Grammar Handbook: Mass and Count Nouns 来源： http://www.cws.illinois.edu/workshop/writers/massnouns/ Every noun can also be distinguished as count or mass . 名词分两种：可数、不可数。 Count Nouns Count nouns are nouns that can be quantified or counted with a number. 可数名词：试一下，能不能板着手指数一下？看看下面的例子。应该容易看懂。 A few examples: · Names of persons, animals, plants, insects, and their parts: a boy, a kitten, a rose, an ear, three boys, seven kittens, twelve roses, two ears · Objects with a definite shape: a building, a balloon, a house, an octopus, four buildings, six balloons, four houses, two octopi · Units of measurement and words of classification: a gram, a pound, a piece, a lump, an item, a bit, a family, a state, a language, a phrase, a word · Some abstract words: a hindrance, a scheme, an idea, a plan, a taboo, a rest 评论：可数名词难在“抽象名词”上。比如： a hindrance, a scheme, an idea, a plan, a taboo, a rest。下面四条可以用来检验某名词是否可数。 Tests for Count Nouns: Count nouns can be quantified by a number. They have singular and plural forms. They can use a, an, or one as a modifier. They can use many as a modifier. Mass Nouns Mass nouns are uncountable by a number. Mass nouns are quantified by a word that signifies amount. 不可数名词：你没有办法用手指头数的。看看下面的例子。 A few examples: · Materials, food, metals, and natural qualities : bread, cotton, wood, lightness, adolescence · Names of liquids, gases, and substances made of many small particles : cappuccino, oil, smoke, oxygen, rice, sugar, salt, cement, gravel · Names of languages : English, Spanish, French, Latin, Sanskrit, Chinese · Most gerunds : looking, listening, swimming, running, anticipating 评论：显然，不可数名词比可数的难多了。它还包括动名词。 Remember that a number can not be used to quantify a mass noun. Incorrect: four woods, one rice, three courages. 评论：不可数名词，不能用数字：four woods, one rice。也不能加s：three courages。 那， 应该 如何表达我有多么富有呢？看看下面的例子。 To measure or classify mass nouns, use of after a measurement: a foot of wood, a pound of rice, an ounce of courage, a bar of chocolate, a piece of music, a bag of money（哇塞！Where？Where？） 下面四条可以用来检验某名词是否可数。 Tests for Mass Nouns: Mass nouns are quantified by an amount rather than a number. They have only one form (singular). They cannot have a, an, or one before them as modifiers. They can use much as a modifier. 希望你现在有了一点点收获。 如果你想提高科技英语写作能力，请跟我来... http://blog.sciencenet.cn/blog-306792-1146577.html
diffeomorphism 微分同胚 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diffeomorphism http://mathworld.wolfram.com/Diffeomorphism.html A diffeomorphism is a map between manifolds which is differentiable and has a differentiable inverse. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- isomorphism 同构 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isomorphism http://mathworld.wolfram.com/Isomorphism.html Isomorphism is a very general concept that appears in several areas of mathematics. The word derives from the Greek iso , meaning equal, and morphosis , meaning to form or to shape. Formally, an isomorphism is bijective morphism . Informally, an isomorphism is a map that preserves sets and relations among elements. is isomorphic to is written . Unfortunately, this symbol is also used to denote geometric congruence . An isomorphism from a set of elements onto itself is called an automorphism . -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- morphism 态射 http://mathworld.wolfram.com/Morphism.html A morphism is a map between two objects in an abstract category . -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- homomorphism 同态 http://mathworld.wolfram.com/Homomorphism.html A term used in category theory to mean a general morphism . The term derives from the Greek ( omo ) alike and ( morphosis ), to form or to shape. The similarity in meaning and form of the words homomorphism and homeomorphism is unfortunate and a common source of confusion. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- homeomorphism 同胚 http://mathworld.wolfram.com/Homeomorphism.html A homeomorphism, also called a continuous transformation, is an equivalence relation and one-to-one correspondence between points in two geometric figures or topological spaces that is continuous in both directions. A homeomorphism which also preserves distances is called an isometry . Affine transformations are another type of common geometric homeomorphism. The similarity in meaning and form of the words homomorphism and homeomorphism is unfortunate and a common source of confusion. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- monomorphism 单射 http://mathworld.wolfram.com/Monomorphism.html A morphism in a category is a monomorphism if, for any two morphisms , implies that . In the categories of sets, groups, modules, etc., a monomorphism is the same as an injection , and is used synonymously with injection outside of category theory . -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- epimorphism(surjection) 满射 http://mathworld.wolfram.com/Epimorphism.html A morphism in a category is an epimorphism if, for any two morphisms , implies . In the categories of sets, groups, modules, etc., an epimorphism is the same as a surjection , and is used synonymously with surjection outside of category theory . -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- category 范畴 http://mathworld.wolfram.com/Category.html A category consists of three things: a collection of objects , for each pair of objects a collection of morphisms (sometimes call arrows) from one to another, and a binary operation defined on compatible pairs of morphisms called composition. The category must satisfy an identity axiom and an associative axiom which is analogous to the monoid axioms. The morphisms must obey the following laws: 1. If is a morphism from to (in short, ), and , then there is a morphism (commonly read composed with ) from to . 2. Composition of morphisms, where defined, is associative, so if , , and , then . 3. For each object a, there is an identity morphism , such that for any , and . In most concrete categories over sets, an object is some mathematical structure (e.g., a group , vector space , or smooth manifold ) and a morphism is a map between two objects. The identity map between any object and itself is then the identity morphism, and the composition of morphisms is just function composition. One usually requires the morphisms to preserve the mathematical structure of the objects. So if the objects are all groups, a good choice for a morphism would be a group homomorphism . Similarly, for vector spaces, one would choose linear maps, and for differentiable manifolds, one would choose differentiable maps. In the category of topological spaces , morphisms are usually continuous maps between topological spaces. However, there are also other category structures having topological spaces as objects, but they are not nearly as important as the standard category of topological spaces and continuous maps . -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- isometry 等距同构 http://mathworld.wolfram.com/Isometry.html A bijective map between two metric spaces that preserves distances, i.e., where is the map and is the distance function. Isometries are sometimes also called congruence transformations. Two figures that can be transformed into each other by an isometry are said to be congruent (Coxeter and Greitzer 1967, p. 80). An isometry of the plane is a linear transformation which preserves length. Isometries include rotation , translation , reflection , glides , and the identity map . Two geometric figures related by an isometry are said to be geometrically congruent (Coxeter and Greitzer 1967, p. 80). If a plane isometry has more than one fixed point , it must be either the identity transformation or a reflection. Every isometry of period two (two applications of the transformation preserving lengths in the original configuration) is either a reflection or a half-turn rotation. Every isometry in the plane is the product of at most three reflections (at most two if there is a fixed point ). Every finite group of isometries has at least one fixed point . -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- manifold 流形 http://mathworld.wolfram.com/Manifold.html A manifold is a topological space that is locally Euclidean (i.e., around every point, there is a neighborhood that is topologically the same as the open unit ball in ). To illustrate this idea, consider the ancient belief that the Earth was flat as contrasted with the modern evidence that it is round. The discrepancy arises essentially from the fact that on the small scales that we see, the Earth does indeed look flat. In general, any object that is nearly flat on small scales is a manifold, and so manifolds constitute a generalization of objects we could live on in which we would encounter the round/flat Earth problem, as first codified by Poincaré. More concisely, any object that can be charted is a manifold. One of the goals of topology is to find ways of distinguishing manifolds. For instance, a circle is topologically the same as any closed loop, no matter how different these two manifolds may appear. Similarly, the surface of a coffee mug with a handle is topologically the same as the surface of the donut, and this type of surface is called a (one-handled) torus . As a topological space , a manifold can be compact or noncompact, and connected or disconnected. Commonly, the unqualified term manifoldis used to mean manifold with boundary . This is the usage followed in this work. However, an author will sometimes be more precise and use the term open manifold for a noncompact manifold without boundary or closed manifold for a compact manifold with boundary. If a manifold contains its own boundary, it is called, not surprisingly, a manifold with boundary . The closed unit ball in is a manifold with boundary, and its boundary is the unit sphere. The concept can be generalized to manifolds with corners. By definition, every point on a manifold has a neighborhood together with a homeomorphism of that neighborhood with an open ball in . In addition, a manifold must have a second countable topology . Unless otherwise indicated, a manifold is assumed to have finite dimension , for a positive integer. Smooth manifolds (also called differentiable manifolds) are manifolds for which overlapping charts relate smoothly to each other, meaning that the inverse of one followed by the other is an infinitely differentiable map from Euclidean space to itself. Manifolds arise naturally in a variety of mathematical and physical applications as global objects. For example, in order to precisely describe all the configurations of a robot arm or all the possible positions and momenta of a rocket, an object is needed to store all of these parameters. The objects that crop up are manifolds. From the geometric perspective, manifolds represent the profound idea having to do with global versus local properties. The basic example of a manifold is Euclidean space , and many of its properties carry over to manifolds. In addition, any smooth boundary of a subset of Euclidean space, like the circle or the sphere, is a manifold. Manifolds are therefore of interest in the study of geometry , topology , and analysis . A submanifold is a subset of a manifold that is itself a manifold, but has smaller dimension. For example, the equator of a sphere is a submanifold. Many common examples of manifolds are submanifolds of Euclidean space. In fact, Whitney showed in the 1930s that any manifold can be embedded in , where . A manifold may be endowed with more structure than a locally Euclidean topology. For example, it could be smooth , complex , or even algebraic (in order of specificity). A smooth manifold with a metric is called a Riemannian manifold , and one with a symplectic structure is called a symplectic manifold . Finally, a complex manifold with a Kähler structure is called a Kähler manifold . -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- topological space 拓扑空间 http://mathworld.wolfram.com/TopologicalSpace.html A topological space, also called an abstract topological space, is a set together with a collection of open subsets that satisfies the four conditions: 1. The empty set is in . 2. is in . 3. The intersection of a finite number of sets in is also in . 4. The union of an arbitrary number of sets in is also in . Alternatively, may be defined to be the closed sets rather than the open sets, in which case conditions 3 and 4 become: 3. The intersection of an arbitrary number of sets in is also in . 4. The union of a finite number of sets in is also in . These axioms are designed so that the traditional definitions of open and closed intervals of the real line continue to be true. For example, the restriction in (3) can be seen to be necessary by considering , where an infinite intersection of open intervals is a closed set . In the chapter Point Sets in General Spaces Hausdorff (1914) defined his concept of a topological space based on the four Hausdorff axioms (which in modern times are not considered necessary in the definition of a topological space). -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- holomophic function 全纯函数 http://mathworld.wolfram.com/HolomorphicFunction.html A synonym for analytic function , regular function, differentiable function, complex differentiable function, and holomorphic map (Krantz 1999, p. 16). The word derives from the Greek ( holos ), meaning whole, and ( morphe ), meaning form or appearance. Many mathematicians prefer the term holomorphic function (or holomorphic map) to analytic function (Krantz 1999, p. 16), while analytic appears to be in widespread use among physicists, engineers, and in some older texts (Morse and Feshbach 1953, pp. 356-374; Knopp 1996, pp. 83-111; Whittaker and Watson 1990, p. 83). -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- moniod 幺半群 http://mathworld.wolfram.com/Monoid.html A monoid is a set that is closed under an associative binary operation and has an identity element such that for all , . Note that unlike a group , its elements need not have inverses. It can also be thought of as a semigroup with an identity element . A monoid must contain at least one element. A monoid that is commutative is, not surprisingly, known as a commutativemonoid . -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- normal subgroup 正规子群 http://mathworld.wolfram.com/NormalSubgroup.html Let be a subgroup of a group . The similarity transformation of by a fixed element in not in always gives a subgroup . If for every element in , then is said to be a normal subgroup of , written (Arfken 1985, p. 242; Scott 1987, p. 25). Normal subgroups are also known as invariant subgroups or self-conjugate subgroup (Arfken 1985, p. 242). All subgroups of Abelian groups are normal (Arfken1985, p. 242). --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
计算机科学技术名词的规范化 闵应骅 中国科学院计算技术研究所 正值“计算机科学技术名词（第三版）”制订之际，本人对计算机科学技术名词的规范化发表如下意见。 1． 计算机科学技术名词规范化非常重要 中文有几千年的历史，是中华民族的支柱之一，也是民族凝聚力的桥梁。但是，计算机科学技术才发展了几十年，而新的名词不断出现，必须不断刷新中文的计算机科学技术名词库。全国科学技术名词审定委员会一直是由历任中国科学院院长担任，可见国家对此事的重视。“计算机科学技术名词”已出版过第一版、第二版，现在要出第三版，因为计算机科学技术新名词可以说日新月异。不规范就会各行其是，同一个名词有不同的说法，大众无所适从。全世界的中文名词应该尽可能地一致，才有利于中文作为世界上重要语言的地位。现在大陆和台湾在科技名词方面也已经有很好的合作，以便统一名词的规范化使用。 中文科技名次的规范化当然应该以中文为主，不是英文翻译。但是，许多科技新名词出自英文，中文应该有对应的中文名词。有些英文新词，也许是人家博客里用的，也许是某人即兴发挥出来的，我们不必认真。但是，牵涉到一些新的学科领域、新的科学概念的科技名词，我们需要有相应的中文名词在中文里面传开。 现在我们科技界，有大量使用英文缩写词的现象。譬如我看到一篇中文杂志的文章，其题目包括 8 个中文字， 9 个英文字母， 1 个数字，其摘要约有 300 字， 19 个英文缩写词。普通人根本看不懂题目和摘要，甚至大同行也看不懂。这种现象不可取。别说现在的非文盲看不懂，就是若干年后的同行人也可能看不懂。因为那时候一些老技术的名词可能早就不用了。大家知道， AI 是指人工智能。在中文文章里，我们何不多写两个字，就写人工智能，大家都看得懂，可读性就提高了。所以，还是要使中文名词尽可能贴近其含义，差不多能望文生义就更好。 2． 中文名词和英文名词的对应应该尽可能取其义 为了让中文语音能够被会中文而不会英文的人看得懂，应该使中文名词和英文名词的对应尽可能取其义。现在计算机的许多术语并不光是计算机专业人士会接触到，许多非专业人士也会接触到。据说全国现在有 5 亿人上网、用计算机，他们中许多人并不懂英文。所以，应该尽量使用中文，而且使词能达意。从历史的长河来看，更应该让中文自成一统，自我包含。才能成为一种独立、完备的语言。 近年来， System-on-a-chip （ SOC ）用得很广泛，既是一个学科领域，又已形成产业。 10 几年前在自然科学基金委立 SOC 重大专项时有过一次讨论： SOC 应该叫系统芯片，还是片上系统。如果按英文 System on chip 翻译，应该翻成片上系统。但加了中划线， System-on-a-chip 就应该是系统芯片。因为 SOC 要研究的，不是系统，而是芯片，是把一个系统都集成到一个芯片上的设计、制造、测试、封装等方面的问题。它里面可能有数字电路，又有模拟电路、传感器、微机械等等。这些东西怎么集成到一起？所以，现在科技人员很少有人用“片上系统”这个词，而是用“系统芯片”这个词，就像“存储器芯片”，“图形芯片”，“接口芯片”一样的使用。 另外一个例子是 Trusted computing 。现在许多人把它翻成“可信计算”。其实， trusted computing 并没有可信的意思。它是指用户而言， I trust the computing ，当然， the computing is trusted by the user 。你可以信任该计算，但我也可以不信任该计算。所以，这个词确切来说应该是“被信任的计算”。不过，中文有时不分主动和被动，翻成“信任计算”应该也可以。类似地，还有一个词是“ Trustworthy computing ”。有人把这个词也翻成“可信计算”。微软的皮尔 . 盖茨首先用了这词。它的意思是说，从公司的角度讲，我们的计算在硬件、软件各方面都是值得信任的计算，是指我这个计算做得好，作风正，值得你信任。至于你信任不信任，是你的事，我不能代替你说可信。而 Dependable computing 则是学术界最早开始使用的词。它是从第三方的角度，经过论证认为这个计算是可信的。当然，这个论证可能很困难，这就是为什么可信计算是一个学科领域的原因。有人解释说：“ Dependable computing 是在计算和通讯系统中使用基于硬件的安全模块以提高系统整体的安全性。”这个解释可以说完全错误。可信与安全是两个不同的概念。 IEEE 10 几年前就创建了期刊，叫《 Transactions on dependable and secure computing 》，这里 dependable 和 secure 是两个并列的形容词，不是一个概念。这一段话解释安全也不全面，单靠硬件的安全模块解决不了系统安全的问题。所以，只有充分理解英文名词的含义，才能找到相应的中文名词，以免误导大众。 3． 技术名词的规范化不等于给名词下定义 据本人理解，名词委的责任是统一和规范科技名词，不包括给所有科技名词下定义。因为科技名词的概念大部分都不是一句话可以说清楚的，而且概念随着技术的发展而变化。就像 Wikipedia ，它试图给出每个名词比较详尽的解释，还有发展历史，参考文献，而且允许读者修改补充，使之动态更新。名词委希望统一和规范科技名词的使用，但无法统一名词的定义。过去已出版计算机科学技术名词第一版和第二版，只有中英和英中名词索引，没有名词的解释。我觉得这就够了，这一版也没有必要加上名词解释。这些名词解释作为个人或几个人的意见发表，当然是可以的。但作为名词委审定的结果就欠妥。事实上，审定委员会的专家们也无法定义所有这些科学名词，而且也只是指此时此刻个人对该名词的理解。乱解释反而容易引起混乱。 拿 Internet 这个词来讲，在第二版审定的时候，我记得有一个争论：有人赞成翻成英特网，有人赞成翻成互联网。翻成互联网不能说错。但是，把 internet 看成某一类互联网更确切一些，因为 internet 是基于 TCP/IP 的互联网。现在我们在热门研究下一代互联网，它可能是要革掉 TCP/IP 的。在本人看来，不革掉 TCP/IP ，那就还是因特网，不过是因特网的改进而已。 IPv6 是下一代的因特网，而不是下一代互联网。这样就给下一代互联网保留了发展的空间。 再举一个例子。我们把并行计算解释为“用并行计算机的某种计算”，而对并行计算机解释为“利用多个计算部件或多个处理器同时工作来提高性能或可靠性的计算机”。这种解释恨不确切。因为高性能计算机及高可靠计算机不能都说是并行计算机。串型计算机也可以有高性能，也可以高可靠。多机冗余的计算机不能说是并行计算机。自从图灵定义了图灵机以后，还没有一个大科学家能够说清楚什么叫并行计算。像这样计算机专家都说不清的问题在名词解释里能说清楚吗？所以，我建议，技术名词的规范化不应该包括名词的解释，以免误导大众。 4 。技术名词的分类 十几万计算机科技名词没有个分类，可能不便于读者查找。但是，这个分类依赖于国家对计算机科学技术的分类。这可是一件很难的工作。如果把计算机科学技术分为 12 类，我想这大概是根据所谓二级学科决定的。我记得，去年一个刊物上 征求计算机科学技术分类的意见 （参见“软件工程成了一级学科 (111013) ” http://blog.sciencenet.cn/blog-290937-496372.html ）。其中说，“希望根据中国的情况，提出计算机科学技术分类的意见。”我不懂，计算机科学技术分类为什么要根据中国情况。计算机科学技术还分中国的、外国的吗？大概我国的计算机二级学科分类是国家订的。可以把所有的词都归入这 12 类中，但不能保证一个词只属于这 12 类中的一类，其中有许多的交叉。 举例来说，缺陷（ defect ），故障（ fault ），差错（ error ），失效（ failure ）这些词在硬件里面，早有共识。由于硬件的某些物理缺陷，导致元件故障，从而产生输出差错，严重的差错导致系统失效。如果把这些词放在软件里面，解释应该类似，但很困难。这次，把这些词都放在软件工程里，而在计算机硬件里却被取消了。譬如，缺陷 defect 是这样解释的： “软件中存在的，不能满足需求或者归约，需要修复或替换的，不足或者不完备问题”。你怎么知道一个缺陷会不满足规约呢？从缺陷到规约是一条很长的路。而故障 fault 解释如下：“软件中错误的外在表现。故障是缺陷的子类，是软件执行时出现的缺陷。故障可能引发软件失效。”这样，缺陷、错误、故障被混为一谈。说故障是缺陷的子类，那么，缺陷一共有多少子类呢？软件中的玻尔虫（ Bohrbug ）、曼德尔虫（ Mandelbug ）应该属于哪一类呢？其实，软件中的问题照搬硬件那一套可能还真不行。而在计算机硬件这一类里，把与这些词相关的词，例如测试、故障诊断都取消了。其实， IEEE 计算机学会下属的测试技术理事会，比其他专业委员会还要高一级，国际测试会议每年有几千人参加。测试技术既是一个重要的学术领域，又是一个比较大的产业，和设计自动化一样，不可忽略。名词中却出现了“故障诊断测试”，“故障定位测试”，这些应该算人们较少使用的复合词。其实有些复合词是可以不加入的。因为前后的名词都有了，复合的词自然就有了。在集成电路与硬件中还有许多重要的词被忽略，计算机的人也常用，譬如 , stuck-at-fault, bridging fault, crosstalk, delay fault, design fortestability, scan design, Illinois structure 等等。这些词都没有列入。我觉得应该补上。我不知道还遗漏了多少，通过征求意见，也许能集思广益。 以上意见，仅供参考。不同意见，欢迎公开讨论。 Normalizationof Computer Science and Technology terminology Min,Yinghua Institute of Computing Technology, CAS Abstract Just before the publication of the “computerscience and technology terminology” Version III, I present my views on normalizationof CS terms in Chinese in this paper. First of all, it is widely recognized that normalization of CS terms in Chinese is very important, which is related to the development of computer science and technology in China. Although the normalization was done twice decades ago, the rapid advance requires update. Second, I emphasis that some new terms translated from English should be based on paraphrase, rather than literal translation. Third, technical terms normalization does not mean to give definition for each of them, which can be very hard in a few words. Finally, greatcare should be taken for each term to belong to a taxonomy and category properly, which can be used in various areas. Some examples are given for each point in this paper. Min, Yinghua is a professor emeritus at the Institute of Computing Technology, Chinese Academy ofSciences. He is an IEEE Life Fellow. His main research interests include fault-tolerant computing, IC design and test,and networking. （本文完成于 2012 年 12 月，发表在《中国计算机学会通讯》 2013 年第 5 期。 )
世界上只有地陷，没有天坑 嵇少丞 地陷变花园（澳大利亚） 重庆奉节县的小寨巨型地陷，深达 666.2 米，坑口的地面标高为 1331 米，坑口直径 622 米，坑底直径 522 米。坑壁四周陡峭，在东北方向峭壁上有小道通到坑底。 地陷连着溶洞 世界上只有地陷，没有天坑。 地陷在英文中叫 Sinkhole, 法语里叫 Doline ，其意思非常直白，就是“因地下出现物质亏损而发生重力垮塌造成的地面沉陷”。在石灰岩地区造成地下物质亏损的原因就是溶洞的形成。当然，溶洞的形状受多种因素影响、特别是构造地质因素的影响可以非常复杂，溶洞在地下还可以彼此沟通连接，组成地下河流。 地陷（ Sinkhole ）的意思非常明确，并反映其成因，无需刻意再去创建一个新的名词表达完全相同的地质现象。可是，偏偏有人“刻意创新”，整出一个“天坑”的名词来，以显示国人对喀斯特地貌学研究的“巨大贡献”。但是，没有实质性原创科学意义的标新立异是没有生命力的。 老外制作的地陷构造图解，只见山头上的”Sinkhole”，哪有“天坑"(Tiankeng)的位置？ 按照“天坑”定名者的说法，“天坑”系宽度和深度不小 100 m 的塌陷漏斗，并有近直立的陡峭周壁。并刻意强调由中文音译而来的“ Tiankeng ”一词已经成功地走向国际，“得到国际学术界的认可”。我查了几本最新出版的英文地貌学教科书，并没有见到他们所说的“ Tiankeng ”。 从上述“天坑”的定义， 我们看不出任何透过现象看其本质——反映地质过程诸如物理、化学和力学成因机制的科学，更不知与“天”何关？“宽度和深度不小 100 m ”只能说是大地陷，并不反映事物的内界原因。就好比我们用岩石的化学成分或矿物含量对其分类，而不称之为大石头、中石头、小石头、小小石头。如果把地球上的陨石坑叫成“天坑”或许更符合实际情况，陨石来自天空，从天而降，砸出坑来。把“地陷”硬叫成“天坑”，实在令人费思不解。 “天”是与“地”相对的另一方面，即苍天、上天、上苍。在中华文化中，天被神格化，特指至高无上的上帝，如皇天、天皇大帝等。地坑被叫成天坑，立马就有了“天意”、“苍天在上”、“老天有眼”、“奉天承运”、“天谴”等意思全来了。这样的思想可以说是中华文化的历史糟粕，对科学在中国的发展毫无益处的。 正因为上述意思，天坑这个名词常在民众中造成恐慌。农田里一旦发生地陷，“天坑”， “我的天啊!" 或许有人会辩解说，天坑的“天”系指天然，即天然形成的坑，有别于人工开挖的坑，例如采矿坑（我在以前的博文讨论过）。但是，古今中外没有人把人工开挖的坑叫做Sinkhole或地陷，叫Sinkhole或地陷的坑皆是天然的，没有人在此方面发生误解。 地陷坑 从地陷看天，与天无关 无论“地陷”还是“ Sinkhole ”在国内外地貌学名词中已经存在很久。即使现在被一些人硬叫成“天坑”的“地陷”在当地百姓中只叫 “ 龙缸 ” 、 “ 石院 ” 、 “ 石围 ” 、 “ 岩湾 ”、 "落水洞" 等（后者还出现在传统的地质学教材中），而 没有叫“天坑”的。 2001 年，“天坑”才作为一个专门的 喀斯特 术语被一些“专家”提出。所以，“天坑”的命名并没有遵守学术界的“从先律”原则，即尊重历史的、最初的命名的原则。 所以，我主张废弃“天坑”这个地貌学的名词，因为它既不科学又不符合实际情况，还国际通用的 Sinkhole 这个地貌学名词在中文的本来含意——地陷。 地坑花园 把地坑利用起来， 中国有地坑的地方也可以这么做。 美国Arizona州大峡谷的 Ah Hol Sah sinkhole （注意美国作者没有用Tiankeng）, located near Tanner Wash on the northern Marble Platform. The sinkhole is 150 m (500 ft) in diameter and 40 m (130 ft) deep (note vehicles for scale), and is actively collapsing into the Redwall karst aquifer. A small wash (foreground) now drains directly into the sinkhole (arrow); that is, drainage that formerly flowed to Tanner Wash is now being pirated down the sinkhole to karst channels (caves) below. The Karst Connection model proposes that this same process happened at the Confluence about 6 Ma when water flowing north to southern Utah along the ancestral Little Colorado River was pirated down into a large sinkhole(s) at the Confluence. Photo by Bob Buecher. 见 Geomorphology Volume 95, Issues 3 –4 , 15 March 2008, Pages 316 – 334 （网络照片，特此致谢）
冲灵剑法 GG and MM s soul sword (GG和MM的灵魂之剑 ，听起來好像很熟悉 ) 九阳神功 nine mans power (九个男子的力量) 九阴真经 nine womanstory (九个女人的故事) 九阴白骨爪 nine woman catch a white bone(九个女人抓着一根白骨，老外看了还以为会出現召唤兽呢) 神照经 god bless you (神保佑你，我看天国已近了) 胡家刀法 Dr.husword (胡博士的剑，天哪 咱们的胡兄何时成了博士) 两仪剑法 1/2 sword (二分之一的剑，晕，请问是左右二分之一还是上下二分之一啊) 一阳指 one finger just like a pen is (一只手指像笔一样?? 还真不是盖的) 洗髓经 wash bone (洗骨头?? 谁敢去给別人洗骨头啊) 苗家刀法 maios sword (苗家的刀 好啦算你对) 易筋经 change your bone (换你的骨头.老兄算你狠) 龙象波若功 D and E comble togeter (龙和象的混合体???) 梯云纵心法 elevator jump（电梯跳跃???? 在天雷的打击下，电梯产生异变，于是电梯有了生命........) 轻功水上飘flying skill (飞行技能 ，好简洁) 小无相功 a unseen power (一种看不見的力量???，原力.....) 太玄经 all fools daliy (全是胡言乱语的日記，还真是玄哪) 胡青牛医书 buffulo hus medicine book(水牛胡的医书，原來青牛又叫水牛啊) 五毒秘传 the experience of eat drink f**k bet and smoke(吃賭喝抽的经验，这也太毒了吧) 药王神篇 king of drag(摇头之王，武侠也有摇头的啊) 七伤拳 7hurted organ (被伤害的七个器官，有点道理) 吸星**** suck star over china(吸取全中国的星星，好神奇啊) 天山六阳掌 6 men of mountain skys press (天山上的六男子掌法，逐字翻也不是这样的吧) 黯然销魂掌 Deepblue press(深深忧郁的掌法，对对对，有忧郁症的都使的出來) 松风剑法 softwind sword(软风剑，这还有点像样) 回风落雁剑法 comeback sword(喝了再上剑，在拍广告吗?) 血刀经 blood strike(cs 的场地都用上啦) 金刚伏魔圈 supermans cover(超人的保护，老外看了还以为超人会出现呢) 八荒六合唯我独尊功 my name is NO.1(我的名字叫第一，无言......) 含沙射影 shoot you with a machine gun(用机关枪射你，这样对吗??) 葵花宝典 sunflower bible /from gentlenan to a lady (太阳花的圣经，可让你从绅士变淑女的一大福音啊) 打狗棒法 guide of dog beating(打狗指南...哪里有卖啊) 白虹剑 rainbow of milk(牛奶的彩虹，怪怪的) 接下來是降龙十八掌的招式 飞龙在天 fiying in the sky(飞在天上，是大卫吗??大卫出現了吗?) 见龙在田 i see you on the firm(我在田中看见你喽，是在玩捉迷藏吗??) 鸿渐于陵 D day(诺曼地大空降，华视莒光日特別节目........ ) 潜龙勿用 dont bother me while i am sleeping(別吵我睡觉，是睡觉的人不能??先道歉也太快了吧) 震惊百里 bang(迸 ，炸弹爆炸了，是八宝大华轮......) 时乘六龙 i have 6BMW(我有六台BMW，这是吹噓家财还是武功啊) 密云不雨 have girlfriend without wife (有女朋友没老婆，这個意境真妙，请自己体悟吧) 履霜冰至 SARS is coming(天啊，原來武侠世界中已经有SARS啦) 鱼跃于渊 fish also can fly(鱼原來也可以飞)
标签: 名词
