有关 集成电路 Integrated Circuit 的网页 第一个晶体管,1947 , https://www.britannica.com/technology/integrated-circuit 第一个集成电路,1958,Jack Kilby , https://history-computer.com/ModernComputer/Basis/IC.html Jack Kilby、Robert Noyce 的集成电路原理 , https://www.explainthatstuff.com/integratedcircuits.html (1)集成电路_百度百科 https://baike.baidu.com/item/%E9%9B%86%E6%88%90%E7%94%B5%E8%B7%AF (2)integrated circuit | Types, Uses, Function | Britannica.com https://www.britannica.com/technology/integrated-circuit (3)集成电路的过去、现在和将来(一)世界集成电路的发展历史,王龙兴,集成电路应用,2014 http://www.wanfangdata.com.cn/details/detail.do?_type=perioid=jcdlyy201401009 (4)A Brief History of the Semiconductor Industry Gargini, Paolo A. (Stanford University, Department of Electrical Engineering, 475 Via Ortega Stanford, CA; 94305, United States) Source: Nanoelectronics: Materials, Devices, Applications, v 1, p 1-52, April 8, 2017 https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/9783527800728.ch1 (5)Integrated Circuit https://history-computer.com/ModernComputer/Basis/IC.html (6)How do integrated circuits work? - Explain that Stuff https://www.explainthatstuff.com/integratedcircuits.html (7)A Very Small Big Deal: How the Integrated Circuit Made Silicon Valley http://www.mobileranger.com/blog/a-very-small-big-deal-the-history-of-the-integrated-circuit/ (8)信息革命的技术源流,宋德生,四川人民出版社出版,1986 http://www.ishare5.com/6863663/ 相关链接: 2019-07-13, 有关 Mervin Joe Kelly 先生的网页 http://blog.sciencenet.cn/blog-107667-1189385.html Kelly ……认为半导体有希望能取代电子管。为此,要加强对固体物理基础理论的研究。从1936年起开始招聘有关的尖端人才,组成研究小组。 最早是他挑选了一队研究员成立了半导体项目组。当最后半导体被发明出来的时候,其实项目已经延期两年了。 2019-07-12, 有关费曼 Richard P. Feynman 先生的网页 http://blog.sciencenet.cn/blog-107667-1189219.html 2019-06-29, 有关 Fred C. Lee 李泽元老师的网页 http://blog.sciencenet.cn/blog-107667-1187364.html 2019-07-07, 有关 Geoffrey W. A. Dummer 先生的网页 http://blog.sciencenet.cn/blog-107667-1188470.html 2019-03-04, Демирчян、Нейман、Коровкин、Чечурин 里谁是院士? http://blog.sciencenet.cn/blog-107667-1165610.html 2019-02-25, 俄罗斯学者将俺的电路理论“互容”概念写入了教材? http://blog.sciencenet.cn/blog-107667-1164136.html 4 STRANGE NEW WAYS TO COMPUTE, 作者: Moore, Samuel K.,IEEE SPECTRUM,卷: 55,期: 1,页: 10-11, 出版年: JAN 2018 https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/8241695 https://spectrum.ieee.org/nanoclast/computing/hardware/4-strange-new-ways-to-make-a-computer 2019-07-01, 量子集成电路、量子芯片 Quantum Chip 今后30年内的实用前景? http://blog.sciencenet.cn/blog-107667-1187623.html 2019-07-10, 电路概念《互容》汇报后记 http://blog.sciencenet.cn/blog-107667-1188921.html 2019-07-11, 有没有必要通过媒体《专访》推动“半电路、半电磁场”集成电路芯片的预研? http://blog.sciencenet.cn/blog-107667-1189103.html 2018-05-15,中国芯酸: 芯片行业需要百万年薪顶级人才,而非骑自行车的老专家 http://baijiahao.baidu.com/s?id=1600541737421569302wfr=spiderfor=pc http://m.kdnet.net/share-12766846.html 芯片的产业化, 需要依靠无数百万年薪的顶级工程师, 而不是把希望寄托在拿几千块工资骑自行车上下班的老专家们的无私奉献。 如果不能正确认识这个问题,中国人只能在产业一次又一次的挫折中,去怀念那些记忆中的劳模和雷锋。 陈省身: “大师”二字这样写 ,张国 《中国青年报》(2011年10月25日03版) http://zqb.cyol.com/html/2011-10/25/nw.D110000zgqnb_20111025_1-03.htm http://news.sciencenet.cn/htmlnews/2011/10/254361-2.shtm 当那天才的头脑 沉思时,他会坐着一动不动,两眼盯着一个方向——有时是天花板 。 此时,身边人就知道他在思考,除了端茶送水,不敢打扰。 要做学问就要安静,甚至电话都不要接,不能打断思路。 感谢您的指教! 感谢您指正以上任何错误! 感谢您提供更多的相关资料!
有关 Geoffrey W. A. Dummer 先生的网页 https://www.computerhistory.org/siliconengine/all-semiconductor-solid-circuit-is-demonstrated/ Geoffrey W. A. Dummer,即 Geoffrey Dummer,全名 Geoffrey William Arnold Dummer (1909-02-25 ~ 2002-09-09,25 February 1909 – 9 September 2002)。英国电子工程师和顾问。 1952年 ,英国的 达默 (Geoffrey W. A. Dummer) 提出 集成电路 的 构想 : 把一个电路所需的晶体管和其它器件制作在一块半导体上。 1958年 9月12日,基尔比(Jack St. Clair Kilby)做出第一个集成电路。The Nobel Prize in Physics 2000, Prize motivation: for his part in the invention of the integrated circuit. https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/2000/kilby/facts/ 1964年 6月之前,诺宜斯(Robert Norton Noyce)采用平面工艺制成了集成电路。 (1)搜狐,2018-09-22,60年前,世界上第一块集成电路诞生 http://www.sohu.com/a/255427608_132567 1952年,英国皇家雷达研究所(Royal Radar Establishment)的杰夫·达默(Geoff Dummer)就提出了集成电路的想法:把一个电路所需的晶体管和其它器件制作在一块半导体上。 (2)Integrated Circuit https://history-computer.com/ModernComputer/Basis/IC.html The first man, who must be credited for the conceptualisation of the integrated curcuit, is the British engineer Geoffrey Dummer (see yhe nearby photo). Geoffrey William Arnold Dummer (1909–2002) is a British electronics author and consultant, (3)Geoffrey Dummer http://self.gutenberg.org/articles/eng/Geoffrey_Dummer The Integrated Circuit In May 1952 Geoffrey Dummer read a paper at the US Electronic Components Symposium. At the end of the paper he made the statement: “ With the advent of the transistor and the work on semi-conductors generally, it now seems possible to envisage electronic equipment in a solid block with no connecting wires . The block may consist of layers of insulating, conducting, rectifying and amplifying materials, the electronic functions being connected directly by cutting out areas of the various layers”. This is now generally accepted as the first public description of an integrated circuit. At a later date he said, “It seemed so logical to me; we had been working on smaller and smaller components, improving reliability as well as size reduction. I thought the only way we could ever attain our aim was in the form of a solid block. You then do away with all your contact problems, and you have a small circuit with high reliability. And that is why I went on with it. I shook the industry to the bone. I was trying to make them realise how important its invention would be for the future of microelectronics and the national economy” (4)Geoffrey Dummer Explained https://everything.explained.today/Geoffrey_Dummer/ His work with colleagues at TRE led him to the belief that it would be possible to fabricate multiple circuit elements on and into a substance like silicon. In 1952 he presented his work at a conference in Washington, DC, some six years before Jack Kilby of Texas Instruments was awarded a patent for essentially the same idea. As a result, he has been called The Prophet of the Integrated Circuit. (5)1958: All Semiconductor Solid Circuit is Demonstrated https://www.computerhistory.org/siliconengine/all-semiconductor-solid-circuit-is-demonstrated/ In 1952, G. W. A. Dummer of England's Telecommunications Research Establishment proposed With the advent of the transistor and the work in semiconductors generally, it seems now possible to envisage electronic equipment in a solid block with no connecting wires. (6)Geoffrey Dummer https://upclosed.com/people/geoffrey-dummer/ (7)Geoffrey Dummer: Wikis http://www.thefullwiki.org/Geoffrey_Dummer (8)Geoffrey W. A. Dummer https://ethw.org/Geoffrey_W._A._Dummer 相关链接: 2019-07-01 , 量子集成电路、量子芯片 Quantum Chip 今后30年内的实用前景? http://blog.sciencenet.cn/blog-107667-1187623.html 2019-06-29 ,有关 Fred C. Lee 李泽元老师的网页 http://blog.sciencenet.cn/blog-107667-1187364.html 感谢您的指教! 感谢您指正以上任何错误! 感谢您提供更多的相关资料!
汉语是联合国官方正式使用的6 种同等有效语言之一。请不要歧视汉语! Chinese is one of the six equally effective official languages of the United Nations. Not to discriminate against Chinese, please! 关于集成电路中研制可变电阻的建议 在集成电路中,目前已有场效应晶体管( field effect transistor )可以作为电压控制的可变线性电阻使用。 在实时性要求高的场合,可以将复杂的程序(软件)转换成相应的硬件集成电路,以提高计算的速度。 随着集成电路的集成度提高,导线(导体)之间的空间距离越来越近。这样分布参数的作用会越来越明显。在还没有达到量子力学性质占主导地位的情况下,直接使用导体之间的“场”传输信号时(即变废为宝),有可能制作出“半路、半场”类型的集成电路。这样,需要研制可变参数的元件(如可变电阻、电容和电感等),以实现相应的集成电路硬件内部参数的自动调节,实现对应软件中的“参数优化”功能。 如支持向量机、人工神经网络等,目前流行的普遍是软件。这样,它们的计算时间,特别是用于训练的时间会降低实时性。当采用相应的集成电路硬件后,预期训练时间和运算时间会明显减少,从而极大地扩展它们的使用范围。 需要高性能“可变参数元件”的硬件集成电路,还应包括“线性 PID 控制”、“模糊控制”等各种有广泛实际应用价值的集成电路。 除了现有的电压控制“可变参数电阻”外,还应该研制“电流控制的可变参数电阻”等。因为电流控制的元件,可能会有更高的抗干扰能力。在“半路、半场”类型的集成电路,电流控制元件有可能会降低设计的难度。把“场”更多地留给“信号传输”,把“电流/‘路’”尽可能留给元件。 参考资料: Moore Samuel K. 4 strange new ways to compute . IEEE Spectrum, 2018, 55(1): 10-11. https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/8241695 闵应骅,2018-01-12,放开思路,重振计算科学技术 (180112) http://blog.sciencenet.cn/blog-290937-1094444.html Macha Naveen Kumar, Chitturi Vinay, Vijjapuram Rakesh, 等. A new concept for computing using interconnect crosstalks . 2017 IEEE International Conference on Rebooting Computing (ICRC), Washington, NOV 08-09, 2017: 46-47. https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/8123636 杨正瓴. 关于“互容”概念的意义 . 电工教学,1995, 17(4): 35-39. 杨正瓴. 互容的定义和模型 . 科学通报,1990, 35(12): 960. 感谢您的指教! 感谢您指正以上任何错误! 感谢您提供更多的相关信息 !
中国制造与中国组装 IPhone手机背面有一句英文明明白白指出了中国制造的尴尬现实: Designed by Apple in California Assembled in China (加州苹果公司设计 中国组装) 标为中国制造的产品出口量大,达到了世界第一,但中国只赚到了少得可怜的组装费。高科技产品尤其如此,比如手机、电脑、录像机等等。 据权威数据,2013年我国的集成电路进口额已超过原油,成为我国的第一大进口商品。为什么会这样? 因为手机、电脑等高科技产品需要集成电路。 对此我个人有深刻体会,我们设计的精密地球物理仪器,只能完全从美国直接进口集成电路,甚至连电阻和电容也只能全部进口。如果用国产器件,性能根本达不到要求,绝大多数器件国内还无法生产。以前不小心用了国产的假冒电容,在室内条件下就出现了爆炸起火等故障,更不用说恶劣的野外环境了。 中国制造行不行,只要看中国能不能自主生产精密仪器就足够了。很尴尬的现实是,我国的科研院所配备的精密仪器,基本上依赖进口。就我所工作的学院来说,贵重仪器全部进口。 这几年我们主要靠人力成本优势发展制造业,一旦人力成本优势不再,制造业就会面临衰落的危险。不少外资企业将生产工厂搬回母国或越南等地已经拉响了警报。现在中国的制造业可以说是虚胖,内在力量还很不够,与美、德、日等强国还有大的距离。在这个时候,脚踏实地追赶非常重要。国家要鼓励企业生产高、精、尖产品。对研制高、精、尖产品的企业需要政府有持续的科技投入。这方面可以借鉴美国的做法,美国对研制高、精、尖产品的小企业甚至可以持续资助10~20年。
IBM的工程师们开发了用以减少研发错误和设计时间的计算机辅助电子设计自动化工具。 当集成电路开始包含几百个门电路和数以千计的晶体管时,他们所支持的计算机已经可以完成加快设计速度和减少设计错误的任务了。这个方法被称作 CAD (计算机辅助设计)或者 EDA (电子设计自动化)。 IBM 在 20 世纪 50 年代末率先开发了在 700 系列电脑文档下运行的 EDA 程序。到了 1966 年, James Koford 和他的同事们在 IBM 纽约州东费西基尔公司用图形显示器采集 STL 混合电路模块( 1964 里程碑事件)的图案,检查他们的错误并自动将信息转换为掩膜模式。在 Koford 加入 Fairchild RD 后他又与 Hugh Mays 、 Ed Jones 及其他同事一起将这项程序应用于单片集成电路。他们的努力创造了逻辑模拟软件( FAIRSIM )、测试程序生成器软件以及门列阵和标准单元布局布线软件( 1967 年里程碑事件),这些为一代又一代的 EDA 工具打下了坚实的基础。 EDA 有两个重要项目源于非主流产业。 20 世纪 60 年代, Larry Nagel 和 Donald Pederson 以及后来的贡献者 Richard Newton 在美国加州大学伯克利分校开发了 SPICE (模拟集成电路重点项目)电路仿真程序。 1979 年,加州理工学院的 Lynn Conway of Xerox 和 Carver Mead 在他们论著的《超大规模集成电路系统导论》中描述的一个新方法揭开了系统设计和芯片设计过程秘密。 20 世纪 80 年代,益华电脑和美国新思科技公司受到在柏克莱加州大学( SIS )、洛杉矶加利福尼亚大学( RSAP )和科罗拉多大学( BOLD )所做调查的激发,开始对综合逻辑系统进行商业化的包装。这些和先进的布局布线技术、逻辑模拟技术以及其他厂商已有的设计核查规则共同使集成电路的设计生产能力能够紧跟设备复杂度不断增加的步伐。 IBM 360/67 仙童公司 1967 年的以大型计算机为运算动力的 CAD 设计系统 图 1 编辑者:费尔柴尔德摄像机仪器公司 掩模草图数字化手绘系统工具 图 2 提供者:因特尔公司 20 世纪 80 年代基于集成电路 CAD 设计系统的工作站 图 3 米德和加威的成就获得了 1981 年的美国电子奖 图 4 译者:哈尔滨工业大学(威海)电子封装 090840213- 邱东阳 校对:哈尔滨工业大学(威海)电子封装 090840229-朱泯西 版权 copyright by www.computerhistory.org 1966 - Computer Aided Design Tools Developed for ICs IBM engineers pioneer computer-aided electronic design automation tools for reducing errors and speeding design time. IBM 360/67 mainframe-powered CAD system at Fairchild in 1967 Credit: Fairchild Camera Instrument Corporation Mask layout drawing hand digitizing system tool Courtesy of: Intel Corporation Workstation-based integrated circuit CAD system 1980s 1981 Electronics Award for Achievement to Conway and Mead As ICs began to incorporate hundreds of gates and thousands of transistors, the computers they enabled were harnessed to speed the design task and eliminate errors. This process is called CAD (Computer Aided Design) or EDA (Electronic Design Automation). IBM pioneered EDA in the late 1950s with documentation of the 700 series computers. By 1966 James Koford and his colleagues at IBM Fishkill were capturing SLT hybrid circuit module ( 1964 Milestone ) designs on graphical displays, checking them for errors and automatically converting the information into mask patterns. After Koford joined Fairchild RD he worked with Hugh Mays, Ed Jones, and others to apply this process to monolithic ICs. Their efforts created logic simulators (FAIRSIM), test program generators, and place and route software for gate arrays and standard cells ( 1967 Milestone ) that laid the ground work for generations of EDA tools. Two important EDA projects originated outside the mainstream of the industry. Larry Nagel and Donald Pederson, with later contributions by Richard Newton, at U.C. Berkeley developed the SPICE (Simulation Program with IC Emphasis) circuit simulation program in the 1960s. A new methodology described in the 1979 Introduction to VLSI Systems by Lynn Conway of Xerox, PARC and Carver Mead of California Institute of Technology demystified the process of chip design for system designers. Commercial logic synthesis packages from Cadence and Synopsys in the 1980s were stimulated by research at U.C. Berkeley (SIS), U.C.L.A. (RASP), and University of Colorado, Boulder (BOLD). These, together with advancements in place and route, logic simulation, and design rule verification from other vendors, allowed IC design productivity to keep pace with increasing device complexity.
1962年-航天航空系统首先在计算机中应用集成电路 在军事和航空航天系统中,集成电路的尺寸,重量和降低功耗设计相比于分立式晶体管来说更证明了它高成本的合理性。 第一个集成电路仅仅取代了少数元件,速度相对迟缓,但卖价却是它相对应的分立式晶体管价格的好多倍。所以航空航天和军事系统是少数应用这种低功耗和小尺寸的应用程序的系统。 1961 年杰克基尔比的同事哈维克瑞根为美国空军演示“分子的电子化计算机” 来证明 587 个美国德州仪器集成电路在通用设计中可以代替 8500 个晶体管和其它组件来完成同样的功能。 自 1961 年,飞兆半导体微程序控制逻辑装置( 1960 年重要事件)被设计进交流火花塞和马丁马太克 420 计算机中,而不是在美国国家航空和宇宙航行局的阿波罗制导计算机(自动增益控制)中,成为最有意义的早期项目。此装置由麻省理工大学于 1962 年设计,并由雷声公司建成,每个系统大约使用了 4000 个 “G 类型 ” ( 3- 输入或非门)电路。到 1965 年,自动增益控制是集成电路最大的使用者,每个在 20 到 30 美元之间消耗 2000 个单位。 工程师库克设计 51 系列直接耦合晶体管逻辑电路,这是德州仪器的首次平面集成电路系列,以此来满足美国国家航空和宇宙航行局的行星间检测探针( IMP )的光纤层面计算机低功耗的标准。接口信息处理器卫星使用 510 款和 514 款作为二进制计数器,触发器和禁止电路,并于 1963 年携带首个集成电路绕轨道运行。在 1962 年德州仪器赢得一份与北美飞机制造业自动控制部门的合同,来为民兵二的导弹制导系统设计 22 习用电路。可莱维特和西屋电器也为民兵计划制造环路,并且在 1965 年取代了美国国家航空和宇宙航行局的阿波罗电子采购成为唯一一个集成电路的最大消费者。 费兰蒂股份有限公司研发的编码器。属于英国开发的微 NOR ,是欧洲最早的集成电路逻辑系列之一, 1961 年使英国皇家海军系统飞机上的计算机系统小型化。 Philco Ford also produced the Fairchild Type "G" Micrologic gate for the Apollo Guidance Computer Credit: Philco-Ford Microelectronics 飞哥福特还为阿波罗制导计算机生产了“ G ”类型微程序控制逻辑门飞兆半导体 资源出处:飞哥福特微电子科技 Apollo logic module assembled by Raytheon Credit: U. S. National Aeronautics and Space Administration 由雷声公司组装的阿波罗逻辑模块 资源出处:美国国家航空和宇宙航行局 Eldon C. Hall, MIT Instrumentation Laboratory lead hardware designer for the AGC promoted the use of integrated circuits Credit: MIT Archives 埃尔登 C ,麻省理工学院测试试验实验室为自动增益控制促进集成电路的使用主要计算机硬件设计者 资源出处:麻省理工学院档案 TI's "Molecular Electronic Computer" brochure prepared to accompany the demonstration machine on a tour of military contractors Courtesy of: Texas Instruments, Inc. 德州仪器准备在一次军事合约商洽谈中伴随机器示范的“分子化电子计算机”宣传册 提供途径:德州仪器公司 译者:哈尔滨工业大学(威海)电子封装 090840202-顾佳慧 校对:哈尔滨工业大学(威海)电子封装 090840203-李丹 原文 http://www.computerhistory.org/semiconductor/timeline/1962-Apollo.html 版权 copyright by www.computerhistory.org ——————————————————————————————————————————————————————— The size, weight, and reduced power consumption of integrated circuits compared to discrete transistor designs justify their higher cost in military and aerospace systems. The first integr ated circuits were relatively slow, replaced only a handful of components, and sold for many times the price of their discrete transistor counterparts. Aerospace and military systems were among the few applications where the low power consumption and small size outweighed these drawbacks. In 1961 Jack Kilby’s colleague Harvey Cragon built a demonstration "Molecular Electronic Computer" for the US Air Force to show that 587 TI ICs could replace 8,500 transistors and other components that performed the same function in a conventional design. Beginning in 1961, Fairchild Micrologic devices ( 1960 Milestone ) were designed into the AC Spark Plug MAGIC and Martin MARTAC 420computers but NASA's Apollo Guidance Computer (AGC) was the most significant early project. Designed by MIT in 1962 and built byRaytheon, each system used about 4,000 “Type-G” (3-input NOR gate) circuits. Consuming 200,000 units at $20-30 each, the AGC was the largest user of ICs through 1965. Engineer Bob Cook designed Series 51 DCTL, Texas Instruments' first planar IC family, to meet a low-power specification for the Optical Aspect Computer on NASA’s Interplanetary Monitoring Probe (IMP). Using the SN510 and SN514 as binary counters, flip-flops, and inhibiting circuits, the IMP satellite carried the first ICs into orbit in 1963. In 1962 TI won a contract from the Autonetics Division of North American Aviation to design 22 custom circuits for the Minuteman II missile guidance system. Clevite and Westinghouse also developed circuits for the Minuteman project, which by 1965 overtook NASA’s Apollo procurement as the largest single consumer of ICs. Ferranti Semiconductor Ltd. of England developed MicroNOR, one of Europe's first IC logic families, in 1961 to miniaturize on-board computing systems in UK Royal Navy systems.
参看: http://icinfo.kkgg.net/ http://icinfo.kkgg.net/ 集电资讯 /IC Information ICIL主要针对工程师,特别是大中院校学生、工程师、科研工作者和企业。仅仅从书本知识和学校课堂是很难开发出实用产品,因为书本知识很难反映最近5-10年设计理念的变化,并且产品开发需要经验,这些经验是课堂上很难学到。开发一款成功的集成电路,50%以上的知识是实际设计经验中积累获取。ICIL是几个志同道合长期专注于第一线集成电路开发、至少具有5年以上实际产品开发经验的成员构成。本着无私贡献自己的KNOW-HOW、以最新USA专利和IEEE论文为了设计理念、以诚信、服务为宗旨、以期帮助短期突破设计理念的朋友和企业。为打造平台和进一步发展以便服务更多的客户,收取少量的费用。 友情提醒:相关软件等只作为科学研究用,用于其他用途请买正版文件。 ICIL provides service for engineers, students, and researchers. It is a difficulty to develop a successful product only based on the knowledge of both book and classroom. It is because the knowledge only feedback the development of the recent 5-10 years and the know-how is important to the product design. More than 50% of one successful product comes from the know-how technology of the practical experience above 3-5 years. ICIL provide the designs based on the USA patents and IEEE papers to help the friends obtain the breakthrough in a short time. Only a small fee to be charged is helpful to develop the service platform. Kindly remind: Related files is provided as the science research and please buy the normal file if using as other applications. Contact Email: iclab@163.com