问： 如何才能发现 Idea ？ 答： 曹冲称象的故事大家耳闻能详，假如直接称大象，当时的技术条件达不到，但是利用大船的沉浮情况将大象的重量转换为一块块石头的重量，这个是可行的。这说明曹冲是一个聪明的孩子，首先他有联想能力，将舰船的沉浮和称的上下关联起来，举一反三。其次，他有逻辑判断能力，大象有重量，石头也有重量，两者可以等价。最后，具有抽象能力，将大象分解为众多石头，将众多石头组成为大象，以石替象，以石测象的。但是还少了最后一步，理论升华或者理论敏感性。 阿基米德的例子大家应该也熟悉，阿基米德通过称王冠来判断工匠是否偷梁换柱，最后将现象升华，归纳为定理，即阿基米德定理。 曹冲和阿基米德都根据问题，形成了想法，把实际问题解决了，但是曹冲停留在某一实际问题的解决上（当然他还是个孩子，已经很不错了，这里只是引申），把问题解决了，但是没有像阿基米德一样“打破砂锅问到底”的探索精神，从理论上面升华，并总结出一套规律或者定理来。 所以，需要有“始”有“终”，这个“始”就是发现问题解决问题的起始，曹冲和阿基米德都在想解决问题的方法，就是假定这个问题可以解决，这是很关键的思路，这是非常正向积极的想法，否则一想做不出或者不可能做出就没有后面的过程了，这是起始，即正向思维。这个“终”就是还需要后面一个步骤，就是理论升华或者理论挖掘。 以上两个例子说明 Idea 的形成需要基本培养五种能力：正向思维能力、联想能力、逻辑判断能力、抽象思维、理论敏感能力。以上这五种能力始于眼力或者思维的敏锐，就像画家取景、鉴宝家鉴定般。 科学研究中必须要有自己的、个性化的 Idea ，否则就是重复劳动，就是复制或者模仿，而不是创新或者创造。 Idea 的发现需要探索，需要摸索，就像“众里寻他千百度。蓦然回首，那人却在，灯火阑珊处”。 Idea 的发现不是一蹴而就的，需要具备前面的五种能力。 可以由某个理论内部的逻辑矛盾提出疑问或者问题；可以由理论结构上不符合简单性与普遍性的要求而提出疑问或问题；可以由现有理论与经验事实之间的矛盾而提出疑问和问题；对经验事实未能作出统一的理论说明而提出疑问或问题；由理论现有的实际应用与现有技术条件的矛盾而提出疑问或问题；由不同的理论体系之间的矛盾而提出疑问和问题。 Idea 需要青年学者要依靠自己摸索和探索，否则最富创造力的年华会逐渐逝去，时不待我。 Idea 的探索也是思维方式的探索过程，这是一个哲学问题，也是每一个青年学者需要面对和跨越的问题。这需要跨学科跨领域思维融合，学科领域的融合可以打通视角、认知的壁垒，丰富研究者的认知体系，可以极大地增强了研究和解决复杂问题的能力。 发现不同的问题，会有不同的研究方法，科学研究既没有一成不变的方法，也没有万无一失的共同模式，但它讲究方法。科研方法的训练需要关注于锻炼培养人们要有活的学问和知识，“为有活水源头来”。要把知识和学问变成活的，变成价值化和行动化，赋予其生命力，这也是我研究的“知识动员”，这就要靠思想活动，思考假说和解决问题的途径，这种有意识的思考活动，正是研究者一直需要培养和沉淀的。有意识的思想是要长久积淀的，要形成自己合乎自身研究方向和逻辑发展的治学理念、话语体系、价值导向、人格素养，那是需要潜心静气、心无旁骛、深入思考，是要坐“十年冷板凳”的。 为了提升自己的 Idea 意识，作为一个科研工作者，需要有意识地训练自己的眼界、眼力、思维或者功力，就像著名物理学家、诺贝尔物理学奖获得者李政道认为：“科学与艺术是一个硬币的两面，是一个统一体；工作与生活也是一个人的两个面，也是一个统一体。为了使自己心情愉快，松弛一下紧张的工作，我有时间就喜欢画画，听听音乐，读读文章”。我在调整一下：“科学与艺术是一个硬币的两个面，是统一体。为了提升意识驰骋和思想自由，我去创作诗词歌赋、写随笔，锻炼自己的写作能力、遣词造句能力、想象能力等，并将其反哺到科研工作中，提升自己的写作能力、词句推敲能力、逻辑推敲能力、结构推敲能力、理论敏感性、理论及方法创新能力等”。正如：“有匪科研，如切如磋，如琢如磨。” 一般而言，艺术需要“感时花溅泪，恨别鸟惊心”，而科学需要“行到水穷处，坐看云起时”。科学要遵循规律，符合逻辑和事实，而艺术重灵感，重形象思维。两者都是对于已知世界和未知世界的探索和追求，都需要观察、分析、深入思考和创造的想象力。 我认为：文学艺术就是作者思想加密的语言，科学就是作者思想解密的语言。而 Idea 的发现、探索、探究、分析、研究等需要这种加密和解密的融合。 注：从学校图书馆借阅周立伟著《情系科研》有感 周立伟 著 . 情系科研 . 北京理工大学出版社 ,2016.06, 第一版 .
Brief Introduction to Extenics http://web.gdut.edu.cn/~extenics/Introduction%20to%20Extenics/Breaking%20New%20Ground.html 1.What is Extenics going to do? There are kinds of contradictory problems in the real world. For example, a scale to weigh an elephant weighing several tons with a capacity of 200 kilograms; police needed to crack complicated cases with a little bit of information; inventors needed to design complex new production with small amounts of functionalrequirements; connecting the systems of Left-hand traffic and right-hand traffic;…These problems can be found everywhere in people’s life and work. Human society is developing the solution to all kinds of contradictory problems. ■Contradictory Problems One day somebody sent Cao Cao, the governor of Wei, an elephant．Cao Cao wanted to know its weight，but there was nothing big enough to weigh it on．Cao Chong told his father he could weigh the elephant if he had a big boat and heavy stones．Cao Cao and his subordinate were very surprised，but still he ordered his men to get everything ready．When they led the elephant down into the boat，the water came up，then Cao Chong marked the line of water．Then they drove the elephant onto the bank and put the heavy stones in the boat until the water came up to the same line．At last，Cao Chong told the men to weigh those stones．In this way，he got the weight of the elephant． Can you come up with a smarter solution? In HongKong, cars aredrivenon theleft , while cars are driven on the right in Mainland China. Traffic collision must be happened if we connected the two into one. Can you find a way to avoid traffic collision？ ■ In the past, smart people thought hard to find solutions to contradictory problems. Well then, are there any rules to solve contradictory problems? Can we find a set of methods? Can we generate ideas of solving contradictory problems according to certain procedure? Can computers and internet help any way? From 1976, Chinese scholar Cai Wen set about studying how to deal with contradictory problems. He hoped that, through the research, the creation of solving contradictory problems can be generated according to certain rules and procedure rather than people’s inspiration. Ideas can be generated—we can generate a batch of creative solution, including conception of all kinds of new products, projects and technology, by taking advantage of computers’ high speed and large storage capacity. 2. What have the researchers of Extenics done in the past 28 years? Built the Extension Theory System From 1976, Cai Wen set about studying the basic theory and methods for dealing with incompatible problems. The paper " Extension set and incompatible problem", published in 1983, marked the birth of new science Extenics. Now, a research team has been formed with the efforts for more than 20 years Built the preliminary theory system for solving contradictory problems Extension Theory Built the new method system——Extension Innovative method System （1）Extension Analysis Method （2）Conjugate Analysis Method （3）Extension Transformation Method （4）Extension Set Method （5）Excellent Degree Evaluation Method （6）Extension Innovative Generation Method Carried out application in computer science, design, management, control and detection, etc, developed the Extension software for strategy generation—called Extension Engineering. Developed intelligent system for thinking ideas and methods—Extension Strategy Eeneration Method and Extension Data Mining Method Studies Based on Application in Management -- Extension Marketing、Extension Planning、Extension Decision Studies Based on Application of Extenics in the field of design—Extension Design Studies Based on Application of Extenics in the field of control and detection -- Extension Control、Extension Detecting Extenics=Extension Theory＋Extension Method＋Extension Engineering 3.The Definition of Extenics Extenics is such a science that it uses formal model to research the extension possibility of things, the rules and methods of innovation, and applies all of them to solve contradictory problems. In a word, Extenics studies the theories and methods of innovation and has become the theoretical foundation and method source for innovation and creation. The research objective of Exenics is contradictory problems. Its basic theory is Extension Theory, its method system is Extension Method (also called Extension Innovative Method cause it’s particularly applicable to innovation), its basic logic is Extension Logic. And the integration of Extenics with other fields formed the Extension Engineering. Extenics is made up of Extension Theory, Extension Innovative Method and Extension Engineering The disciplinary framework of Extenics: http://web.gdut.edu.cn/~extenics/Introduction%20to%20Extenics/Breaking%20New%20Ground.html *今年，是可拓学创立卅周年，为此，由中国、美国、罗马尼亚、英国、 法国、日本、印度、澳大利亚和德国等国家的教授筹备在2013年8月16-18日 于北京召开首届“可拓学与创新方法国际研讨会”，会上将组织“可拓学创 立卅周年庆祝活动”。这里，将陆续发表 30 年来有关可拓学的资料。 (有关可拓学的详细资料请浏览中国人工智能学会可拓工程专业委员会和广东工业大学可拓学与创新方法研究所的可拓学主页 http://www.extenics.com/ 或 http://web.gdut.edu.cn/~extenics/ )
标签: 曹冲称象
