgj/jryw/2012-05-25/content_6009459.html 2012年05月25日 10:59:59 来源： 新华网 0【字号：大 中 小】【打印】【纠错】 新华网柏林５月２４日电（记者 郭洋）《联合国防治荒漠化公约》秘书处２４日发表声明，公布２０１２年“土地生命奖”半决赛入围项目名单，来自中国的４个参赛项目和 个人榜上有名。 在来自５２个国家和地区的１００多个参赛项目和个人中，１５个项目和个人凭借其在保护土地领域的创新脱颖而出，进入“土地生命奖”半决赛 。 其中，中国内蒙古自治区赤峰市政府以其防沙治沙的显著成果顺利晋级。通过科学规划和大力投入，赤峰已修复１００万公顷退化土地的四分之三，平均每年每公顷防护林可 防止土壤流失量１０万吨。 其他进入半决赛的中国参赛项目和个人还包括位于中朝边境的绿色防护林项目、全国防沙治沙标兵铁顺良以及 中国科学院植物研究所研究员蒋高明 。 作为联合国可持续发展大会的一部分，“土地生命奖”评奖结果将在今年的世界防治荒漠化和干旱日，即６月１７日，在巴西里约热内卢揭晓。 ２０１１年１０月，《联合国防治荒漠化公约》缔约方在第十次缔约方大会上决定设立“土地生命奖”奖项，以表彰个人、组织、政府、企业、媒体等在可持续土地治理方面 作出的贡献。２０１２年“土地生命奖”为该奖项的首次评选。 德国媒体报道 PRESS RELEASE Semi-Finalists Announced for first Land for Life Award 24/05/2012 Bonn, Germany - From turning human waste into organic fertilizer to scientific breakthroughs reversing desertification, the 15semi-finalists of the Land for Life award find innovative and inspiring ways to restore degraded land . Launched by the UNCCD for the first time in 2011, the Land for Life Awardwill recognize efforts that promote the natural health and productivity ofthe earth’s soils. Three winners will share a prize fund of up to 100,000 USD. They will beannounced on 17 June, the World Day to Combat Desertification in Rio deJaneiro as part of the United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development, known as Rio+ 20. More than one hundred applications were received from 52 countries. The competition was open to individuals, NGOs, governments, business, media and others that could demonstrate contributions to sustainable land management. The winners will be selected by a Jury of ten experts from the field of sustainable land management. The jury includes personalities like Dr.Vandana Shiva, a renowned seed sovereignty activist from India, Ms. Yolanda Kakabadse, President of WWF International and Dr. Camilla Toulmin, Director, International Institute for Sustainable Development as well as other respected experts from government, the UNCCD, civil society and academia. The fifteen semi-finalists are: Alan Savory , Zimbabwe A lifelong champion of sustainable land management, Alan Savory has pioneered the concept of holistic land management, promoting sustainable grazing particularly in the grasslands of Africa. Chifeng Muncipal Government, China In the arid lands of Inner Mongolia, the government of Chifeng faces a serious fight of desertification, which threatens nearly 30 percent of the total region. Through scientific policy planning and mass mobilization, Chifeng has rehabilitated three-quarters of a million hectares of degraded land, and on average each hectare of shelterbelt forest prevents 10 tons of soil loss each year. Community Efforts for Community Development (CECOD), Uganda More than 85 percent of Ugandans live in rural areas, making their livelihoods from the land. But over the years the school system has become increasingly academic. Concerned with increasing knowledge of sustainable development, CECOD has turned children into agents of change in rural communities through creating a network of eco-schools, training of over 7,500 teachers and involving 34,700 children in micro projects, such as organic farming and water harvesting. DeCo! GhanaFarmers in the savanna region of Ghana have low yields as result of poor soils. DeCo! provides low cost organic fertilizer through a sustainable business model, collecting local waste, fruit, vegetable and other biomass residues to produce rich compost. DESIRE-WOCAT, The Netherlands A research network connecting people from local to global levels worldwide, the DESIRE-WOCAT project has expanded the knowledge available about land degradation and desertification by collecting case studies, establishing indicators, and conducting trainings. Dr. Liliya Dimeyeva, Kazakhstan Working across borders and cultures, Dr. Dimeyeva has dedicated her scientific research to creating green sea beds in the dry Aral Sea, an important scientific breakthrough in an area facing severe land degradation. Fight Against Desert Encroachment (FADE), Nigeria Faced with advancing sand dunes in Northern Nigeria, FADE has planted a wall of trees and conducted creative awareness raising about combating desertification in Nigeria, including a reality TV show called Desert Warriors. Grupo Ambiental para el Desarrollo (GADE), Argentina In Colonia El Simbolar in Northern Argentina, farmers struggled to make ends meet, and large amounts of land were abandoned. GADE has led the community to plant resilient native trees, Algarrobo Blanco, which can be used for wood, flour and honey. The reforestation of nearly 7,000 hectares has increased incomes of struggling farmers, and mobilized the community, especially youth, to protect the environment. The Great Green Wall, Korea China Set on the border between Korea and China, the Great Green Wall runs 16 hectares, and is surrounded by the Save the Earth Eco-Village. A collaboration between students, governments, NGOs and businesses led by Future Forest, the wall has succeeded in halting desertification and preventing the encroachment of sand dunes. Dr. Goaming Jiang, Institute of Botany, the Chinese Academy of Sciences Where many efforts to reverse desertification in northern China have failed, Professor Jiang has proven that by ending the grazing of large livestock and providing the community with alternative livelihoods, land can be naturally restored. Sustainable Organic Integrated Livelihoods (SOIL), Haiti Working in some of the poorest areas of Haiti, SOIL has developed an integrated approach to the issues of inadequate sanitation, declining soil fertility and extensive erosion. Through community driven ecological sanitation, SOIL helps restore soils and improve agricultural yields, at the same time improving the dignity and health of people without sanitation. Mr. Tie Shunliang, the Director of Forestry and Environment Protection Bureau, China Dedicating his career to afforestation and combatting desertification in the tough conditions of western China, the efforts of Mr. Shunliang have led to the restoration of nearly 25,000 hectares of degraded land. He also pioneered wolfberry cultivation, with benefits to the environment andadditional incomes for 30,000 people, most of whom are women. Terraprima, Portugal Through technological innovation including an innovative use of legumes, Terra Prima reduces costs for farmers for fertilization, land maintenance and animal feeding. The project potentially improves the soil health of 1 million hectares of land, at the same time offering opportunities for large-scale soil carbon sequestration. Turkish Foundation for Combating Soil Erosion (TEMA), Turkey The largest environmental NGO in Turkey, TEMA has mobilized people across civil society, from children to farmers, gathering one million signatures supporting a law for soil protection, as well as providing practical leadership in the field for holistic land management. Wand Foundation, Philippines Many poor farmers in the Philippines lose their land in local mortgage schemes known as prenda. The Wand Foundation helps farmers reclaim their land, and increase soil fertility through providing fertilizer produced by ecological sanitation. For more information, please visit: http://www.unccd.int/en/programmes/Event-and-campaigns/LandForLife About the Land for Life Award The 2012 Land for Life award is a collaboration between the UNCCD and the Korea Forest Service, German Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development (BMZ), the Global Environment Facility, International Union for Conservation of Nature, the Qatar National Food Security Programme, the Business Forum in Korea and the Elion Resources Group, China. About the UNCCD Desertification, along with climate change and the loss of biodiversity, were identified as the greatest challenges to sustainable development during the 1992 Rio Earth Summit. Established in 1994, UNCCD is the sole legally binding international agreement linking environment, development and the promotion of healthy soils. The Convention’s 195 signatory Parties work to alleviate poverty in the drylands, maintain and restore the land’s productivity, and mitigate the effects of drought. 中国国际广播电台的报道: Four Chinese Projects Nominated for UNCCD Land for Life Award http://english.cri.cn/6909/2012/05/25/2724s701937.htm 2012-05-25 05:06:45 Xinhua Web Editor: Yihang Four Chinese environmental projects have been nominated to vie for the 2012 Land for Life Award, a UN environmental group announced in Bonn on Thursday. The special award, which is earmarked for the innovative and inspiring inventions to restore degraded land, has been initiated by the United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD) since 2011, as its commendation is in recognition of the outstanding efforts that promote the natural health and productivity of the earth's soils. Tie Shunliang, Director of Forestry and Environment Protection Bureau at Haixi Prefecture of Northwest China's Qinghai Province, has been honored for dedicating his career to afforestation and combating desertification under the tough conditions of western China, according to a statement issued by the UNCCD. Chifeng Muncipal Government in northern China's Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region also wins the nomination for their fruitful anti-desertification efforts to turn the arid soils into arable farmland. As the third Chinese project to bid for the prize, the 16-hectares Great Green Wall, a collaboration project between students, governments, NGOs and businesses which is surrounded by the Save the Earth Eco-Village, has succeeded in halting desertification and preventing the encroachment of sand dunes along the border between Korea and China. In addition, Gaoming Jiang, a fellow research with the Institute of Botany, under the Chinese Academy of Sciences, has been praised for his efforts to prove that by ending the grazing of large livestock and providing the community with alternative livelihoods, land can be naturally restored, as a successful example to reverse desertification in northern China . More than 100 applications from 52 countries had been submitted to bid the prize-winning, since it is open to individuals, NGOs, governments, business, media and whatsoever organizations that demonstrate contributions to sustainable land management. The final three winners, who will share a bonus up to 100,000 US dollars, are due to be made public on 17 June, the World Day to Combat Desertification in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, as part of the United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development,also known as Rio puls 20.
“世界幸福报告”指出什么使人感到快乐 在我们的星球上那些幸福的人们的秘诀会是什么呢？一些是很有道理的：财富，婚姻，工作。虽然，那道理中含有很复杂的成分。 幸福不是很容易量化的，但是许多人试过：不丹进行过国民幸福调查，全球研究公司益普索做过其“年度世界幸福调查”，现在美国哥伦比亚大学地球研究所推出了第一届“世界幸福报告”，在世界上的今天，具有测量幸福的国家如何寻找幸福的科学实现宏伟目标。该报告受联合国关于幸福会议（真实，存在）的委托，长达一百页，对世界上幸福的进行了冥想。以下是一个删减版。 较富有的人平均来讲要比教穷的人要幸福，因为财富是幸福的唯一因素。同样适用于国家，诸如个人自由，没有腐败，社会的支持是更重要的。 失业显然就降低了幸福，不是因为你所想的那样，不仅失去了收入，也失去了像自尊和降低幸福的工作场合的社交生活之类的东西。高失业率引发不满，甚至在就业的人突然害怕失去工作。根据研究表明，即使是低质量的工作也能产生比失业者更高的满意度。 在一些国家，自雇报告工作的满意程度要比受雇者高。研究发现在美国和欧洲的数据方面幸福和自雇的两者之间是正相关的，但是在南美则不同。可能的原因：在发展中国家的自雇可能是必然的，那里正规就业不是随时可以得到的。人们没有选择，当然就不会幸福了。 一些国家的较高生活水平与增加的幸福使相对应的。但不是在所有的国家，如在美国过去的50年左右，生活标准上升了，幸福水平却停止不前。 在一些国家包括美国和英国，信任度（比如，人们会交回装满现金的钱包）大大地下降了，然而在其他国家诸如丹麦和意大利却上升了。一个解释的原因就是全面生活的满意度在前者下降了，而在许多的欧洲国家则上升了。 缺乏平等的可降低幸福。报告指出：“同时使用美国最积极的结果进行一个有趣的时间序列研究，综合社会调查和欧洲晴雨表。” 此项研究发现在美国和欧洲由于增加的不平等现象（其他东西平等）产生了幸福的下降。在欧洲这种影响比美国要强大。这个不同点大概反应了意识形态的差异：大约70%的美国人认为穷人有机会摆脱贫穷，而欧洲人有相同看法的人只有40%。 心理健康是所有国家的幸福的最大因素，但在最发达的国家只有四分之一患有精神病的人得到足够的治疗。 结婚的人在世界各地（在美国，欧盟国家，瑞士，拉丁美洲，俄罗斯，东欧和亚洲完成的研究）声称，他们是比单身的人要幸福。一个稳定的家庭生活，也有助于幸福。 从这些研究结果不难得出结论，国内生产总值（GDP）不是幸福的终极指标。 以下为原文： "The World Happiness Report" Explains What Makes People Happy 发布时间：2012-04-10 文章出自： www.fastcoexist.com Happiness isn’t easy to quantify, but a lot of people have tried: Bhutan has its Gross National Happiness survey, global research company Ipsos has its annual world happiness poll, and now Columbia University’s Earth Institute has put out the first World Happiness Report, which has the ambitious goal of surveying the state of happiness in the world today and looking at how the science of happiness plays into it. The report, commissioned by the United Nations Conference on Happiness (yes, that exists), contains over a hundred pages of musings on world happiness. Here’s an ultra-abridged version of the findings. Richer people are happier than poorer people on average, but wealth is only one factor in overall happiness. The same goes for countries, where factors like personal freedom, lack of corruption, and social support are more important. Unemployment obviously reduces happiness, but not because of what you may think. It’s not the loss of income, but the loss of things like self-esteem and workplace social life that lead to a drop in happiness. High unemployment rates can trigger unhappiness even in the employed, who suddenly become fearful of losing their jobs. According to the study, even low-quality jobs yield more satisfaction than being unemployed. In some countries, the self-employed report higher levels of job satisfaction than the employed. The study found a positive correlation between happiness and self-employment in both American and European data, but not in Latin America. The possible reason: Self-employment may be a necessity in developing countries where formal employment is not as readily available. When it’s not a choice, it doesn’t lead to happiness. Higher living standards correspond with increased happiness in some countries, but not all. In the U.S., for example, happiness levels have remained stagnant while living standards have risen over the past 50 years or so. Levels of trust (i.e. whether you think someone would return a cash-stuffed wallet) have fallen dramatically over time in certain countries--including the U.S. and U.K.--but risen in others, like Denmark and Italy. One explanation may be that overall life satisfaction has dropped in the former countries, but has risen in many continental European countries. Lack of perceived equality can reduce happiness. The report explains: "The most positive results are in an interesting time-series study using both the U.S. General Social Survey and Eurobarometer. This finds that in both the U.S. and Europe increases in inequality have (other things equal) produced reductions in happiness. The effect has been stronger in Europe than in the U.S. This difference probably reflects ideological differences: Some 70% of Americans believe that the poor have a chance of escaping poverty, compared with only 40% of Europeans." Mental health is the biggest contributing factor to happiness in all countries, but only a quarter of mentally ill people get sufficient treatment in the most developed nations. Married people across the world (studies have been done in the U.S., EU countries, Switzerland, Latin America, Russia, Eastern Europe, and Asia) claim that they’re happier than single counterparts. A stable family life also contributes to happiness. It’s not hard to conclude from these findings that gross domestic product is not the ultimate indicator of happiness. The report sums it up well: "GDP is important but not all that is important. This is especially true in developed countries, where most or all of the population has living standards far above basic material needs. Except in the very poorest countries happiness varies more with the quality of human relationships than with income. And in the richest countries it is essential not to subordinate the happiness of the people to the 'interests of the economy, ' since the marginal utility of income is low when income is so high. The economy exists to serve the people, not vice versa. Incremental gains in income in a rich country may be much less beneficial to the population than steps to ensure the vibrancy of local communities or better mental health. " Check out the whole report here (PDF).
一提转基因，大概应用最好的就是棉花了。但是，转基因棉花推广后十年，中国棉区的农药有没有下降？产量有没有提高？针对转基因，欧盟的真正态度好做法到底是什么？我们从利益集团及其豢养的科学家那里得到的消息，与从美国爱国的华人科学家那里得到的截然相反？我们到底该听谁的？林敏所长能够对下面的文章给予回复吗？回复之前最好做做功课，不要老用ISAAA篡改的数据或者方舟子编造的谎言来说事啦。像直言了那样，拿出真刀真枪的数据来。否则，就是对中国13亿人及其生存环境及其不负责，是有意误导，是某种程度上的科技腐败，是对国人的犯罪。 林敏的转基因谎言几时休？ 本文同时发至不良信息举报中心、新闻管理署和法制办。 直言了，2012-03-29 | 2012-03-30 09:08:18。 http://zhiyanle.blog.hexun.com/74244946_d.html 。 引言： 粮食法（草案）规定：任何单位和个人不得擅自在主要粮食品种上应用转基因技术。 联合国粮农组织调查报告（发表于2011年06月23日）： In the past, and still today, there has been too much emphasis on GMOs and too little focus on the potential merits and benefits of non-GMO biotechnologies and the positive role that they can play for food security and sustainable development in developing countries .（过去和现在，过分强调转基因作物，忽略了非转基因技术对发展中国家粮食安全和持续发展的积极作用。）。 转基因技术开拓者保尔-伯格博士： the more immediate issue confronting the Asilomar organizers and participants was the one the scientists had raised: the potential risks to human health and the environment posed by the expanding recombinant DNA technology. ……It was more than just another interesting scientific advance because it brought with it potential dangers to public health. Furthermore, the implications of risk came from the scientists conducting that research, not from some investigative reporter or disaffected scientist; that was most unusual, even historic . 大意：基因重组（转基因技术）对人类健康和环境都有潜在危害风险，这危险的携带者正是搞转基因技术研究的人。 正文： 国内食品安全关注者网友转来的科技日报今日发表的农业官员学者林敏的新闻评论。看了，整篇是为转基因既得利益而编造谎言和散布虚假信息。简单戳戳他的假话。 林敏说：自1996年首例转基因农作物产业化应用以来，全球转基因技术研发日新月异，转基因作物产业化发展势头强劲。1996年转基因作物的种植面积为170万公顷，2011年已达到1.6亿公顷，增长94倍，因此转基因技术被誉为现代农业史上应用最为迅速的作物技术。 戳穿林敏的假话：那数据来自ISAAA组织。该组织数据有许多伪造和夸张。譬如，北欧某国只有20公顷的种植面积、该组织却说是50,000公顷；西班牙种植面积为8万多公顷，该组织说是10万；而一些国家仅仅是实验观察性种植而非商业化，该组织也算作商业化种植、说是50,000公顷。简而言之，该组织整个是搞伪造数据。ISAAA组织是转基因公司孟山都等资助的推销宣传机构，黄大昉等中国农业官员学者是其中国成员代理人，多次用该组织伪造数据搞转基因神话假话煽动活动。如此，林敏有利益关系，也用该组织的伪造数据对本国搞撒谎和欺上瞒下，不奇怪。 林敏说：转基因技术能够减少这种（农药用量）不利影响。1996年至2010年，杀虫剂活性成分累计减少了4.43亿公斤，节省了9.1%的杀虫剂；转基因抗虫水稻可减农药用量的80%。 戳穿林敏的谎言：国家统计和行业统计说明，转基因作物不但没有减少农药用量，反而大幅度增加。这里是国家统计局的官方数据： 那官方统计说明，1996到2010年，棉花的产量年均增长幅度为3.6%、单位产量年均增长幅度为2.7%，根本没有达到转基因既得利益集团（特别是其中农业官员）所吹嘘的增长7%。 统计说明，同期，农药产量年均增长幅度为13%；年产量从1996年的大约44.75万吨攀高到2010年的大约223.52万吨。如此翻番增长，说明农药需求使用量翻番增长；那是林敏说的“减少农药用量”么？ BT转基因作物功能是杀虫，那就看看杀虫剂农药产量： -- 新华网（2003-09-15）报道，2003年，我国农药年产量已达40万吨；杀虫剂产量在我国农药产量中名列第一，年产量约占全国农药总产量的60%（40*60%=24万吨）。 -- 新农网（2012-02-19）报道，2011年，全国化学农药原药产量达264.87万吨，同比增长21.53%。其中，杀虫剂原药产量为70.9万吨，占26.77%。 杀虫剂农药产量翻番增长，说明杀虫剂需求使用量翻番增长；那叫“减少农药用量”？明摆着，转基因作物商业化不但没降低农药用量、反而大幅度增加，即林敏搞的是神吹撒谎和散布谎言搞欺骗（ 注：美国杜邦公司顾问兼职农业副长的李家洋，前不久做过同样撒谎欺骗。 ）。 林敏的新闻评论说：欧盟、日韩等国家对发展转基因产业政策一直摇摆不定，……但近年，这些国家一方面在研究上趋向积极，一方面放宽转基因食品进口，如欧盟成员国和日本进口转基因大豆数量几乎占世界大豆贸易总量的40%。 戳穿林敏的谎言：为制造一个全球大吃转基因大豆的图景，包括林敏在内的不少农业官员编造散布了大量谎言新闻评论，林敏这又是一起骗人勾当。请看美国农业部官方统计： 那统计说明，就大豆进口总数，欧盟和日本合计还不到总数的26%、比中国少10%左右。显然，林敏所谓的“欧盟成员国和日本进口转基因大豆数量几乎占世界大豆贸易总量的40%”，是伪造数据搞欺骗。 至于转基因大豆贸易量，欧盟进口比例是更少的。这里是美国农业部关于欧盟国家进口大豆和转基因大豆的统计说明文字： 那文字说的十分清楚：所谓40%是针对欧盟总数而不是世界贸易总数；欧盟进口大豆主要用于饲料、其中80%为含有转基因成分的大豆，即其比例要低于不管是否为转基因的大豆进口比例。 在政策方面，欧盟实行严格限制管制转基因技术侵入食品供应和现有农业的政策，结果，今年年初，巴斯夫和孟山都先后宣布撤离欧洲目标市场。这是年初全球热点新闻之一；用西方媒体的话说，那标志着转基因食品作物在欧洲的终结。此外，欧盟已经通过决议，严格限制或禁止用转基因饲料喂养的蜜蜂之蜂蜜，--- 别说直接转基因食品、就是间接的，欧盟也是严格限制甚至禁止了。就此，西方媒体也有报道评论，说那些措施使欧盟进一步强化实行“零转基因”的食品市场政策。 对照官方统计和事实，很明白，农业部门官员学者林敏所谓的欧盟“放宽转基因食品进口”让转基因食品作物大量进口的言论，都是伪造数据和撒谎欺骗的行为。 林敏的神话：2009年，我国科学家拥有自主知识产权的转基因杂交水稻品系“华恢1号”和“Bt汕优63”获得安全证书，进入处于产业化应用的关键阶段。这是我国转基因作物技术研发历史上极具现实意义的一个事件。 戳穿林敏的神话假话：转基因水稻“三五年上餐桌”已到第三个年头。在向本国民众搞鼓吹前，那些农业官员先对美国做了吹牛，说他们搞的BT63转基因水稻多厉害多伟大。结果呢，他们碰了一鼻子灰：美国方面说了声“不”、不吃也不欢迎转基因水稻。相关故事情节如下： 在第六次中美生物技术小组工作会议上，中国农业官员陈述了BT转基因作物的“成就”；随后，美方人员介绍了“避难所”措施，邀请中方人员就BT转基因作物风险问题提问；于是，中方人员傻乎乎地提问了，问题如同中学生；再于是，美方人员说，BT转基因作物风险及管理问题放到下次会议讨论。接着，美方人员说明了美国授权BT转基因水稻但没批准商业化种植上市的缘故。原文如下： 7. (SBU) EPA provided a summary of the requirements for environmental monitoring for plant-incorporated protectants and food safety evaluation for those products entering the food and feed supply, including how the requirements have changed over time. The use of refuges to address insect resistance was also raised. 8. (SBU) The United States invited China to ask questions about the U.S. risk assessment process. China expressed interest in receiving more detailed information on how risks are assessed for new products with insect resistance traits, altered nutritional quality, and drought tolerance. The United States suggested these could be topics for future technical discussions. Regulatory officials also presented case studies on LL601 rice and Bt10 maize to illustrate how U.S. regulatory agencies have responded to LLP incidents and lessons learned. Questions were raised regarding the presence of LL601 rice on the U.S. market and why it was never commercialized, as well as planting and export plans for LL62 rice. 摘录自美国大使馆电文：09BEIJING3394, 6th U.S.-China Technical Working Group Meeting in Beijing，2009-12-18 08:55 ，FM AMEMBASSY BEIJING。 那些文字说的很明白，美方人员看到中国农业官员根本没有BT转基因危害风险的意识、也没采取任何预防措施，因而，美方人员通过邀请中方提问（注意：是美方邀请中方提问）的方式来婉言警告中方，BT转基因有危害风险、因而必须采取“避难所”等措施。可是，电文说明，中国农业官员十分愚蠢无知、提出的问题不关痛痒；那说明他们根本没有就BT转基因作物危害风险制定或采取相关预防措施。 而美方人员说明授权但没批准BT转基因水稻商业化，则是明显地用举例方式警告中国方面，因BT转基因食品有危害风险、美国不吃也不欢迎它。（随之而来的是：欧盟制定法规、严格限制和禁止中国的含有BT63转基因成分的食品进口。）。难道欧美是傻瓜、不知道搞转基因水稻商业化可以赚钱、不知道自己占领所谓“制高点”？他们不要那“制高点”、不吃也不欢迎那类转基因食品作物，足以说明欧美他们深知BT转基因水稻（还有类似作物）的严重危害风险远远大于赚钱效益，因而采取拒绝政策。 那段电文还反映了一个非常重要的问题：中国搞BT转基因作物商业化多年，一直没有采取有效和必要的预防措施（譬如避难所和隔离带），那就可能已经给中国的国土农田和生态环境造成了严重损害（甚至可能是无可弥补的损害），只不过没做跟踪监测而导致自我感觉良好而已。 那段电文还提出了一个重要问题：美国对中国的转基因作物商业化造成国土农田和生态环境损害情况，很可能是了如指掌的，不然，他们没必要向中国方面做出婉言警告。 美国早在1980年代就搞出了转基因作物，但十年后才开始商业化审批。在这十年里，美国用大量资金人力做了转基因作物危害风险的实验观测、建立了一套以生物国防为主的跟踪检测和预防体系、自以为可以应对危害风险，才开始了商业化。9/11恐怖袭击后，国土安全问题更突出；于是，美国强化了转基因作物的国土监控，其中包括空军协助宇航局太空作业实行美国全国和全球的转基因作物农田国土监测，并为美国日常主管部门和国防安全部门提供24/7的监测报告。 美国宇航太空监测技术可以看到入地十公里或更深的土地情况。就此而论，美国太空监测看到中国转基因作物规模种植已经造成全国性足够大的国土损害、因而婉言向中国方面提出危害风险警告，那是合情合理和惯例行事的国际往来举动。 可是，中国农业部官员不但在会议上的表现是愚蠢无知得透顶丢脸，而且，还在对本国社会继续鼓吹BT转基因无害论、甚至鼓吹转基因“更安全”和“更环保”，试图近期要全国民众食用含有毒素农药的BT转基因大米、以便他们发横财。而林敏呢，为那金钱利益再次搞BT转基因大米的神话假话宣传，尽管美国方面已经婉言但明确地对中国农业官员表示了美国不吃也不欢迎转基因大米的态度立场。如此在外国面前献媚丢脸而对本国搞为利坑民的农业官员，全球除了中国，还有哪里可找？ 关于科研学术，国法规定不得伪造数据更不得使用虚假证据；关于新闻评论，国法规定不得发表未经核实属实的新闻评论。对照法规和事实，很明显，林敏和科技日报都违犯了国家法规规定，他们有不可推卸的法律责任，就伪造数据、发布不实新闻评论和散布虚假信息的行为，做出公开检讨、对读者社会做出公开的赔礼道歉。 大力发展转基因技术 培育生物育种战略性新兴产业 文章来源：《科技日报》2012年3月29日 作者：林敏点击数： 18 次发布时间：2012-03-29【字体： 大 中 小 】 自从人类社会进入农耕文明时代以来，就从未停止过对农作物的遗传改良。转基因技术是人类改良农作物的一种最为有效的技术途径。转基因技术与传统育种技术一脉相承，本质上都是通过基因转移获得优良品种，但转基因技术可以打破物种界限，实现更为精准、快速、可控的基因重组和转移，提高育种效率，引领现代农业发展的新方向。因而，转基因技术在抗病虫、抗逆、高产、优质等性状改良方面具有不可替代的作用，同时在缓解资源约束、保障粮食安全、保护生态环境、拓展农业功能等方面应用前景广阔。 自1996年首例转基因农作物产业化应用以来，全球转基因技术研发日新月异，转基因作物产业化发展势头强劲。1996年转基因作物的种植面积为170万公顷，2011年已达到1.6亿公顷，增长94倍，因此转基因技术被誉为现代农业史上应用最为迅速的作物技术。美国兰德公司在“2020年全球技术革命”研究报告中，列举了16个重大革命性技术，转基因技术排名第4位。在我国发改委编制的《国家战略性新兴产业发展“十二五”规划》中,生物育种产业被列为七大国家战略性新兴产业之一。转基因技术是关系到国家核心竞争力的战略高技术、转基因生物育种产业是关系到国家长远发展的战略性新兴产业。 转基因技术促进全球可持续性发展 转基因技术及其产业在经历了“技术成熟时期”和“产业发展时期”两个阶段之后，目前已进入至关重要的抢占技术制高点与经济增长点的“战略机遇时期”。随着新基因、新性状、新方法和新产品不断涌现，转基因技术得到不断创新和发展，主要表现在：首先,功能基因种类不断增加。1996年全球仅有100多个功能基因，到2005年，仅美国农业部受理安全性评价的功能基因就达到380个。我国转基因重大专项启动实施以来，鉴定具有自主知识产权的功能基因300多个，完成了80个以上营养品质、抗旱、耐盐碱、耐热、养分高效利用和产量等经济性状基因的功能验证，打破了国外基因专利垄断。其次,转基因性状日益丰富。转基因作物从抗病虫和除草剂等第一代特性向抗逆、改良营养品质、改变代谢途径、工业或医药用生物反应器等第二、三代特性发展，将在更广阔的领域改变传统农业的面貌。再次,转基因方法更加多样，新的基因操作技术和遗传转化方法不断出现。近年来兴起的锌指核酸酶（ZFN）和寡聚核苷酸定向诱变（ODM）等新技术，使植物基因定点突变成为可能。另一个技术发展趋势是把转基因作为育种过程的一个环节，利用转基因技术培育非转基因品种。 转基因技术目前已进入一个规模化集成应用的新阶段。2011年，全球29个国家种植转基因作物 1.6亿公顷，占全球作物种植总面积（15亿公顷）的10.7%。美国仍保持领先地位，占全球种植面积的43%，但发展中国家势头强劲，种植面积以相当于发达国家两倍的速度迅速增长。从1996年至2011年的16年期间，来自全球29个国家的农民中约有1亿人次种植了转基因作物，且累积种植面积超过1.25亿公顷。2011年仅转基因种子的全球市场价值就达到132亿美元（高于2010年的117亿美元），是2011年全球商业种子市场370亿美元的36%。2010年全球利用转基因技术获得的粮食及其他产品价值大约为1600亿美元，年增长率高达10% 以上。 转基因技术是一种节约耕地的技术，可在目前15亿公顷耕地上获得更高的生产率，因此有助于防止砍伐森林和保护生物多样性。如果2010年转基因作物没有产出2.76亿吨额外的粮食、饲料和纤维，那么需要增加9100万公顷土地种植传统作物以获得相同产量，这额外的9100万公顷中的一部分将极有可能需要耕作生态脆弱的贫瘠土地和砍伐富有生物多样性的热带雨林。 转基因技术有利于减轻贫困和饥饿，减少农业的环境影响。到目前为止，转基因棉花已经在中国、印度、巴基斯坦、布基纳法索及南非等发展中国家为1500万资源贫乏的小农户的收入做出了重要贡献，并且这一贡献在今后还将继续增强。传统农业需要施用大量农药，对环境有严重影响，转基因技术能够减少这种不利影响。1996年至2010年，杀虫剂活性成分累计减少了4.43亿公斤，节省了9.1%的杀虫剂。目前全球70％的淡水被用于农业。抗旱性状作物的应用将对世界范围内，尤其是干旱严重的发展中国家的农业体系可持续性产生重大影响。预计2013年具有抗旱性状的转基因玉米杂交种将在美国开始商业化，2017年之前热带抗旱转基因玉米在撒哈拉以南非洲地区开始商业化。转基因技术有助于减缓气候变化及减少温室气体。通过减少使用矿物燃料、杀虫剂和除草剂，2010年预计减少了17亿公斤二氧化碳排放（相当于路上行驶汽车的数量减少了80万辆）。随着全球气候变暖，人类面临的干旱、洪涝等灾害将更为频繁且更为严重。同时，2011年全球人口达到70亿，2100年将达到101亿。全球粮食安全问题日益突出。与传统育种技术相比，转基因技术能加快育种进程，培育更多的抗逆优良品种，以满足日益增长的世界人口对粮食的巨大需求。 中国大力发展转基因技术是出于现实需求 我国是一个农业大国，基本特点是人多地少，资源短缺。此外，我国也是一个自然条件并不优越的国家，南咸、北碱、东西部寒冷，半壁江山干旱。改革开放30年来，我国农业和农村发展取得了举世瞩目的成就，但同时面临人口增加、资源短缺、环境恶化、气候异常、市场竞争等越来越大的压力，粮食中长期供求形势依然十分严峻。多年来我国粮食增产主要依靠单产的提高，目前主要作物的单产已经达到了相当高的水平。但要想进一步提高，确保我国粮食基本自给率95%以上，必须突破现有技术的瓶颈。因此，加快转基因生物技术的发展与常规技术的紧密结合，大幅度提高农产品的产量和品质，才能满足我国社会经济发展对农产品持续增长的需求。 推动转基因生物品种产业化已成为我国既定的战略决策。2004年以来连续8个中央一号文件中都强调加快农业生物技术的发展。长期以来，国家863、973等科技计划都将转基因技术研究作为重大项目予以支持。2008年，我国启动实施了基因生物新品种培育重大专项，是建国以来农业科技领域投入最大的高技术项目。转基因生物新品种培育科技重大专项是《国家中长期科学和技术发展规划纲要（2006—2020年）》16个国家科技重大专项之一，未来15年将投入资金总计约200亿元，将抓紧开发具有重要应用价值和自主知识产权的功能基因和生物新品种，在科学评估、依法管理基础上，推进转基因新品种产业化。 历经二十多年的发展和积累，我国已经初步建成了世界上为数不多的，包括功能基因克隆、遗传转化、品种选育、安全评价、产品开发、应用推广等各环节在内的转基因育种科技创新和产业发展体系，转基因作物研究开发的整体水平已领先于发展中国家。我国已拥有一批抗病虫、抗除草剂、抗旱、营养改良等重要基因的自主知识产权和核心技术，水稻、棉花、玉米等转基因作物的基础研究和应用研究已取得了一批高水平的科技成果，初步形成了自己的特色与优势。 2009年，我国科学家拥有自主知识产权的转基因杂交水稻品系“华恢1号”和“Bt汕优63”获得安全证书，进入处于产业化应用的关键阶段。这是我国转基因作物技术研发历史上极具现实意义的一个事件。 转基因水稻在生产试验中已显示出巨大的应用潜力。据中国科学院农业政策研究中心研究，转基因抗虫水稻杀虫效果显著，可以减少稻田防治害虫农药用量的80%，显著减轻环境污染和农药残留。若我国50%的稻田种植转基因抗虫水稻，每年可减少农药用量28.8万吨。 我国批准转基因水稻生产应用的安全证书具有重要的现实意义。一是抢得了转基因生物产业发展的先机和技术制高点，是一项事关我国粮食安全的战略部署，为开创我国农业生物产业的新局面奠定了重要基础。二是有利于我国在水稻转基因技术领域继续保持领先地位，进一步带动和增强我国农业转基因生物新品种培育的整体技术水平和核心创新能力，提高我国农业的国际竞争能力。三是标志着我国生物育种技术和产业进入一个技术不断突破和产业稳步推进的新阶段。自上世纪90年代初期，各大跨国公司巨头连续进入我国种子市场，试图从创新源头掌握优质种子市场主导权和控制种业发展的主动权。面对国际种业公司的激烈竞争，发展民族种业，提高良种覆盖率，保障供种安全已迫在眉睫。我国批准自主研发的转基因水稻生产应用的安全证书，有利于推动我国转基因研究相关领域的技术集成和资源整合，打造与国际接轨、具备参与国际竞争能力的现代高技术种业龙头集团，促进我国转基因生物产业的跨越发展 我国转基因产业健康发展需要规范管理和良好氛围 我国政府十分重视农业转基因生物安全管理工作，坚持立法先行、有法可依、执法保障，已经形成了一整套适合我国国情并与国际惯例相衔接的法律法规、技术规程和管理体系，依法实施安全管理取得显著成效。 我国转基因生物安全管理有三大特点：第一，制度设计严格规范。根据《农业转基因生物安全管理条例》，建立了研究、试验、生产、加工、经营、进口的许可审批和标识管理制度，实现了转基因技术研发与应用的全过程管理。国务院批准建立了部际联席会议制度，由农业部牵头，科技、卫生、环保、商务、质检等10个部门参加，负责研究、协调农业转基因生物安全管理工作中的重大政策和法规问题。第二，评价体系科学健全。安全评审工作由不同领域专家组成的农业转基因生物安全委员会负责。安委会委员由有关部委推荐，农业部聘任。安委会现有委员60名，涵盖生物技术、食用安全、环境安全、微生物等领域专家，分别来自教育、中科院、卫生、食品药品监督管理、环保、质检和农业等7个部门，具有广泛的代表性。评价中遵循科学、个案、熟悉、逐步的原则，对农业转基因生物实行分级、分阶段安全评价。第三，技术支撑保障有力。在积极发展转基因技术的同时注重安全评价和检测技术研究。经多年建设，已有35个转基因生物安全评价和检测机构经过国家计量认证和农业部审查认可，研究制定了62项转基因生物安全技术标准，开展了转基因生物长期生态检测，部分成果获得国际科学界的高度评价，为我国转基因生物安全监管提供了强有力的技术支撑。 根据《条例》及配套规章规定，我国建立农业转基因生物安全评价制度，对农业转基因生物实行分级、分阶段安全评价和管理。国家设立农业转基因生物安全委员会，负责安全评价工作。农业转基因生物安全委员会按照《条例》、配套规章和评价指南的要求，遵循科学、个案、熟悉、逐步的原则，参考国际食品法典委员会、联合国粮农组织、世界卫生组织、经济合作组织等制定的转基因生物安全评价指南，对农业转基因生物对人类、动植物、微生物和生态环境可能造成的危险或潜在风险进行全面评价。对于重要转基因作物，还要经过转基因技术检测机构的第三方验证，某些检测指标比国际上同类要求更严格。以我国进行的抗虫转基因水稻“华恢1号” 及 “Bt汕优63”为例，其安全检测指标已经超出了欧美发达国家和国际食品法典委员会、世界卫生组织等建议的评价内容和要求。现有的食用安全试验已充分证实抗虫转基因水稻“华恢1号” 与非转基因对照水稻同样安全。 世界科学发展历史表明，任何新兴技术的发展除了要不断克服技术上的困难以外，也要面对各种质疑，在争议中不断发展和完善。1996年全球转基因品种开始进入产业化发展阶段后不久，在国外媒体上就爆出“马铃薯试验大鼠中毒”、“美洲斑蝶死亡”、“墨西哥玉米基因混杂”等一连串所谓的“转基因事件”，中国也先后出现过“先玉335玉米致老鼠减少、母猪流产”、“广西大学生精子活力下降”等虚假报道。尽管这些所谓事件或虚假报道由于缺乏科学依据，并最终被科学界和有关国家生物安全管理机构一一否定，但还是引发了持续多年的转基因安全之争。美国在激烈争论中逐渐形成了基本共识，抓住技术发展机遇，抢占产业发展先机，迅速成为转基因产业的全球霸主。而欧盟、日韩等国家对发展转基因产业政策一直摇摆不定，研发水平不仅远远落后于美国，与巴西、阿根廷、印度和中国等发展中国家比较也存在相当差距。但近年，这些国家一方面在研究上趋向积极，一方面放宽转基因食品进口，如欧盟成员国和日本进口转基因大豆数量几乎占世界大豆贸易总量的40%。 我国转基因研究经过十多年的努力,已经建立了比较完善的转基因作物育种研发和管理体系,成为世界上为数不多的具有转基因作物独立研发、安全评价与安全管理能力的国家之一。但另一方面，我国相关科普工作比较薄弱，绝大多数公众对转基因这项新技术知之甚少，很容易受到一些负面言论的误导。我国转基因农作物新品种培育在一些领域处于国际领先水平，然而却迟迟不能产业化，一个重要因素就是科普工作缺位，产业发展缺乏良好氛围。因此，未来我国包括生物育种在内的战略性新兴产业的发展不但取决于我们的硬实力，同时也取决于我们是否能形成一个有利于高新技术发展的软环境。在转基因作物育种产业推进过程中,必须重视科普宣传,大力加强科学知识普及,提高公众的科学认知，引导公众对发展生物技术、增强我国自主创新能力的热情和信心，为生物育种产业发展营造良好的发展氛围。 （作者为中国农业科学院生物技术研究所所长）
“联合国政府间气候变化评价专门委员会”（IPCC）2007年发表了第四版评价报告（IPCC AR4）。这个报告评审稿有一幅图（下面顶图），用一条线来显示近一个世纪的升温速度。似乎嫌效果不够震惊，报告 文字部分 写到，“The linear warming trend over the last 50 years is nearly twice that for the last 100 years. ”（最近50年的线性 变暖 速度几乎是最近100年的两倍。）——在报告送交各国政府评审的时候，这句话遭到中国政府评议人员的质疑： “ These two linear rates should not compare with each other because the time scales are not the same. ”（两个线性变暖速度不应该比较，因为 时间尺度不同 ）。 这条评语正中要害，但是IPCC报告编写人员不但不做相应改正，反而在总报告的图中添上几条线（下面底图），为增加视觉效果而错上加错 （见 前文叙述 ） 。 我们一直不知道是我国哪位研究人员提了这条意见，他／她对IPCC的这种处理方法有何感想。 （鸣谢： IPCC Critism 。IPCC中间和最终报告的图件来源见 前文 说明。） 送审版的图： 最终报告的图：
这个事件可以给IPCC的盲目迷信者（以及包括联合国在内的一切国际组织的 盲目迷信 者）一个当头棒喝。 看一个简单的数学问题：下图曲线是函数 y = x + sin(4 * x)，它的斜率是多少？ 你回答“1”——那就错了。按照联合国“政府间气候变化委员会”（IPCC）2007年报告的算法，是斜率越来越大 ： 区间是0.7； 区间是1.0； 区间是2.0。 这就是 所谓“升 温速度越来越快”；IPCC 第一工作组（也就是“科学基础”那一组） 就是这样展示数据的： 在IPCC把总报告送到各国政府评审的时候，这［幅图］种处理方法连中国政府人员都看着不像话，所以来自中国政府的评语写到： “SPM-268 A 5:4 5:6 Suggest deleting "The linear rate of warming averaged over the last 50 years (0.13 °C per decade) is nearly twicethat for the last 100 years."These two linear rates should not compare with each other because the time scales are not thesame.” （建议删掉“过去50年间变暖速度的平均值 (每10年0.13 ) 几乎是过去100年平均速度的两倍”。——这些线性升温速率之间不能相互比较，因为时间尺度不同。） 但是这条意见被IPCC报告编写组织人员置之不理。 IPCC报告的送审评语是迫于压力而公开的，可以在哈佛大学图书馆网上查到： http://pds.lib.harvard.edu/pds/view/7819661?n=30 这幅图是 “气候门”主角 Phil Jones的杰作，所以被人写文章讥讽、揭露。这个经过的英文文章在这里： http://sites.google.com/site/globalwarmingquestions/howtheipccinventedanewcalculus 2009年“气候门”丑闻爆发、哥本哈根会议破产之后，2010年2月BBC对Phil Jones进行了问题尖锐的采访（问题主要来自“人类活动导致灾难性的全球变暖”的怀疑派人士），第一个问题的背景就在于此： http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/8511670.stm 第一个问题：“Do you agree that according to the global temperature record used by the IPCC, the rates of global warming from 1860-1880, 1910-1940 and 1975-1998 were identical?” （你是否同意，按照IPCC所采用的全球温度记录，1860-1880、1910-1940和1975-1998年间的全球变暖速度是相同的？） 中国政府人员在评审IPCC报告的时候，揭露了这样一处硬伤，而中文媒体没有见到这个情况的介绍，这是中国气候学家的失职。
2011年11月02日 联合国艾滋病规划署11月2日发表媒体公报宣布，将今年12月1日“世界艾滋病日”的主题确定为“实现零（Getting to Zero）”；同时，在2011至2015年期间的“世界艾滋病运动（World AIDS Campaign）”也将以此为主题，以呼应联合国所倡导的“零新增感染、零歧视和零死亡”三大全球抗艾目标。 艾滋病规划署表示，“实现零”这个宣传主题的选择与确定是与艾滋病毒携带者、卫生保健活动家以及公民社会广泛磋商的结果。它是推动所有人更好地获得治疗的标志；也是使各国政府立即采取行动的一个号召。 艾滋病规划署强调，对于“实现零”这个主题的解读，不同地区、国家和社区拥有极大的灵活性，可根据实地情况选择侧重点。例如，在非洲，今后五年防治艾滋病运动的焦点将是“零死亡”，即减少与艾滋病相关死亡病例的数量。然而，在世界其他地区，抗艾行动的优先工作则可能是“零歧视”，以确保受艾滋病影响者的人权受到尊重和保护，并可平等获得能够拯救生命的信息、预防措施和治疗。 艾滋病规划署同时指出，今年的“世界艾滋病日”恰逢世界首次确诊艾滋病病例３０周年。联合国方面将借助这一平台，向全球各地多年来不懈努力应对这一顽症的“艾滋斗士”致敬，并进一步加强公众对世界艾滋病运动的关注、了解和参与，为将于明年７月在美国华盛顿召开的第１９届世界艾滋病大会的成功奠定基础。 世界卫生组织于１９８８年将每年的１２月１日确定为“世界艾滋病日”，号召世界各国和国际组织在这一天举办相关活动，宣传和普及预防艾滋病的知识，以此唤起人们对艾滋病病毒感染者的理解，并鼓励全球人民共同行动起来支持防治艾滋病的规划与行动。之所以选择这一天，是因为世界首例艾滋病病例是在１９８１年１２月１日被确诊的。来源：联合国新闻网
2011 Klaus Toepfer环境创新竞赛是由联合国环境规划署-同济大学环境与可持续发展学院(以下简称“IESD”)和德国驻上海总领事馆主办，面向全国高校在校学生的环境创新竞赛。该竞赛旨在大学生中倡导资源节约和环境友好的理念，以科技创新竞赛的方式，鼓励和引导大学生。 Klaus Toepfer（克劳斯·托普弗）博士曾任联合国副秘书长及联合国环境规划署执行主任，现任同济大学环境与可持续发展学院首席教授，长期致力于环境保护与可持续发展的教育和推广，为中国的环境改善和环境保护形象宣传做出了突出的贡献。他先后获得过中国政府“友谊奖”和上海市白玉兰奖,并于2011年1月14日荣获“2010年度中国人民共和国国际科学技术合作奖”，并对此次竞赛给予大力支持。 本次竞赛主题为节水技术与水资源管理，参赛作品可以以论文、调查报告或者科技实物的形式提交，对于实物类作品，需提交制作方案。参赛作品须有效体现“节水技术与水资源管理”的理念和内涵。凡在全国各高校正式注册的本科生和研究生均可申报作品参赛，参赛者在报名参赛时需要提供有效的学生身份证明，并将参赛作品、个人简历以及申请表格发送至 toepfer_iesd@163.com 。 报名截止日期：2011年10月20日。 http://envi.ruc.edu.cn/envicn/html/xinwenzhongxin/xueyuangonggao/2011/0923/4186.html
十年前有人提出关于联合国架构的新设想 武夷山 著名未来学家 Harold A. Linstone 在其担任主编的 Technological Forecasting and Social Change （技术预测与社会变革）杂志 2003 年第 3 期发表文章， The 21 st century: Everyman as Faust — Technology, Terrorism, and the Multiple Perspective Approach （ 21 世纪：人人都是浮士德――技术、恐怖主义和多视角进路），我理解这个标题的含义是：由于现在是全球化的世界，任何人与任何人的关系可能是意想不到的紧密，因此每个人都像浮士德一样具有很大的能量，可以移山填海，也可能铸成大错。他在文章中介绍说： Y ． Dror 在 2001 年发表的 The Capacity to Govern: A report to the Club of Rome （治理能力：致罗马俱乐部的报告）中建议说，应该加强联合国，给与联合国秘书长更大的权力，并建立联合国执行理事会，代替现在的安理会。这个联合国执行理事会将有 3 个永久成员国（欧盟、美国和中国）和 5 个临时成员国，临时成员国不具有否决权。 博主：这个主意似乎不错，但是有人听吗？另外，在 10 年前， 中国和欧盟的相对影响力远没有现在那么明显时，他就提出通过联合国实施实际上的三方共管的主张，说明他很有远见。 Y ． Dror 生于 1928 年，退休前是以色列希伯来大学政治学教授， 1968 － 1970 年期间曾在美国智囊机构兰德公司担任资深职员， 2005 年因其管理学方面的成就荣获“以色列奖”。（ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yehezkel_Dror ）
邮箱每天都收到很多垃圾邮件。我一直不太清楚这些垃圾邮件是怎么来的，发送者从网上搜索到我们的邮件地址？抑或是他们像发送垃圾短信似的用排列组合的方式？Anyway，反正垃圾邮件是怎么都拦不住。 相当一部分垃圾邮件看标题就很无趣，不过好像中文垃圾邮件和英文垃圾邮件还是有比较大的区别。中文垃圾邮件大多是什么“激励员工”“管好员工”“技能培训”之类的，真不知道为啥这些人非要认为员工就那么需要管理。英文垃圾邮件呢，大部分则是告诉你他有一大笔钱，需要你帮忙托管，或者合作经营之类的。 但有时候，有些垃圾邮件会挺有趣，让你觉得好玩。比如下面这个。 发件人：United Nations 主题：Appointment Dear Professor, You are directed to send your Bio-data to the United Nations screening committee for consideration of Appointment. Regards Screening Committee United Nations united.nations.appointment@usa.com 居然是联合国发来的邀请，还要考虑给我什么任命。垃圾邮件也有点意思吧。然后落款那个邮箱域名也挺好玩，usa.com。
联合国教科文组织公布的世界十大难学语言中，汉语名列榜首。想想我们都学会了世界上最难的语言了，你还怕别的吗？ 世界上最难学的十大语言排行(联合国公布) NO.1-汉语(中国) NO.2-希腊语(希腊) NO.3-阿拉伯语(阿拉伯) NO.4-冰岛语(冰岛) NO.5-日语(日本) NO.6-芬兰语(芬兰) NO.7-德语(德国) NO.8-挪威语(挪威) NO.9-丹麦语(丹麦) NO.10-法语(法国) 当一个人听不懂另一个人在说啥的时候，他会怎么发牢骚呢？ 各国群众纷纷表示： 英语：“It is Greek to me!”(“简直就是希腊语！”) 南非语：“Dis Grieks vir my!”(又是希腊语) 拉丁语：“Graecum est; non potestlegi。”(还是希腊语) 葡萄牙语：“E grego para mim。”(继续希腊语) 波兰语：“To jest dla mnie greka!”(仍然希腊语) 但是波兰语也有另一种说法：“To jest dla mnie chinszczyzna!”(汉语) 荷兰语：“Dat is Latijns voor mij!”(拉丁语，这是最常用的一种说法，另外倒霉的还有汉语和西班牙语) 那么被大量群众围观的希腊语又是怎么来表示这个意思的呢？ 希腊语：“μου φαινεται κινεζικο”(“听着就跟汉语似的”) 然后汉语开始惨遭围观： 希伯来语：“Nishma c’moh sinit!”(“它听起来像汉语！”) 罗马尼亚语：“Parca e Chineza!”(“看着像汉语！”) 俄语：“Это для меня китайская грамота。”(“对我来 说这就是个汉语文献。”) 塞尔维亚-克罗地亚语：“To je za mene kineski。”(“对我来说这是汉语。”) 据说汉语还被另外的语言围观了，但是找不到具体说法，包括：爱沙尼亚语，弗勒芒语，匈牙利语，瑞士德语，塔加路族文 还有些语言同时围观了汉语和其他语言： 芬兰语：“Onpas Kiinalainen jutuu!”(“这都什么汉语似的玩意儿啊！”) 芬兰语：“Se on minulle taytta hepreaa。(“这对我来说就是希伯来语。”) 希伯来语也经常被围观： 法语：“C’est de l’hébreu pour moi。”(“对我来说这是希伯来语。”) 德语和捷克喜欢围观西班牙语： 捷克语：“To je pro mne Spanělska vesnice。” 德语：“Das kommt mir spanish vor。” 那么西班牙语围观谁呢： 西班牙语：“Para mi es chino。”(又是汉语……) 意大利语围观土耳其语： 意大利语：“Questo e turco per me。” 土耳其语围观阿拉伯语：“Anladimsa arab olayim。”(“我能听懂的话我就是阿拉伯人了。”) 阿拉伯语围观波斯语：“Kalam ajami。”(“对我来说像波斯语。”) 波斯语围观土耳其语：“Turki gofti?”(“刚才你说的是土耳其语？”) 然后有一些语言实在不知道围观谁才好了，就： 保加利亚语：“Tova za mene sa ieroglifi。”(“我看这些像象形文字。”) 丹麦语：“Det er det rene volapyk for mig。”(“对我来说这纯粹是沃拉普克语。” 这句话太强了，我去google了一下才搞清楚：沃拉普克语(Volapük)是人工语言较成功的第一个，是世界语的先驱。) 最后是最强大的一个说法： 汉语：“简直就是听天书！” 只有上帝才能制服汉语了……
ANIL K. GUPTA / HAIYAN WANG 几乎每周都会有报纸头条宣称中国在创新竞赛中就要超过美国和其它发达经济体了。这些报道的内容无非就是中国提出的专利申请数量正在上升，中国正在出口高科技产品，西方国家注定要失败等等。 但现实却很不一样。中国确实在创新领域付出了很多努力，但看来很多学者混淆了投入和产出两个概念。 中国在创新领域的投入令人印象深刻。中国的研发支出占国内生产总值（GDP）的比例从2002年的1.1%上升至2010年的1.5%，到2020年这一比例应该能达到2.5%。中国的研发支出占全球研发总支出的比例也从2002年的5.0%上升至2010年的12.3%，仅仅排在美国的后面。美国的比例一直稳定在34%至35%。据联合国教科文组织（UNESCO）透露，中国在科技研究领域投入的人力比世界任何一个国家都要多。 乍一看，中国创新的“产出”数据也令人印象深刻。据世界知识产权组织（World Intellectual Property Organization）透露，中国发明人在2008年提交了203,481项专利申请。这一数据令中国成为继日本（502,054项申请）和美国（400,769项申请）之后创新力第三强的国家。 然而实际数据并不如呈现在眼前的多。超过95%的申请都是发明人在中国国内向国家知识产权局提交的。绝大多数的中国“创新”只是对现有设计的小修小改。在很多其它情况下，中国专利申请人是在国内对一项外国发明提出专利申请，目的是在中国的法律制度下起诉外国发明人侵权。这是因为中国的法律制度不承认外国专利。 另一个更好的办法就是看看在中国境外被认可的发明数量，即中国发明人向全球重要专利办公室即美国、欧盟和日本的专利受理机构提交的专利申请或被上述机构授予的中国原创发明的数量。从这个角度看，中国就大大落后于其它国家了。 最有力的证据便是看看三重（triadic）专利申请或被授予专利权的数量。所谓“三重”指的是就同一项发明分别向上述三国专利受理机构提出专利申请或被三国机构授予专利权。据经济合作与发展组织（OECD）透露，2008年（这是目前所能见到的最新数据）中国只提交了473项“三重”专利申请，美国有14,399项，欧洲有14,525项，日本有13,446项。2010年上述三国专利受理机构授予的专利权数量大致也反映了相同的情况。 2010年，中国人口总数占世界的20%，GDP占全球总量的9%，研发支出占全球的12%，但向中国境外的任何一家重要专利受理机构提交的专利申请或被其授予的专利权只占世界的1%。此外，中国原创专利中有一半是授予外资跨国公司在华子公司的。 创新投入和产出为何会有如此大的差距？一定程度上或许只是时间问题。创新不仅需要新的努力，还需要已有知识的丰富储备。作为科技前沿的新手，中国的机构将需要数年时间建立必要的知识储备。 但其他因素也在起作用。例如，政府为研发项目拨经费的流程依然高度政治化且无效率。决策者明显倾向于政府各部门支持的大型项目，对研发项目的拨款基本是基于政治影响力和关系，而非科学的同侪考评。 清华大学生命科学院院长施一公和北京大学生命科学院院长饶毅最近在为《科学》（Science）杂志撰写的社论中说道，为了获得几千万到几亿元的研究经费，作好的研究不如与官员和他们赏识的专家拉关系重要，这是公开的秘密……中国目前的科研文化是浪费资源、腐蚀精神和阻碍创新。 严重困扰中国科研文化的因素还包括重量不重质、以及使用本土而非国际标准来评估和奖励科研成果。结果不仅导致渐进主义蔓延，还造成学术欺诈盛行。中国科学技术协会2009年所作的一项调查显示，全部30,078名受访者中有半数都知道至少有一位同事曾有过学术欺诈行为。这样的文化阻碍着严肃的探索并且浪费资源。 中国的教育体系是另一个严峻挑战，因为它强调的是死记硬背的学习、而非创造性的解决问题。微软在北京开设了规模仅次于华盛顿雷德蒙研究院的全球第二大研究院，但微软意识到，虽然其招聘的毕业生很聪明，但在从事科研时太被动。通过要求每个中国新员工提出自己想做的项目，微软的研究总监们试图解决这一问题。但中国的科研实验室普遍都是遵循自上而下的体系，微软的方法是个例。 是的，中国在电信科技等一些领域正快步前进。但是整体来看，中国在成为全球创新大国之前仍有相当长的路要走。 （本文作者安纽•古普塔(Anil K. Gupta)为马里兰大学史密斯商学院丁曼（Michael D. Dingman）战略与创业中心主席，以及INSEAD商学院客座教授。王海燕是中印学会（China India Institute）董事合伙人。二人合撰有《企业如何正确制定中印战略》（Getting China and India Right）一书（Wiley出版社，2009年出版）。） 转载地址： http://cn.wsj.com/gb/20110729/opn072510.asp?source=newsletter
——有感于中国戒烟评比敬陪末座 文/张文刚 联合国最近评估各国戒烟成果，中国得了百分制的37分，让我想谈谈大预防与小预防。根据笔者生造出来的定义，医生、医院和医疗卫生系统能够做的疾病预防，无论初级、次级、三级预防都只是小预防；而医生、医院和医疗卫生系统做不了的，必须由政府和社会做，则是大预防。戒烟、酗酒、空气污染等等都是讨论大小预防的极好话题。 吸烟和空气污染。1996年，带着还在读小学的女儿回国。我们乘火车从成都去重庆。我女儿先是好奇，觉得很新鲜。但下车后却说再也不要坐火车了。为什么呢？答曰不喜欢满车的烟味儿。我儿子四岁时第一次回中国，次年再计划回国，这小子居然出乎意料地说： No, thank you（谢谢，不要了）。问原因，又是因为到处有人吸烟。即使同学聚会，在座的高职医生、医院院长，卫生厅官员照样吞云吐雾，全然不顾不吸烟者的感受。看来长城故宫、外滩夜景、九寨黄龙、川剧变脸，数不过来的小吃美食都抵不过烟味儿的影响。 “How come they are smoking in restaurant ? this is a public place !”（公共场所，怎么可以吸烟？）我们见惯不惊的，孩子们认为不可思议，这就是文化差异。中国十多年前就有过大幅提高香烟征税以减少吸烟人群的提议，被高层否决，理由竟然是怕有关产业的农民工人失业，恶化国家的就业形势。听起来就像金三角的人为他们的鸦片种植业辩护。如今，面对超过3亿的烟民，5000多亿的烟税收入，3000多万相关就业人口，形势更加尾大不掉。近年公共场所禁烟的规定有了，但仍然不能令行禁止，就连世博园里边的餐馆里仍然有人吸烟。儿子说，为什么不设一个举报电话，让警察来开罚款单呢？我嘴上说这问题太复杂，不是罚款解决得了的问题，心里却清楚，没有相关立法，警察能干什么呢。从幼儿园、小学开始不吸烟教育，立法禁止烟草广告，斩断政府和烟企利益关系，这些大预防的事做不好，再过10年评比，还不会有长进。在成都，带儿子去扫墓，去长途汽车站10分钟的车程，我们的出租车跑了3小时，基本上是在用比走路还慢的速度爬行。按计程表那司机只能拿到20多块钱，怎么活？回来按那司机的建议，乘公共汽车，因为有公交专线，同一条路只用了半小时。据说中国大城市空气污染百分之八九十来自汽车废气。不过，这次中国行也看到亮点。沪宁高铁、成渝动车和都江堰到成都的快铁上就没有一丝烟味儿，很舒服，让人印象深刻，展示了一个无论硬件还是软件均现代化了的中国。只是这些亮点太少，而更多的消息让人干着急。据说，中国肺癌发病率10年翻番，成为死人最多的癌症，赶上世界潮头。究其原因，汽车急剧增加与吸烟哪一个功劳更大很难说，因为同期中国的吸烟人口并没有成倍增加。据《人民日报》海外版的报道，中国的汽车保有量还要翻番，达到两亿。希望那时的汽车如世博通用汽车馆所展示的，都是零排放不会污染空气，都可以做倒立以减少停车面积，不至于把大街小巷全都变成停车场。要不然，中国的汽车工业就是又一个烟草业。相对于这些让人引以为“懊”的消息，健康保健师劝病人戒烟有多大意思！ 酒中仙与乙型肝炎。算起来易先生过世已快8年。易先生第一次来看病是啤酒肚越来越大，又总觉得乏力。除了好喝两口，没有别的危险因素。但查体发现有乳房女性化和腹水等肝硬化的表现，再查又发现乙型肝炎。经过抗病毒治疗，他的乙肝病毒滴度降低到零，但转氨酶始终呈现酒精型肝炎的改变。因为戒不了酒，好几次肝昏迷住院，也因此被拒绝列为肝移植候选人。后来，易太太离去，易先生仍然不改，一年后，甲胎蛋白转阳，肝出现包块，易先生才蟠然醒悟，痛下决心戒酒，并自费回国做了肝移植。很可惜半年后肝癌复发。圣诞夜又大量喝酒，圣诞那天在急诊室过世。真可谓“生命诚可贵，爱情价更高，若为酒中仙，两者皆可抛”。中国酒文化源远流长，与旧世界（欧洲）和新世界（美洲）相比，中国的酒中仙们有一个更致命的因素，那就是乙型肝炎的高发病率。感染乙型肝炎的途径不外乎垂直传染（母婴）、性交和接触感染血液，比如输血、针刺等。中国在20世纪90年代还在重复使用注射器和针头，根本就没法知道有多少人因此受到感染。这是省小钱惹大祸的典型例子。1996年，美国CHIRON公司的主管Rutter博士到中国，找到卫生部，要推销乙肝疫苗。Rutter是美国国家科学院和工程院院士，曾任加州大学旧金山分校生物化学部主任。加州大学旧金山分校就是在他的带领下，重点发展分子生物学，由一个普通临床研究中心转型成为与哈佛、冷泉港齐名的生命科学重镇。 Rutter主持研发用基因工程方法生产乙型肝炎疫苗，开创了疫苗生产的崭新 途径，并以此为主打产品之一，创建 CHIRON公司。Rutter的中国之行无功而返，据说是因为差钱。同期，据新《英格兰医学》杂志报道，台湾采用普遍接种乙肝疫苗，大大降低乙肝发病率和有关死亡率，大概也为台湾的全民健保省下不少开支。如今面临庞大的酒民和过亿乙肝人口，中国的肝癌治疗想不当世界第一都难。而当年不买乙肝疫苗和不使用一次性注射器省下的钱又在哪里呢？大预防和小预防相互配合才能做好的事情还很多，比如性病和艾滋、肥胖和糖尿病、高盐饮食和中风。 （责任编辑 王芷）
五月二十日是世界计量日（ World Metrology Day ）。设立这个纪念日的目的是促进计量领域的全球合作与测量统一。今年的主题是“为了我们的生活、我们的未来的化学测量”（“Chemical Measurements for our life, our future”），正迎合了联合国（UN）发起国际化学年（IYC）的大主题。
祝太太生日快乐！兼谈三八妇女节、地震与人生感悟 三八妇女节在世界上叫国际劳动妇女节 (International Working Women's Day), 又称“联合国妇女权益和国际和平日”(U.N. Day for Women's Rights and International Peace)，这一天的主题词是:妇女、权益、 国际、和平。但是在中国，已经变味了，成了：妇女、消费、外遇、放假。 但是，这一天，对我则有特殊的意义。首先，我太太是1966年3月8日生的，而这一天，恰恰是邢台大地震，她是在地球的摇摆和晃动中来到这个世界的。因此，直到今天，她发起脾气来，我都感觉地球不是在转动，而是在晃动。第二，这一天不仅仅是太太的生日，而且是全世界各国妇女的节日，她与全世界的妇女共享这一天的祝福和快乐。所以，这一天，意义重大，对我们家，对全世界，都是一件大事。 今天，世界各地也报道发生了多处地震。中新网3月8日电 据台湾TVBS电视台报道，8日上午10点46分台湾发生一起里氏规模4.6级地震，震中在花莲县府东方16公里外海。据中国新闻网：中国地震台网测定，北京时间2011年3月8日0时19分在河南省周口市太康县、扶沟县、西华县交界(北纬34.0,东经114.6)发生4.3级地震, 震源深度10公里。另据中国国家地震台网测定，北京时间3月7日1时51分，山西省忻州市五寨县(北纬39.0度，东经111.7度)发生4.2级地震，震源深度约5公里，属于浅源地震。今天，关注全球变化的 杨学祥 教授在《科学网》发表《今天世界多地发生地震和历史对比》一文，指出全球进入特大地震频发期已经变为地震专家的共识。 今天的地震是不是邢台地震的一个纪念，让我们再次警醒。这让我想起古希腊哲学家普洛泰戈拉的一句名言“人是万物的尺度”，人是万物的尺度，是态度的尺度，应谦卑和尊重；是欲望的尺度，应适可而止；是生命的尺度，应关爱自己和其他生命。所以，要珍惜生命，珍惜感情，珍惜家庭，珍惜当前的幸福，珍惜和平的环境。 为此，在今天这个特殊的日子里，衷心祝福太太生日快乐！你给了我一个幸福的家庭，一个懂事聪明的孩子，20多年风雨同舟的难忘记忆。我爱你，爱我们的女儿，爱我们的家庭，我们一起共享生活的安宁、平和和幸福。
为什么联合国教科文组织促进科学的作用不明显？ 武夷山 联合国教科文组织（ UNESCO ）在联合国系统中体量很小，经费有限，与联合国开发计划署（ UNDP ）无法相比。它目前在促进科学发展方面的作用不明显，原因很多，其中未被充分注意的一条原因是：联合国自身不重视 UNESCO ，也不够重视科学。德国学者 Klaus-Heinrich Standke 教授在 Science and Public Policy 杂志 2006 年第 9 期发表的文章 Science and Technology in global cooperation: the case of the United Nations and UNESCO （全球合作中的科学与技术：联合国与 UNESCO 的案例）分析了这一原因。 文章首先回顾了 UNESCO 的成立背景。早在 1919 年，国联（博主：可以认为，国联是后来成立的联合国的雏形）的成立就为讨论科学领域的共性问题创立了一个永久性的平台。 1922 年，国联下面创立了“知识合作组织”（ Intellectual Cooperation Organization ）。某种程度上，可以视其为 UNESCO 的前身。 本来， UNESCO 只重视教育。在世界科学界尤其是英国科学界的压力和推动下， 1945 年 11 月才把表示科学的“ S ”加到这个组织的名称中去。 1992 年，联合国经社理事会成立了“科学技术促进发展委员会”，该委员会开会时，居然没有 UNESCO 的代表。 联合国官方网站上，“联合国系统联合国诸计划中的科技伙伴关系”栏目列举了很多联合国机构，如世界粮农组织、联合国工业发展组织、国际原子能机构、联合国环境署、 Office of the High Commissioner on Human Rights （联合国人权事务高级专员办公室）、世界知识产权组织，等等，却只字未提 UNESCO 科学部门所开展的活动。 在联合国科学技术应用顾问委员会向联合国经社理事会提交“科学技术应用于发展世界行动计划”报告 30 年之后，在联合国大会通过“科学技术应用于发展维也纳行动纲领”二十年之后，总算在联合国千年计划之下安排了一个“科技与创新工作组”。 联合国全球发展计划（ UN Global Plan ）的参与机构很多，偏偏没有列上 UNESCO 。 联合国千年计划文件的参考文献约 300 篇，出自 UNESCO 的才一篇，是“ 2000 年达喀尔行动框架”。 总之，联合国与 UNESCO 的关系经历了三个阶段，各阶段的关系特征可概括为： 1945 － 1977 ，平衡的伙伴关系与相互信任； 1977 － 20 世纪 90 年代初，紧张与竞争； 20 世纪 90 年代初迄今，不断增长的冷漠。 UNESCO 的《世界科学报告》只发表过三回，分别是 1993 、 1996 和 1998 年版的。（ 博主： 1996 和 1998 年版的报告都由中国科学技术信息研究所译为中文公开出版。去年， UNESCO 推出了 《 2010 年 UNESCO 科学报告》，尽管该报告的标题中少了“世界”两字，但是，报告的性质仍旧是“世界科学报告”则毫无疑义。我对该报告的点评见 http://blog.sciencenet.cn/home.php?mod=spaceuid=1557do=blogid=393683 ）。 比较起来，在科技事务方面， UNESCO 一直关注科学及其应用，联合国则更关注一个序列：科学－技术－创新－产业。 博主：笔者多年来参加了 UNESCO 的不少会议与活动，深切感到这个组织是个很好的平台，可惜其作用与潜力未能得到充分发挥。我和中国常驻联合国教科文组织代表团洪天华合写的《 科技界如何利用联合国教科文组织这个平台？》见 http://blog.sciencenet.cn/home.php?mod=spaceuid=1557do=blogid=12891 。 在国内，也有类似的情况：一些很好的组织，很好的机制，很好的平台，由于种种原因未能受到重视，未能发挥其应有的作用，令人叹惋。这其中有什么共性因素？值得探讨。
生物多样性及其危机 生物多样性（biological diversity，简称biodiversity），包含地球上的各种生命。人类当然也是生物多样性的一部分。生物多样性通常划分为三个层次。1）最宏观的是生态系统（ecosystem）多样性，比如热带雨林生态系统、海洋生态系统、草原生态系统、湿地生态系等，整个地球的生物圈可以看作最大的生态系统。2）第二层次是物种多样性，包括地球上所有的物种（动物、植物、微生物）。3）第三层次是基因多样性或遗传多样性，遗传多样性的存在使得生物具有适应进化的潜力。地球上的每一个物种都是生态系统的组成部分，并与环境和其他物种发生相互作用，共同决定了生态系统的稳定性。 生态系统多样性和物种多样性是我们能直观感受到的。我们每天都在接触着不同的物种，比如公园里看到的不同种树和小鸟，餐桌上吃到的不同种类的蔬菜和肉类。作为人类，应该从两方面感受到生物多样性的重要性，1）人类赖以生存的一切几乎都与生物多样性有关；2）人类本身是生物多样性的组成部分（虽然这一点很多人并没有意识到，并认为自己高高凌驾于其他生物之上）。 人类是一个奇怪的物种，由于进化出了思想，也有了更大的欲望，虽然我们也是生物的一种，但总以为自己高高在上，并有资格利用其它生物。在人类文明发展史上，农业化和工业化进程都给大自然带来了持续不断的伤害，拓展农田耕地、破坏森林、猎杀野生动物、环境污染等等，导致了全球性的生物多样性危机。中国作为一个工业化进程仍如火如荼的发展中国家，生物多样性危机更显突出。 著名博物学家、进化生物学家、行为学家、哈佛大学教授Edward Wilson在其著作《The future of life（生命的未来）》（2002年1月出版）中指出： 本世纪我们所面临的问题是：为了人类及承载人类的生物圈，人类应该以一种怎样的最佳的方式从过去的破坏地球转到可持续发展的文明上来？ 。 国际多样性年的背景（来历） 1992年于巴西里约热内卢召开的联合国环境与发展大会（UN Conference on Environment and Development），也称为地球峰会（Earth Summit），形成了以保护地球环境为目的的《21世纪议程》，其中包括《联合国生物多样性公约（Convention on Biological Diversity）》。公约的核心目标是保护全球生物多样性，促进生物多样性的可持续性利用，并以公平合理的方式共享生物多样性资源的利益。公约最高权力机构是公约缔约国大会，日常工作由联合国环境规划署（UNEP，United Nations Environment Programme）领导下的公约秘书处负责，该秘书处位于加拿大蒙特利尔市。目前，全球生物多样性公约有193个缔约国。 十年之后，2002年，在南非约翰内斯堡举行的联合国可持续发展世界峰会（UN World Summit on Sustainable Development），各国元首、政府首脑、国家代表、非政府组织和其它主要群体的领导人共同讨论了可持续发展的各项行动。作为其中一个重要成果，会议各方达成一致，即到2010年使得现在的生物多样性流失速度在全球、地区和国家层次上都显著降低（2010生物多样性目标）。 2006年12月20日，在第61届联合国大会第83次全会上，为了促进世界各国对生物多样性的保护，通过将2010年确定为国际生物多样性年的决议。 现在已经进入2010年，让我们再看看身边的生物多样性，流失状况依然非常让人担忧，很多专家都认为人类并没有达到期望的目标。联合国秘书长潘基文和生物多样性公约秘书处也曾指出可能没有任何一个国家实现2010生物多样性目标。因此，在2010年国际生物多样性年，联合国呼吁各国政府和全世界人民共同努力来保护地球上的生命。 联合国传达的主要信息（宣传标语） 看了生物多样性公约秘书处有关2010国际生物多样性年的官方资料，我发现其给出的官方表述中有的中文翻译并不确切，因此我试着翻译了以下文字，也请大家一起讨论翻译是否适当。 ---------------------------------------- Humans are part of natures rich diversity and have the power to protect or destroy it. 人类是大自然丰富的生物多样性的一部分，我们有能力保护它，也有能力破坏它。 Biodiversity, the variety of life on Earth, is essential to sustaining the living networks and systems that provide us all with health, wealth, food, fuel and the vital services our lives depend on. 生物多样性包含地球上的各种生命，对于维持为人类提供健康、财富、食物、燃料以及人类赖以生存的重要服务的生存网络和系统至关重要。 Human activity is causing the diversity of life on Earth to be lost at a greatly accelerated rate. These losses are irreversible, impoverish us all and damage the life support systems we rely on everyday. But we can prevent them. 人类活动正急速加剧地球生物多样性的流失，这些流失不可逆转，将使人类更加贫瘠并毁坏我们每天赖以生存的生命保障系统。然而，我们人类可以保护生物多样性。 2010 is the International Year of Biodiversity. Lets reflect on our achievements to safeguard biodiversity and focus on the urgency of our challenge for the future. Now is the time to act. 2010年是国际生物多样性年。让我们回顾人类保护生物多样性所取得的成绩，并关注迫在眉睫的挑战。让我们行动起来！ --------------------------------------------- 我们怎么做？ 中国作为全球生物多样最丰富的国家之一，理应在2010国际生物多样性年和将来保护生物多样性的行动中做出更多的贡献。虽然生物多样性公约秘书处提供的资料中表明2010年5月上海世博会期间将举办相应的活动，但我目前尚未在网络上检索到来自中国政府部门和NGO组织关于2010国际生物多样性年的活动方案。好像有新闻说环保部跟一些NGO开了个会，我不知道为何只找NGO开会，另外其他具有重要科普功能的博物馆、科研和教育单位好像还没有动静。我觉得这些单位更应该多去宣传保护生物多样性。 其实，作为人类的一个个体，我们也应该能为保护生物多样性做些什么，并且能轻而易举的做出自己的贡献。比如，广州的各位不要再吃珍稀野生动物（我没有地域偏见，只是广州人在吃珍稀动物方面也走在了全国前列），我们平时少吃点肉类（肉食比素食消耗更多的资源），节约用纸和燃气，少开点私家车，少破坏污染身边的环境等等。其实，由于人类生活与生物多样性关系太密切，只要我们能够压制一点点的消费欲望，都是对保护生物多样性的贡献。另外，多去了解并宣传生物多样性，也是重要的贡献。 就我自己来说，我打算2010年多写些介绍生物多样性的博文，还打算建议一些博物馆开展相应的活动（当然前提是这些博物馆尚没有此计划）并积极参与，还打算趁野外考察的时候多收集生物多样性并感受大自然，还打算跟我的朋友及碰到的人更多的谈论生物多样性及生物多样性年。 很多事情上，大多中国人都有做的热情，但缺少做的勇气，更害怕别人的言论。不过，我觉得在公益事业上应该每个人都要敢于做的更多。对于跟我们生活一点都脱不了干系的生物多样性保护，正如联合国提倡的那样：让我们行动起来！ 当我写这些文字的时候，联合国2010国际生物多样性年的启动仪式应该正在德国柏林举行（柏林当地时间1月11日上午11点开始，即北京时间1月11日下午18点）；当我写完这些文字的时候，BBC于格林尼治时间14:47（GMT, Monday, 11 January 2010，北京时间22：47）在其网站发布了新闻报道说 The UN has launched the International Year of Biodiversity ，德国总理Angela Merkel 和联合国环境规划署执行主任Achim Steiner在启动仪式上共同呼吁加强保护地球上的生物多样性。从今天起，国际生物多样性年正式启动。
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