检索时间：2011-12-26 9,807 Documents that cite: Set feed 文献引用 Turner R. Intensive blood-glucose control with sulphonylureas or insulin compared with conventional treatment and risk of complications in patients with type 2 diabetes (UKPDS 33) (1998) Lancet ,352(9131),pp.837-853. 349 Web pages that cite: 网络引用 Covered web sources: University repositories (e.g. MIT, DiVA, Caltech), theses dissertations. Web results brought to you by: for scientific information only 87 Patents that cite: 专利引用 Covered patent sources: US and European Patent offices, World Intellectual Property Organization. For more in-depth patent information click here: http://www.scopus.com/record/display.url?eid=2-s2.0-0032511583origin=resultslistsort=r-fcite=2-s2.0-0032511583src=pnlo=nlr=nls=imp=tsid=p2I6nlBhdhtkRZhOTxlpHxu%3a130sot=citesdt=asl=0 http://www.thelancet.com/ Most cited in The Lancet since 1996 1. Intensive blood-glucose control with sulphonylureas or insulin compared with conventional treatment and risk of complications in patients with type 2 diabetes (UKPDS 33) Research (1998) Lancet 352 (9131), pp. 837-853 Full text | PDF | Cited 9,378 times 还有这四篇大牛文 2. MRC/BHF Heart Protection Study of cholesterol lowering with simvastatin in 20 536 high-risk individuals: A randomised placebo-controlled trial Research (2002) Lancet 360 (9326), pp. 7-22 Full text | PDF | Cited 4,592 times 3. Effects of intensive blood-pressure lowering and low-dose aspirin in patients with hypertension: Principal results of the Hypertension Optimal Treatment (HOT) randomised trial Research (1998) Lancet 351 (9118), pp. 1755-1762 Full text | PDF | Cited 3,643 times 4. Peginterferon alfa-2b plus ribavirin compared with interferonalfa-2b plus ribavirin for initial treatment of chronic hepatitis C: A randomised trial Research (2001) Lancet 358 (9286), pp. 958-965 Full text | PDF | Cited 3,604 times 5. A randomised, blinded, trial of clopidogrel versus aspirin in patients at risk of ischaemic events (CAPRIE) Research (1996) Lancet 348 (9038), pp. 1329-1339 Full text | PDF | Cited 3,404 times
今年，cell杂志共发表447篇论文，中国科学家只有4篇，2010年3篇，2009年最多为8篇。太少啦，还需要继续努力。 Cell 2011年H指数 485 Top Years Publications 2009 8 2005 5 2011 4 2007 4 2010 3 2008 2 2006 2 2003 1 Top Countries Publications China 29 Sweden 1 Top Cities Publications Beijing, China 14 Shanghai, China 10 Tianjin, China 1 Gothenburg 1 Harbin 1 Guangzhou 1 Zhongxing 1 447 documents semantically analyzed Top Years Publications 2011 447 1 2 Top Countries Publications USA 318 Germany 28 United Kingdom 21 Canada 12 Switzerland 12 France 10 Japan 8 Netherlands 6 Italy 6 China 4 Israel 4 Austria 3 Spain 3 Australia 3 Sweden 1 Norway 1 Singapore 1 Ireland 1 Taiwan 1 South Korea 1 1 2 1 2 3 ... 6 Top Cities Publications New York City 48 Boston 40 Cambridge, USA 28 Stanford 17 Los Angeles 16 San Diego 16 Baltimore 16 San Francisco 15 Berkeley 13 Bethesda 13 Cambridge 9 Houston 8 Lausanne 8 New Haven 8 Toronto 7 London 7 Philadelphia 7 Heidelberg 6 Dresden 5 Paris 4 1 2 3 ... 6 Top Journals Publications Cell 447 1 2 3 ... 193 Top Terms Publications Proteins 154 Animals 114 Genes 112 Mice 94 Humans 92 signal transduction 79 Genomics 64 Genome 64 DNA 56 Stem Cells 46 stem cell development 43 stem cell differentiation 43 Mutation 42 gene expression 40 Neurons 39 Transcription Factors 39 Phosphotransferases 39 Neoplasms 39 Chromosomes 38 Membranes 38 1 2 3 ... 193 Top Authors Publications unknown 3 Howard J 1 Kempermann G 1 Jülicher F 1 Hyman A 1 publications over time Weaving the Web of ER Tubules. PMID: 22153070 Related Articles Authors: Hu, Junjie , Prinz, William A , Rapoport, Tom A Journal: Cell , Vol. 147 (6): 1226-31 , 2011 Abstract: How is the characteristic shape of an organelle generated? Recent work has provided insight intohow the tubular network of the endoplasmic reticulum ( ER ) is formed. The tubules themselves are shaped by the reticulons and DP1 /Yop1p, whereas their fusion into a network is brought about by membrane-bound GTPases that include the atlastins, Sey1p, and RHD3. Affiliation: Department of Genetics and Cell Biology, College of Life Sciences, and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Protein Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China . Wikipedia: Endoplasmic Reticulum , Ergastoplasm , GTPase , Organelle Protein: DP1 Order related Antibodies online: E2F-related transcription factor , receptor accessory protein 5 , transglutaminase-4 Title: Segregation of protein aggregates involves actin and the polarity machinery. PMID: 22118450 Related Articles Authors: Liu, Beidong , Larsson, Lisa , Franssens, Vanessa , Hao, Xinxin , Hill, Sandra Malmgren , Andersson, Veronica , Hglund, Daniel , Song, Jia , Yang, Xiaoxue , Oling, David , Grantham, Julie , Winderickx, Joris , Nystrm, Thomas Journal: Cell , Vol. 147 (5): 959-61 , 2011 No abstract given. Affiliation: Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, Medicinaregatan 9C, 413 90 Gteborg , Sweden ; Department of Life Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China . Wikipedia: Actin , Ageism , Alpha-actin , Beta-actin , F-actin , F actin , G-actin , G actin , Gender bias , Prejudice , Proteins , Racism , Segregation , Sex Discrimination , Sexism , Social discrimination Protein: actin Title: Activation of STAT6 by STING is critical for antiviral innate immunity . PMID: 22000020 Related Articles Authors: Chen, Huihui , Sun, Hui , You, Fuping , Sun, Wenxiang , Zhou, Xiang , Chen, Lu , Yang, Jing , Wang, Yutao , Tang, Hong , Guan, Yukun , Xia, Weiwei , Gu, Jun , Ishikawa, Hiroki , Gutman, Delia , Barber, Glen , Qin, Zhihai , Jiang, Zhengfan Journal: Cell , Vol. 147 (2): 436-46 , 2011 Abstract: STAT6 plays a prominent role in adaptive immunity by transducing signals from extracellular cytokines . We now show that STAT6 is required for innate immune signaling in response to virus infection . Viruses or cytoplasmic nucleic acids trigger STING (also named MITA / ERIS ) to recruit STAT6 to the endoplasmic reticulum , leading to STAT6 phosphorylation on Ser(407) by TBK1 and Tyr(641), independent of JAKs. Phosphorylated STAT6 then dimerizes and translocates to the nucleus to induce specific target genes responsible for immune cell homing. Virus-induced STAT6 activation is detected in all cell-types tested, in contrast to the cell-type specific role of STAT6 in cytokine signaling , and Stat6(-/-) mice are susceptible to virus infection . Thus, STAT6 mediates immune signaling in response to both cytokines at the plasma membrane , and virus infection at the endoplasmic reticulum . Affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing , China . Wikipedia: Animal virus , Antiviral agents , Antiviral drugs , Antivirals , Cell Membrane , Cell membranes , Cistron , Cytokines , Cytoplasm , Cytoplasmic membrane , Dimerization , Disease resistance , Endoplasmic Reticulum , Ergastoplasm , Gene , Genetic material , House Mouse , House mice , Immunity , Immunization , Innate immunity , Laboratory mice , Laboratory mouse , Membrane , Mice , Mouse , Mus , Mus domesticus , Mus musculus , Mus musculus domesticus , Native immunity , Natural immunity , Non-specific immunity , Nucleic Acids , Phosphorylation , Plasma membrane , Protoplasm , Transducer , Variolation , Virus Proteins: STAT6 , STING , TBK1 , ERIS Order related Antibodies online: CDGSH iron sulfur domain-containing protein 2 , signal transducer and activator of transcription 6, interleukin-4 induced , TANK-binding kinase 1 Title: Beclin1 controls the levels of p53 by regulating the deubiquitination activity of USP10 and USP13 . PMID: 21962518 Related Articles Authors: Liu, Junli , Xia, Hongguang , Kim, Minsu , Xu, Lihua , Li, Ying , Zhang, Lihong , Cai, Yu , Norberg, Helin Vakifahmetoglu , Zhang, Tao , Furuya, Tsuyoshi , Jin, Minzhi , Zhu, Zhimin , Wang, Huanchen , Yu, Jia , Li, Yanxia , Hao, Yan , Choi, Augustine , Ke, Hengming , Ma, Dawei , Yuan, Junying Journal: Cell , Vol. 147 (1): 223-34 , 2011 Abstract: Autophagy is an important intracellular catabolic mechanism that mediates the degradation of cytoplasmic proteins and organelles . We report a potent small molecule inhibitor of autophagy named "spautin-1" for specific and potent autophagy inhibitor-1. Spautin-1 promotes the degradation of Vps34 PI3 kinase complexes by inhibiting two ubiquitin -specific peptidases , USP10 and USP13 , that target the Beclin1 subunit of Vps34 complexes. Beclin1 is a tumor suppressor and frequently monoallelically lost in human cancers. Interestingly, Beclin1 also controls the protein stabilities of USP10 and USP13 by regulating their deubiquitinating activities . Since USP10 mediates the deubiquitination of p53 , regulating deubiquitination activity of USP10 and USP13 by Beclin1 provides a mechanism for Beclin1 to control the levels of p53 . Our study provides a molecular mechanism involving protein deubiquitination that connects two important tumor suppressors , p53 and Beclin1 , and a potent small molecule inhibitor of autophagy as a possible lead compound for developing anticancer drugs . Affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Bioorganic and Natural Products Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 354 Fenglin Lu, Shanghai 200032, China . Wikipedia: 1-phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase , Autophagocytosis , Autophagy , Benign neoplasm , Cancer , Cellular autophagy , Cytoplasm , Drugs , Kinase , Neoplasm , Organelle , PI-3K , PI-3 kinase , PI3 Kinase , PI 3-kinase , PI 3 kinase , Peptide hydrolases , Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase , Phosphotransferases , Proteases , Proteins , Proteolytic enzymes , Protoplasm , Tumor Proteins: USP13 , p53 , USP10 , Beclin1 , PI3 kinase , Vps34 , ubiquitin Order related Antibodies online: coiled-coil myosin-like BCL2-interacting protein , phosphoinositide-3-kinase, class 3 , polyprotein precursor , tumor protein p53 , ubiquitin B , ubiquitin carboxyl-terminal hydrolase 10 , ubiquitin carboxyl-terminal hydrolase 13 , ubiquitin specific protease 32
今年，中国科学家大大的丰收了，发表了23篇科学论文，但还没有超过2004年的25篇，明年继续努力。 Nature 2011年H指数 698 163 documents semantically analyzed Top Years Publications 2004 25 2011 23 2009 20 2008 15 2002 14 2005 12 2001 12 2006 11 2003 7 2007 6 2000 5 2010 4 1999 3 1997 1 1994 1 1995 1 1988 1 1990 1 1992 1 Top Countries Publications China 163 USA 1 1 2 Top Cities Publications Beijing, China 87 Shanghai, China 13 Nanjing 13 Hefei 7 Xi'an 6 Shenzhen 4 Guangzhou 3 Wuhan 2 Shenyang 2 Dalian 2 Hangzhou 2 Kunming 2 Shantou 2 Philadelphia 1 Linyi 1 Pingyi 1 Changchun 1 Guiyang 1 Zhengzhou 1 Jieyang 1 1 2 Top Journals Publications Nature 163 1 2 3 ... 73 Top Terms Publications Animals 85 China 84 Phylogeny 35 Evolution 32 Dinosaurs 25 Humans 24 Asian Continental Ancestry Group 21 Time Factors 20 Skull 20 Birds 19 Proteins 17 Character 16 Vertebrates 15 Genes 14 Skeleton 14 Temperature 13 Probability 13 Nature 12 Models, Molecular 12 Climate 12 1 2 3 ... 73 1 2 3 ... 56 Top Authors Publications Xu X 9 Zhou Z 9 Wang X 8 Zhu M 6 Norell M 6 Wang Y 5 Ji Q 5 Zhao W 4 Zhang F 4 Shu D 4 Han J 4 Yue X 3 Zhao Q 3 Luo Z 3 Hu Y 3 Li J 3 Li Y 3 Ji S 3 Cheng Y 3 Ahlberg P 3 1 2 3 ... 56 publications over time Title: Cysteine methylation disrupts ubiquitin -chain sensing in NF-κB activation. PMID: 22158122 Related Articles Authors: Zhang, Li , Ding, Xiaojun , Cui, Jixin , Xu, Hao , Chen, Jing , Gong, Yi-Nan , Hu, Liyan , Zhou, Yan , Ge, Jianning , Lu, Qiuhe , Liu, Liping , Chen, She , Shao, Feng Journal: Nature , 2011 Abstract: NF-κB is crucial for innate immune defence against microbial infection. Inhibition of NF-κB signalling has been observed with various bacterial infections . The NF-κB pathway critically requires multiple ubiquitin -chain signals of different natures . The question of whether ubiquitin -chain signalling and its specificity in NF-κB activation are regulated during infection, and how this regulation takes place, has not been explored. Here we show that human TAB2 and TAB3, ubiquitin-chain sensory proteins involved in NF-κB signalling , are directly inactivated by enteropathogenic Escherichia coli NleE, a conserved bacterial type-III-secreted effector responsible for blocking host NF-κB signalling . NleE harboured an unprecedented S-adenosyl-l-methionine-dependent methyltransferase activity that specifically modified a zinc-coordinating cysteine in the Npl4 zinc finger (NZF) domains in TAB2 and TAB3 . Cysteine-methylated TAB2 - NZF and TAB3 - NZF (truncated proteins only comprising the NZF domain) lost the zinc ion as well as the ubiquitin -chain binding activity. Ectopically expressed or type-III-secretion-system-delivered NleE methylated TAB2 and TAB3 in host cells and diminished their ubiquitin -chain binding activity. Replacement of the NZF domain of TAB3 with the NleE methylation-insensitive Npl4 NZF domain resulted in NleE-resistant NF-κB activation. Given the prevalence of zinc-finger motifs and activation of cysteine thiol by zinc binding , methylation of zinc-finger cysteine might regulate other eukaryotic pathways in addition to NF-κB signalling . Affiliation: 1] Graduate Program in Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing 102206, China . Wikipedia: Bacterial Infections , Bacterial infection , Cysteine , Cysteine catabolism , Cysteine hydrochloride , Cysteine metabolism , DAEC , Disease resistance , EAEC , EIEC , EPEC , E Coli , Enteroinvasive Escherichia coli , Enteropathogenic E. coli , Escherichia , Escherichia Coli , Immunity , Immunization , Innate immunity , Ions , L-Cysteine , Mercaptans , Methylation , Methyltransferases , Native immunity , Natural immunity , Nature , Non-specific immunity , Prevalence , Proteins , Sensitivity , Sensitivity and specificity , Specificity , Specificity and sensitivity , Sulfhydryl compounds , Thiols , Variolation , Zinc , Zinc finger , Zinc metabolism Proteins: ubiquitin , Npl4 , NZF , TAB3 , S-adenosyl-l-methionine-dependent methyltransferase , TAB2 Order related Antibodies online: mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase 7-interacting protein 2 , PHD finger protein 20 , TAK1-binding protein 3 , ubiquitin B Title: Frictional ageing from interfacial bonding and the origins of rate and state friction . PMID: 22139421 Related Articles Authors: Li, Qunyang , Tullis, Terry E , Goldsby, David , Carpick, Robert W Journal: Nature , 2011 Abstract: Earthquakes have long been recognized as being the result of stick-slip frictional instabilities. Over the past few decades, laboratory studies of rock friction have elucidated many aspects of tectonic fault zone processes and earthquake phenomena. Typically, the static friction of rocks grows logarithmically with time when they are held in stationary contact, but the mechanism responsible for this strengthening is not understood. This time-dependent increase of frictional strength, or frictional ageing, is one manifestation of the ' evolution effect' in rate and state friction theory. A prevailing view is that the time dependence of rock friction results from increases in contact area caused by creep of contacting asperities. Here we present the results of atomic force microscopy experiments that instead show that frictional ageing arises from the formation of interfacial chemical bonds, and the large magnitude of ageing at the nanometre scale is quantitatively consistent with what is required to explain observations in macroscopic rock friction experiments. The relative magnitude of the evolution effect compared with that of the 'direct effect'-the dependence of friction on instantaneous changes in slip velocity-determine whether unstable slip, leading to earthquakes , is possible. Understanding the mechanism underlying the evolution effect would enable us to formulate physically based frictional constitutive laws, rather than the current empirically based 'laws', allowing more confident extrapolation to natural faults. Affiliation: 1] Department of Mechanical Engineering and Applied Mechanics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia , Pennsylvania 19104, USA School of Aerospace, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China . Wikipedia: Atomic Force Microscopy , Drought , Earthquake , Evolution , Flood , Friction , Hurricane , Laboratories , Laboratory , Microscopy , Natural Disaster , Nature , Physic , Scanning force microscopy , Tornado Title: Fundamental limits of 'ankylography' due to dimensional deficiency. PMID: 22129732 Related Articles Authors: Wei, Haiqing Journal: Nature , Vol. 480 (7375): E1 , 2011 No abstract given. Affiliation: Ambow Research Institute, Ambow Education Group, Beijing 100088, China . davidhwei@yahoo.com Title: Evidence for an oxygen-depleted liquid outer core of the Earth. PMID: 22113693 Related Articles Authors: Huang, Haijun , Fei, Yingwei , Cai, Lingcang , Jing, Fuqian , Hu, Xiaojun , Xie, Hongsen , Zhang, Lianmeng , Gong, Zizheng Journal: Nature , Vol. 479 (7374): 513-6 , 2011 Abstract: On the basis of geophysical observations, cosmochemical constraints, and high-pressure experimental data, the Earth's liquid outer core consists of mainly liquid iron alloyed with about ten per cent (by weight) of light elements. Although the concentrations of the light elements are small, they nevertheless affect the Earth's core: its rate of cooling, the growth of the inner core, the dynamics of core convection , and the evolution of the geodynamo. Several light elements-including sulphur, oxygen , silicon , carbon and hydrogen-have been suggested, but the precise identity of the light elements in the Earth's core is still unclear. Oxygen has been proposed as a major light element in the core on the basis of cosmochemical arguments and chemical reactions during accretion. Its presence in the core has direct implications for Earth accretion conditions of oxidation state, pressure and temperature . Here we report new shockwave data in the Fe-S-O system that are directly applicable to the outer core. The data include both density and sound velocity measurements, which we compare with the observed density and velocity profiles of the liquid outer core. The results show that we can rule out oxygen as a major light element in the liquid outer core because adding oxygen into liquid iron would not reproduce simultaneously the observed density and sound velocity profiles of the outer core. An oxygen-depleted core would imply a more reduced environment during early Earth accretion. Affiliation: School of Sciences, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan , Hubei 430070, China . Wikipedia: Alloy , Convection , Dioxygen , Environment , Environmental Impact , Environmental Policy , Environmental impacts , Environmental policies , Evolution , Oxides , Oxygen , Oxygen metabolism , Oxygenator , Pressure , Silicon , Silicone , Temperature Title: Geometrical enhancement of low-field magnetoresistance in silicon . PMID: 21921912 Related Articles Authors: Wan, Caihua , Zhang, Xiaozhong , Gao, Xili , Wang, Jimin , Tan, Xinyu Journal: Nature , Vol. 477 (7364): 304-7 , 2011 Abstract: Inhomogeneity-induced magnetoresistance (IMR) reported in some non-magnetic semiconductors , particularly silicon , has generated considerable interest owing to the large magnitude of the effect and its linear field dependence (albeit at high magnetic fields ). Various theories implicate spatial variation of the carrier mobility as being responsible for IMR. Here we show that IMR in lightly doped silicon can be significantly enhanced through hole injection, and then tuned by an applied current to arise at low magnetic fields . In our devices , the 'inhomogeneity' is provided by the p-n boundary formed between regions where conduction is dominated by the minority and majority charge carriers (holes and electrons ) respectively; application of a magnetic field distorts the current in the boundary region, resulting in large magnetoresistance. Because this is an intrinsically spatial effect, the geometry of the device can be used to enhance IMR further: we designed an IMR device whose room-temperature field sensitivity at low fields was greatly improved, with magnetoresistance reaching 10% at 0.07 T and 100% at 0.2 T, approaching the performance of commercial giant-magnetoresistance devices . The combination of high sensitivity to low magnetic fields and large high-field response should make this device concept attractive to the magnetic-field sensing industry . Moreover, because our device is based on a conventional silicon platform, it should be possible to integrate it with existing silicon devices and so aid the development of silicon-based magnetoelectronics. Affiliation: Laboratory of Advanced Materials, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China . Wikipedia: Charge , Device , Electron , Electronic , Equipment , Fee , IndustrY , Industrialization , Industries , Inventories , Inventory , Magnetoception , Magnetoreception , Medical device , Minor , Negatron , Positron , Remuneration , Semiconductor , Silicon , Silicone , Supplies , Tertiary sector Title: The NLRC4 inflammasome receptors for bacterial flagellin and type III secretion apparatus. PMID: 21918512 Related Articles Authors: Zhao, Yue , Yang, Jieling , Shi, Jianjin , Gong, Yi-Nan , Lu, Qiuhe , Xu, Hao , Liu, Liping , Shao, Feng Journal: Nature , Vol. 477 (7366): 596-600 , 2011 Abstract: Inflammasomes are large cytoplasmic complexes that sense microbial infections/danger molecules and induce caspase-1 activation-dependent cytokine production and macrophage inflammatory death. The inflammasome assembled by the NOD -like receptor ( NLR ) protein NLRC4 responds to bacterial flagellin and a conserved type III secretion system ( TTSS ) rod component. How the NLRC4 inflammasome detects the two bacterial products and the molecular mechanism of NLRC4 inflammasome activation are not understood. Here we show that NAIP5 , a BIR -domain NLR protein required for Legionella pneumophila replication in mouse macrophages , is a universal component of the flagellin - NLRC4 pathway. NAIP5 directly and specifically interacted with flagellin , which determined the inflammasome-stimulation activities of different bacterial flagellins . NAIP5 engagement by flagellin promoted a physical NAIP5 -NLRC4 association, rendering full reconstitution of a flagellin -responsive NLRC4 inflammasome in non-macrophage cells. The related NAIP2 functioned analogously to NAIP5 , serving as a specific inflammasome receptor for TTSS rod proteins such as Salmonella PrgJ and Burkholderia BsaK. Genetic analysis of Chromobacterium violaceum infection revealed that the TTSS needle protein CprI can stimulate NLRC4 inflammasome activation in human macrophages . Similarly, CprI is specifically recognized by human NAIP , the sole NAIP family member in human. The finding that NAIP proteins are inflammasome receptors for bacterial flagellin and TTSS apparatus components further predicts that the remaining NAIP family members may recognize other unidentified microbial products to activate NLRC4 inflammasome-mediated innate immunity . Affiliation: Graduate Program in Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China . Wikipedia: Burkholderia , Chromobacterium , Cytokines , Cytoplasm , Data collection , Data source , Disease resistance , Extended families , Extended family , Families , Family , Filiation , Flagellin , House Mouse , House mice , Immunity , Immunization , Innate immunity , Laboratory mice , Laboratory mouse , Legionella , Legionella pneumophila , Macrophage , Mice , Mouse , Mus , Mus domesticus , Mus musculus , Mus musculus domesticus , Native immunity , Natural immunity , Needle , Neuronal apoptosis-inhibitory protein , Non-specific immunity , Physic , Proteins , Protoplasm , Reconstituted Families , Reconstituted family , Relatives , Respondent , Salmonella , Stepfamilies , Stepfamily , Survey , Survey Methodology , Variolation Proteins: flagellin , NLRC4 , NAIP2 , NOD , caspase-1 , NAIP5 , PrgJ , CprI , NAIP , BIR , NLR Order related Antibodies online: baculoviral IAP repeat-containing 1 , bradykinin receptor B1 , Burkitt lymphoma receptor 1, GTP-binding protein , caspase recruitment domain family, member 12 , caspase-1 , potassium inwardly-rectifying channel, subfamily J, member 11 Title: The role of Tet3 DNA dioxygenase in epigenetic reprogramming by oocytes . PMID: 21892189 Related Articles Authors: Gu, Tian-Peng , Guo, Fan , Yang, Hui , Wu, Hai-Ping , Xu, Gui-Fang , Liu, Wei , Xie, Zhi-Guo , Shi, Linyu , He, Xinyi , Jin, Seung-gi , Iqbal, Khursheed , Shi, Yujiang Geno , Deng, Zixin , Szabó, Piroska E , Pfeifer, Gerd P , Li, Jinsong , Xu, Guo-Liang Journal: Nature , Vol. 477 (7366): 606-10 , 2011 Abstract: Sperm and eggs carry distinctive epigenetic modifications that are adjusted by reprogramming after fertilization . The paternal genome in a zygote undergoes active DNA demethylation before the first mitosis . The biological significance and mechanisms of this paternal epigenome remodelling have remained unclear. Here we report that, within mouse zygotes , oxidation of 5-methylcytosine (5mC) occurs on the paternal genome , changing 5mC into 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5hmC). Furthermore, we demonstrate that the dioxygenase Tet3 (ref. 5) is enriched specifically in the male pronucleus . In Tet3-deficient zygotes from conditional knockout mice , paternal-genome conversion of 5mC into 5hmC fails to occur and the level of 5mC remains constant. Deficiency of Tet3 also impedes the demethylation process of the paternal Oct4 and Nanog genes and delays the subsequent activation of a paternally derived Oct4 transgene in early embryos. Female mice depleted of Tet3 in the germ line show severely reduced fecundity and their heterozygous mutant offspring lacking maternal Tet3 suffer an increased incidence of developmental failure. Oocytes lacking Tet3 also seem to have a reduced ability to reprogram the injected nuclei from somatic cells. Therefore, Tet3 -mediated DNA hydroxylation is involved in epigenetic reprogramming of the zygotic paternal DNA following natural fertilization and may also contribute to somatic cell nuclear reprogramming during animal cloning. Affiliation: Group of DNA Metabolism, The State Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China . Wikipedia: 5-Methylcytosine , Animal , Animalia , B-DNA , Cistron , Conception , DNA , Deoxyribonucleic Acid , Dioxygenases , Double-stranded DNA , Electric impedance , Electric resistance , Electrical Resistance , Electrical impedance , Fecundity , Fertility , Fertilization , Fertilized egg , Fertilizers , Gamete , Gene , Genetic material , Genome , Genomics , Germ cell , Germ line , House Mouse , House mice , Hydroxylation , Impedance , Incidence , Injectable , Injection , Knock-out mice , Knockout mice , Knockout mouse , Laboratory mice , Laboratory mouse , Mice , Mitoses , Mitosis , Mouse , Mus , Mus domesticus , Mus musculus , Mus musculus domesticus , Natural fertility , Nature , Oocyte , Ovocyte , Oxides , Paternalism , Sperm , Spermatozoa , Spermatozoon , Transgene , Zygote Protein: Tet3 Title: China 's chemists should avoid the Vanity Fair. PMID: 21850064 Related Articles Authors: Wang, Nai-Xing Journal: Nature , Vol. 476 (7360): 253 , 2011 No abstract given. Affiliation: Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing . nxwang@mail.ipc.ac.cn Wikipedia: China , Inner Mongolia , Mainland China , Manchuria , SinKiang Title: An Archaeopteryx-like theropod from China and the origin of Avialae. PMID: 21796204 Related Articles Authors: Xu, Xing , You, Hailu , Du, Kai , Han, Fenglu Journal: Nature , Vol. 475 (7357): 465-70 , 2011 Abstract: Archaeopteryx is widely accepted as being the most basal bird, and accordingly it is regarded as central to understanding avialan origins; however, recent discoveries of derived maniraptorans have weakened the avialan status of Archaeopteryx. Here we report a new Archaeopteryx-like theropod from China . This find further demonstrates that many features formerly regarded as being diagnostic of Avialae, including long and robust forelimbs , actually characterize the more inclusive group Paraves (composed of the avialans and the deinonychosaurs). Notably, adding the new taxon into a comprehensive phylogenetic analysis shifts Archaeopteryx to the Deinonychosauria. Despite only tentative statistical support, this result challenges the centrality of Archaeopteryx in the transition to birds. If this new phylogenetic hypothesis can be confirmed by further investigation, current assumptions regarding the avialan ancestral condition will need to be re-evaluated. Affiliation: College of Life Science, Linyi University, Shuangling Road, Linyi City, Shandong 276005, China . xingxu@vip.sina.com Pubmed MeSH: Animals , China , Dinosaurs , Fossils , Species Specificity Wikipedia: China , Forelimb , Inner Mongolia , Mainland China , Manchuria , SinKiang Title: Focus on quality, not just quantity. PMID: 21776039 Related Articles Authors: Peng, Changhui Journal: Nature , Vol. 475 (7356): 267 , 2011 No abstract given. Affiliation: College of Forestry, Northwest AF University, Yangling, China . peng.changhui@uqam.ca Authors: You, J Q , Nori, Franco Journal: Nature , Vol. 474 (7353): 589-97 , 2011 Abstract: Superconducting circuits based on Josephson junctions exhibit macroscopic quantum coherence and can behave like artificial atoms. Recent technological advances have made it possible to implement atomic-physics and quantum-optics experiments on a chip using these artificial atoms. This Review presents a brief overview of the progress achieved so far in this rapidly advancing field. We not only discuss phenomena analogous to those in atomic physics and quantum optics with natural atoms, but also highlight those not occurring in natural atoms. In addition, we summarize several prospective directions in this emerging interdisciplinary field. Affiliation: Department of Physics, State Key Laboratory of Surface Physics, Key Laboratory of Micro and Nano Photonic Structures Ministry of Education, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China . jqyou@fudan.edu.cn Wikipedia: Nature , Optic , Physic Title: Structural insight into brassinosteroid perception by BRI1. PMID: 21666666 Related Articles Authors: She, Ji , Han, Zhifu , Kim, Tae-Wuk , Wang, Jinjing , Cheng, Wei , Chang, Junbiao , Shi, Shuai , Wang, Jiawei , Yang, Maojun , Wang, Zhi-Yong , Chai, Jijie Journal: Nature , Vol. 474 (7352): 472-6 , 2011 Abstract: Brassinosteroids are essential phytohormones that have crucial roles in plant growth and development . Perception of brassinosteroids requires an active complex of BRASSINOSTEROID-INSENSITIVE 1 (BRI1) and BRI1-ASSOCIATED KINASE 1 ( BAK1 ). Recognized by the extracellular leucine-rich repeat ( LRR ) domain of BRI1, brassinosteroids induce a phosphorylation-mediated cascade to regulate gene expression . Here we present the crystal structures of BRI1(LRR) in free and brassinolide-bound forms. BRI1(LRR) exists as a monomer in crystals and solution independent of brassinolide. It comprises a helical solenoid structure that accommodates a separate insertion domain at its concave surface. Sandwiched between them, brassinolide binds to a hydrophobicity-dominating surface groove on BRI1(LRR). Brassinolide recognition by BRI1(LRR) is through an induced-fit mechanism involving stabilization of two interdomain loops that creates a pronounced non-polar surface groove for the hormone binding . Together, our results define the molecular mechanisms by which BRI1 recognizes brassinosteroids and provide insight into brassinosteroid-induced BRI1 activation. Affiliation: Key Laboratory for Protein Sciences of Ministry of Education School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China . Pubmed MeSH: Arabidopsis , Arabidopsis Proteins , Binding Sites , Cholestanols , Crystallography, X-Ray , Enzyme Activation , Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic Interactions , Models, Molecular , Protein Binding , Protein Folding , Protein Kinases , Protein Structure, Tertiary , Steroids, Heterocyclic , Structure-Activity Relationship , Substrate Specificity Wikipedia: Cistron , Free Will , Gene , Gene Expression , Gene activation , Gene expression regulation , Genetic material , Hormone , Perception , Personal autonomy , Phytohormones , Plant growth regulators , Plant hormones , Regulator gene , Self Determination Protein: BAK1 Order related Antibodies online: BCL2-antagonist/killer 1 Title: China needs no foreign help to feed itself. PMID: 21637215 Related Articles Authors: Gong, Peng Journal: Nature , Vol. 474 (7349): 7 , 2011 No abstract given. Affiliation: Center for Earth System Science, Tsinghua University, China . penggong@tsinghua.edu.cn Pubmed MeSH: Agriculture , China , Food Supply , Humans , International Cooperation , Public Policy , Water Supply Wikipedia: Alien , China , Emigrant , Foreigner , Immigrant , Inner Mongolia , Mainland China , Manchuria , SinKiang Title: Species-area relationships always overestimate extinction rates from habitat loss. PMID: 21593870 Related Articles Authors: He, Fangliang , Hubbell, Stephen P Journal: Nature , Vol. 473 (7347): 368-71 , 2011 Abstract: Extinction from habitat loss is the signature conservation problem of the twenty-first century. Despite its importance, estimating extinction rates is still highly uncertain because no proven direct methods or reliable data exist for verifying extinctions. The most widely used indirect method is to estimate extinction rates by reversing the species-area accumulation curve, extrapolating backwards to smaller areas to calculate expected species loss. Estimates of extinction rates based on this method are almost always much higher than those actually observed. This discrepancy gave rise to the concept of an 'extinction debt', referring to species 'committed to extinction' owing to habitat loss and reduced population size but not yet extinct during a non-equilibrium period. Here we show that the extinction debt as currently defined is largely a sampling artefact due to an unrecognized difference between the underlying sampling problems when constructing a species-area relationship (SAR) and when extrapolating species extinction from habitat loss. The key mathematical result is that the area required to remove the last individual of a species ( extinction ) is larger, almost always much larger, than the sample area needed to encounter the first individual of a species, irrespective of species distribution and spatial scale. We illustrate these results with data from a global network of large, mapped forest plots and ranges of passerine bird species in the continental USA; and we show that overestimation can be greater than 160%. Although we conclude that extinctions caused by habitat loss require greater loss of habitat than previously thought, our results must not lead to complacency about extinction due to habitat loss, which is a real and growing threat. Affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol and School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China . fhe@mail.sysu.edu.cn Pubmed MeSH: Animals , Biodiversity , Ecosystem , Extinction, Biological , Models, Biological , Models, Statistical , Passeriformes , Population Density , Trees , United States Wikipedia: Artefact , Artifact , Concise , Delton , Ecological systems , Ecosystem , Habitat , Mass Extinction , Mass extinctions , Mathematic , Overpopulation , Population Density , Population densities , Population size , Species Extinction , Underpopulation Title: Induction of functional hepatocyte-like cells from mouse fibroblasts by defined factors. PMID: 21562492 Related Articles Authors: Huang, Pengyu , He, Zhiying , Ji, Shuyi , Sun, Huawang , Xiang, Dao , Liu, Changcheng , Hu, Yiping , Wang, Xin , Hui, Lijian Journal: Nature , Vol. 475 (7356): 386-9 , 2011 Abstract: The generation of functional hepatocytes independent of donor liver organs is of great therapeutic interest with regard to regenerative medicine and possible cures for liver disease . Induced hepatic differentiation has been achieved previously using embryonic stem cells or induced pluripotent stem cells . Particularly, hepatocytes generated from a patient 's own induced pluripotent stem cells could theoretically avoid immunological rejection. However, the induction of hepatocytes from induced pluripotent stem cells is a complicated process that would probably be replaced with the arrival of improved technology . Overexpression of lineage-specific transcription factors directly converts terminally differentiated cells into some other lineages, including neurons , cardiomyocytes and blood progenitors; however, it remains unclear whether these lineage-converted cells could repair damaged tissues in vivo. Here we demonstrate the direct induction of functional hepatocyte-like (iHep) cells from mouse tail-tip fibroblasts by transduction of Gata4 , Hnf1α and Foxa3 , and inactivation of p19( Arf ). iHep cells show typical epithelial morphology, express hepatic genes and acquire hepatocyte functions. Notably, transplanted iHep cells repopulate the livers of fumarylacetoacetate-hydrolase-deficient (Fah(-/-)) mice and rescue almost half of recipients from death by restoring liver functions. Our study provides a novel strategy to generate functional hepatocyte-like cells for the purpose of liver engineering and regenerative medicine . Affiliation: Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy for Sciences, Yueyang Road 320, 200031 Shanghai , China . Wikipedia: Cardiac Myocytes , Cardiac muscle cell , Cardiac myocyte , Cardiomyocyte , Cistron , Client , Colony-forming unit , Colony forming unit , Donor , Embryonic Stem Cell , Fibroblast , Gene , Genetic material , Hepatitis , Hepatocyte , House Mouse , House mice , Industrial Arts , Laboratory mice , Laboratory mouse , Liver Disease , Liver cells , Liver diseases , Medicine , Mice , Mother cell , Mouse , Mus , Mus domesticus , Mus musculus , Mus musculus domesticus , Myocytes, cardiac , Nerve cell , Neuron , Organ donor , Patient , Pluripotent stem cell , Probabilities , Probability , Progenitor cell , Regenerative Medicine , Stem Cell , Technology , Therapeutic , Tissue , Transcription factor , Treatment Proteins: Arf , Foxa3 , Gata4 Order related Antibodies online: ADP-ribosylation factor 1 , forkhead box A3 , GATA binding protein 4 Title: A eudicot from the Early Cretaceous of China . PMID: 21455178 Related Articles Authors: Sun, Ge , Dilcher, David L , Wang, Hongshan , Chen, Zhiduan Journal: Nature , Vol. 471 (7340): 625-8 , 2011 Abstract: The current molecular systematics of angiosperms recognizes the basal angiosperms and five major angiosperm lineages: the Chloranthaceae, the magnoliids, the monocots, Ceratophyllum and the eudicots, which consist of the basal eudicots and the core eudicots. The eudicots form the majority of the angiosperms in the world today. The flowering plants are of exceptional evolutionary interest because of their diversity of over 250,000 species and their abundance as the dominant vegetation in most terrestrial ecosystems , but little is known of their very early history. In this report we document an early presence of eudicots during the Early Cretaceous Period. Diagnostic characters of the eudicot fossil Leefructus gen. nov. include simple and deeply trilobate leaves clustered at the nodes in threes or fours, basal palinactinodromous primary venation, pinnate secondary venation, and a long axillary reproductive axis terminating in a flattened receptacle bearing five long, narrow pseudo-syncarpous carpels. These morphological characters suggest that its affinities are with the Ranunculaceae , a basal eudicot family. The fossil co-occurs with Archaefructus sinensis and Hyrcantha decussata whereas Archaefructus liaoningensis comes from more ancient sediments. Multiple radiometric dates of the Lower Cretaceous Yixian Formation place the bed yielding this fossil at 122.6-125.8 million years old. The earliest fossil records of eudicots are 127 to 125 million years old, on the basis of pollen . Thus, Leefructus gen. nov. suggests that the basal eudicots were already present and diverse by the latest Barremian and earliest Aptian. Affiliation: Paleontological Institute of Shenyang Normal University, Shenyang 110034, China . sunge@synu.edu.cn Pubmed MeSH: Angiosperms , Animals , China , Fossils , Phylogeny , Plant Leaves , Time Factors , Vertebrates Wikipedia: Angiosperms , Axis , Beesia , Character , China , Cluster Analysis , Cluster analyses , Clustering , Consolida , Dates , Ecological systems , Ecosystem , Epistropheus , Habitat , Hepatica , Inner Mongolia , Isopyrum , Magnoliophyta , Mainland China , Manchuria , Pollen , Ranunculaceae , SinKiang , Vegetable Title: Molecular regulation of sexual preference revealed by genetic studies of 5-HT in the brains of male mice . PMID: 21441904 Related Articles Authors: Liu, Yan , Jiang, Yun'ai , Si, Yunxia , Kim, Ji-Young , Chen, Zhou-Feng , Rao, Yi Journal: Nature , Vol. 472 (7341): 95-9 , 2011 Abstract: Although the question of to whom a male directs his mating attempts is a critical one in social interactions , little is known about the molecular and cellular mechanisms controlling mammalian sexual preference. Here we report that the neurotransmitter 5-hydroxytryptamine ( 5-HT ) is required for male sexual preference. Wild-type male mice preferred females over males, but males lacking central serotonergic neurons lost sexual preference although they were not generally defective in olfaction or in pheromone sensing. A role for 5-HT was demonstrated by the phenotype of mice lacking tryptophan hydroxylase 2 (Tph2), which is required for the first step of 5-HT synthesis in the brain. Thirty-five minutes after the injection of the intermediate 5-hydroxytryptophan ( 5-HTP ), which circumvented Tph2 to restore 5-HT to the wild-type level, adult Tph2 knockout mice also preferred females over males. These results indicate that 5-HT and serotonergic neurons in the adult brain regulate mammalian sexual preference. Affiliation: National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing 102206, China . Pubmed MeSH: 5-Hydroxytryptophan , Animals , Brain , Brain Chemistry , Estrous Cycle , Female , Heterosexuality , Homosexuality, Male , Housing, Animal , Male , Mating Preference, Animal , Mice , Mice, Knockout , Neurons , Odors , Serotonin , Sex Attractants , Sex Characteristics , Smell , Tryptophan Hydroxylase Wikipedia: 5-HT , 5-HTP , 5-HydroxyTryptamine , 5-Hydroxytryptophan , 5 hydroxytryptamine , Adult , Allomones , Enteramine , Gender issue , House Mouse , House mice , Hydroxytryptophan , Interpersonal relations , Kairomones , Knock-out mice , Knockout mice , Knockout mouse , L-Tryptophan , Laboratory mice , Laboratory mouse , Mice , Mouse , Mus , Mus domesticus , Mus musculus , Mus musculus domesticus , Nerve cell , Neurohormones , Neuromodulator , Neuron , Neurotransmitter , Neurotransmitter agents , Olfaction , Oxitriptan , Partner Communications , Phenotype , Pheromones , Serotonin , Sexuality , Smell , Social interaction , Tryptan , Tryptophan , Tryptophan hydroxylase , Tryptophan metabolism Title: Structure and mechanism of the uracil transporter UraA . PMID: 21423164 Related Articles Authors: Lu, Feiran , Li, Shuo , Jiang, Yang , Jiang, Jing , Fan, He , Lu, Guifeng , Deng, Dong , Dang, Shangyu , Zhang, Xu , Wang, Jiawei , Yan, Nieng Journal: Nature , Vol. 472 (7342): 243-6 , 2011 Abstract: The nucleobase /ascorbate transporter ( NAT ) proteins , also known as nucleobase/ cation symporter 2 (NCS2) proteins , are responsible for the uptake of nucleobases in all kingdoms of life and for the transport of vitamin C in mammals . Despite functional characterization of the NAT family members in bacteria , fungi and mammals , detailed structural information remains unavailable. Here we report the crystal structure of a representative NAT protein , the Escherichia coli uracil /H(+) symporter UraA , in complex with uracil at a resolution of 2.8 . UraA has a novel structural fold, with 14 transmembrane segments (TMs) divided into two inverted repeats. A pair of antiparallel β-strands is located between TM3 and TM10 and has an important role in structural organization and substrate recognition. The structure is spatially arranged into a core domain and a gate domain. Uracil , located at the interface between the two domains, is coordinated mainly by residues from the core domain. Structural analysis suggests that alternating access of the substrate may be achieved through conformational changes of the gate domain. Affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Bio-membrane and Membrane Biotechnology, Center for Structural Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China . Pubmed MeSH: Biological Transport , Crystallography, X-Ray , Escherichia coli , Escherichia coli Proteins , Hydrogen Bonding , Membrane Transport Proteins , Models, Biological , Models, Molecular , Protein Folding , Protein Structure, Secondary , Protein Structure, Tertiary , Protons , Structure-Activity Relationship , Uracil Wikipedia: Antiport , Ascorbic Acid , Bacteria , Binding protein , Carrier proteins , Cations , Co-transporters , DAEC , EAEC , EIEC , E Coli , Enteroinvasive Escherichia coli , Escherichia , Escherichia Coli , Eubacteria , Extended families , Extended family , Families , Family , Filiation , Ion transport , L-ascorbic acid , Mammal , Proteins , Reconstituted Families , Reconstituted family , Relatives , Sodium ascorbate , Stepfamilies , Stepfamily , Symport , Symporters , Transport proteins , Uniport , Uracil , Vitamin , Vitamin C Proteins: uracil transporter UraA , NAT , UraA Order related Antibodies online: N-acetyltransferase 1 , N-acetyltransferase type 2 , sodium channel protein type 11 subunit alpha , sodium channel, voltage-gated, type XII, alpha polypeptide Title: Structure and mechanism of the hexameric MecA - ClpC molecular machine. PMID: 21368759 Related Articles Authors: Wang, Feng , Mei, Ziqing , Qi, Yutao , Yan, Chuangye , Hu, Qi , Wang, Jiawei , Shi, Yigong Journal: Nature , Vol. 471 (7338): 331-5 , 2011 Abstract: Regulated proteolysis by ATP-dependent proteases is universal in all living cells. Bacterial ClpC , a member of the Clp / Hsp100 family of AAA + proteins ( ATPases associated with diverse cellular activities ) with two nucleotide-binding domains ( D1 and D2 ), requires the adaptor protein MecA for activation and substrate targeting. The activated , hexameric MecA - ClpC molecular machine harnesses the energy of ATP binding and hydrolysis to unfold specific substrate proteins and translocate the unfolded polypeptide to the ClpP protease for degradation . Here we report three related crystal structures: a heterodimer between MecA and the amino domain of ClpC , a heterododecamer between MecA and D2 -deleted ClpC , and a hexameric complex between MecA and full-length ClpC . In conjunction with biochemical analyses, these structures reveal the organizational principles behind the hexameric MecA - ClpC complex, explain the molecular mechanisms for MecA -mediated ClpC activation and provide mechanistic insights into the function of the MecA - ClpC molecular machine. These findings have implications for related Clp / Hsp100 molecular machines. Affiliation: Center for Structural Biology, School of Life Sciences and School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China . Pubmed MeSH: Adenosine Triphosphate , Bacterial Proteins , Binding Sites , Crystallography, X-Ray , Endopeptidase Clp , Heat-Shock Proteins , Hydrolysis , Models, Molecular , Protein Binding , Protein Conformation , Protein Multimerization , Protein Structure, Tertiary , Protein Unfolding , Substrate Specificity Wikipedia: ATP , ATPase , Adenosine Triphosphate , Adenosine triphosphatase , Adenosinetriphosphatase , Binding , Breakdown , Catabolism , Chaperone , Degradation , Hydrolysis , Living Wills , Living will , Peptide hydrolases , Peptides , Polypeptides , Proteases , Protein sorting , Protein targeting , Protein translocation , Proteins , Proteolysis , Proteolytic enzymes Proteins: ClpC , MecA , D1 , AAA , ATP-dependent proteases , Clp , ClpP , D2 , Hsp100 Order related Antibodies online: cathelicidin antimicrobial peptide , coactosin-like protein , colipase, pancreatic , cysteine and glycine-rich protein 3 , SLC3A1 variant E An armoured Cambrian lobopodian from China with arthropod-like appendages. PMID: 21350485 Related Articles Authors: Liu, Jianni , Steiner, Michael , Dunlop, Jason A , Keupp, Helmut , Shu, Degan , Ou, Qiang , Han, Jian , Zhang, Zhifei , Zhang, Xingliang Journal: Nature , Vol. 470 (7335): 526-30 , 2011 Abstract: Cambrian fossil Lagersttten preserving soft-bodied organisms have contributed much towards our understanding of metazoan origins. Lobopodians are a particularly interesting group that diversified and flourished in the Cambrian seas . Resembling 'worms with legs', they have long attracted much attention in that they may have given rise to both Onychophora (velvet worms) and Tardigrada (water bears), as well as to arthropods in general. Here we describe Diania cactiformis gen. et sp. nov. as an 'armoured' lobopodian from the Chengjiang fossil Lagersttte (Cambrian Stage 3), Yunnan, southwestern China . Although sharing features with other typical lobopodians, it is remarkable for possessing robust and probably sclerotized appendages, with what appear to be articulated elements. In terms of limb morphology it is therefore closer to the arthropod condition, to our knowledge , than any lobopodian recorded until now. Phylogenetic analysis recovers it in a derived position, close to Arthropoda; thus, it seems to belong to a grade of organization close to the point of becoming a true arthropod . Further, D . cactiformis could imply that arthropodization (sclerotization of the limbs) preceded arthrodization (sclerotization of the body ). Comparing our fossils with other lobopodian appendage morphologies--see Kerygmachela, Jianshanopodia and Megadictyon-- reinforces the hypothesis that the group as a whole is paraphyletic, with different taxa expressing different grades of arthropodization . Affiliation: Early Life Institute, State Key Laboratory of Continental Dynamics, Department of Geology, Northwest University, Xi ' an 710069, China . liujianni@126.com Pubmed MeSH: Animals , Arthropods , China , Extinction, Biological , Extremities , Fossils , Phylogeny Wikipedia: Arthropods , Articulator , China , EpistemOlogy , Inner Mongolia , KnowLedge , Mainland China , Manchuria , Negative reinforcement , Oceans , Positive reinforcement , Probabilities , Probability , Reinforcement , Reinforcement (psychology) , Seas , SinKiang Title: An early Ediacaran assemblage of macroscopic and morphologically differentiated eukaryotes. PMID: 21331041 Related Articles Authors: Yuan, Xunlai , Chen, Zhe , Xiao, Shuhai , Zhou, Chuanming , Hua, Hong Journal: Nature , Vol. 470 (7334): 390-3 , 2011 Abstract: The deep-water Avalon biota (about 579 to 565 million years old) is often regarded as the earliest-known fossil assemblage with macroscopic and morphologically complex life forms. It has been proposed that the rise of the Avalon biota was triggered by the oxygenation of mid-Ediacaran deep oceans . Here we report a diverse assemblage of morphologically differentiated benthic macrofossils that were preserved largely in situ as carbonaceous compressions in black shales of the Ediacaran Lantian Formation (southern Anhui Province, South China ). The Lantian biota , probably older than and taxonomically distinct from the Avalon biota , suggests that morphological diversification of macroscopic eukaryotes may have occurred in the early Ediacaran Period, perhaps shortly after the Marinoan glaciation, and that the redox history of Ediacaran oceans was more complex than previously thought. Affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Palaeobiology and Stratigraphy, Nanjing Institute of Geology and Palaeontology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China . xlyuan@nigpas.ac.cn Pubmed MeSH: Biological Evolution , Biota , Body Size , China , Eukaryota , Fossils , Geologic Sediments , History, Ancient , Oceans and Seas , Oxidation-Reduction , Phylogeny , Uncertainty Wikipedia: Biodiversity , Biological diversity , Biota , Blacks , China , Dioxygen , Inner Mongolia , Mainland China , Manchuria , Negro , Negroid race , Oceans , Oxidation-reduction , Oxidation reduction , Oxygen , Oxygen metabolism , Oxygenator , Probabilities , Probability , Redox , Seas , SinKiang Title: Structural basis for site-specific ribose methylation by box C /D RNA protein complexes . PMID: 21270896 Related Articles Authors: Lin, Jinzhong , Lai, Shaomei , Jia, Ru , Xu, Anbi , Zhang, Liman , Lu, Jing , Ye, Keqiong Journal: Nature , Vol. 469 (7331): 559-63 , 2011 Abstract: Box C/D RNA protein complexes (RNPs) direct site-specific 2 '- O-methylation of RNA and ribosome assembly . The guide RNA in C/D RNP forms base pairs with complementary substrates and selects the modification site using a molecular ruler. Despite many studies of C/D RNP structure, the fundamental questions of how C/D RNAs assemble into RNPs and how they guide modification remain unresolved. Here we report the crystal structure of an entire catalytically active archaeal C/D RNP consisting of a bipartite C/D RNA associated with two substrates and two copies each of Nop5 , L7Ae and fibrillarin at 3.15- resolution. The substrate pairs with the second through the eleventh nucleotide of the 12-nucleotide guide, and the resultant duplex is bracketed in a channel with flexible ends. The methyltransferase fibrillarin binds to an undistorted A-form structure of the guide-substrate duplex and specifically loads the target ribose into the active site . Because interaction with the RNA duplex alone does not determine the site specificity , fibrillarin is further positioned by non-specific and specific protein interactions. Compared with the structure of the inactive C/D RNP , extensive domain movements are induced by substrate loading. Our results reveal the organization of a monomeric C/D RNP and the mechanism underlying its site-specific methylation activity. Affiliation: National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing 102206, China . Pubmed MeSH: Chromosomal Proteins, Non-Histone , Methylation , Models, Molecular , Protein Structure, Tertiary , RNA, Archaeal , Ribose , Sulfolobus solfataricus Wikipedia: Active site , Base pair , Base pairing , Binding site , D-ribose , Guide RNA , Methylation , Methyltransferases , Nucleotides , Protein complex , Proteins , RNA , RiboNucleic Acid , Ribose , Ribosome , Sensitivity , Sensitivity and specificity , Specificity , Specificity and sensitivity Proteins: box C , methyltransferase , Nop5 , RNP Order related Antibodies online: Nop58p
Sub Macro1() ' ' Macro1 Macro 'Workbooks.Open Filename:= _ '"C:\Documents and Settings\anmin.fu\桌面\FX\12、长期应收款0.xls" Dim inbook As String 'Dim insheet As String Dim i As Integer 'Dim EachSheet As Worksheet 'Dim outbook As String 'Dim outsheet1 As String 'Dim outsheet2 As String 'Create Excel file that as the book name and sheet name 'specify the input fileslist and out put file and out sheet. 'outbook = "Tahe-HtSta.xls" 'outsheet1 = "Tahe-HtSta" 'outsheet2 = "Tahe-treeNumSta" For i = 1 To 306 '需更改数目与filelist中的个数一致 '指定输入文件book和Sheet inbook = Workbooks("filelist.xls").Worksheets("filelist").Cells(i, 1).Value inbook1 = Workbooks("filelist.xls").Worksheets("filelist").Cells(i, 2).Value Workbooks.Open Filename:=inbook '_ '"C:\Documents and Settings\anmin.fu\桌面\FX\" inbook '指定输入文件的路径+文件名 For Each EachSheet In ThisWorkbook.Sheets 'EachSheet.PageSetup.RightFooter = "页脚文字插入当前日期：" Format(Date, "yyyy年m月d日") EachSheet.PageSetup.CenterHeader = "" EachSheet.PageSetup.LeftHeader = _ """Times New Roman,Bold Italic""12ICPAs""Times New Roman,Regular""" """方正舒体,Bold""中泓应泰会计师事务所" EachSheet.PageSetup.RightHeader = "" Next EachSheet Workbooks(inbook1).Save Workbooks(inbook1).Close Next i End Sub
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