传统文化 国际化 教授过英语和中国教育名著 结合 在山东理工大学和青岛大学 开课 大学 不同翻译的对照 正像汉语中的不同解释 In the Analects we find the passage: “When Chung Kung asked the meaning of jen, the master said: ‘. . . Do not do to others what you do not wish yourself. . . ’” (XII, 2.) Again, Confucius is re ported in the Analects as saying: The man of jen is one who, desir-ing to sustain himself, sustains others, and desiring to develop him- self, develops others. To be able from one's own self to draw a parallel for the treatment of others; that may be called the way to practise jen. (VI, 28.) 《论语 · 颜渊》篇里记载,仲弓问仁,孔子回答说: “…… 己所不欲,勿施于人。 ……” 《论语 · 雍也》篇里还记载,孔子说: “ 夫仁也,己欲立而立人;己欲达而达人。能近取譬,可谓仁之方也已。 ” Thus the practice of jen consists in consideration for others. De- siring to sustain oneself, one sustains others; desiring to develop one-self, one develops others. In other words: Do to others what you wish yourself. This is the positive aspect of the practice, which was called by Confucius chung or conscientiousness to others. And the negative aspect, which was called by Confucius shu or altruism, is: Do not do to others what you do not wish yourself. The practice as a whole is called the principle of chung and shu, which is the way to practice jen This principle was known by some of the later Confucianists as the principle of applying a measuring square. “ 絜 矩之道 ” , That is to say, it is a principle by which one uses oneself as a standard to regulate one's conduct. In the Ta Hstieh or Great Learning, which is a chapter of the Li Chi (Book of Rites), a collection of treatises written by the Confucianists in the third and second centuries B.C., it is said: Do not use what you dislike in your superiors in the employment of your inferiors. Do not use what you dislike in your inferiors in the service of your superiors. Do not use what you dislike in those who are be- fore, to precede those who are behind. Do not use what you dislike in those who are behind, to follow those who are before. Do not use what you dislike on the right, to display toward the left. Do not use what you dislike on the left, to display toward the right. This is called the principle of applying a measuring square. 恶于上,毋以使下。所恶于下,毋以事上。所恶于前,毋以先后。所恶于后,毋以从前。所恶于右,毋以交于左。所恶于左,毋以交于右。此之谓絜 矩之道 ” In the Chung Yung or Doctrine of the Mean, which is another chapter of the Li Chi, attributed to Tzu-ssu, the grandson of Con fucius, 礼记 《中庸》 , 传说是孔子的孙子子思所作。其中第十三节说: 44 it is said: Chung and shu are not far from the Way. What you do not like done to yourself, do not do to others. . . . Serve your father as you would require your son to serve you. . . . Serve your ruler as you would require your subordinate to serve you. . . . Serve your elder brother as you would require your younger brother to serve you. ... Set the example in behaving to your friends as you would require them to behave to you. . . . “ 忠恕违道不远。施诸己而不愿,亦勿施于人。 …… 所求乎子,以事父。 …… 所求乎臣,以事君。 …… 所求乎弟,以事兄。 …… 所求乎朋友,先施之。 … The illustration given in the Great Learning emphasizes the nega- tive aspect of the principle of chung and shu; that in the Doctrine of the Mean emphasizes its positive aspect. In each case the measur-ing square for determining conduct is in one's self and not in other things. The principle of chung and shu is at the same time the principle of jen, so that the practice of chung and shu means the practice of jen. And this practice leads to the carrying out of one's responsibili- ties and duties in society, in which is comprised the quality of yi or righteousness. Hence the principle of chung and shu becomes the alpha and omega of one's moral life . 忠恕之道就是人的道德生活的开端和终结。 In the Analects we find the pas- sage: The master said: 'Shen , all my teachings are linked together by one prin- ciple.’ ‘ Quite so,’ replied Tseng Tzu. When the master had left the room, the disciples asked: 'What did he mean?' Tseng Tzu replied: 'Our master's teaching consists of the principle of chung and shu, and that is all. ’ (IV, 15.) Confucius said: At fifteen I set my heart on learning. At thirty I could stand. At forty I had no doubts. At fifty I knew the Decree of Heaven. At sixty I was already obedient . At seventy I could follow the desires of my mind without overstepping the boundaries . (Analects, II, 4) 吾十有五,而志于学。三十而立。四十而不惑。五十而知天命。六十而耳顺。七十而从心所欲不逾矩 When the great Tao was in practice, the world was common to all; men of talents, virtue and ability were selected; sincerity was emphasized and friendship was cultivated. Therefore, men did not love only their own parents, nor did they treat as children only their own sons. A competent provision was secured for the aged till their death, em- ployment was given to the able-bodied, and a means was provided for the upbringing of the young. Kindness and compassion were shown to widows, orphans, childless men, and those who were dis- abled by disease, so that they all had the wherewithal for support. Men had their proper work and women had their homes. They hated to sec the wealth of natural resources undeveloped, was not for their own use. They hated not to exert themselves, was not for their own profit. . . . This was called the great unity. (Li Chi, ch. 7.) “ 大道之行也 , 天下为公。选贤与能 , 讲信修睦。故人不独亲其亲,不独子其子。使老有所终,壮有所用,幼有所长,矜寡孤独废疾者,皆有所养;男有分,女有归。货恶其弃于地也,不必藏于己;力恶其不出于身也,不必为己。是故谋闭而不兴,盗窃乱贼而不作,故外户而不闭。是谓大同。” conscientious kɒnʃi’enʃəs , careful to do everything that it is your job or duty to do 絜矩之道是以推己度人为标尺的人际关系处理法则,指内心公平中正,做事中庸合德。絜,度量;矩,画直角或方形用的尺子,引申为法度、规则。絜矩:儒家以“絜矩”来象征道德上的规范。
在巴黎参加“绿色增长知识平台( GGKP )”第二届年会会议,居然也遇到 PM2.5 问题。感觉中国的 PM2.5 问题已经国际化,隐隐感到会超越环境科学和人体健康的讨论。联系近期信息和个人想法,提供对 PM2.5 及人体健康影响感兴趣和研究的网友参考。 GGKP 这次会议由经合发展组织( OECD )、联合国环境规划署( UNEP )和世界银行支持,主旨是报告和讨论绿色增长的测量和报告的方式方法和技术。 UNEP 执行主任施泰纳并在第二天( 5 日)致词并发布了研究报告“朝向绿色增长指标体系的共同途径”( Moving Towards a Common Approach on Green Growth Indicators , http://www.unep.org/ )。该文件经过多国多位专家的讨论决定,对指导各国制定绿色增长的指标体系有重要的指导性意义。本次会议上向参加会议的代表们广泛征求意义,准备进一行下一轮的修改和细化。该报告注意到,指标体系应当精炼和分层次,引用了 OECD 建议的“标题指标 ~headline indicators ”,包括“自然资本”、“环境和资源的生产力和强度”、“生命环境质量”和“政策和机会”等四大类中的 7 个标题指标。 1 、信息一 就在学习指标内容时,突然发现,在“生命环境质量”标题下指标是“ Population exposure to air pollution ”,并建议其定义为“ Share of population exposed to health threatening levels of PM2.5 ” 。 并 提供了 直方图,说明 OECD 各国和金砖六国( BRIICS )人口暴露于不同级别 PM2.5 浓度的百分比。图中 PM2.5 浓度空间分布的数据来自著名的 NASA 遥感图, 2001 到 2006 年的平均值图。 我并不怀疑上述数据和 PM2.5 污染对人体健康的危害。只是 又一次 地感到奇怪: 室外空气污染以 PM2.5 污染为代表?其他污染物呢,气态的呢? 2 、信息二 开会晚上,看到科学网上两篇博文,说中国 2010 年有 120 万人死于室外 PM2.5 污染。一篇认为很有可能,另一篇有疑问,希望医学人士证实。我也有疑问,但不懂污染和人体健康方面的问题,所以只能疑问:中国研究空气污染的最重要团队是在北京大学、清华大学和广州,他们研究汽车尾气和光化学烟雾问题已经超过 20 年,汽车尾气中也只是 PM2.5 对人体健康危害大? CO 、 NO2 和碳氢化物呢?他们是什么意见?这样的结果, 汽车制造商和销售商应当会高兴的 ,。。。 2013-4-4 空气污染之数据分析? http://blog.sciencenet.cn/blog-266686-676758.html 2013-4-4 中国有多少人死于空气污染?别人的数据不用震惊。 http://blog.sciencenet.cn/blog-392525-676684.html 3 、信息三 出发前,看到科学网两篇新闻,说 PM2.5 是我国第四大致死风险因子,也说我国 2010 年因此致死 120 万人。因为消息来源是国际权威期刊“柳叶刀( Lancet )”,虽然感到震惊和难以接受,却不敢怀疑。只能去网上查找柳叶刀原文,加强学习,看到的信息记录在下面。 2013-4-2 报告称 PM2.5 成我国第四大致死风险因子 http://news.sciencenet.cn/htmlnews/2013/4/276325.shtm 2013-4-1 报告称室外空气污染每年全球致死 320 万人 http://news.sciencenet.cn/htmlnews/2013/4/276256.shtm 发布的研究报告有 7 份,第 7 份就是讲风险因子的: http://www.thelancet.com/themed/global-burden-of-disease 于是抓紧时间学习了一下,显然不够深入,但获得了以下信息(自己翻译粗糙,英文原文也列出了): 各个风险因子 - 后果对的挑选条件为: 1) 根据前期工作发现的可能会对患病风险和政策发生重要影响的因子; 2) 至少在 1990 或 2010 中的一年的研究时段,有足够数据能对各国暴露分布进行估算的因子; 3) 有相关的高质量流行病学研究成果表明因子和风险的因果关系,并且其中的发现不像是因为偏见或偶然巧合,类似于进行致癌物评价时有确实或大致确实的证据的情况;还需要有足够数据来估算单位暴露的病因效应的大小; 4) 有证据支持该因子对于人群影响大小的可推广性,这些证据不包括在流行病学研究中获得的,或来自成功模型的外推成果, The inclusion criteria for each risk – outcome pair that we applied were: 1) the likely importance of a risk factor to disease burden or policy based on previous work; 2) availability of sufficient data and methods to enable estimation of exposure distributions by country for at least one of the study periods (1990 and 2010); 3) sufficient evidence for causal effects based on high-quality epidemiological studies in which the findings were unlikely to be caused by bias or chance, analogous to the criteria used for assessment of carcinogens with convincing or probable evidence (panel). Sufficient data to estimate outcome-specific etiological effect sizes per unit of exposure were also needed; and 4) evidence to support generalisability of effect sizes to populations other than those included in the available epidemiological studies or satisfactory models for extrapolating them. 关于风险因子导致患病负担的估算有五个步骤: 1) 选择风险因子 ~ 后果对,它们将应用于依据因果关系的判据进行的分析之中; 2) 估算人口中暴露于各个风险因子的分布比例; 3) 对各个风险因子 - 后果对估算病因学影响的大小,常以单位暴露的相对风险表示; 4) 选择一个可替代的暴露分布,比较现有的暴露分布。我们选用了“最佳暴露分布”,称为“理论最小风险暴露分布”,最后 5) 计算各个风险因子的致病负担,包括各种原因的不确定性。 Our estimation of disease burden attributable to a risk factor had five steps: 1) selection of risk – outcome pairs to be included in the analysis based on criteria about causal associations; 2) estimation of distributions of exposure to each risk factor in the population; 3) estimation of etiological effect sizes, often relative risk per unit of exposure for each risk – outcome pair; 4) choice of an alternative (counterfactual) exposure distribution to which the current exposure distribution is compared. We selected an optimum exposure distribution, termed the theoretical- minimum-risk exposure distribution for this purpose; and 5) computation of burden attributable to each risk factor, including uncertainty from all sources. 从上面字段可见,该报告关于室外空气污染实际上选用了细颗粒物( PM2.5 )和臭氧( O3 ),后者显然没有前者重要。该报告以地域形式报告了计算结果,例如东亚地区,在 20 个风险因子中,室外细颗粒物因子排第 4 ,室外臭氧因子排第 34 位。分国家的排列没有在报告中列举,据媒体说 3 月 31 日 在清华大学的发布会上,列出了中国的计算结果:室外细颗粒物污染排第 4 ,室外臭氧污染排第 13 位。 从这份报告的初步学习中是否可以认为: (1) 选用室外 PM2.5 为风险因子的主要原因除了认为可能严重影响人体健康外,还因为有比较容易获得和估算的空间浓度分布( NASA 的 2001~2006 平均 PM2.5 分布遥感图 )。并不是因为有充分证据确认 PM2.5 的危害比较汽车尾气严重得多。汽车尾气中也有 PM2.5 ,还有 CO 、 NO2 、 HCs 等气态污染物。而且汽车尾气就在我们身边排放,交警和司售人员,步行和自行车骑手,街道两侧居民都深受其害。反之从高空遥感的 PM2.5 柱,尽管水平分布的数据可信,但垂直分布高度因此直接影响人群的程度,却有不确定性。 (2) 如果将汽车尾气参选风险因子,除了遥感数据比较困难外,是否有可能优于 PM2.5 ? (3) 媒体写“以 PM2.5 形式存在的室外空气污染”是错的,因为即使在柳叶刀报告中,也写的是“室外细颗粒物污染( Ambient particulate matter pollution )”;同时还有“室外臭氧污染( Ambient ozone pollution )” 然而,选用 PM2.5 或汽车尾气为风险因子在一定场合下有重要差别。一方面,选用 PM2.5 ,汽车生产商和销售商可以大松一口气了。自 1940 年代开始被关注的光化学烟雾,到 1960 年代被确认主凶是汽车尾气,环保部和汽车商之间的争斗不断升级。当前能够推行较严格的排放标准,得益于“三相催化转换器”的发明和不断改进。如果室外臭氧污染的严重性降低,虽然汽车业排放 PM2.5 ,但显然压力减轻许多(污染源调查中发现,汽车尾气中的细颗粒物排放量有限)。 另一方面,发展中国家因为各种原因,通常颗粒物污染严重;发达国家则汽车数量多多。如果在“绿色增长指标体系”中用 PM2.5 代表室外空气污染,这一指标的执行,发展中国家必定站在不利位置。如果该指标再和今后可的某种外交谈判,或税务谈判相联系。问题就超出了环境科学和人体健康医学的范围。 在理工学科中,得到某个结论需要“充分必要条件”。以 PM2.5 为例,要证明它对人体有严重影响的话,必须用数据首先说明它的浓度变化和人体致病数据有正相关关系。但这只是必要条件,因为和致病数据正相关的因子可能有多个,例如汽车数量的增加等等。必须还要证明某种疾病人数的增加和汽车尾气中的 CO 、 NO2 、 HC 等没有明显关系,因此交警和司售人员的患病,不能算在内等等。 在 1986 年 John Wiley Sons 出版, John H. Seinfeld 著作的“ Atmospheric Physics and Chemistry of Air Pollution ”一书讨论颗粒物污染对人体危害的一节中,也展示了 1952 年伦敦烟雾下致死数字的曲线图,只出现了烟尘( Smoke )的浓度曲线,没有画二氧化硫浓度曲线。以此说明高颗粒物浓度的严重危害显然有严重缺陷。( 2013年5月5日晨注:这里信息严重错误,特此向网友道歉。 所述曲线图不是出现在Seinfeld书中,而是出现在 1995 年 McGraw-Hill 出版的 N. de Nevers 著的“ Air Pollution Control Engineering ”书中) 恳切希望我们的研究人员重视 PM2.5 健康影响可能涉及的超过科学和医学的问题。
今年是澳大利亚University of Wollongong大学建校60周年,这个学校最初就相当于Illawarra地区的一个学院,虽属于南威尔士州政府管理,但实际上就相当于我国某省某地区级的一所学院(比如廊坊师范学院之类)。后升格为综合大学,最近三四年发展壮大成为一个国际性大学,在沙特的杜拜(Dubai)也建立有校区。其实,我并无意于研究这所大学的更多情况,只是我在这所大学的化学学院先后累计也工作了一年多的时间,多多少少见证了这所大学的壮大过程。特别是最近Innovation校区和主校区的发展更是让人看好这所大学的发展。更加羡慕的是主校区好多与健康有关的学院的建立(就几年的时间),还有近一些年一篇一篇的CNS论文的发表都给人留下了比较深刻的印象。除此之外,我还很羡慕这所大学国际化速度和程度,这使我想到了我国的好多大学的发展。我有一个直观的感觉,人家这些大学就像生长在绿洲上,清澈的流水,清新的风...阳光灿烂...而我们的学校则更像生长在干旱区....