上一篇 文章 中,我们讲解了冠词相关的常见英文写作错误,本章中将继续对常见英语语法写作错误进行分析。 . 用错介词 介词是个比较棘手的文法,好消息是通常你可以用动词来替换掉介词短语! 当你需要使用建立关系的单词时,这里有几个技巧: 惯用语中的介词是固定的: 这一类都没有遵循介系词的规则,如果不太确定的话,可以利用 Merriam-Webster’s 来检查 不要连续用两个介词: 口语上常这样没有关系,但在写作上必需要避免。例如: “I had to get off of the train.” → “ I got off the train.” 点击右侧的附档可以查看 常用介词列表 (包含一般常见意义与句子) List-of-Common-English-Prepositions1.pdf 以下是由Grammar.net制作的图片,介绍了 14对容易混淆的介词差异 也可以使用像Google Book’s N-gram Viewer ,其涵盖了1800年到2000年的所有书本内容,并计算各词语发生的频率。如果你对于介词的使用有疑虑,输入该短语的不同变形(用逗号分开)后点击”enter.” 该短语的使用频率就会以图表呈现,而应该要选择2000年最常被使用的片语(除非你想使用特定年代的语言)。下列是范例”to conduct research on,” 来搜索动词介词。 想参考其他资源,可以点击以下链接: Englishgrammar.org: https://www.englishgrammar.org/commonly-confused-prepositions/ Grammar.net: http://www.grammar.net/wp-content /uploads/2011/03/Prepositions700x1150.png Google Book’s N-gram Viewer: N-gram Viewer 主语动词一致性 也就是动词必须与主语的单复数一致。问题常发生于主语有介词短语的时候,记得动词必须与 介词前的名词单复数一致。 ✓ Noun1 + Preposition + Noun2 + Verb that agrees with Noun1 ✗ The way in which we communicate with others have changed dramatically.→ ✓The way in which we communicate with others has changed dramatically. 想 参考其他资源,可以点击以下链接: Purdue’s Online Writing Lab (OWL): https://owl.english.purdue.edu/ owl/resource/599/01/ Grammarbook.com: http://www.grammarbook.com/grammar/subjectVerbAgree.asp 动词型态: 两个最常发生的错误是使用错误分词与过度使用现在分词。 错误分词 留意不规则动词,有任何疑问可以利用 Merriam-Webster 来确认是否拼写正确。 美式英语与英式英语在特定动词分词的拼写上不太一样,例如:美国使用”learned”而英国则使用”learned”和”learnt” 。 过度使用现在分词 使用现在简单式来描述一般事实、习惯和某物的状态。 ✗ The sun is always rising in the east.→ ✓ The sun always rises in the east. 现在进行式 (verb+ing)用来描述 暂时性 动作和表示等等想要做的事。当你想要说明在某个动作的进行过程中也发生另一件事情时,可以使用现在进行式。 ✗ I visit my sister this week. → ✓ I am visiting my sister this week. 想参考其他资源,可以点击以下链接: Grammarly verb tense review: https://www.grammarly.com/blog/verb-tenses/ Grammarly verb forms: https://www.grammarly.com/blog/verb-forms/ EF Education First verb tense review: http://www.ef.com/english-resources /english-grammar/verbs/ John Jay College, CUNY’s overview of English verb tenses: http://resources.jjay. cuny.edu/erc/tutoring/pdfs/27.pdf University of Victoria’s guide to simple present vs. present continuous: http://web2 .uvcs.uvic.ca/elc/studyzone/330/grammar/simcon.htm Purdue Online Writing Lab (OWL) verb tense overview: https://owl.english.purdue .edu/owl/resource/601/01/ 动词时态转换: 在同一子句中的动词必须使用同样的时态, 如果混用动词时态则可能让读者感到疑惑。 ✗ Joe watched the movie and laughs out loud. → ✓ “Joe watched the movie and laughed out loud,” or “Joe is watching the movie and is laughing out loud” . 谈到特定主题 ,重复确认副词子句或句子的动词时态。 ✗ Joe eats chocolate whenever he got upset. → ✓ “Joe eats chocolate whenever he gets upset,” or “Joe ate chocolate whenever he got upset” . 有时候混用时态也是合理的,例如你在表示一个动作的发展时。 ✓ I am editing the book that I wrote . [Naturally, to edit a book, it must already be written. 想参考其他资源,可以点击以下链接: Grammarly : https://www.grammarly.com/blog/verb-tense-consistency/ Daily Writing Tips: http://www.dailywritingtips.com/beware-the-shifting-tense/ | 英语博客 | 论文润色 | 留学文书批改 | 托福写作修改 | 服务费用 | FAQ | 关于Wordvice |
很多人花了很多时间做研究,想发表论文还得先通过一连串投稿考验,却常常很难如期和如愿。这时候,可能有人会想那就一次投个八九家期刊,总会中一个吧? 这就中了投稿大忌了,投稿的黄金原则就是绝对不能一稿多投。 在这篇文章中,我们将会说明同时投稿到一家以上的期刊会有什么后果、该怎么避免陷阱,以及什么时候可以再投稿论文。 为什么不能“一稿多投” 不能同时投稿的原因有多个,如道德规范、法律问题、现实商业因素,甚至是名誉上的考量。 名誉考量 期刊备受尊敬是因为他们发表的是受同行审核过的高品质研究成果,期刊以能为读者挑选出最新颖与值得注目的研究为傲,所以读者从而也非常相信期刊。如果读者发现期刊竟然发表一些其他期刊已经发布的内容,读者会进而怀疑其他期刊发表内容是不是也是旧资讯。再来,不同期刊同时刊登相同研究的话,可能会无意间夸大其议题的重要性。读者可能会误以为有很多研究同时针对同一议题进行,且刚好每一个都获得了同样的结果。判断不同期刊刊登的研究是不是由同一组研究人员所做或是否为重复的文章,不应该是读者的责任。 法律因素 在投稿时,大部分的情况作者可以保有著作权,但必须独家授发表权给这个期刊,否则期刊不会审核论文。因此,从法律的角度来看,该期刊拥有该论文的唯一发表权 (除了一些例外,通常不涉及授予其他出版商类似的权利)。想想看要是你独家授权给两间期刊,结果幸运的他们都接受你的论文了,这个幸运就是你的不幸。期刊必须浪费时间与精力去解决这个授权冲突,最后可能导致论文先后被拒稿的情况。如果论文已经被刊登了,就会发生公开撤稿的情形。 现实商业考量 作者不是唯一一个担心自己浪费时间在投稿上的人,其他人也是一样的。高影响因子期刊的审稿时间大约是几个月起跳,这是因为期刊的编辑、审稿者与其他的员工需要投注大量时间和资源来审核上千份的论文。你担心无法投稿成功,期刊则担心无法筛选出最相关与创新的研究结果。因此,期刊无法承担在最后一刻撤回稿件的巨大成本与风险,所以期刊的常见要求是作者一次只能投一所。 最后,限制作者一次只能投一间大幅降低了编辑审核的作业量,代表编辑有更多时间能用于审核其他的论文。如果大家都能一稿多投,期刊编辑将会收到比现在还要更多的量,则可能导致审稿期间拉更长。 一稿多投的后果 如上所述,其中一个后果就是期刊出于种种考量可能拒绝你的稿件,或撤稿已刊登的稿件。另外一种期刊可能采取的作法是要求你将长篇论文改写成短文,并保留对期刊读者来说有用的资讯。 最后,如果你被发现违反期刊的投稿规定,你可能会失去期刊的信任。后果就是期刊会更加仔细检查你之后的投稿文章来确保没有任何的道德议题。 一稿多投的其他问题 一稿多投是投稿过程中你可能会面临到的其中一个问题,重叠性高的研究也可能让编辑有警戒心。举例来说,把自己的研究结果分成好几份论文 (又称萨拉米香肠战术,salami slicing)发表的可能性。但是拆分研究来写论文不代表会被拒绝,只要分出来的每一份论文都有点(论文呈现不同的研究结果),使其不重复,期刊还是有可能接收你的文章。 虽然普遍不鼓励萨拉米香肠战术,你还是可以根据一个大型的实验来撰写多份论文并投稿,多份论文使用共同的研究数据但聚焦在尚未被其他论文讨论过的议题就可以。 什么情况下可以一稿多投 投稿前提问(Pre-submission queries) 投稿之前都可以询问期刊编辑,这样一来可以先排除掉不适合你论文的期刊。这些询问信件(query letters)要简明扼要的介绍自己的论文内容,可以同时寄给多个期刊,如果收到期刊的正面回复,那你就可以决定是否要正式投给这个期刊开启投稿程序。从很多方面来看,投稿前提问可以节省彼此时间和资源。 出版前或未出版之文章(Pre-printing) 在正式发表之前,Pre-printing是另一个方法可以先占有该研究的发表优先权。本着开放获取的精神,pre-printing是一个与科学界分享数据权限来介绍自己研究结果。举例来说,physical sciences database arXiv就是最早创立electronic pre-print的平台之一。 因为pre-prints不是同行审稿过的,因此作者不应该把这个当成替代实际投稿期刊发表的手段。但是 pre-printing的其中一个好处是你在发表pre-print的日期时就已经拥有该研究议题的优先发表权,而不是之后正式论文发表的日期。 所以,如果你担心某个研究议题的第一个发表地位会先被其他人抢走, pre-prints是一个不错的方法。 另外需要注意的是 假设你打算投稿到双盲审查的期刊,你就不可以使用这个方法。 双盲审查的目的就是为了排除所有作者相关信息所造成的偏见。然而,Pre-printing可能会影响到双盲审查的目的,因为论文内容可能已经在数据库中被审查编辑看过了。因此,期刊编辑就得花更多时间来找其他还没看过pre-print内容的编辑来审查论文。编辑如果需要花更多的时间来帮你找审查编辑,那么论文被接收的可能性就会小很多。 额外信息 想参考额外关于同时投稿多间期刊的道德议题,请参考以下: Elsevier Factsheet, “ Simultaneous Submission/ Multiple, Duplicate Publication .” International Committee of Medical Journal Editors (ICMJE), “ Overlapping Publications .” Elizabeth Wager, “ Why You Should not Submit Your Work to More than One Journal at a Time .” Elsevier’s case studies regarding multiple publications: Case Study 1 , Case Study 2 , and Case Study 3 . Committee on Publication Ethics, “ What to Do If You Suspect Redundant (Duplicate) Publication (A) .” Committee on Publication Ethics, “ What to Do If You Suspect Redundant (Duplicate) Publication (B) .” | 英语博客 | 论文润色 | 学术论文翻译 | 学科母语编辑 | 关于我们 |
许多大学老师都曾被有意向到海外留学的学生邀请写一封推荐信。申请国外研究生时,大多学校通常会要求学生提供两至三封的推荐信,而一封好的推荐信能够增加被推荐人成功录取的几率,其重要性无需多言。本篇文章里Wordvice会向大家说明,老师应当给怎样的同学做推荐,以及推荐信应包含哪些内容,在文章最后我们将提供推荐信范文供参考。 英文推荐信撰写技巧 当学生找来写推荐信时,请记住一个基本准则:你应该是对这个学生有充分了解的。作为推荐人,最好了解申请者的优点且需熟悉申请者学习情况、学习目的是否明确、适应能力、创造能力、性格和特长等。许多学生在寻找推荐人时,往往第一看重的是推荐人的名气,如果遇到这样的同学,大可以建议他去找更熟悉他的老师来写推荐信。 在写推荐信时,要包含以下几个重点和方向: 推荐人的全名与申请人的基本情况介绍 交待推荐人与申请者的关系(如何认识、了解程度、关系) 对申请者的基本评价(如:专业基础、个性、人品、特点、工作态度、发展潜力和实例)要注意相对于强调实务应变能力的公司,学校更看重的是学生的学术潜能; 推荐人可以介绍申请人曾获得奖励、发表的论文、参加过的重要学术会议、其曾在学生组织或学术团体中的任职来支撑自己对申请人的正面评价 推荐人必须清楚地表明被推荐人留学的身份是研究生还是访问学者,专业领域及研究方向 必须表明推荐人的态度是极力推荐还是保留推荐 如果对学生足够了解,那么可以在信中描述被推荐人的人格特质,甚至如何克服挫折或压力 量化表现:提供资料给推荐者时,尽量以「他的成绩排在全系的10%-15%」,或「他在哪些课程里表现很好,而这个课程需要良好的C++编程设计能力以及Matlab的某某应用」。换言之,让你的表现是具有参考指标的 英文推荐信范文 以下提供英文推荐信模板: To the Graduate Admissions Department at : (OR) To the Graduate Admissions Department at : (第一段说明推荐者的职位、与申请者之间的关系,以及对申请者的整体评价) It is my pleasure to recommend Jane Doe for admission to at . I am an associate professor of at . I came to know Jane while teaching her in . The course comprised . Jane distinguished herself by submitting an exceptionally well researched and interesting project on . She is one of the very best students that I have taught in the past five years in respect of her writing ability and research skills. (第二段具体说明申请者的特质和技能,并提供具体事例证明申请者的能力) Overall, Jane is highly intelligent and has good problem-solving skills. Her demonstrated her ability to come a detailed understanding of the lifestyles of pre-historic hominids, and to analyze the consequences of those practices on evolution. She gave a particularly interesting discussion of the difficult practice of tool-shaping and a profound engagement with the use and the implications of these tools. Her overall intelligence is also reflected in her grades for the course, which were among the highest in the class. (第三段说明更多的特质、技能以及事例说明) Jane has excellent communication skills. Her written work is both clear and concise, as well as interesting to read. She demonstrated her oral articulateness in the discussion sections that were an integral part of the course. Each discussion section focused on a particular aspect of Olduvian Gorge hominids. Students were required analyze unsolved questions and to develop and defend their own theories. Jane was highly proficient in applying the course material in analyzing these “puzzles.” She always explained her views very concisely and gave supporting arguments that were both clear and persuasive. Jane also demonstrated good teamwork skills in group assignments. (第四段说明更多的特质、技能以及事例说明) At a personal level, Jane is a well-disciplined, industrious student with a pleasant personality. Throughout the course, Jane demonstrated great perseverance and initiative. Not only was she interested in and motivated to learn the material, but she also put great work into assimilating it to her own experience and developing her own ideas about each topic that we discussed. (第五段说明为何推荐申请者,以及申请者为什么适合该专业或学校) Jane is unquestionably an exceptional candidate for graduate study in . Jane’s work in suggests that she would greatly benefit from the opportunities for intellectual development provided by a sustained period of graduate study. She has proven herself to have the perseverance, initiative, and intellectual creativity necessary to complete an advanced graduate degree. I would therefore highly recommend Jane Doe. If her performance in my class is a good indication of how she would perform as a graduate student, she would be an extremely positive asset to your program. (第六段:礼貌性地表示可以协助提供更多信息) If I can be of any further assistance, or provide you with any further information, please do not hesitate to contact me. Sincerely, 撰写推荐信时,非常容易出现的问题就是用词等英文表现不够正式formal。这时,则需要注意将撰写好的推荐信再交给专业的英语母语润色专家来进行润稿,让推荐信更加具有可读性和说服力,也体现了推荐人本身良好的英文素养和专业形象。 | 英语博客 | 论文润色 | 学术论文翻译 | 学科母语编辑 | 关于我们 |
No. 8 连续逗号与连续分号的使用 (一个句子中) a. 连续逗号:用于分割一系列超过2个的单词、词组和从句, 最后一项用and或or连接。 常规使用系列逗号有助于避免歧义。 例子: 1. The patient can be given penicillin , ampicillin , or erythromycin. 2. The tumor was bloody , necrotic , and malodorous. 3. The mice ate the food , drank the water , and then slept for an average of three hours. *注意:有的文体指导里介绍在最后一项的 and或者 or之前不使用逗号,但是如果用逗号的话句子含义会更清晰。 b. 连续分号(复杂情况下):用于分割一系列超过2个的较大、较复杂的词组和从句,最后一项用and或or连接。 常规使用系列分号有助于避免歧义。 例子: 1. In the morning, the animals should be given water, feed, and medication ; in the afternoon, only water and feed ; and in the evening, water, feed, and medication. 2. The rates of specimens with no change in size were 30-35% for Groups 1, 2, and 3 ; 40-45% for Groups 4, 5, and 6 ; and 50-55% for Groups 7, 8, and 9. 3. The findings were: 1) Some patients (42%) had normal sleep patterns ; 2) Some patients (23%) had erratic sleep patterns, but with normal total amounts of sleep ; and 3) Some patients (35%) suffered from sleep apnea. No. 9 连字符 Hyphen ,短破折号 En dash ,长破折号 Em dash a. 连字符Hyphen: Used as a connector 例子: 1. 把前缀或者后缀和词干连接起来: ex-husband, self-inflicted, meta-analysis, etc. 2. 连接复合词: light-year, cure-all 3. 连接第二个元素是过去或现在分词的复合修饰语 : seizure-inducing drugs, well-known physicist, well-established rules 4. 当不使用连字符时可能不明确时连接复合修饰语: low-frequency amplitudes, a large-bowel obstruction 5. 连接修饰语与数值和单位。年龄术语采用双连字符: a 5-g dose, 50-km radius, a 3-year-old child 6. 连接拼写的分数: one-third of the population, thirty-two hundredths 7. 当拼写出来时,将从 21到99的复合 基数词 和复合序数词连接起来: Eighty-five samples were collected. He pointed to the Sixty-Sixth Congress. 8. 连接需要连字符的才能得到 正确含义的 动词: a) He re-covered the explored well. ...BUT He recovered quickly from the operation. b) Such patients are usually re-treated. ...BUT The water retreated from the structures. 9. 在引用中连接页码范围: 454-455, 35-37. 10. 连接所谓的“电子术语”,其中“e”代表“电子”: e-mail, e-commerce, e-business b. 短破折号En dash: 大写字母N.的长度,主要用于连接,在大多数情况下意味着“through”。 例子: 1. link 2 words representing items of equal rank, including compound modifiers. In this case, the en dash means and or to: north–south avenues, cost–benefit analysis, hexane–benzene solvent, author–editor relationship 2. 以齐名的方式连接2个人的姓名: Mann–Whitney U test, Michaelis–Menten kinetics 3. 连接包含连字符元素的词语: sugarmaple– dominated forest c. 长破折号Em dash: 大写字母M.的长度, 用作分隔符,用于在句子中强烈的中断。 例子: 1. 像逗号和括号一样使用:Cancer—the major cause of death in this population—is often difficult to detect in the early stages. No. 10 动词时态 a. 撰写文章时, 一般* 参照 使用以下动词时态指南: 1. Introduction - Present tense and past tense (e.g. when discussing previous literature) 2. Methods - Past tense 3. Results - Past tense 4. Discussion - Present tense (except when referring back to the results of the present study) * 在这里使用 一般 ,是因为总是有例外。在写论文时,请参考特定期刊的写作指南。 b. As editors, sometimes we find text in which the tense is used incorrectly, or that goes contrary to what we are generally see. 作为编辑,有时候我们会发现论文稿件中的时态不正确,或者与我们“常见”的相反。 在这种情况下,如果稿件的英文看起来不错,而且如果改变时态对论文的影响较大的话,那么有时可以无需修改。记住,比起正确的动词时态,清晰明确的科学写作是最重要的。 * No. 8 – No. 10: Reference: Council of Science Editors, Style Manual Committee. Scientific style and format: the CSE manual for authors, editors, and publishers. 7th ed. Reston (VA): The Council; 2006. 英文写作小贴士【上】 英文写作小贴士【中】 100 / 200 / 300元优惠券等你拿 脑力劳动节 多劳多得 分享光荣
No.6 词首字母大小写问题 有客户最近向理文编辑咨询关于地名和地理学术语如何正确大写的问题。因为中文不牵涉大写问题,所以中文词语的作者可能会有点迷惑。其实大写问题对于英语词语的作者而言也不太容 易理顺。大写问题虽然棘手,但是下面的小贴士会对您有所帮助。 一般而言定义明确的地区的首写词要大写,以下是 The Economist Style Guide 的建议: “Use upper case for definite geographical places, regions, areas and countries, and for vague but recognised political or geographical areas…lower case for east, west, north, south except when part of a name.” (大写用于明确的地理学位置、地区、区域、国家以及模糊但是被认可的行政或地理区域 east, west, north, south 等用小写,但当他们是名称一部分的时候除外。) 这条通用法则也适用于地球表面的地带,如North Temperate Zone, the Equator 等。 以下是更多法则: - 通常而言,指南针上的方位(如north, southeast 等)和形容词(如western, central, upper, lower等)不需要大写 - 专有名词中的一般地理学名词需要首字母大写,如Atlantic Ocean, Mt. Muztagata 等 - 首字母大写的地理学名词之后的一般术语不需要大写,如Yangtze River valley - 名词复数要小写,如Gobi and Taklamakan deserts - “the”只有在其为正式地名一部分的时候才大写,如The Bahamas, the Netherlands 关于某个地名如果你不清楚正确的大写方法,你可以在Google Scholar上搜索一下 (http://scholar.google.com/)。多数人的意见不见得就是正确的,但是可以给你一些关于正确大 写的线索。请记住,你写作的目的是要清楚地表述你的科研成果。注意正确的大写不仅仅是为了 遵守某些专断的规则,你的论文需要正确运用大写的原因是,给读者一个关于你的采集地的更精 确的概念,特别是当他们还不熟悉你的研究领域的时候。 以下是一些地理学术语例子,告诉你哪些需要大写而哪些不需要: Upper case(大写) - East Asia - South-East Asia - Central Asia - Central America - North Korea - South Africa - the North Atlantic - the Middle East - The Arctic - The Hague - The Gambia Lower case (小写) - central Europe - western China - southern Beijing - western Mongolia - eastern Africa - northern North Korea - the central Gobi - the lower Yangtze River - the Philippines 购买 The Columbia Gazetteer of the World ( http://www.columbiagazetteer.org/ ,此链 接可免费试用),或者 Merriam-Webster’s Geographical Dictionary 可能会对你有所帮助。 参考书目: The Economist Style Guide, Capitalization - Places (http://www.economist.com/research/styleGuide/index.cfm?page=805663) Council of Science Editors, Style Manual Committee. Scientific Style and format: the CSE manual for authors, editors, and publishers , 7th ed. Reston (VA): The Council; 2006. Section 9.7.3, Pg. 120 No.7 常见易混单词 英语中有许多对单词很容易混淆。此贴士主要讨论拼写相近而意义不同单词,或者充当不同 词性的单词。 在看常用易混单词的释义之前,请先做以下小测试检验一下自己的知识。答案解答在文末。 affect = A, effect = B, capability = C, capacity = D, continually = E, continuous = F, adverse = G, aversion = H 1. The _______ conditions caused by the hurricane prevented the plane from taking off. 2. Despite the skill of its employees, the small factory did not have the ________ to produce large amounts of goods. 3. The _________ noise of the waves crashing on the beach was very relaxing. 4. Luckily, the medicine did not adversely ______ the patient. 5. Because he had not received any training, John did not have the __________ to repair the complicated machinery. 6. Many scientists believe that global warming is the ______ of greenhouse-gas emissions. 7. Because of she is a vegetarian, Susan had an ________ to the idea of going to the Korean Barbeque restaurant. 8. The website is ___________ updated. 常见易混单词列表 1. capability/capacity capability: a certain ability, the quality of being capable, a potential aptitude. capacity: the ability to contain; the volume or amount that fits in a certain container. 2. compliment/complement complement: a worthy addition (n.) (e.g., The girl’s pink cheeks were the perfect complement to her dark eyes.) compliment: to praise (v.); a piece of praise (n.) (e.g., The girl accepted the compliment with a shy blush.) 3. trial/trail This is often the result of a simple typing error. trial: a tryout or experiment to test quality, value, or usefulness of something (e.g., clinical trial). It also refers to the number of repetitions of an experiment. trail: a marked or established path or route, or a course followed or to be followed (e.g., mountain trail). 4. intercellular/intracellular intercellular: located between cells intracellular: occurring or situated within a cell or cells (e.g., intracellular fluid). 5. principal/principle principal (adjective): chief, main, leading, most important. principal (noun): the most important person or group of people (After much debate, the two principals reached an agreement); the head of a school (the principal person in the administration); borrowed money (as distinct from interest). principle (always a noun): a rule, standard, law, guideline, or doctrine. 6. adverse/averse adverse: bad, opposed (e.g., Benjamin ate zongzi every day for lunch and suffered no adverse effects.) averse: feeling unwilling; experiencing distaste (e.g., Benjamin’s mother was averse to the idea of an all-zongzi lunch.) 7. affect/effect affect (verb): “to influence” (e.g., Xiao Wang’s wild partying on Thursday night affected his performance on the history test.) effect (noun): “result” (e.g., Xiao Wang’s wild partying on Thursday night had a terrible effect on his performance on the history test.) 8. continually/continuously continual: repeatedly (e.g., For two weeks, the travelers continually went on trips to the Great Wall.) continuous: without interruption (e.g., The flow of water is continuous.) 9. criterion/criteria criterion: singular form (e.g., one criterion) criteria: plural form (e.g., some criteria) 10. ensure/insure ensure: “to make sure or certain” insure: “to guarantee with insurance against risk or loss of life” *However, in American English, “insure” can be used for both of these meanings. References: http://cgi.sparknotes.com/ http://forum.wordreference.com/ http://www.m-w.com/ http://www.thefreedictionary.com/ 参考答案: 1) G 2) D 3)F 4) A 5) C 6) B 7) H 8) E
No. 1 句子结句——短句是准则 用清楚的英语书写的文章更容易被发表,这一点需要牢记。 据统计,1600 年,平均每个英文句子有40 到60 个单词;1900 年,平均每个英文句子有 21 个单词;1970 年,平均每个句子有17 个单词;而现在,平均每个英语句子只有12 到17 个 单词。由此可见,现代英语的发展趋势是由繁至简的。 中文写作惯用长句,而英语,特别是科技英语,通常使用非常精炼的句子。短句是准则,使 用简短而表意清楚的句子并不显得幼稚。 专业的英语作者使用短句。 No. 2 可数名词和不可数(物质)名词 单数可数名词(可以计数的事物)通常用冠词修饰;复数可数名词有时用冠词修饰。 不可数名词(难以计数的事物;也称物质名词)没有复数形式;不可数名词有时也用冠词修 饰。 首先要确定该名词是可数名词还是不可数名词,然后问自己如何对这个名词计数: 名词: - sensor one sensor, two sensors, three sensors - mice one mouse, two mice, three mice - fish one fish, two fish, three fish - water one drop of water, two liters of water, three flasks of water 更多用法示例请参考词典: http://www.ldoceonline.com No. 3 逗号的正确使用方法 逗号是最难掌握的标点符号类型,逗号使用不当会改变句子的意思。在表示重要的和非重要 的信息时,请多留意逗号的用法。 推荐用法: The equipment that we used was made by the XX Company. 可行用法: The equipment which we used was made by the XX Company. 错误用法: The equipment, which we used, was made by the XX Company. 正确用法: The equipment, which was made in Shanghai, was very expensive. 当你校对标点符号的使用时,要特别注意以下单词:that、which 和who;此时应再次确 认,此信息是重要信息还是是可以省略的多余信息。 - 如果此信息是 重要的,切勿 使用逗号。 - 如果此信息是 附加的、不重要的,必须 使用逗号。 No. 4 动词时态 一般过去时 用于表示你所做过的事: In this study, a number of functional and structural properties of sodium were compared to determine the underlying reason for the observed functional changes. 过去时 通常用于描述研究的结果: Assessment of size using standard denaturing gel conditions showed multiple bands whose size was consistent with discrete oligomeric forms of A. 一般现在时 用于陈述事实: Alzheimer's disease is a fatal progressive dementia. 一般现在时 用于指代图表内容: The amino acid sequence of the synthetic Vpu (1-40) peptides used in this study is shown in Figure 1A. 现在完成时 用于指代持续有效的已经进行过的研究或过去开始的现正正在进行的动作: The current state of GPCR research has evolved in large measure from observations made in two parallel systems. Jones et al have shown that … 检查文章是否使用了正确的动词时态: - 介绍性的语言的时态应该主要使用现在时和现在完成时。 - 描述材料和方法的语言的时态应该主要使用一般过去时。 - 对于结果和讨论的描述,结果应该主要使用过去时;而对于其他研究的观察一般使用现 在时或现在完成时。 No. 5 冠词使用规则 定冠词 “the”指代当前情况:We began the experiment; “the”指代常识: The situation in Iraq is deteriorating; “the”指代之前提到的名词:We tested a new measuring device and a new mixer. The new mixer worked well. 不定冠词 “A/an”指代在前面没有提到的名词: We planned a new experiment. The fluid was separated with a centrifuge. 冠词的使用取决于冠词出现的上下文以及冠词之后名词的类型。什么时候使用“a/an”或者 “the”(所有例句选自最近的ACS Chemical Biology): The emergence of antibiotic resistance poses a major threat to human health, prompting interest in the exploration of new antibiotic targets. Zinc is the second most abundant “trace” element in the body. This metal ion is vital for normal cellular function as a cofactor in numerous enzymes, in transcription factors, in the immune system, and in the reproductive system. These data provided solid evidence that the observed IgG antibody response is T-cell dependent. 未完 待续 理文编辑优惠活动: 300元润色优惠 三月女神节下单送京东卡
怎么使用数字是我们英文写作中经常遇到的问题,虽然无伤大雅,但细节处见功夫。在此小编将梳理一下如何在英文写作中使用数字,以飨读者。 首先,除了几个基本的规则外,究竟将数字拼写出来还是使用阿拉伯数字基本上决定于作者的偏好,但是,请在通篇文章中保持一致,这一点和参考文献的格式要求类似。 不同的媒体可能使用不同的策略。在美国,有两个影响最大的文献格式,即The Associated Press Stylebook (AP)和The Chicago Manual of Style (CM),它们在数字的使用上略有差异。比如,AP格式推荐将0到9之间的数字拼写出来,以后都使用数字,直到数字100万。下面是四个超过999,999的数字的写法,1 million; 20 million; 20,040,086和2.7 trillion。 CM格式推荐将0到100之间的数字拼写出来,以后都使用数字,但是整数,例如百(hundred)、千(thousand)、十万(hundred thousand)、百万(million)、十亿都拼写出来。和AP格式不同的是,使用CM格式,我们应该将以下整数拼写出来,比如 four hundred,eight thousand, 和twenty million;但是和AP格式一样,CM格式中的401、8,012和20,040,087应写成阿拉伯数字。 总而言之,这是一个复杂的话题,有很多例外。在不同的博客、书籍、报纸和杂志上并不一致。下面列举一些几乎所有媒体都会遵守的规则: 1,句子开头的数字要拼写出来 例子:Twenty-three hundred sixty-two victims were injured. Nineteen fifty-six was quite a year. 备注:AP格式中的年份写成数字。1956 was quite a year. 2a,数字21到99之间的数字,应该用连接号(hyphenate)连接起来 例子:Thirty-three people were injured in the train wreck. Twenty-nine of them werehospitalized. 2b,分数应该拼写出来,并且用连接号(hyphenate)连接起来 例子:We recovered about one-thirds of the stolen cash. One-half is slightly less thanfive-ninths. 备注:有些不需要连接号,比如a third或者 a half 3a,四位或者以上数字,使用逗号。每3位数字使用一个逗号,但小数点以后的数字不包括在内。 例子: 1,054 people $2,417,592.22 3b,小于1美元的金额,最好使用分这个计量单位,而不是使用小数。 例子: She had only sixty cents. 或者 She had only 60 cents. (Better) She had only $0.60. (Not advised) 3c,不要重复使用$和dollars 例子: I have $1,255 in my checking account. (Correct) I have $1,255 dollars in my checking account. (Incorrect) 4a,为了不引起歧义,请使用noon和midnight来表示 12:00 PM 和12:00 AM AM和PM也可以写作 A.M.和P.M.,或者a.m.和p.m.,或者am和pm。 例子: 8 AM 3:09 P.M. 11:20 p.m. 也有人在时间和 AM或PM之间不用空格 例子: 8AM 3:09P.M. 11:20p.m. 对于整点时间,有的人写作 9:00 PM,但是也有人写作 9 PM或者9 p.m.或9pm。 4b,时间用数字来表示被越来越多的人接受 例子: The flight leaves at 6:22 a.m. Please arrive by 12:30 sharp. 但是也有一些人倾向于将时间拼写出来,尤其是整点时间 例子: He takes the four thirty-five train. The baby wakes up at six o’clock in the morning. 5,整数和分数往往用数字来表示,除非位于句子的开头 例子: We expect a 4 ½ percent wage increase. Five and one-half percent was the expected wage increase. 6,大数字的最好表达原则是越简单越好 例子: twenty-three hundred (simpler than two thousand three hundred) 对于表示范围的数字,倾向于拼出来,但在同一个句子中请保持一致。 Consistent : We can earn from one million to five million dollars. Inconsistent : We can earn from one million to 5 million dollars. Inconsistent : We can earn from $1 million to five million dollars. 7,小数写成数字 例子: The plant grew 0.91 inches last year. The plant grew only 0.07 inches this year. 8a,三个或者三个以上的数字,没有必要拼出来。但是,如果有小数时,最好拼写出来。 例子: one thousand one hundred fifty-four dollars one thousand one hundred fifty-four dollars and sixty-one cents 可以简化为 eleven hundred fifty-four dollars and sixty-one cents 8b,999以上的数字拼写时,不要使用逗号 错误用法: one thousand, one hundred fifty-four dollars, and sixty-one cents 正确用法: one thousand one hundred fifty-four dollars and sixty-one cents 9,当用数字表示日期时,应该这么写 例子: the 30 th of June, 1934 或者: June 30, 1934 (这里不需要加th) 10,当把年代拼写出来的时候,不需要大写 例子: During the eighties and nineties, the U. S. economy grew. 11, 当用数字表达年代时,可以将撇号放在数字前面,也可以放在数字和s之间 例子: During the ‘80s and ‘90s, the U.S. economy grew. 或者: During the 80’s and 90’s, the U.S. economy grew. 不正确: During the ’80’s and ‘90’s, the U.S. economy grew. 12,也可以用完整的数字来表示十年,在这里为了简介,就不用撇号了。 例子: During the 1980s and 1990s, the U.S economy grew. 其实还有其他一些注意事项,小编以后慢慢和您道来。
分享自小木虫 本文提供的十大句式主要包括“ 否定句、非限制性定语从句、让步状语从句、 It 引导的从句、假设句、倒装句、强调句、比较句、插入语、原因句 ”。这“十大句式”具有一定的普遍性。事实上,“十大句式”在阅读论文和论文写作中出现的频率相当高,也是广大科研人员非常熟悉的句式。一旦科研人员熟练地掌握了它们的用法,就能根据内容表达的需要,随时派上用场。 对科研人员来讲,用英文进行科技论文的写作只是一种表达的方式,英文只是一种表达的工具,平时较少关注如何运用多种句式的意识,因此多数科研人员以自己头脑中拼凑的中式英语取而代之,往往想不到运用这些句式。哪些感觉句子写起来挥洒自如的科研人员,其中或多或少地在使用十大句式,在一定程度上说明他们头脑中已经培养起句式写作潜意识。这“十大句式”中除了否定句、倒装句、插入语一般可以写成简单句以外,其它 6 到 7 句都属于复合句,占到总数的三分之二以上。换句话说,如果科研人员能运用十大句式正确地写出句子,那么不仅复杂句的数量就可以达到 6 到 7 分规定的要求,而且句式呈现多样化,复合句和简单句交错使用,大大增强文章表达效果。 一、 否定句 许多否定句中并不含有 not 的否定结构。如果作者能在论文中正确使用他们,就会增加写作的闪光点,使文章显得生动活泼。 1 、 Instead of indulging in playing computer games, children should be taught how to benefit from useful information on the internet.(Instead of 介词短语,副词 ) 2 、 On no account (Under no circumstances) can we ignore the immense value of knowledge.( 绝不 —— in no way, by no means, in no case) 3 、 College students take part-time jobs not for more money but for a better understanding of societies. 4 、 One’s salary does not depend so much on his educational background as on hisability and contribution to the society. 5 、 In terms of nutrition, fast foodies far from satisfactory. 6 、 Parents would not expect their children to become useful persons without working hard. 二、 非限制性定语从句 如果需要对前述的整个句子内容进行解释或说明,就可以用到非限制性定语从句。 1 、 Undoubtedly, practical courses can be used to the reality , which is of vital importance to their development in the future. 2 、 Children tend to imitate what they have seen and heard on mass media , which is sometimes dangerous and harmful. 3 、 The majority of students believe that part-time jobs will provide them with more opportunities to develop their interpersonal skills, which may put them in a favorable position in the future job markets. 三、 让步句 让步句是写论文最常用的句式之一,作者务必掌握以下 4 种用法,可以使英文句子起伏跌宕,富于变化。 1 、 This view is widely acknowledged ; however , there is little evidence that smoking is beneficial to people’s health. 2 、 Although(While) the computer has been widely used inclass, it cannot replace the role of teachers. 3 、 Reasonable as the opinion sounds, itcannot bear much analysis. 4 、 In spite of a lot of conveniences that cars bring to people’slife, it can create a series of serious problems. 四、 It 引导的句子 It 引导的句子是写作中使用频率最高的句式。作者应熟练掌握其用法,并能灵活运用到文章的开篇、主体段和结尾段中。 1 、 It is hard to imagine what our life would look like without computers in modern society. 2 、 It is conceivable that being physically active does good to health. 3 、 It is a highly controversial issue whether women should join the armed forces or not. 4 、 It is universally acknowledged that water and air are indispensable to human beings. 5 、 It is essential that endangered species ofanimals be protected against being killed. 6 、 It is high time that the government took effective measures to solve these problems. 7 、 It has been made easier for modern people to communicate with each other by the internet in a few seconds. 8 、 It is worth caring about the way a child behaves. 9 、 It is no use crying over the spilt milk. 10 、 It has been a few decades since the computer came into being. 五、 假设句 假设句可分为 真实假设句 和 非真实假设句 两种。常用在主体段落表示正、反论证。 1 、 If we destroy old buildings, then we will ruin the traditional culture and heritage.( 条件假设 ) 2 、 You would miss the chance to interact with other students if you used internet at home. 3 、 Once you change your present job, you will be faced with the danger of being unemployed. 六、 倒装句 在写作中恰当和准确地使用倒装句,有助于句子表达形式的多样化,使语言更加生动有力。 1 、 Only in this way can the problem be tackled properly.( 部分倒装——助动词或情态动词提到主语前 ) 2 、 Only when children take arduous efforts can they become successful.( 部分倒装 ) 3 、 Not only does studying in school serve academic purpose, but students learn how to handle interpersonal relations. ( 部分倒装——助动词或情态动词提到主语前,形成助动词 + 主语 + 谓语动词 ) 4 、 Under no circumstances should youngsters follow negative information on mass media blindly. 5 、 So valuable is water that we cannot afford to waste it.(So that 语句中, so+ 完全倒装 +that ,或主谓倒装 ) 6 、 Nowadays, most dangerous for youngsters is the tendency to indulge in playing PC games. 七、 强调句 写作时为了突出句子的某一成分,常常使用强调句。 1 、 It is for the benefit of maintaining the ecological balance that human beings ought to protect the endangered animal species. 2 、 It is not until people suffer from some fatal diseases such as SARS and AIDS that they are becoming aware of how significant it is for the government to invest more money in medical care. 3 、 Nothing in the world is more valuable than health . 八、 比较句 正确地使用比较结构可以使文章的句式增加变化,有利于提高写作成绩。 1 、 Studies show that juvenile delinquency rates are twice as high for youngsters from single-parent families as for those in traditional households . (同级比较)研究表明来自单亲家庭的青少年犯罪率是来自传统家庭的两倍。 2 、 Generally speaking, people in moderntimes enjoy less leisure time than they did previously. (比较级)一般说来,现代人比过去享有更少的休闲时间。 3 、 Compared with those with different abilities, children with intelligence do more well in their school work and intelligence tests. 与不同能力的孩子相比,聪明的孩子在学业和智力测验方面表现更加突出。 4 、 Contrary to pop stars, other professionals like doctors and teachers create the true value for their society. 与明星不同,其他专业人员如医生和教师为社会创造了真正的价值。 5 、 Air is to human what (as) water is to fish. 空气对人类就如同水对鱼一样。 九、 插入语 插入语是对一句话做一些附加说明或解释。最常见的位置于句中 , 一般用逗号或破折号与句子隔开。用得恰当,不仅可以增加字数,而且使文章更显地道和精彩。 1 、 Computers , most important of all, create wide communication around the world. 2 、 Providing more parking areas , in the long run, has proved to be a practical way out in many large cities in the world. 3 、 Observing local culture , consciously and unconsciously, can reduce the chance of offending the locals, or it will lead to the embarrassment and even conflict. 4 、 Space exploration , some people believe, will bring some unexpected discoveries. 十、 原因句 几乎所有的写作试题都要求写原因或者可以写原因。议论文的讲道理实际就是说明原因。因此,掌握好表达原因的结构是十分重要的。 1 、 Violent films can do harm to youngpeople, because they contains numerous negative information. 2 、 Human beings are chiefly responsible for wild animal extinction. 3 、 We should attribute(ascribe) medical advances to the animals which do substantial contributions to the experiment. 4 、 Because of overpopulation, water shortage has become one ofthe most serious problems. 5 、 Owing to the fierce competition in today’s world, a great many young people find themselves under great pressure. 结语: 句式变换直接影响到论文写作的成败。在此,衷心希望“十大句式”能为广大科技论文科研人员提供一条快速、高效的提高句式写作的途径,真正做到学以致用,“以不变应万变”。
最近写文章发现word插入符号时选择Times New Roman字体时没有°C这一符号,倒是中文字体一般都有℃这一符号,如果用搜狗输入法,还可以输入sheshidu,第五个一般就是℃。以前写英文文章时也没仔细注意,于是好奇查了下资料。 由来 才发现原来英文的°C是两个字符,前面一个表示英文中的度,后面一个表示摄氏(Celsius),是为了纪念摄氏度单位的发明者——18世纪瑞典天文学家安德斯·摄尔修斯(Anders Celsius,1701~1744)。而不能写成一个字符,或者用中文符号代替。 部分同学一般是去别人的文献里或者网上搜索后直接复制Times New Roman字体的°C符号,也有直接在word里完成输入的方法。 具体输入方法 word里插入“符号”里的上面“字体”栏选择“Times New Roman”(可以直接输入Times New Roman以迅速定位),然后再下面“字符代码”栏输入00B0(都是数字0,不是字母O),就会定位到符号“°”,此时,你就会发现“字符代码”栏前面的注释显示“degree sign”或是“度标记”,点击插入后,回到word编辑页面在后面打个大写C就可以了,字体当然也是Times New Roman。这样Times New Roman字体的°C就出来了。 下次大家写文章,记得别用中文的℃了,而且记得°C前面的符号°也不是O或0上标形成的,是直接的一个符号 。 原文地址: http://paper.dxy.cn/article/56501
学术文章的英文摘要焉能不好好写? 先放2张哈佛大学校园今秋的红叶照片, 有点喜气 宁静的哈佛校园 一篇文章的摘要很重要,一定要好好写。 摘要写的怎样是作者学术水平与科学态度的直接反映。如果短短的摘要内部 出现 一些语法、词法、表达等错误,读者就不想往下看了,如同菜中吃到虫子,恶心。 中国学术期刊的英文摘要中闹过许多丢脸的笑话,据说英文摘要不是人写的,而是由某翻译软件翻译的, 翻译后没有读过就直接出版了。 科学网名博李世春教授的博客里就反映过这个问题( http://blog.sciencenet.cn/home.php?mod=spaceuid=2321do=blogid=50527from=space ), 例如: : http://scholar.ilib.cn/A-gssjjglgbxyxb200302001.html 开拓进取真抓实干,不断开创西部大开发的新局面 Expand Enterprising and Really Grasp Solid Fuck and Continuously Expand and Great the New Situation of Buildings of Western Region 甘肃省经济管理干部学院学报 2003 年 02 期 宋照肃 , Song Zhaosu 控制影响干化学尿液分析的异常结果因素 Control Influence Factors for Abnormal Result of Urine Liquid Analysis with Fuck Chemistry Methods 实用医技杂志 2003 年 02 期 何锦华 粉煤灰山砂路面砼的技术经济性研究 重庆交通学院学报 2006/06 fuck the shrinkage properties 干缩特性 导流筒在粉浆罐中的应用 酿酒 2006/04 fuck alcohol that method smash produce 干法粉碎工艺的酒精生产 体积膨胀率作为干红葡萄酒发酵过程参数可行性研究 中国生物工程杂志 2005/S1 The grape wine that fuck 出现了 2 次,干红葡萄酒?(没看懂) 手术后患者随访工作重点的探讨 国际医药卫生导报 2005/06 Practice the duty pack fuck the system 实行责任包干制 坚持理论与实践相结合提高《化工原理》教学质量 广东化工 2005/02 close by profession to fuck the lesson 相近专业的课程 干旱对甜、糯玉米幼苗生长和生理指标的影响研究 玉米科学 2005/01 fuck the material backlog the speed 干物质积累速度 祝京水库病坝稳定计算基本参数确定 水力发电 2005/02 the density of fuck 干密度 建筑学科教学改革的思索与实践 高等建筑教育 2004/03 the lord fuck the curricular 主干课程 玉米早期及吐丝期去叶对生长发育的影响 玉米科学 2004/02 摘要关键词共出现 4 次 fuck ,如 to fuck the material kacklog 干物质积累 利用双酶玉米淀粉糖浆研制超干基酒 食品科学 2004/06 to fuck the spirit 干酒 浓相气力除灰系统在火力发电厂中的应用 山东电力高等专科学校学 报 2003/06 to fuck the ash (干灰) 所有这些不仅反映文章作者的英文水平与科学态度,而且反映部分中文期刊编辑的职业素质。 最近,科学网上一位地震预报 “ 大师 ” 强力推荐读者学习他的新出炉的 “ 大作 ”—— 国外某些地震区大地震孕育过程分析, 该文发表在其研究所办的刊物《 地球物理学进展》 2014 , Vol.29, Issue(4) : 1541-1554 doi :10.6038/pg20140408 ): http://manu16.magtech.com.cn/geoprog/CN/abstract/abstract10598.shtml 他的英文摘要是这么写的: Abstract : With the absence of fault information, the recognition principle for the rationaldivision of seismic zone and the division method of the optimal seismic zone were proposed by us . Meanwhile, through the new insights into the definition of seismogenic period and the recognition of the main shock event, the seismogenic processes of seven seismic zones abroad were analyzed in order to demonstrate the practical steps of the method above. The results suggest that strong earthquakes will occur in the central Italy seismic zone and the Thailand-Burma border seismic zone respectively , a major earthquakewill occur in the Haiti-Dominican republic-Puerto Rico seismic zone and an earthquake of M S 7.9~8.1 will occur in the Pakistan-Afghanistan-Iran border seismic zone. For the other three seismic zones involving the deep focus earthquakes, the seismogenic processes were analyzed with considering the deep focus earthquake or not. The results indicate that major or great earthquakes will occur in the Kamchatka seismic zone, the western South America seismic zone and the Japan seismic zone respectively . Meanwhile the prediction results of the future great earthquakes in the three seismic zones above, including the magnitude, place, critical strain, and hypocentral depth,are also presented.Moreover, it was found that deep focus earthquakes havea great influence on the choices of the starting point and endpoint of these sismogenic period, the identifications of the symbolic earthquake magnitude at the volume expansion point and peak strength point of the locked patches,the calculation of critical accumulative Benioff strain(CBS) and the judgment of future earthquake situation. Therefore, the further study on the mechanism of deep focusearthquake was still needed in order to reveal the effect of the deep focus earthquake in the process of seismogenic process. 简直不知所云,这样摘要能给读者什么有用的信息?可悲的是,中科院的资深研究员竟然连最常见的单词 “respectively” 都不会用,时态也不会用。 Respectively means in the order described. For example, I have a daughter and a son, aged 22 and 16, respectively. That means that the daughter is 22 and the son is 16. 做科学的人需要经过严格的基本训练,对自己文章的摘要都这么马马虎虎,何谈对科学的严肃认真?这样稿子又是如何通过学术评审的,这样的稿件若投到国际地球物理的学术期刊(例如, JGR)肯定发表不了。 这样水平的人还自吹地球上独一无二,“困惑人类几万年的地震预报问题被他轻易的解决了”,就等诺奖送上祁家豁子,这等“树新蜂”(Tree New Bee)的即使“是骡是马”,还服了“治疗脑瘫的特效药”,也没人愿意骑上去“溜”着玩, 自娱自乐去吧。 国外某些地震区大地震孕育过程分析( I ) 秦四清 , 薛雷 , 李培 , 李国梁 中国科学院地质与地球物理研究所 中国科学院页岩气与地质工程重点实验室 北京 100029 Analysis on the seismogenic processes of large or great earthquakes for some seismic zones abroad based on the brittle failure theory of multiple locked patches(I) QIN Si-qing, XUE Lei, LI Pei, LI Guo-liang Key Laboratory of Shale Gas and Geoengineering, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100029, China 摘要 在缺失断层资料、无法准确厘定地震区边界的情况下,本文提出了地震区划分的合理性判别原则与 “ 最优地震区 ” 确定方法 . 从孕育周期界定与主震事件判识角度,分析了 7 个国外地震区强(大、巨)震孕育过程,阐述了该方法的实际操作步骤 . 震情分析表明:意大利中部地震区和泰缅边境地震区未来有强震发生;海地 - 多米尼加 - 波多黎各地震区未来有大震发生;巴基斯坦 - 阿富汗 - 伊朗地震区未来将发生 M W 7.9~8.1 级地震;对涉及深源地震的堪察加地震区、南美洲西部地震区和日本地震区,分考虑和不考虑深源地震两种情况,分析了上述三个地震区大(巨)震事件的孕育过程,给出了其未来巨震事件的四要素预测结果 . 研究表明:考虑深源地震与否,对于孕育周期起点与终点、膨胀点与峰值强度点标志性地震事件的选择、预测临界 CBS 值以及未来震情的判断都有一定影响,特别是在深源地震本身就是膨胀点或峰值强度点标志性事件的情况下其影响更加显著 . 因此,对深源地震成因机制的研究有待进一步深入,以期给出其是否参与孕震过程的明确依据 . 关键词 : 最优地震区 , 地震孕育周期 , 深源地震 , 锁固段 Key words : Optimal seismic zone Seismogenic period Deep focus earthquake Locked patch 收稿日期 : 2014-06-30 PACS: P315 基金资助 : 国家自然科学基金委重点项目( 41030750 )资助 . 作者简介 : 秦四清, 1964 年生,河北行唐人,中国科学院地质与地球物理研究所研究员,主要从事工程地质、非线性岩土力学与岩土工程类研究 . ( E-mail : qsqhope@mail.iggcas.ac.cn ) 下面是加拿大蒙特利尔我的社区的照片
1. Since gradient may be the computationally most intensive operation, for fair comparison, we compare SGD to SVRG based on the number of gradient computations. 2. For simplicity we will only consider the case that each... 3. When the number of components n is very large, each iteration of (5) can be very expensive since it requires computing the gradients for all the n component functions fi , and also their average 4. The strong convexity of P(x) may come from either F(x) or R(x) or both. 5. Combining with the definition of... 6. This complexity scales poorly in 7. On the other hand, Prox-SG can be applied for more general stochastic optimization problems, and it does not exploit the fact that the objective function in (1) is actually a deterministic function. Such inefficiencies in exploiting problem structure leave much room for further improvements. 8. Moreover, it avoids storage of past gradients 9. Bounding the variance 10. avoids the potentially harmful effects of differencing noisy gradients 11. we rearrange and the simplify 12. a near identical proof should hold for a simplified version 13. This paper connects two algorithms which until now have remained remarkably disjoint in the literature 14. turns out to be equivelent to another idea 15. seems much more nature 16. supose that 17. Before continuoing our study 18. Of course sometimes one can be lucky and 19. All the terms cancel out 20. If Then one can check directly that 21. It is also easy if tedious to verify 22. For the purpose of play an important role 23. Are the main concern of 24. Make a precise definition 25. Use ... instead of ... 26. Derives from the fact that 27. These observation motivate a definition 28. In other words 29. Treat in great generality 30. It is worth noting that 31. By dealing with 32. The payoff for this defonition 33. The point of the following proof is to reduce 34. The goal of our work so far 35. Rather than 36. and we will also find it convenient to use 37. We will use the notation 38. define the function as 39. by convexity we have 40. substituting the definition of ... and ..., and simplifying terms gives the result 41. apply the standard inequality , with and , for each , and sum 42. we follow a similar arguments as occurs in the SVRG proof for this term, but with a tighter argument 43. the other key trick is the use of the standard variance decomposition 44. take 45. and for reasons that will become clear later
Based on these superior properties and a combinative requirement for reducing environmental burdens by using lightweighted structures, the research and development of magnesium alloys for practical industrial application have overwhelmingly increased worldwide during the past decade. 2008 年一篇文献综述的第二句。 这个句子犯了多少忌讳,因人而异,但若问这个句子给出了多少写作中需要躲开的陷阱,很多。 1. 先看句子核心。 主语: theresearch and development of magnesium alloys for practical industrialapplication 谓语: haveincreased 主语短语过长,首要伤害为主语形象模糊。直接导致读者对叙述主体是什么不清楚,可以是 RD ,也可以是 RDof Mg, 也可以是整个短语。当然,语法上讲,整个短语是主语,于是在究极语法的人来看,皱眉头就在所难免了。想想电影三傻中 book 的定义,你也许就能明白,这种句子让他们读起来会是什么感觉了。 谓语 increased ,不及物动词,后面什么都没有,配合上一个超长的主语。又好像一个 300 公里速度奔驰的布加迪跑着跑着,启动尾翼急刹车。当然,谓语本身问题不大,主要是给主语衬托的。 合起来看下这个句子中的 RD have increased 。如果分离核心成分,这个 37 个字组成的句子剩余部分都是,形容词,副词,时间状语,方式状语等等。 2 .看看有哪些非核心成分。 Based on these superior properties and a combinative requirement for reducing environmental burdens by using light-weighted structures 这个占据了句子一半字数的 introductoryclause ,让观众足足等了两行字的时间。什么考量? 如果仔细看, basedon 这个级别不高的成分中还有细分的两个成分: thesesuperior properties 和 acombinative requirement 。再细看, requirement 还有细节,通过 usinglight-weighted structures 达到 reducing environmental burdens ,这样算下来, based on 附属结构层层排列,甚是复杂 。 overwhelmingly increased worldwide during the past decade 仔细看这四个部分。 overwhelmingly ,修饰 increase 。当作者选中 increase 这个词的时候,心中就已经百搭了 over 这个副词。一个平庸的动词只能靠副词往其身上浇油,才能表达出作者心中想要传达的“如火如荼”的情感。 Worldwide ,这年头,做科研,你不在嘴边挂着国际化你都不好意思不是,但提这个概念的作用? During the past decade, 为什么会想起说这个呢,你的综述是圈定,或者主要讨论点在这十年? 08 年的文章,过去的十年倒推才 98 年,镁合金复兴研究在 90 年左右。是这前八年是什么情况,还是你就顺口一说? 总的来讲:一个矮小风干的内核,在这套看起来威严、闪亮、坚硬的盔甲的保护下,更显得脆弱干瘪;而盔甲,也显得空洞、虚华。当然,你可以认为这个句子本身没问题。 3 .总结 Leave it unsaid. 写作过程中这点似乎很难,自己知道的总想竹筒倒豆子。也许是出于好心,告诉晚辈一些信息。也许只是不加思考,知道的就往文章里丢,显得博学多闻? 调侃之后,还是希望是最简单的情况:大家还只是不知道怎么样写一篇读者喜欢,而不是作者自己喜欢的文章。至少这样的话,通过学习,改善是可以很快实现的。 大家多考虑些文字价值,当然,多花很多很多时间,让我们写出来的东西先实现every word counts,然后再慢慢延伸出去,写出整体性的好文章。 附:这里感谢二楼的仁兄,批评的是。接受学校一般,学术写作这一大课题绝非简单之事。同时,修改了文章,减掉了调侃过火的部分。
把基本的表达方法背下来(我称之为 “表达单元” ,例如“ A 长期被认为”: A haslong been thought to be ),然后熟练运用。我总结了几百个这样的表达单元,反复背诵。事实证明,这是提高英语表达能力的一种有效方法。 对于英文论文写作而言,看十几篇经典文献,从中提炼出自己写作能用得上的表达单元,反复背记,是提高英语论文写作能力的快速方法。 遇到不会的表达怎么办? Google : 检索英文网页,直接输入自己不确定的表达方法,例如不清楚“在 10 月 1 日”的表达方法是 On October 1st ,还是 At October 1st ,就可以分别检索这两种表达方法。正确的检索结果远多于错误的结果。当然还有更基本的检索方法,就是直接输入中文 + 英语翻译,例如“在显微镜下观察 英语翻译”。 CNKI 翻译助手: http://dict.cnki.net/ 遇到专业名词不知道翻译怎么办? CNKI 翻译助手以中国知网数据库里面的中英文标题和摘要为依据,提供专业名词的翻译。不过由于都是中国人写的,翻译可能不十分准确,但是至少提供了一个参考。建议对查到的译法用 Google 学术进一步验证(下面会详述)。检索方法简答,就是直接输入中文,点击搜索即可。例如“在显微镜下观察”的搜索结果是: http://dict.cnki.net/dict_result.aspx?searchword=%u663E%u5FAE%u955C%u4E0B%u89C2%u5BDF 爱词霸英语句库: http://dj.iciba.com/toast/ 有大量例句。直接输入中文,检索英文。不过不是每一个表达方法都是地道的,所以还需要用 Google 学术进一步验证。 Google 学术: 优点是可以对发表的论文进行全文检索,所以适合用来参考论文写作的表达方法。假如不知道“帕金森病患者”怎样翻译,就可以在 Google 学术里面输入“ patient Parkinson's disease ”,然后搜索,可以看到正确的用法是 patientwith Parkinson's disease. 值得注意的是,检索的结果也有出错的可能,所以一般选用使用频率最高的表达方法,这样的表达应该最可靠。