虞博士的博文： http://blog.sciencenet.cn/blog-306792-1147508.html 引文 对于初学者，不妨多用句号。每一句话，可以先用句号结束。以后慢慢改。（你改是revising。我改你的文章是editing。） 如果是两句相关的句子，第一个句号可以改为分号（；）或逗号（，）。 两个句号：Team A measured ocean temperature at Site A. Team B measured ocean temperature at Site B. 改为一个句号： Team A measured ocean temperature at Site A; Team B measured ocean temperature at Site B.（；后面应该是小写字母，但是这里的Team B是“名字”） Team A measured ocean temperature at Site A, while Team B measured ocean temperature at Site B.（这句和上面用；的句子，“含义”有一点点不同。你可以“想象”一下。） 评论 双手赞成初学者多用句号。对我们的来说，英语是外语。初学者先学会写完整的句子最重要，因为一个完整句表述的是一个完整的观点。先以后难：（1）简单句、并列句、主从复合句；（2）松散句（loose sentence)、圆周句（periodic sentence）。 如果两个句子相关，第一个句号可以改为分号（；）或逗号（，）。双手赞成。 Team A measured ocean temperature at Site A, while Team B measured ocean temperature at Site B. 浙江话里的“, while我建议改为“, and”。 这个例子用分号是最合适的。用“, and”次些，用“, while”最次。 总结 《简洁的原理》（英文版）第一章有八条基本语法法则，其中法则3、4、5、6主要讲逗号用法（法则5讲到分号）。另外，法则2讲的是牛津逗号（Oxford comma）（详见上篇博文： http://blog.sciencenet.cn/home.php?mod=spaceuid=3422258do=blogid=1207695 ）。八条法则里，有5条跟逗号有关，逗号之重要不必多言。 举法则5的3个例子：Do not join independent clauses by a comma. It is nearly half past five; we cannot reach town before dark. （分号） It is nearly half past five. We cannot reach town before dark. （句号） It is nearly half past five, and we cannot reach town before dark. （逗号+and） 文中解释如下： A comparison of the three forms given above will show clearly the advantage of the first. It is, at least in the examples given, better than the second form because it suggests the close relationship between the two statements in a way that the second does not attempt, and better than the third because it is briefer and therefore more forcible. 讲下“, and”和“, while”。and连接分句，告诉我们这两个分句有关系，但不告诉我们具体是什么关系，可以表示并列，可以表示承接，可以表示结果。 while在英文里用的很乱，经常用来表示although或whereas。因为一词多义容易产生理解上的歧义，所以有些学术刊物，比如牛津大学出版社下属的一些期刊，就建议论文写作者用单词的第一义（primary meaning）来写作。while的第一义是and at the same time。对我们而言，避开有歧义的词或是自己没有掌握好的词是最好的做法。 and用法，参阅《简洁的原理》（英文版）第一章法则4（脚注）。 while用法，参阅《简洁的原理》（英文版）第四章词条while。 《简洁的原理》（英文版）只在【清北复交】微信小店和淘宝店销售。 淘宝店链接： https://item.taobao.com/item.htm?id=578721768255
虞博士的博文： http://blog.sciencenet.cn/blog-306792-1147403.html 引文1： 语态对科学家来说， 非常简单。没有谁的文章是因为语态没有用对，被拒稿的。（如果有，请举手。）对英语语言大师来说，被动语态是非常有争议的话题。两派可以一直吵到下个世纪。但是，我们“外行人”不必去瞎掺乎。 没有谁的文章会因为语态没有用对被拒稿。其实，也没有谁的文章因为写的不好而被拒稿——这话是美国历史学家Jacques Barzun说的，出自他的大作： From Dawn to Decadence 。 被动语态有争议,但绝对不是非常有争议的话题,至少我看过的几十本各类写作指南或手册都建议少用被动态：能用主动态就不用被动态。博士推荐的 Style toward Clarity and Grace 已经展开讲得很具体。 注意，不是不能用被动态！！！ 引文（例子）2： Tool #1, tool #2, tool #3, tool $4, tool #5, tool #6, and tool #7 were used in this experiment. 改为： In this experiment, we used the following tools: tool #1, tool #2, tool #3, tool $4, tool #5, tool #6, and tool #7. 虞博士这个举例非常恰当。体现在三个方面：（1）主动态用得自然；（2）冒号用得到位；（3）“ and tool #7”前面的逗号用得好。 总结如下： 上面谈到的几点，《简洁的原理》（英文版）里都有。具体如下： 一、被动语态 第二章十条写作法则里第11条就是：Use the active voice。 《简洁的原理》（英文版）第60页。 This rule does not, of course, mean that the writer should entirely discard the passive voice, which is frequently convenient and sometimes necessary. Breakfast is served until 9 a.m. 二、冒号 冒号在第三章里。 《简洁的原理》（英文版）第94页。 A colon introduces a list of items, normally after expressions such as the following or as follows . The qualifications are as follows: a doctorate in physics, five years' experience in a national laboratory, and an ability to communicate technical matter to a lay audience. 三、逗号 逗号在第一章里。 《简洁的原理》（英文版）第21页。 In a series of three or more terms with a single conjunction, use a comma after each term except the last. An argument is a reasoned, logical way of demonstrating that the writer's position, belief, or conclusion is valid. 这个逗号有很多叫法：Oxford Comma，Harvard Comma，Serial Comma。 《简洁的原理》（英文版）里没有用这些术语。这本书的一大好处就是术语少，比很多英文写作书少。 《简洁的原理》（英文版）只在【清北复交】微信小店和淘宝店销售。 淘宝店链接： https://item.taobao.com/item.htm?id=578721768255
Summary of ‘The Persistence and Transience of Memory’ The predominant focus in the neurobiological study of memory has been on remembering (persistence). However, recent studies have considered the neurobiology of forgetting (transience). Here we draw parallels between neurobiological and computational mechanisms underlying transience. We propose that it is the interaction between persistence and transience that allows for intelligent decision-making in dynamic, noisy environments. Specifically, w e argue that transience (1) enhances flexibility , by reducing the influence of outdated information on memory-guided decision-making, and (2) prevents overfitting to specific past events, thereby promoting generalization . According to this view, the goal of memory is not the transmission of information through time, per se . Rather, the goal of memory is to optimize decision-making. As such , transience is as important as persistence in mnemonic systems. 点评 修改完全运用《简洁的原理》（英文版）里提倡的18条基本法则： https://item.taobao.com/item.htm?id=578721768255 这篇summary初看还可以，细看还是有些问题值得我们去修改提升。 （1）predominant： 换成real、main或primary。 （2）consider： 用explore更合适。 （3）flexibility： 这个词的限定语不明确。是memory的还是decision-making的？后面的generalization也是同样的问题。 （4）overfitting： 牛津词典定义： Statistics. To produce or represent an analysis which corresponds too closely or exactly to (a particular set of data); to make (a model) fit a particular set of data too precisely. Also without object: to provide too close a fit. 统计学方面的词（有些词典里查不到这个词）。 （5）transmission of information： 名词短语结构是很多文章里的大问题，不是错但冗长抽象惹人烦。 （6）per se： per se的意思： By or in itself or themselves; intrinsically. （7）as such： as such的意思： In the exact sense of the word. 这个词在实际使用中的意思很多时候相当于therefore。 改后（部分地方有调整） 通俗版 The real focus in the study of memory has been on remembering, but recent studies have explored forgetting. We propose that it is the interaction between remembering and forgetting that allows for decision-making. We argue that by reducing the influence of outdated information on decision-making, forgetting (1) enhances memory’s flexibility, and (2) prevents remembering from being too close to specific past events, thereby making it possible to generalize about these events. According to this view, the goal of memory is not to transmit information but to optimize decision-making. Therefore, forgetting is as important as remembering. 专业版 The realfocus in the neurobiological study of memory has been on remembering (persistence), butrecent studies have exploredthe neurobiology of forgetting (transience). Here we draw parallels between neurobiological and computational mechanisms underlying transience. We propose that it is the interaction between persistence and transience that allows for decision-making. We argue that transience, by reducing the influence of outdated information, (1) enhances flexibility, and (2) prevents memory from being too closeto specific past events, thereby making it possible to generalize about these events. According to this view, the goal of memory is not to transmitinformation, but to optimize decision-making. Therefore, transience is as important as persistence in mnemonic systems.
科学网博主、留美学者虞左俊博士2018年11月17日发文评论我修订的《简洁的原理》（英文版），并说“大多数中国科学家还是喜欢看中文版的英语教材”。随后一个多月里写了几十篇跟 The Elements of Style 相关的文章。 二十几篇文章，阅读量也不小。首篇直指我修订的《简洁的原理》（英文版）。后面的几十篇更像是因我这本书引发虞博士“现学现卖” The Elements of Style 。 谬误甚多，有必要答复。 错误的英语写作观念一旦形成，要改正就很难。 期盼科学网的老师同学转发。 谢谢！ 回答11月17日这篇文章。博客原文： http://blog.sciencenet.cn/blog-306792-1146716.html 第一部分 我对余子龙老师的书《简洁的原理》（英文版）的看法： 这本书的对象不是中国科学家（包括研究生），因为是英文版。 （我问了一些“学生”，有的说： 看不懂 The Elements of Style （4th edition）第一部分的大纲。 ）我当然不敢说“伟人”写得不好，但是，大多数中国科学家还是喜欢看中文版的英语教材。 我不得不现实一点。 虞博士百分之百没有读过我的修订版。 所以，第一句话就说错了。 第一句错了，后面通盘都错，没有再看之必要。我还是认真看完并认真答复。 因为我修订这本书就考虑到广大的科学工作者、技术工作者，在读理工科的本科生、硕士生、博士生 。公众号菜单栏“不可不读”里的参考书目和注释出处可以佐证。《简洁的原理》（英文版）第51-52页引用《自私的基因》作者Richard Dawkins的文章“Good and Bad Reasons for Believing”讲的就是科学的方法。 我一个文科生为什么会考虑到中国科学家的需要？ 一个原因是2013年中国科协联合财政部、教育部、国家新闻出版署、中国科学院、中国工程院实施的“中国科技期刊国际影响力提升计划”。 另一个原因是我常常浏览科学期刊，国外的如 Nature 、 Science 、 Cell ，国内的主要是浙大英文刊物。 提升英文期刊影响力，文字是基础。英文写不好就少有人看，就会埋葬学术思想。 回到虞博士的文字。 （1）第一句犯了逻辑错误：“这本书的对象不是中国科学家（包括研究生），因为是英文版。” “因为是英文版”和“这本书的对象不是中国科学家（包括研究生）”之间没有因果关系。 （2）第二句（我问了一些“学生”，有的说：看不懂 The Elements of Style （4th edition）第一部分的大纲。）证明虞博士没有读过我的书。我的书有《使用说明》，在书的第3页。 这是我七年修订、几十遍拜读不同原版后的心得，是我给出的阅读建议。 读过的版本如下：斯特伦克两个版本（1918年版、1920年版）、怀特修订的三个版本（1959年版、1972年版、1978年版）、挂在怀特名下的两个版本（1999年版、2009年企鹅插图版），还有四五位美国英文教授、编辑修订的不同版本）。 虞博士说的一些学生看不懂怀特版的“ The Elements of Style （4th edition）第一部分的大纲”，在我的意料之中。 也有一看就懂的。 我曾建议北大一位读法律的研究生（本科英语专业）读这本书，那时我的书还没有出版。后来给她送书去，她说买了怀特的，都看完了，说”很简单，都能看懂“。 说容易，美国小学高年级就看这本书。有小学四年级学生给怀特写信，请教用法问题。虞博士有时间可以翻看怀特书信集： Letters of E. B. White 。 说不容易，大学老师、专业作家、专业编辑很多都在读，好些大学老师还要求学生必须背熟。我以前推 文用过香港 《号外》创办人陈冠中回忆他在美国波士顿大学学新闻的文字： 不过他 还有招。他要大家背熟一本叫《 简洁的原理 》 （英文版） 的书的部分章节。没错，是一字一字的背诵。《 简洁的原理 》 （英文版） 是教中学生或大一学生的课外书，而我们是堂堂新闻系研究生，现在不光被指定要看还要背，算什么跟什么？英语是我第二语，连我也觉得委屈，其他美国学生可想而知，何况那届同学里有一半是英文本科毕业的。 过去三十年，我劝过不少想学好英文作文的人去看这本书，也买过多本送人。 我从幼稚园学ABC开始，经过小学、中学、大学，漫漫十八载练英文，到了背熟《 简洁的原理 》 （英文版） 里的作文天条那个晚上，才算真正完成了英文作文的基础教育。后来连我的美国同学都没有一个抱怨。 （说明：书名已改为我现在的译名。） （3）第三句（我当然不敢说“伟人”写得不好，但是，大多数中国科学家还是喜欢看中文版的英语教材。 ）里，虞博士谦虚地说”我当然不敢说‘伟人’写得不好“。 但我翻看了虞博士的几十篇相关博文后认为，评论有些草率。 证明如下（原文截屏如下，不再去找原文，以后再点评原文；这儿只注意第一段文字）： 没有认认真真看完这本书，就现学现卖，我只能说：学术不严谨。 其实博士只要去清北复交淘宝店看看商品详情，至少我会认为您是读过我这本书后发表的评论： https://item.taobao.com/item.htm?id=578721768255 如果博士再有点探究精神，可以根据淘宝店页面详情后面的图片找到我的公众号【清北复交】菜单栏去看看我的修订参考了哪些书，用法和例子又出自何处。 参考书目我已经放在科学网博客里： http://blog.sciencenet.cn/home.php?mod=spaceuid=3422258do=blogid=1206792 用法注释和例子出处还存放在公众号【清北复交】： https://mp.weixin.qq.com/advanced/selfmenu?action=indext=advanced/menu-settingtoken=105927496lang=zh_CN 虞博士所言的“大多数中国科学家还是喜欢看中文版的英语教材”是主观判断，还是科学依据？科学写作中应该少用这类模糊的词，怎么也得说百分之多少中国科学家还是喜欢看中文版的英语教材。另外，“中文版的英语教材”，我还没有看明白，中文翻译还是用中文教英文写作？ 因为虞博士没有提供科学依据，所以我就认为“大多数中国科学家还是喜欢看中文版的英语教材”是虞博士的主观判断。 既然虞博士认为，“大多数中国科学家还是喜欢看中文版的英语教材”，我就不太明白您为什么要推荐 Style Toward Clarity and Grace by Joseph M. William。这本书是英文的，不是“中文版的英语教材”。而且，您的注解刚好适用评价这本书（以后为分析这本书）。 既然虞博士认为，“大多数中国科学家还是喜欢看中文版的英语教材”，我就不太明白您 为什么要推荐 College Writing Skills with Readings ，而且是在写完有关 The Elements of Style 的博文半小时后就推文。 2019年1月27日后更有十五六篇博文讲自己用这本书 CollegeWriting Skills with Readings 讲课用。 这本书是英文的，不是“中文版的英语教材”。 虞博士推荐的这两本英文书，我很熟悉。 我对 Style 这本书还有所研究。 图片是第10版文字，誊录了第11版的改动文字。 至于 College Writing Skills with Readings ，这本书要删去很多内容。 个人的研究很主观，自娱自乐，不足参考。 对这三本书， The Elements of Style 、 StyleToward Clarity and Grace 、 College Writing Skills with Readings ，我找一个比较客观、有一定说服力而且大家都可以找到的证据：Syllabus Explorer。截屏并分析如下： The Elements of Style 在1,732,393本指定阅读书目里名列第一。 Style有很多版本。 理念很好，但讲解分析啰嗦过头，自己提出的要求自己做不到。 College Writing Skills with Readings 有不同版次，但 Syllabus Explorer只有这一条数据。 往 Syllabus Explorer 上传syllabus的不是只有美国一个国家，而是全世界很多国家和地区。 所以，用这些书的并非都是美国的大学。 我们比较这三本书在所有推荐书目里的推荐排名。 从这些数据来看， The Elements of Style 是远超另外两本书的。三本都是好书，但好中有好，排名次：上、中、下。敢问虞博士，为何对一流的书连认真读完的兴趣都没有？ 俗话说：求乎上，得其中；求乎中，得其下；求乎下，得个屁啊。 话糙理不糙。严羽《沧浪诗话》里说得更顺耳：“学其上，仅得其中；学其中，斯为下矣。” 下面这四点是《简洁的原理》（英文版）专有。 1. 2011年，美国《时代》杂志（ Time Magazine ）把《简洁的原理》列为1923年至今的 100本最佳、最有影响力的图书之一 （https: en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Elements_of_Style#cite_note-Time-2）。 2. 美国兰登书屋出版社的现代图书馆（Modern Library）100本非小说类最佳图书榜单上，《简洁的原理》在专家评选的榜单上名列 第21位 ，在读者评选的榜单上名列 第75位 （ www.modernlibrary.com/top-100/100-best-nonfiction ）。 3. 英国《卫报》（ The Guardian ）100本非小说类最佳图书排行榜上，《简洁的原理》名列 第23位 （ https://www.theguardian.com/books/2016/jul/04/100-best-nonfiction-books-all-time-elements-style-william-strunk-eb-white ）。 4.学术杂志 Nature 官网上推荐的书只有这一本 （网址见文章最后部分内容） 第二部分 The Elements of Style 是给（美国）大学生上写作课用的教材。如果我们能啃下来，一定对写科技论文有益。但是，如果我每天走路30分钟就能降低血糖，我应该不想走90分钟（没有时间呀！）。所以，我的大纲是能简单就简单。对于能力非常强的学生，上一篇博客已经是“最后的一堂课”。 （1）第一句“ The Elements of Style 是给（美国）大学生上写作课用的教材”说对了一部分。这本书几十年前就成了美国大中小学的课外书，而且很早就走向社会为广大人民群众接受了，甚至成为有些家庭的传家宝（读这本书的铁杆粉丝Mark Garvey的书 Stylized 深入了解）。在美国，William Strunk和E. B. White已经成为这本小书的代名词，大家称这本书为：Strunk White。虞博士在美国工作，应该知道这个Strunk White的分量吧。 再说了，虞博士推荐的 StyleToward Clarity and Grace 、 College Writing Skills with Readings 都是美国大学生上写作课的教材。 （2）第二三句“如果我们能啃下来，一定对写科技论文有益。但是，如果我每天走路30分钟就能降低血糖，我应该不想走90分钟（没有时间呀！）”怎么理解？ 虞博士推荐的两本书 S tyleToward Clarity and Grace 和 College Writing Skills with Readings 都比 The Elements of Style 厚。 College Writing Skills with Readings 厚得不知超出几倍了。 《简洁的原理》（英文版）最薄， 全是干货 ，而且teaches what it preaches。是读干货满满的书节省时间能“降低血糖”，还是读啰嗦冗长言不由衷的厚书节省时间 能“降低血糖” ？ 用美国畅销书作家、很多人熟悉的 《肖申克的救赎》斯蒂芬·金说： 多数关于写作的书，里面写的都是废话……《简洁的原理》（英文版）是个例外（most books about writing are filled with bullshit ...One notable exception to the bullshit rule is The Elements of Style , by William Strunk Jr. and E. B. White.）。 说得对极了！ 第三部分 1.语态 （最简单，虽然非常有争议） 2.常用时态（已发表的博客） 3.一些标点符号（参考The Elements of Style） 4.常用句型（主语谓语的“一致性”，参考The Elements of Style） 5.段落（参考The Elements of Style） 6.修改、修改、再修改（简洁为上／逻辑性／一致性） 虞博士的这六点可能是接第二部分后面文字：“我的大纲是能简单就简单”。我看不明白博士是贬还是赞 The Elements of Style 。罗列的六点，有三点是要参考 The Elements of Style 。其实这六点书里都有。如果博士读过我的修订版，应该知道第五章就是讲“修改、修改、再修改”。 总结 我没读懂虞博士的这篇博文，没发现逻辑性，也没发现一致性。推荐 The Elements of Style 这本书的科学家很多。我举一位国外的科学家和一位国内的科学家。这两位科学家从学术成就和文章写作两方面看都比虞博士有发言权。 第一位是 美国科学院、美国工程院、美国艺术科学院三院院士，H因子最高的化学家George Whitesides 。他说： 我还要推荐你读一读斯特伦克和怀特编著的《简洁的原理》 （英文版） ，去寻得遣词造句表达思想的感觉。 （ I also suggest you read Strunk and White, The Elements of Style (Macmillan: New York, 1979, 3rd ed.) to get a sense for usage. ） George Whitesides 的文章最早发表在 Advanced Material 上，据说在业内影响广泛。文章叫： Whitesides ‘ Group: Writing a Paper。下载地址： https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/adma.200400767 第二位是清华大学药学院鲁白教授。他在 复旦大学上海医学院做讲座时说： 作为结束语，我想推荐一本书。有的书是经常要查和翻的，像 The elements of style ，很多字是怎么用的，它都有，我是放在桌子上经常用的，比如说compare with和compare to, 到底怎么用，这已经不是语法问题，而是什么情况下用，它会告诉你怎么用，这种类似的情况太多了，这个不是仅对我们中国人，美国人也经常把这本书放在桌子上。 鲁白教授的讲座网上有记录： https://www.douban.com/note/287562584/?type=collect 最后借用著名经济学家张五常教授的话总结： ……我就推荐E. B. White写的《Elements of Style》这本小书。 四十年前我用这小书学英文，获益良多。不浅，但简洁易记，内容全面。是教懒人学英文的经典之作，……。首先要指出的，是懂语文与懂得写文章是两回事。比方说，林先生文内提出的田先生的文字例子，我们不能说田先生不熟学英文，但他三十七个英文字才用一个标点，则不能说是懂得写文章。这没有贬意，因为写文章看来不是田先生的专业。是老师们的专业，也是我的专业。行家说行话，这里不妨苛求一点。 附： 对写作科学论文的老师和同学，推荐看看 Nature 杂志提供的资料。 How to write a scientific paper （ https://www.nature.com/nature-research/for-authors/write ） A number of articles and websites provide detailed guidelines and advice about writing and submitting scientific papers. Some suggested sources are: (1) SciDev.Net's Practical guides section (including How to submit a paper to a scientific journal and How to write a scientific paper ). (2) The Human Frontier Science Program's report Websites and Searching for Collaborations also contains useful writing guidelines for non-native-English speakers, as well as other helpful advice related to scientific publishing. (3) The classic book Elements of Style by William J. Strunk, Jr (Humphrey, New York, 1918) is now published by Bartleby.com (New York, 1999) and is freely available on the web in searchable format. (4) Advice about how to write a Nature journal paper is provided in the Nature Physics Editorial Elements of style . (5) Advice about how to write a summary paragraph (abstract) in Nature Letter format is available as a one-page downloadable information sheet . (6) An amusing but pertinent algorithm, How to write a paper (one possible answer) is at Nature Network's New York blog.
A forthcoming book on uncertainty and relevant resources: Chaomei Chen and Min Song (2018) Representing Scientific Knowledge: The Role of Uncertainty. London: Springer. ISBN eBook: 978-3-319-62543-0; Hardcover: 978-3-319-62541-6 https://lnkd.in/eZta84h https://lnkd.in/edP9zJm 在这本书中 我们的目的是 探索科学进步中一个的核心问题 - 未知和 不确定性以及各类信息和认识上的差异，争议，和矛盾。我们认为，这种 差异和争议 的化解，标志着科学的真正进步。
重磅推出——真核（性）与密码子的起源之谜： 谢平. 2016. 细胞核和有性生殖是如何起源的？生物多样性, 24(8): 966-976. 谢平. 2017. 遗传密码子的起源——从能量转化到信息化.生物多样性，25(1): 94-106 . 学术本应该是非政治的，可有一些西方生产的杂志却不愿如此，它们一方面大赚中国人的钱财（大发文章，高价收费），一方面还要上演反华的伎俩，挂着Nature出版集团旗号的Scientific Reports就是其中一个。 最近一个朋友诉说了他的不悦经历： 他有篇文章即将在 Scientific Reports 发表，竟然收到刊物发来如下信函（见英文）——要求包含台湾的中国地图中用大中华“Greater China”，要求删掉南海九段线“omit the nine-dashline” 。（ 而大中华在人文和经济层面上泛指中国地区和受中华文化主导或中华文化影响较大地区，如泛指则包括新加坡、马来西亚等地，因此，就不是国家了，而是大中华地区了 ） 中国学者们要提高警惕，这无疑是个政治陷阱——他们正在利用手中的权利逼迫追求论文的一些中国学者在政治上就范!呼吁广大中国学者共同抵制这个杂志的政治化倾向！不仅如此，这个杂志的灌水行为也十分明显，口碑越来越差，正在重蹈PLoS ONE的覆辙……! 大家或许记忆犹新，有些商人或艺人一面大赚大陆的钱财，一面疯狂地反华，反对一个统一的中国，妄图实现分裂中国的阴谋……！呼吁有良知的中国科学家，坚决抵制某些西方杂志的这种学术性政治阴谋！ 无数革命先烈为了祖国的统一献出了宝贵的生命 …… 无数军人正在付出青春和汗水，保家卫国，为祖国的统一前赴后继。我等知识分子切莫为了蝇头小利而出卖自己的灵魂或祖国的尊严 …… 是金子放在什么杂志上都会闪光！学术界也成了反华势力撕裂中国的战场，该因我们的科研评价体系的重大缺陷，即只重视期刊华丽的外表，而歧视对研究内容本身的具体评价。 中国只有一个，没有大小之分，台湾是中国的一部分！九段线划定了中国在南海的领土范围，线内的岛、礁、滩、沙以及海域均属于中国领土，中国对它们享有主权。坚决反对卖国求荣！ 请大家相互转发，提醒更多的人不要掉进西方科技杂志设下的反华政治陷阱！ Dear Prof XX （这位朋友的名字省去了） , In checking your manuscript submitted to Scientific Reports it has come to our attention that the following must be addressed before we can process your submission: -- Scientific Reports uses the term‘Greater China’ to describe a map that includes Taiwan . Please could you use the term ‘Greater China’ to describe your map in text, legends and labels?If you prefer not to make these changes, please email your reason to scientificreports@nature.com Your paper has been placed back in the Author Approval Folder; you may access it viathe following link: http://mts-srep.nature.com/cgi (Press/Clickon the above link to be automatically sent to the web page.) To makecorrections to any of the files follow the “Modify Manuscript Files” link. If you need to amend any of the current information in the online submissionsystem follow the link “Modify Manuscript Data”. If you need to upload new/replacement files please ensure that you have validated and approved the files and clicked on the final ‘Approve Submission’ button toreturn the manuscript to the quality check stage. If you have any questions please feel free to contact us. Sincerely, Manuscript Administration Scientific Reports 4 Crinan Street London N19XW E-mail: scientificreports@nature.com 同一篇稿子修改时，还收到下面的建议： It is Scientific Reports' practice to omit the nine-dash line from articles , unless inclusion of the line is essential to the scientific context of the paper (for background see http://www.nature.com/nature/ journal/v478/n7369/full/ 478285a.html ). Please could you remove the nine-dash line from your map? If you feel that inclusion of the line is essential, please state your reason via email to scientificreports@nature.com . 快讯：北京大学的 唐志尧副教授已辞去 Scientific Reports编委 谢老师 非常感谢您通过科学网博客披露 Scientific Reports 的政治化倾向。 我是该杂志的编委，看到这个事情发生，感到非常震惊，决定辞职不再做它的编委。 周日已经给杂志发邮件请辞了，邮件如下（如果您觉得合适可以转到科学网）。 向您致敬！ 志尧 Topic: Resign from the Editorial Board of Scientific Reports DearSir/Madam Iam an Editorial Board Member of the section Ecology and EvolutionaryBiology. I'm writing to resign my role as an EditorialBoard Member. Ibelieve that a scienfic journal not to be involved in political issues. Myexperience as an Editorial Board Member during the last one and half years hasproved that Scientific Reports was such a journal worthy myefforts. However, such a good experience was broke offwhen Scientific Reports began to request the authors to use the termGreater China to describe a map that includes Taiwan and to removethe nine-dash line from your map. These requests suggest that thejournal changes its publishing policy. I am not happy with this change. Iam afraid that I cannot continue to play my role as an EditorialBoard Member well under such circumstances. Please accept my resignationas an Editorial Board Member from the Scientific Reports after I finishhandling the several manuscripts with me. Ihope you understand. Withregards Zhiyao Tang 唐志尧 Zhiyao Tang, PhD AssociateProfessor of Ecology College of Urbanand Environmental Sciences Peking University Beijing 100871,China Researchgate: http://www.researchgate.net/profile/Zhiyao_Tang 最新读者反映： 谢老师：您好，前两天刚看到您的博文《赚足了中国人钱又反华——Scientific Reports》，今天发现《Nature Communications》好像也有反华嫌疑。该杂志新发表的一篇文章《Urban heat islands in China enhanced by haze pollution》中没有台湾省和南海，不清楚是不是杂志社捣鬼还是作者原因，给您反应一下，希望您呼吁引起大家注意。 附上文章链接： http://www.nature.com/ncomms/201 ... ironmental-sciences
好久没有更新我的博客了。原因有两个：进不来（log in failed often)和没时间(too much travel, plus WeChat)。 不过，我还是会常常过来看看“好友”。因为博客，我有幸结识了不少高手。在此，向科学网致谢。 如果有博友对我的英文写作博客有兴趣，只要百度一下（我没有试过）应该可以找到我。
S cientific RepoRts | 6:23952 | DOI: 10.1038/srep23952（2016） www.nature.com/scientificreports Effect of correlations on controllability transition in network control Sen Nie , Xu-Wen Wang , Bing-Hong Wang Luo-Luo Jiang The network control problem has recently attracted an increasing amount of attention, owing to concerns including the avoidance of cascading failures of power-grids and the management of ecological networks. It has been proven that numerical control can be achieved if the number of control inputs exceeds a certain transition point. In the present study, we investigate the effect of degree correlation on the numerical controllability in networks whose topological structures are reconstructed from both real and modeling systems, and we find that the transition point of the number of control inputs depends strongly on the degree correlation in both undirected and directed networks with moderately sparse links. More interestingly, the effect of the degree correlation on the transition point can not be observed in dense networks for numerical controllability, which contrasts with the corresponding result for structural controllability. In particular, for directed random networks and scale-free networks, the influence of the degree correlation is determined by the types of correlations. Our approach provides an understanding of control problems in complex sparse networks. 网络结构之度关联性(同配性） 对于网络可控性相变之影响 聂森，王旭文，汪秉宏，姜罗罗 （中国科学技术大学， 近代物理系） 复杂网络的可控性问题是近年来的一个研究热点，该问题的研究对电力网络、基因网络、脑神经网络等复杂系统的调控具有重要的指导意义。考虑到系统在实际运行中的能量消耗、运行路径等问题，对其可控性研究需要用到经典控制理论中的Gramian（格拉姆）矩阵奇异性判据。由于Gramian矩阵可控判据涉及数值计算的精度，因此称基于Gramian矩阵判据的系统可控性为数值可控性。现有的研究表明，随着驱动节点数目的增大，系统的数值可控成功率会出现相变，我们称使得系统数值可控首次成功的驱动节点数目为可控相变点。前人的工作证明，复杂网络的可控性受到网络的平均度、幂函数律的指数等结构参数的影响。特别地，网络的度度相关性对最少驱动节点数目的影响十分显著。本文中，我们研究了网络度度相关性（同配性）对模型网络和真实网络可控相变点的影响，结果显示在适度稀疏的有向和无向网络中，可控相变点数目强烈依赖于网络度相关性的变化；但是，在稠密网络中，可控性相变点大小与度相关性无关，这一现象与结构可控性中的已有结果不同。另外，在有向的随机网络和无标度网络中，度相关性对可控相变点的影响取决于入-入、入-出、出-入、出-出这些度相关性的不同类型。同时，仿真结果表明，在有向或无向的随机和无标度网络中，网络的可控相变点大小与网络的规模之间存在一定关系。可控相变点的计算，由于涉及矩阵求逆，尚未获得解析形式结果。本文结果对于复杂网络之可控性相变与网络结构之关系加深了认识。 全文浏览下载： srep23952(3)published.pdf
葡萄糖对镁体外腐蚀/降解行为的影响 曾荣昌 山东科技大学 【按】Nature 出版集团旗下的《 Scientific Reports 》（科学报告）刊发了我课题组在医用镁腐蚀机理方面的科学发现。论文题目为 “ Invitro degradation of pure Mg in response to glucose ” （ 5:13026, DOI: 10.1038/srep13026 ）。 随着人口老龄化日趋严重，人们越来越关注血糖水平、糖尿病的患病率以及血糖调节障碍等问题。在全球范围内，预估糖尿病患者的数量将从 2000 年的 1.71 亿增至 2030 的 3.66 亿。全球老龄化对生物材料的需求日益增加，这使得高血糖和糖尿病患者在植入生物材料问题上面临着巨大的挑战。 镁及镁合金具有独特的生物相容性、生物降解性和力学相容性，作为新一代生物医用材料具有广泛的应用前景。然而，镁非常活泼，耐蚀性能较差。镁的腐蚀问题则是制约其广泛应用的瓶颈因素。虽然有关镁合金在模拟生理溶液中的腐蚀行为已有大量的研究，并取得了明显的进展。因人体内环境因素的复杂性，医用镁及合金腐蚀机理仍然没有得到很好的阐释。 影响医用镁及合金腐蚀的因素包括 阳离子（ Mg 2+ 、 Ca 2+ 等）、 阴离子（ Cl - 、 HCO 3 - 、 HPO 4 2 和 - H 2 PO 4 - 等） 以及有机化合物（氨基酸，蛋白质和葡萄糖等）。然而，有关葡萄糖对镁合金腐蚀影响的研究很少报道。众所周知，高血糖可能导致糖尿病的发生，高血糖或糖尿病人植入镁合金后可能面临较大风险。另外，镁还是一种重要的细胞间离子，在血糖和胰岛素的调解中扮演重要角色。所以，研究葡萄糖对镁合金腐蚀行为影响具有重要意义。 论文基于材料与化学交互作用，以己六醇作为对照物，通过电子探针、光电子能谱等现代表面分析和电化学测试技术，全面地分析了葡萄糖对纯镁腐蚀行为的影响，加深了人们对镁腐蚀过程的认识。此项研究阐明了镁在不同浓度葡萄糖模拟体液中的腐蚀机理，为医用镁合金研究开启了一扇新窗户。 上述研究工作得到了国家自然科学基金项目和山东科技大学科研创新团队经费的支持。 Abstract : Magnesium and its alloys are promising biodegradable biomaterials but are still challenging to be used in person with high levels of blood glucose or diabetes. To date, the influence of glucose on magnesium degradation has not yet been elucidated, this issue requires more attention. Herein, we present pure Mg exhibiting different corrosion responses to saline and Hank’s solutions with different glucose contents, and the degradation mechanism of pure Mg in the saline solution with glucose in comparison with mannitol as a control. On one hand, the corrosion rate of pure Mg increases with the glucose concentration in saline solutions. Glucose rapidly transforms into gluconic acid, which attacks the oxides of the metal and decreases the pH of the solution; it also promotes the absorption of chloride ions on the Mg surface and consequently accelerates corrosion. On the other hand, better corrosion resistance is obtained with increasing glucose content in Hank’s solution due to the fact that glucose coordinates Ca2+ ions in Hank’s solution and thus improves the formation of Ca-P compounds on the pure Mg surface. This finding will open up new avenues for research on the biodegradation of bio-Mg materials in general, which could yield many new and interesting results. In vitro degradation of pure Mg in response to glucose.pdf
Dear Dr. XXX, On behalf of the editorial members and editors of the Journal of Mountain Science (JMS), I'd like to show my appreciation to your support to the JMS in the past year in paper review. Your valuable and high quality review comments have greatly helped with the improvement of the journal quality. I'd like to invite you to join in the JMS editorial board to be a scientific editor. The scientific editor will do initial review and recommend peer-reviewers or be the responsible editor to handle the assigned manuscripts in your research fields, with the responsibility of inviting peer-reviewers and communicating with the authors, and editing the accepted papers according to the JMS journal style. Scientific editor can independently or cooperatively organize special issue or special topics articles after discussing with the editor-in-chief or executive editor-in-chief about the topics selection and the author sources. We will establish a personal homepage for each scientific editor in the JMS homepage ( http://jms.imde.ac.cn/web/21915/scientific-editors ). The scientific editor will be included in the editorial board list in each issue. Scientific editors' articles will be published preferentially after the acceptance. Scientific editor will be invited or partially funded by the journal to participate in the editorial board conference or other academic symposium organized by the Journal or by our sponsored institution (Institute of Mountain Hazards and Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences). Journal of Mountain Science was founded in 2004 and included in SpringerLink in 2006, and indexed by ISI-Web of Science in 2007. The impact factor in 2013 was 0.762. Presently, the JMS has been indexed/included in more than 20 internationally important databases. According to Springer's data, the subscribed institution in 2013 was more than 7200. I believe your joining in the editorial board will furtherly improve the journal quality and enlarge the journal's international impact. If you agree the invitation, you are kindly requested to fill in the attached form (with one of your personal image) and return within these days. Best wishes and happy new year to you! QIU Dunlian Executvie editor-in-chief, Journal of Mountain Science
Scientific Reports 4-7577 (2014) 复杂社会网络中的双向选择 Bidirectional selection between two classes in complex social networks Bin Zhou, Zhe He, Luo-Luo Jiang, Nian-Xin Wang Bing-Hong Wang The bi-directional selection between two classes widely emerges in various social lives, such as commercial trading and mate choosing. Until now, the discussions on bidirectional selection in structured human society are quite limited. We demonstrated theoretically that the rate of successfully matching is affected greatly by individuals’ neighborhoods in social networks, regardless of the type of networks. Furthermore, it is found that the high average degree of networks contributes to increasing rates of successful matches. The matching performance in different types of networks has been quantitatively investigated ， revealing that the small-world networks reinforces the matching rate more than scale-free networks at given average degree. In addition, our analysis is consistent with the modeling result, which provides the theoretical understanding of underlying mechanisms of matching in complex networks. 双向选择在人类的日常生活中非常普遍，例如：市场贸易买卖双方的交易成功，商业合作伙伴的选择，一年一度的毕业生与招聘方之间的就业双向选择，以及城市和社区中的男女择偶双向选择相亲大会等等。我们已经给出一个初步的双向选择系统模型，并且得到82组相亲大会实证数据的检验，【见： PLoS ONE 9, e81424 (2014) A model of two-way selection system for human behavior . 】。 但是以上的研究实质上属于一个全联通网络上的双向选择机制。本文将双向选择机制拓展到任意一种网络上，包括各种网络模型（ER随机网络，WS小世界网络，BA无标度网络）以及现实世界中的各种真实网络。我们的研究结果表明：网络结构对双向选择匹配率有重要影响。可以发现：WS小世界网络的拓扑结构最有利于匹配，而BA无标度网络则最不利于匹配。这似乎表明：WS小世界网络的形成对应于现实生活中社交网络的演化形成是朝着更有利于异性个体之间匹配趋势进行的。我们通过断边重连改变WS小世界的网络结构，发现双向选择系统的匹配结果将随断边重连概率之变化而呈现丰富多样的变化。其内在原因的揭示，有待后续工作的进一步深入研究。 原文下载： SciRep 4-7577(2014) ZhouHeJiangWangWang 复杂社会网络中的双向选择.pdf
10月1日早晨收到Scientific Reports杂志邮件，被邀请参加生态学和进化生物学编委会。傍晚，收到第二封邮件和相关文档，填写并提交了5个专业最相关的关键词和注册信息。10月3日下午，收到编辑部来信安排了第一篇论文任务。我通过PubMed和ScienceDirect等，找到了5个相关同行，并通过系统发送了审稿邀请信。5分钟之内，一个同行就在线回复同意审稿。10月6日，3个同行同意评审稿件。系统自动给其他同行发信，说明已经找到足够的评委（3个）。 Scientific Reports（http://www.natureasia.com/zh-cn/srep/） 2011年创刊，多学科、在线发表、开放获取，内容覆盖自然科学的各个领域。和PLoS ONE（http://www.plosone.org/）一样，该杂志对投稿的论文重要性并不设最低门槛，而是由评审专家判断技术方案的可靠性。同时，该杂志和Journal of the Royal Society Interface（ http://rsif.royalsocietypublishing.org/） 一样鼓励多学科交叉。今年，该杂志影响因子上升到5.078，并成为多学科交叉领域前5。 多学科杂志列表 Scientific Reports杂志排名 国内自然科学工作者队伍较大。随着国家对科技经费投入的加大、科技人员经费越来越规范地用在研究工作上，产出成果必将越来越多。自然科学领域多个期刊目前已经以英文为刊用语言，既可以吸纳国内优秀成果，也可以发表国外一些成果。部分期刊已经进入SCI源期刊行列，影响在逐渐增长。这些期刊在短期时间，在科技界，乃至商业上均获得了巨大的成功，其经验值得借鉴。 Scientific Reports涵盖多个领域，每个领域都有一个编委指导委员会成员主持。生态学和进化生物学领域现在的召集人是University College London的Georgina Mace教授。 编委开始的任期一般两年，主要职责包括： 1、评估稿件是否应该送审； 2、安排稿件的专家评审并作最终编辑决定：接收、退稿或者重投； 3、支持并推动Scientific Reports的发展。 Scientific Reports编委手册 Scientific Reports等杂志鼓励科学家自由探索，通过开放获取加快科学成果分享和知识传播，得到了科技工作人员的广泛认同和支持。我希望通过这个平台，和来自不同国家的同领域专家和投稿人合作，了解并尽力掌握生态学和进化生物学方面的最新进展。同时，我也期待通过这个平台，本学科领域的专家 有更多 发布团队成果和提升科技水平的机会。 现在杂志主页上的编委信息表明，英国科学家有32位，美国10位，中国13位（包括香港4位）。 荷兰：2 美国：10 英国：32 加拿大：3 澳大利亚：5 瑞典：2 中国：13 日本：7 瑞士：2 芬兰：1 斐济：1 意大利：3 葡萄牙：3 法国：3 德国：3 比利时：2 ECOLOGY AND EVOLUTIONARY BIOLOGY Duur Aanen Wageningen University, Netherlands J. Marty Anderies Arizona State University, USA Paul Barrett Natural History Museum, UK Julia K. Baum University of Victoria, Canada Robin Beck University of New South Wales, Australia Andrea Belgrano Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences James Bullock Centre for Ecology Hydrology, United Kingdom Kathleen Campbell University of Auckland, New Zealand Daniele Canestrelli Tuscia University, Italy Susana Carvalho King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Saudi Arabia Chengrong Chen Griffith University, Australia Andrew Clarke University of Warwick, UK Ben Collen University College London, UK Filipe Costa Universidade do Minho, Portugal Marina R. Cunha University of Aveiro, Portugal Andrew A. Cunningham ZSL Institute of Zoology, UK Darren Curnoe University of New South Wales, Australia Junhu Dai Institute of Geographical Sciences and Natural Resources Research Chinese Academy of Sciences, China Roberto Danovaro Università Politecnica delle Marche, Italy Mark de Bruyn Bangor University, UK Steven Degraer Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences, Belgium Zhiqun (Daniel) Deng Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, USA Nicolas Desneux French National Institute for Agricultural Research (INRA), France Michael Doebeli University of British Columbia, Canada Gareth Dyke University of Southampton, UK Katrina Edwards University of Southern California, USA Felix Eigenbrod University of Southampton, UK Matthew Fisher Imperial College London, UK Toby Gardner University of Cambridge, UK Robbie Girling The Organic Research Centre, UK Stanislav Gorb Kiel University, Germany Frances Gulland The Marine Mammal Center, USA Geoff M Gurr Charles Sturt University, Australia Xavier Harrison ZSL Institute of Zoology, UK Simon I. Hay University of Oxford, UK Mariella Herberstein Macquarie University, Australia Satoshi Hirata Kyoto University, Japan Michael Hofreiter University of York, UK Michael A. Huffman Kyoto University, Japan Richard Inger University of Exeter, UK Nick Kamenos University of Glasgow, UK Michael Knapp University of Bangor, UK Judith Korb Universitat Regensburg, Germany Artem Kouchinsky Swedish Museum of Natural History, Sweden Kevin Laland University of St Andrews, UK Fu-Min Lei Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China Owen Lewis University of Oxford, UK Dejun Li Chinese Academy of Sciences, China Linghao Li Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China Wen-Hsiung Li University of Chicago, USA Adrian Lister Natural History Museum, UK Xingzhong Liu State Key Laboratory of Mycology, China Mark Mainwaring Lancaster University, UK Mark Maslin University College London, UK Alice Mauchline University of Reading, UK Kenneth Mei Yee Leung University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Alexandru Milcu Imperial College London, UK Yolanda Morbey Western Science, Canada Akira Mori Yokohama National University, Japan Tadamichi Morisaka Tokai University, Japan Iain Morley University of Oxford, UK Pascal Niklaus University of Zürich, Switzerland Shuli Niu Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China Alf Norkko University of Helsinki,Finland Jingmai O'Connor Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology, China Andrew Parker Natural History Museum, UK Dolores R. Piperno Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, USA David Raichlen University of Arizona, USA Emily Rayfield University of Bristol, UK Andy Reynolds Rothamsted Research, UK Shane Richards Durham University, UK Ciro Rico University of the South Pacific, Fiji J Murray Roberts Heriot Watt University, UK Weiguo Sang Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China Michele Scardi University of Rome Tor Vergata, Italy Ester A. Serrao University of the Algarve, Portugal Aaron Shafer Uppsala University, Sweden Martin Solan University of Southampton, UK Jay Stock University of Cambridge, UK Christopher Stojanowski Arizona State University, USA Koichi Takahashi Shinshu University, Japan Graham Taylor University of Oxford, UK Elisa Thebault Ecole Normale Supérieure, France Arne Traulsen Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Biology, Germany Jasper van Ruijven Wageningen University, Netherlands Stefan Van Dongen Antwerp University, Belgium Jessica Ware Rutgers University, USA Geoff Williams University of Bern, Switzerland Rudolf Wu University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Jianyang Xia University of Oklahoma, USA Akiyoshi Yamada Shinshu University, Japan Jin Yoshimura Shizuoka University, Japan Xuhui Zhou Fudan University, China Top of page
Thomson Reuters 发布了2014 world's most influential scientific minds Who are some of the best and brightest scientific minds of our time? Thomson Reuters answers this question, as it has in the past, by analyzing data using its Web of Science and InCites platforms to determine which researchers have produced work that is most frequently acknowledged by peers. These highly cited researchers were determined by analyzing at citation data over the last 11 years to identify those who published the highestimpact work (2002—2012 and 2012—2013). These individuals are influencing the future direction of their fields, and of the world. 还有一段是介绍，发表hot papers最多的17个人，有1人来自哈尔滨工业大学。在这17人中，有12个人的研究领域是基因组研究，3个是材料研究。 我用“中国”作为关键词，搜索了一下文档，中国（包括香港，澳门）出现了164次。这里应该有较大的误差，有些人已经回国，但是没有被统计为中国;有些人因为跨不同学科而重复出现。 由于研究领域限制，只发现了一个 认识的，还是做基因组研究的，呵呵， Igor Grigoriev (JGI） worlds-most-influential-scientific-minds-2014.pdf
第十届国际林联科学成就奖（ IUFRO ， SCIENTIFICACHIEVEMENT AWARD ）获奖名单揭晓 第十届国际林联 (International Union ofForest Research Organizations ， IUFRO) 科学成就奖（ IUFRO, SCIENTIFIC ACHIEVEMENT AWARD ）获奖名单揭晓，其科学成就公布（详见 IUFRO News, Volume 43, Issue 8, 2014 ： http://www.iufro.org/publications/news/electronic-news/ ） 国际林联于 1892 年 8 月 17 日 在德国埃伯斯瓦尔德成立，迄今 122 年。国际林联自 1971 年开始评选“国际林联科学成就奖（ IUFRO Scientific AchievementAward ）”，每 5 年评选一次，本次为第十届。 1971 、 1976 （每届 5 人）、 1981 （ 7 人）、 1986 、 1990 （每届 9 人）、 1995 （ 10 人）、 2000 （ 11 人）、 2005 （ 10 人）、 2010 （ 11 人），本届评出 10 人（ Sally Aitken, Jürgen Bauhus, Benjamin Cashore, Richard Hamelin, ChristopherEric Harwood, Shibu Jose, Robert A. Kozak, Aino Annikki Mkel Carter, JolandaRoux, Guiseppe Scarascia Mugnozza ），本届获奖者的主要成就附后 。 第二十四届国际林联（ IUFRO ）大会将于 2014 年 10 月 5 － 11 日在美国盐湖城（ Salt Lake City, Utah, USA ）召开，届时将在大会开幕式对第十届国际林联科学成就奖获奖者进行表彰。 附：第十届国际林联科学成就奖获奖者及其成就 Sally Aitken Dr. Sally AITKEN is able to link original and creative research to issuesthat have important social and economic implications both in western Canadaand world-wide. Working with other scientists worldwide and with the associates andstudents in her lab, Dr. Aitken is developing a comprehensive body oftheoretical knowledge on the evolutionary biology and adaptation of treesspecies, and applying this knowledge to the development of methods and toolsthat allow better decision making in applied forest management. At the presenttime, the AdapTree genomics project is linking new developments in genomicswith climate modelling, evolutionary biology, and economic analysis. Thisintegrated work is bringing together disparate disciplines such as genomics andclimate science in order to extend the theoretical base and address the issuesfacing the forest industry and provincial agencies with responsibilities formassive annual reforestation programs that are part of a key industry andsocio-economic driver. This research will lead to unique solutions and methods for the assistedmigration of reforestation stock to address the increasing geneticmaladaptation of reforestation stock in western Canada due to climate change. Theproject has drawn the interest, participation, and funding support of theprovincial Ministry of Forests Lands and Natural Resource Operations and forestcompanies. Jürgen Bauhus Dr. Jürgen BAUHUS has worked in forest research institutions on 3continents, and his research is not only truly international, but he is alsoone of the few silvicultural scientists with important research contributionsin native, semi-natural and plantation forests. His research is characterizedby the quest to unravel the relationships between forest structure, compositionand function, above ground and below ground, regardless of the complexity ofecosystems studied. The contributions to biodiversity and mixed-speciesresearch helped to increase the social acceptance of forestry. Although thework is strongly grounded in fundamental research, its applied aspects haveadvanced silvicultural practices in many regions. Dr. Bauhus is a dedicated mentor for young scientists and has introducedmany young researchers to IUFRO. During the past three decades Dr. Bauhus hasdeveloped a highly visible international profile, not only through his studiesat leading universities in Germany,Australia, and Canada, and his remarkable publications ininternational journals, but also as the initiator and coordinator ofinternational teaching programs at the University of Freiburg. Benjamin Cashore Dr. Benjamin CASHORE has established himself as one of his generation'spreeminent scholars in the fields of forest governance and forest policy. His many scholarly contributions to the study of the complex array oftransnational and non-govern-mental forces shaping the way in which forests aregoverned today have advanced global understanding of the challenges andopportunities of securing these forests for future generations. His studies arelandmarks in the application of the social sciences to forestry issues,including key findings on the strengths and limitations of non-stategovernance, on the underlying causal relationships between international andnational forest policy, and on the role of learning in the governance ofsustainable forest management all over the world. Dr. Cashore's work has illuminated the symbiotic roles of government andbusiness in bringing about solutions to some of the most difficult problemsfacing forestry and the environment today, including illegal logging, thedegradation of tropical forests, and the impacts of climate change. Byhighlighting potential pathways for ratcheting up standards or enforcement,he has consistently been a voice of hope for finding progressive incrementalsolutions to the most difficult of issues. Richard Hamelin Dr. Richard HAMELIN is a pioneer in the field of molecular forestpathology. Over the last 20 years, he has innovated by integrating molecularbiology and genomics into forest pathology with the aim to answer questionsrelated to pathogen detection and monitoring, population dynamics, and ecology.His main achievements are the translation of genomics into molecular diagnosticand detection tools, the development of a platform for molecular diagnostics offorest pests, and the monitoring of the impact of transgenic trees on microbialdiversity. He has also focused on the study of molecular epidemiology of forestpathogens, host-pathogen interactions as well as the genomics of the mountainpine beetle-blue stain fungus-host interaction. His multidisciplinary approach to answering complex research questions,along with his capacity for bringing together scientists of various expertise,has led Dr. Hamelin to become an inspiring model for young scientists as wellas for more experienced colleagues. Christopher Eric Harwood Dr. Christopher Eric HARWOOD's significant long-term research andapplications address the ecology, genetics, breeding, plantation deployment andwood utilization of Australian tree species. He has pioneered key initiativesin genetic improvement and seed orchard development, and studies on treereproductive biology of acacia, eucalyptus and Grevillea robusta. His work has advanced understanding of the science that underpinssuccessful tree breeding which delivers improved germplasm to tree growers inthe tropics. His contributions to capacity building in tropical countries havebeen exceptional. He achieved these through provision of many scientific andtechnical training courses, supervision of post-graduate students and mentoringyounger scientists in-country, travelling tirelessly to work with and encouragethem. In Australia,he is respected research manager who has guided teams of scientists affiliatedto a range of parent institutions, each with its own culture and protocols ofadministration. He has led major research efforts for dryland forestry,improving the value of plantation grown eucalypts for solid- andengineered-wood product processing and applications. Dr. Harwood exemplifies the values and spirit of IUFRO by reaching out,beyond his national borders, to support scientists, forest science andapplication of research internationally. Shibu Jose Dr. Shibu JOSE's research has helped address ecological sustainabilitychallenges of forested ecosystems at local, national and international levelswith global impacts. His research program has the overarching goal ofidentifying and quantifying key ecological processes and interactions thatdefine ecological sustainability of forested ecosystems. He examines how resource availability (e.g., light, water, nutrients,carbon) and disturbances (e.g. management interventions, fire, exoticinvasions) influence ecosystem structure and function (e.g. productivity,nutrient cycling) in natural forests, short-rotation plantation forests andagroforests. He uses the ecological information in designing agroforestrysystems and restoring degraded and damaged forest ecosystems. He has over 200 scholarly publications to his credit. Over the past 20years his research team has conducted projects in the U.S., Australia,Costa Rica, Panama, Belize,Ukraine, Bangladesh, Pakistan,and India.He has been very active professionally and has been involved in organizing manyforestry and agroforestry conferences nationally and internationally. He alsohas led the development of two successful online graduate programs forplace-bound forestry professionals to help them continue their formaleducation. Robert A. Kozak Dr. Robert A. KOZAK has spent the majority of his research career as aprofessor of sustainable business management in the Faculty of Forestry at the University of British Columbia, and is now the head ofthe Department of Wood Science. He has authored or co-authored over 200 papers and spoken at over 150conferences around the world on business topics ranging from wood use innon-residential construction, value-added wood products, supply chainmanagement, forest certification, corporate social responsibility, and mostrecently, poverty alleviation and community wellbeing. Working with colleaguesfrom around the world and students in his lab, he has been a pioneer in thecreation of a 'new wave' of business research within the forestry domain whichfocuses on conservation-based business management practices that promotesustainability of our global forest resources. This work is interdisciplinaryin nature and Dr. Kozak sees his role as being a researcher who 'connects thedots' between the complex and multifaceted issues that occur in the world offorestry at the nexus of social, economic, and ecological realms. Aino Annikki Mkel Carter Dr. Aino Annikki MKEL CARTER has been professor of silviculture/forestproduction at the University of Helsinki, Finland, since 2005. She integratesthe Forest Modelling Group, a research unit of the University Department ofForest Sciences, involved in modelling eco-physiological processes and growthof trees and stands. The primary objectives of her work have been: (1) to increaseunderstanding of the growth, production, and population dynamics of borealforests, (2) to translate the advances in knowledge into quantitative models,and (3) to make eco-physiological theory and knowledge more readily usable inpractical applications. As research method she used construction ofmathematical models in order to express biological hypotheses, derive andanalyze their implications, and test the results against independentmeasurements. Dr. Mkel Carter is best known for her pioneering work in dynamic modelsof trees and stands, which translate material balances and structural models oftrees into information and forecasts that are useful to both the research andforest management communities. Much of her early work is summarized in herwell-known CROBAS and PIPEQUAL models. The theoretical approaches and practicalformulations that she implemented in those models are now used in many forestmodels around the world. Jolanda Roux Dr. Jolanda ROUX has firmly established herself as an expert on fungaldiseases of trees on the African continent and beyond. She has made a hugeimpact by sharing her scientific expertise in consultations on tree healthproblems in technologically deprived regions of Africa.She has made consultations in Kenya,Ghana, Congo, Uganda,Tanzania, Zambia and Madagascar. Her work in these areas has included diagnosis of tree health problemsboth in commercial plantation forests but also in biologically sensitive and endangeredforests of Euphorbia and Adansonia (Baobab). By sharing herknowledge, Dr. Roux has made a tremendous impact in solving both economicallyimportant and ecologically crucial problems in technologically underservedportions of Africa. As a mentor of graduate students and postdocs, Dr. Roux has also had amajor impact on the development of forest science in South Africa and the entire Africanregion. She has advised an exceptionally large number of students from adiversity of geographic origins. Dr. Roux is passionate about her work and certainly an outstanding rolemodel especially for young women in science. Guiseppe Scarascia Mugnozza Dr. Guiseppe SCARASCIA MUGNOZZA's work at the leading edge of forestscience focused on understanding the effect of climate change on the forestenvironment. He developed new methods for exposing whole trees to elevatedatmospheric CO2, pioneering ecosystem-level assessment of forest productivityand carbon sequestration by eddy covariance. His vision and consensus-buildingskills were instrumental in developing novel infrastructures for investigationforest responses to climate change under realistic conditions. He has a highly-recognized international reputation. He was among thefirst to demonstrate the impact of elevated CO2 on forest tree species andecosystems, with participation in European research projects since the early1990s and served as coordinator of a major research initiative, the FACEinfrastructure on a mixed poplar stand. He contributed fundamental knowledge tothe action mechanisms of carbon incorporation into forest soil. Very few scientists have the scientific credentials and exemplify theIUFRO spirit to a greater extent than Dr. Scarascia. He is an inspiringsupervisor and mentor of forest students and young scientists. He is founder of the Italian Society ofSilviculture and Forest Ecology, and of the international journal iForest,which is rapidly emerging as a well-recognized open-access ISI journal in theforest sector.
前些天高兴了一下，一篇小文被Scientific Reports接收了。 随后不久，接到编辑的通知内容是需要我们签署两份授权协议。 满怀兴奋打开一看，“The APC will be charged at the following rate: 890英镑/1,350美元/1,046欧元” 快速查看了银行余额，显示1700欧。 天边飘来一首歌“要死就一定要死在你手里”。 转念一想，这钱老板可能会出。 忐忑中敲了二楼的门，看见老板还沉浸在某种喜悦中。 闲聊两句后，老板提到法国有一份联名抗议书叫做“抵制open access,抵制版面费”。 我习惯性地表示了不知情。 老板补充道，他是发起人。 于是乎，我的背影消失在二楼已然熄灯的走道里。
印地安那大学伯明顿分校信息与计算学院的科学家们最近（ 2014年1月7日 ）提出了一种新的科研资助模式： From funding agencies to scientific agency，试图改变现有集中peer reviewer资助分配方式： A New Funding Model for Scientists http://sciencecareers.sciencemag.org/career_magazine/previous_issues/articles/2014_01_13/caredit.a1400012 The current academic funding system, which allocates public money to researchers based on the submission and peer review of countless research proposals, has served science well—but some people believe that the time has come to find more efficient ways to distribute the money. Among them is a group of scientists at the School of Informatics and Computing at Indiana University, Bloomington who proposed a new funding model in an article published last week in EMBO reports . In From funding agencies to scientific agency: Collective allocation of science funding as an alternative to peer review , the researchers proposed a funding model that they claim would be simpler, cheaper, and fairer than the traditional funding system, and more amenable to high-risk research and chance discovery. The National Science Foundation, the Andrew W. Mellon Foundation, and the National Institutes of Health supported the work.
Best Practices for Scientific Computing Wilson G, Aruliah DA, Brown CT, Chue Hong NP, Davis M, et al. (2014) Best Practices for Scientific Computing. PLoS Biol 12(1): e1001745. doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.1001745 Summary of Best Practices Write programs for people, not computers. A program should not require its readers to hold more than a handful of facts in memory at once. Make names consistent, distinctive, and meaningful. Make code style and formatting consistent. Let the computer do the work. Make the computer repeat tasks. Save recent commands in a file for re-use. Use a build tool to automate workflows. Make incremental changes. Work in small steps with frequent feedback and course correction. Use a version control system. Put everything that has been created manually in version control. Don't repeat yourself (or others). Every piece of data must have a single authoritative representation in the system. Modularize code rather than copying and pasting. Re-use code instead of rewriting it. Plan for mistakes. Add assertions to programs to check their operation. Use an off-the-shelf unit testing library. Turn bugs into test cases. Use a symbolic debugger. Optimize software only after it works correctly. Use a profiler to identify bottlenecks. Write code in the highest-level language possible. Document design and purpose, not mechanics. Document interfaces and reasons, not implementations. Refactor code in preference to explaining how it works. Embed the documentation for a piece of software in that software. Collaborate. Use pre-merge code reviews. Use pair programming when bringing someone new up to speed and when tackling particularly tricky problems. Use an issue tracking tool.
最新论文发表 Scientific Reports vol.3: No.3292 (2013) Braess's Paradox in Epidemic Game: Better Condition Results in Less Payoff 流行病博弈中的布雷斯佯谬 — 优裕条件带来低劣回报 作者： Hai-Feng Zhang ( 张海峰 ) ， Zimo Yang （杨紫陌）， Zhi-Xi Wu （吴枝喜）， Bing-Hong Wang （汪秉宏）， Tao Zhou （周涛） Facing the threats of infectious diseases, we take various actions to protect ourselves, but few studies considered an evolving system with competing strategies. In view of that, we propose an evolutionary epidemic model coupled with human behaviors, where individuals have three strategies: vaccination, self-protection and laissez faire, and could adjust their strategies according to their neighbors' strategies and payoffs at the beginning of each new season of epidemic spreading. We found a counter-intuitive phenomenon analogous to the well-known Braess's Paradox, namely a better condition may lead to worse performance. Specifically speaking, increasing the successful rate of self-protection does not necessarily reduce the epidemic size or improve the system payoff. The range and degree of the Braess's Paradox are sensitive to both the parameters characterizing the epidemic spreading and the strategy payoff, while the existence of the Braess's Paradox is insensitive to the network topologies. This phenomenon can be well explained by a meanfield approximation. Our study demonstrates an important fact that a better condition for individuals may yield a worse outcome for the society . Scientific Reports article PDF 下载 srep03292.pdf Scientic Reports Supplementary Information (2.42 MB) 下载 srep03292-s1.pdf
C.Chen ， Y. Chen ， M. Horowitz ， H. Hou , Z. Liu, D. Pellegrinoa. Towards an explanatory and computational theoryof scientific discovery. Journal of Informetrics ， 2009 （ 3 ）： 191-209. （ SSCI 收录 ） 影响因子 2.531 （ 该刊 在国际图书馆与信息科学领域排名第 3 位 ），在web of science中被引 10 次，在google学术搜索被引94次。 Towards an explanatory and computational theory of scientific discovery.pdf We propose an explanatory and computational theory of transformative discoveries in sci- ence. The theory is derived from a recurring theme found in a diverse range of scientific change, scientific discovery, and knowledge diffusion theories in philosophy of science, soci- ology of science, social network analysis, and information science. The theory extends the concept of structural holes from social networks to a broader range of associative networks found in science studies, especially including networks that reflect underlying intellectual structures such as co-citation networks and collaboration networks. The central premise is that connecting otherwise disparate patches of knowledge is a valuable mechanism of cre- ative thinking in general and transformative scientific discovery in particular. In addition, the premise consistently explains the value of connecting people from different disciplinary specialties. The theory not only explains the nature of transformative discoveries in terms of the brokerage mechanism but also characterizes the subsequent diffusion process as opti- mal information foraging in a problem space. Complementary to epidemiological models of diffusion, foraging-based conceptualizations offer a unified framework for arriving at insightful discoveries and optimizing subsequent pathways of search in a problem space. Structural and temporal properties of potentially high-impact scientific discoveries are derived from the theory to characterize the emergence and evolution of intellectual net- works of a field. Two Nobel Prize winning discoveries, the discovery of Helicobacter pylori and gene targeting techniques, and a discovery in string theory demonstrated such properties. Connections to and differences from existing approaches are discussed. The primary value of the theory is that it provides not only a computational model of intellectual growth, but also concrete and constructive explanations of where one may find insightful inspirations for transformative scientific discoveries.
个人迁移模式的多样性与 群体聚集标度律之涌现 阎小勇，韩筱璞，汪秉宏，周涛 揭示人类移动模式对于疫情蔓延、都市交通，和其余表现为空间性与人类旅行的社会经济动力学之理解至关重要。根据直接的志愿者旅行日志，我们阐明：个人层面上的位移分布并无标度性质，而群体聚集之位移分布遵从幂函数规律并有指数截断。如果给定总旅行成本的限制，则可以通过基于最大熵原理的人类旅行之混合性质解析预测这种聚集的标度律。这一理论的一个直接的推论是，一个单模运输的位移分布应当遵循指数规律，这也得到已知数据的支持证据。所以我们得到结论：旅行成本形成群体聚集层次上的位移分布。 Scientific Report Vol.3 No. 02678 （2013） Xiao-Yong Yan , Xiao-Pu Han , Bing-Hong Wang ， Tao Zhou Diversity of individual mobility patterns and emergence of aggregated scaling laws Uncovering human mobility patterns is of fundamental importance to the understanding of epidemic spreading, urban transportation and other socioeconomic dynamics embodying spatiality and human travel. According to the direct travel diaries of volunteers, we show the absence of scaling properties in the displacement distribution at the individual level, while the aggregated displacement distribution follows a power law with an exponential cutoff. Given the constraint on total travelling cost, this aggregated scaling law can be analytically predicted by the mixture nature of human travel under the principle of maximum entropy. A direct corollary of such theory is that the displacement distribution of a single mode of transportation should follow an exponential law, which also gets supportive evidences in known data. We thus conclude that the travelling cost shapes the displacement distribution at the aggregated level. Scientic Report 论文下载： srep02678.pdf Scientic Report 论文support附件下载： srep02678-s1.pdf 期刊链接 http://www.nature.com/srep/2013/130918/srep02678/full/srep02678.html 中文介绍链接： http://blog.sciencenet.cn/home.php?mod=spaceuid=3075do=blogquickforward=1 id=726786 .
转自： http://www.uefap.com/speaking/symbols/symbols.htm#top Mathematical and scientific symbols Common pronunciations (in British English - Gimson,1981) of mathematical and scientific symbols are given in the list below. (all the pages in this section need a unicode font installed - e.g. Arial Unicode MS, Doulos SIL Unicode, Lucida Sans Unicode - see: The International Phonetic Alphabet in Unicode ). Symbols + plus /'plʌs/ - minus /'maɪnəs/ ± plus or minus /'plʌs ɔ: 'maɪnəs/ x multiplied by /'mʌltɪplaɪd baɪ/ / over; divided by /'əʊvə/ /dɪ'vaɪdəd/ ÷ divided /dɪ'vaɪdəd/ = equals /'ɪ:kwəlz/ ≈ approximately, similar /ə'prɒksɪmətlɪ/ /'sɪmɪlə tʊ/ ≡ equivalent to; identical /ɪk'wɪvələnt tʊ/ /aɪ'dentɪkl tʊ/ ≠ not equal to /'nɒt 'iːkwəl tʊ/ greater than /'greɪtə eən/ less than /'les eən/ ≥ greater than or equal to /'greɪtə eən ər 'iːkwəl tʊ/ ≤ less than or equal to /'les eən ər' iːkwəl tʊ/ ⊁ not greater than /'nɒt 'greɪtə eən/ ⊀ not less than /'nɒt 'les eən/ ≫ much greater than /'mʌʧ 'greɪtə eən/ ≪ much less than /'mʌʧ 'les eən/ ⊥ perpendicular to /pɜːpən'dɪkjʊlə tʊ/ ∣∣ parallel to /'pærəlel tʊ/ ≢ not equivalent to, not identical to /'nɒt ɪk'wɪvələnt tʊ/ /'nɒt aɪ'dentɪkl tʊ/ ≄≉ not similar to /'nɒt 'sɪmɪlə tʊ/ 2 squared /'skweəd/ 3 cubed /'kju:bd/ 4 to the fourth; to the power four /tə eə 'fɔːθ/ /te eə 'pɑʊə fɔː/ n to the n; to the nth; to the power n /tə eɪ en; tə dɪ enθ; tə eə pɑʊər en/ √ root; square root /ru:t/ /skweə ru:t/ ∛ cube root /kju:b ru:t/ ∜ fourth root /fɔːθ ruːt/ ! factorial /fæk'tɔːrɪəl/ % percent /pə'sent/ ∞ infinity /ɪn'fɪnətɪ/ ∝ varies as; proportional to /'vɛərɪz/ /prə'pɔːʃənəl/ ˙ dot /dɒt/ ¨ double dot /dʌbl dɒt/ : is to, ratio of /reɪʃɪəʊ/ f(x) fx f; function /ef/ /'fʌŋkʃən/ f'(x) f dash; derivative /dæʃ/ /dɪ'rɪvətɪv/ f''x f double-dash; second derivative /'dʌbl dæʃ/ /'sekənd dɪ'rɪvətɪv/ f'''(x) f triple-dash; f treble-dash; third derivative /'trɪpl dæʃ/ / trebl dæʃ/ /θɜ:d dɪ'rɪvətɪv/ f (4) f four; fourth derivative /fɔːθ dɪ'rɪvətɪv/ ∂ partial derivative, delta /paːʃəl dɪ'rɪvətɪv/ /deltə/ ∫ integral /'ɪntɪgrəl/ ∑ sum /sʌm/ w.r.t. with respect to /wɪe 'rɪspekt/ log log /lɒg/ log ₂ x log to the base 2 of x /lɒg tə eə beɪs tu: əv eks/ ∴ therefore /'eɛəfɔː/ ∵ because /bɪ'kɒz/ → gives, leads to, approaches /gɪvz/ /li:dz tʊ/ /əprəʊʧəz/ / per /pɜ:/ ∈ belongs to; a member of; an element of /bɪ'lɒŋz/ /'membə/ /'elɪmənt/ ∉ does not belong to; is not a member of; is not an element of /nɒt bɪ'lɒŋ/ /nɒt ə 'membə/ /nɒt ən 'elɪmənt/ ⊂ contained in; a proper subset of /kən'teɪnd ɪn/ /'prɒpə 'sʌbset/ ⊆ contained in; subset /'sʌbset/ ⋂ intersection /'ɪntəsekʃən/ ⋃ union /'juːnɪən/ ∀ for all /fə rɔ:l/ cos x cos x; cosine x /kɒz/ sin x sine x /saɪn/ tan x tangent x /tan/ cosec x cosec x /'kəʊsek/ sinh x shine x /'ʃaɪn/ cosh x cosh x /'kɒʃ/ tanh x than x /θæn/ |x| mod x; modulus x /mɒd/ /'mɒdjʊləs/ ℃ degrees Centigrade /dɪ'gri:z 'sentɪgreɪd/ ℉ degrees Fahrenheit /dɪ'gri:z 'færənhaɪt/ °K degrees Kelvin /dɪ'gri:z 'kelvɪn/ 0°K, –273.15 °C absolute zero /absəlu:t zi:rəʊ/ mm millimetre /'mɪlɪmiːtə/ cm centimetre /'sentɪmiːtə/ cc, cm3 cubic centimetre, centimetre cubed /'kjuːbɪk 'sentɪmiːtə/ /'sentɪmiːtə 'kju:bd/ m metre /'miːtə/ km kilometre /kɪ'lɒmɪtə/ mg milligram /'mɪlɪgræm/ g gram /græm/ kg kilogram /'kɪləgræm/ AC A.C. /eɪ si:/ DC D.C. /di: si:/ ^ Examples x + 1 x plus one x -1 x minus one x ± 1 x plus or minus one xy x y; x times y; x multiplied by y (x — y)(x + y) x minus y, x plus y x/y x over y; x divided by y; x ÷ y x divided by y x = 5 x equals 5; x is equal to 5 x ≈ y x is approximately equal to y x ≡ y x is equivalent to y; x is identical with y x ≠ y x is not equal to y x y x is greater than y x y x is less than y x ≥ y x is greater than or equal to y x ≤ y x is less than or equal to y 0 x 1 zero is less than x is less than 1; x is greater than zero and less than 1 0 ≤ x ≤ 1 zero is less than or equal to x is less than or equal to 1; x is greater than or equal to zero and less than or equal to 1 x2 x squared x3 x cubed x 4 x to the fourth; x to the power four x n x to the n; x to the nth; x to the power n x -n x to the minus n; x to the power of minus n √ root x; square root x; the square root of x ∛ the cube root of x ∜ the fourth root of x the nth root of x (x + y)2 x plus y all squared (x/y)2 x over y all squared n! n factorial; factorial n x% x percent ∞ infinity x ∝ y x varies as y; x is (directly) proportional to y x ∝ 1/y x varies as one over y; x is indirectly proportional to y ẋ x dot ẍ x double dot f(x) fx f of x; the function of x f'(x) f dash x; the (first) derivative of with respect to x f''x f double-dash x; the second derivative of f with respect to x f'''(x) f triple-dash x; f treble-dash x; the third derivative of f with respect to x f (4) f four x; the fourth derivative of f with respect to x ∂v the partial derivative of v ∂v ∂θ delta v by delta theta, the partial derivative of v with respect to θ ∂ 2 v ∂θ 2 delta two v by delta theta squared; the second partial derivative of v with respect to θ dv the derivative of v d v dθ d v by d theta, the derivative of v with respect to theta d 2 v dθ 2 d 2 v by d theta squared, the second derivative of v with respect to theta, ∫ integral integral from zero to infinity ∑ sum the sum from i equals 1 to n w.r.t. with respect to log e y log to the base e of y; log y to the base e; natural log (of) y ∴ therefore ∵ because → gives, approaches Δx → 0 delta x approaches zero lim Δx→0 the limit as delta x approaches zero, the limit as delta x tends to zero Lt Δx→0 the limit as delta x approaches zero, the limit as delta x tends to zero m/sec metres per second x ∈ A x belongs to A; x is a member of A; x is an element of A x∉ A x does not belong to A; x is not a member of A; x is not an element of A A⊂ B A is contained in B; A is a proper subset of B A ⊆ B A is contained in B; A is a subset of B A ⋂ B A intersection B A ⋃ B A union B cos x cos x; cosine x sin x sine x tan x tangent x, tan x cosec x cosec x sinh x shine x cosh x cosh x tanh x than x |x| mod x; modulus x 18 ℃ eighteen degrees Centigrade 70 ℉ seventy degrees Fahrenheit ^ Greek alphabet Α α alpha /'ælfə/ Β β beta /'bi:tə/ Γ γ gamma /'gæmə/ Δ δ delta /'deltə/ Ε ε epsilon /'epsilən/ Ζ ζ zeta /'ziːtə/ Η η eta /'iːtə/ Θ θ theta /'θiːtə/ Ι ι iota /aɪ'əʊtə/ Κ κ kappa /'kæpə/ Λ λ lamda /'læmdə/ Μ μ mu /'mjuː/ Ν ν nu /'njuː/ Ξ ξ xi /'ksaɪ/ Ο ο omicron /'əʊmɪkrən/ Π π pi /'paɪ/ Ρ ρς rho /'rəʊ/ Σ σ sigma /'sɪgmə/ Τ τ tau /'tɑʊ/ Υ υ upsilon /'jʊpsɪlən/ Φ φ phi /'faɪ/ Χ χ chi /'kaɪ/ Ψ ψ psi /'psaɪ/ Ω ω omega /'əʊmɪgə/ ^ Roman alphabet A a /'eɪ/ B b /'biː/ C c /'siː/ D d /'diː/ E e /'iː/ F f /'ef/ G g /'ʤiː/ H h /'eɪʧ/ I i /'aɪ/ J j /'ʤeɪ/ K k /'keɪ/ L l /'el/ M m /'em/ N n /'en/ O o /'əʊ/ P p /'piː/ Q q /'kjuː/ R r /'ɑː/ S s /'es/ T t /'ti:/ U u /'ju:/ V v /'vi:/ W w /'dʌbljuː/ X x /'eks/ Y y /'waɪ/ Z z /'zed/ ^ Fractions ½ a half /ə 'hɑ:f/ ¼ a quarter /ə 'kwɔːtə/ ¾ three quarters /θriː 'kwɔːtəz/ ⅓ a third /ə 'θɜ:d/ ⅔ two thirds /tu: 'θɜ:dz/ ⅕ a fifth /ə 'fɪfθ/ ⅖ two fifths /tu: 'fɪfθs/ ⅗ three fifths /θriː 'fɪfθs/ ⅘ four fifths /fɔː 'fɪfθs/ ⅙ a sixth /ə 'sɪksθ/ ⅚ five sixths /faɪv 'sɪksθs/ ⅛ an eighth /ən 'eɪtθ/ ⅜ three eighths /θriː 'eɪtθs/ ⅝ five eighths /faɪv 'eɪtθs/ ⅞ seven eighths /sevən 'eɪtθs/ ^ Decimal Fractions 0.1 nought point one /nɔ:t pɔɪnt wʌn/ 0.01 nought point oh one /nɔ:t pɔɪnt əʊ wʌn/ 0.0001 nought point oh oh oh one /ten pɔɪnt əʊ əʊ əʊ wʌn/ 1.1 one point one /wʌn pɔɪnt wʌn/ 1.2 one point two /wʌn pɔɪnt tu:/ 1.23 one point two three /wʌn pɔɪnt tu: θri:/ 1.0123 one point oh one two three /wʌn pɔɪnt əʊ wʌn tu: θri:/ 10.01 ten point oh one /ten pɔɪnt əʊ wʌn/ 21.57 twenty-one point five seven /'twentɪ wʌn pɔɪnt faɪv 'sevən/ 2.6666666666.... two point six recurring /tu: pɔɪnt sɪks rɪ'kɜ:rɪŋ/ 2.612361236123... two point six one two three recurring /tu: pɔɪnt sɪks wʌn tu: θri: rɪ'kɜ:rɪŋ/ 2.5 million two point five million /tu: pɔɪnt faɪv 'mɪljən/ ^ SI Units: Prefixes 10 -24 yocto y /'jɒktəʊ/ 10 -21 zepto z /'zeptəʊ/ 10 -18 atto a /'atəʊ/ 10 -15 femto f /'femtəʊ/ 10 -12 pico p /'pi:kəʊ/ 10 -9 nano n /'nanəʊ/ 10 -6 micro μ /'maɪkrəʊ/ 10 -3 milli m /'mɪlɪ/ 10 -2 centi c /'sentɪ/ 10 -1 deci d /'desɪ/ 10 3 kilo k /'kɪləʊ/ 10 6 mega M /'megə/ 10 9 giga G /'gɪgə/ 10 12 tera T /'terə/ 10 15 peta P /'petə/ 10 18 exa E /'eksə/ 10 21 zetta Z /'zetə/ 10 24 yotta Y /'jɒtə/ 10 27 xona X /'zəʊnə/ 10 30 weka W /'wekə/ 10 33 vunda V /'vʊndə/ ^ Cardinal Numbers 1 one /wʌn/ 2 two /tu:/ 3 three /θri:/ 4 four /fɔː/ 5 five /faɪv/ 6 six /sɪks/ 7 seven /'sevən/ 8 eight /eɪt/ 9 nine /naɪn/ 10 ten /ten/ 11 eleven /ɪ'levən/ 12 twelve /twelv/ 13 thirteen /θɜ:'ti:n/ 14 fourteen /fɔː'ti:n/ 15 fifteen /fɪf'ti:n/ 16 sixteen /sɪkst'i:n/ 17 seventeen /seven'ti:n/ 18 eighteen /eɪ'ti:n/ 19 nineteen /naɪn'ti:n/ 20 twenty /'twentɪ/ 21 twenty-one /twentɪ'wʌn/ 22 twenty-two /twentɪ'tu:/ 23 twenty-three /twentɪ'θri:/ 24 twenty-four /twentɪ'fɔː/ 25 twenty-five /twentɪ'faɪv/ 26 twenty-six /twentɪ'sɪks/ 27 twenty-seven /twentɪ'sevən/ 28 twenty-eight /twentɪ'eɪt/ 29 twenty-nine /twentɪ'naɪn/ 30 thirty /'θɜ:tɪ/ 40 forty /'fɔːtɪ/ 50 fifty /'fɪftɪ/ 60 sixty /'sɪkstɪ/ 70 seventy /'sevəntɪ/ 80 eighty /'eɪtɪ/ 90 ninety /'naɪntɪ/ 100 a hundred; one hundred /ə 'hʌndrəd/ /wʌn 'hʌndrəd/ 101 a hundred and one /ə 'hʌndrəd ən wʌn/ 102 a hundred and two /ə 'hʌndrəd ən tu:/ 110 a hundred and ten /ə 'hʌndrəd ən ten/ 120 a hundred and twenty /ə 'hʌndrəd ən 'twentɪ/ 200 two hundred /tu: 'hʌndrəd/ 300 three hundred /θri: 'hʌndrəd/ 400 four hundred /fɔː 'hʌndrəd/ 500 five hundred /faɪv 'hʌndrəd/ 600 six hundred /sɪks 'hʌndrəd/ 700 seven hundred /'sevən 'hʌndrəd/ 800 eight hundred /eɪt 'hʌndrəd/ 900 nine hundred /naɪn 'hʌndrəd/ 1 000 a thousand, one thousand /ə θ'ɑʊzənd/ /wʌn 'θɑʊzənd/ 1 001 a thousand and one /ə 'θɑʊzənd ən wʌn/ 1 010 a thousand and ten /ə 'θɑʊzənd ən ten/ 1 020 a thousand and twenty /ə 'θɑʊzənd ən 'twentɪ/ 1 100 one thousand, one hunded /wʌn 'θɑʊzənd wʌn 'hʌndrəd/ 1 101 one thousand, one hundred and one /wʌn 'θɑʊzənd wʌn 'hʌndrəd ən wʌn/ 1 110 one thousand, one hundred and ten /wʌn 'θɑʊzənd wʌn 'hʌndrəd ən ten/ 9 999 nine thousand, nine hundred and ninety-nine /naɪn 'θɑʊzənd naɪn 'hʌndrəd ən 'naɪntɪ 'naɪn/ 10 000 ten thousand /ten 'θɑʊzənd/ 15 356 fifteen thousand, three hundred and fifty six /'fɪfti:n 'θɑʊzənd θri: 'hʌndrəd ən 'fɪftɪ sɪks/ 100 000 a hundred thousand /ə 'hʌndrəd 'θɑʊzənd/ 1 000 000 a million /ə 'mɪljən/ 100 000 000 a hundred million /ə 'hʌndrəd 'mɪljən/ 1 000 000 000 a billion /ə 'bɪljən/ 100 000 000 000 a hundred billion /ə 'hʌndrəd 'bɪljən/ 1 000 000 000 000 a trillion /ə 'trɪljən/ 1 000 000 000 000 000 a quadrillion /ə kwɒdrɪljən/ 1 000 000 000 000 000 000 a quintillian /ə kwɪn'tɪljən/ 1 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 a sextillion /ə seks'tɪljən/ 1 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 a septillion /ə sep'tɪljən/ 1 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 an ocillion /ən ɒkt'tɪljən/ 1 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 a nonillion /ə nɒn'ɪljən/ 1 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 a decillion /ə de'sɪljən/ ^ Ordinal Numbers 1st first /fɜ:st/ 2nd second /'sekənd/ 3rd third /θɜ:d/ 4th fourth /fɔ:θ/ 5th fifth /fɪfθ/ 6th sixth /sɪksθ/ 7th seventh /'sevənθ/ 8th eighth /eɪtθ/ 9th ninth /naɪnθ/ 10th tenth /tenθ/ 11th eleventh /ɪ'levənθ/ 12th twelfth /'twelfθ/ 13th thirteenth /θɜ:'ti:nθ/ 14th fourtheenth /fɔː'ti:nθ/ 15th fidteenth /fɪf'ti:nθ/ 16th sixteenth /sɪks'ti:nθ/ 17th seventeenth /seven'ti:nθ/ 18th eighteenth /eɪ'ti:nθ/ 19th nineteenth /naɪn'ti:nθ/ 20th twentieth /'twentɪəθ/ 21st twenty-first /twentɪ'fɜ:st/ 22nd twenty-second /twentɪ'sekənd/ 23rd twenty-third /twentɪ'θɜ:d/ 24th twenty-fourth /twentɪ'fɔ:θ/ 25th twenty-fifth /twentɪ'fɪfθ/ 26th twenty-sixth /twentɪ'sɪksθ/ 27th twenty-seventh /twentɪ'sevənθ/ 28th twenty-eighth /twentɪ'eɪtθ/ 29th twenty-ninth /twentɪ'naɪnθ/ 30th thirtieth /'θɜːtɪəθ/ 31st thirty-first /θɜːtɪ'fɜ:st/ 40th fortieth /'fɔ:tɪəθ/ 50th fiftieth /'fɪftɪəθ/ 100th hundredth /'hʌndrədθ/ 1 000th thousandth /'θɑʊzəndθ/ 1 000 000th miilionth /'mɪljənθ/ ^ Chemicals ^
According to (search engine) Bing, scientific editing should be three times as expensive as English editing, while copy editing is a lot cheaper. Scientific editing 14,300 “English editing” 56,740 “Copy editing” 1,540,000 These numbers are probably correct, and may be used to define what each editing is about. Copy editing is what a journal provides (at no cost to authors). Nowadays, some journals force authors to pay for English editing to maintain journals' images. I doubt any journal is able to provide scientific editing, though many editing companies claim they do so. Personally, I want to provide scientific editing and I do at least half the time. However, it's a lot easier to say that I provide English editing (and even copy editing occasionally when the authors are big shots), and throwing free (scientific) comments.
http://ethics.elsevier.com/index.asp As researchers, you can make valuable and lasting contributions to the health and future of society. Understanding the ethical boundaries in scientific research and publishing is a key step in making sure your work gets off to the best start. From there, anything's possible. The Ethics in Research Publication program is the collaboration of an independent panel of experts in research and publishing ethics and Elsevier. The materials on this website have been developed to provide resources and tools so you can proceed confidently. Scientific truth is the foundation of scientific advancement. Present your work with the intellectual integrity that the scientific community expects. Make your research count, publish ethically. http://ethics.elsevier.com/index.asp
The Obama administration is planning a decade-long scientific effort to examine the workings of the human brain and build a comprehensive map of its activity, seeking to do for the brain what the Human Genome Project did for genetics . The project, which the administration has been looking to unveil as early as March, will include federal agencies, private foundations and teams of neuroscientists and nanoscientists in a concerted effort to advance the knowledge of the brain’s billions of neurons and gain greater insights into perception, actions and, ultimately, consciousness. Scientists with the highest hopes for the project also see it as a way to develop the technology essential to understanding diseases like Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s , as well as to find new therapies for a variety of mental illnesses. Moreover, the project holds the potential of paving the way for advances in artificial intelligence. The project, which could ultimately cost billions of dollars, is expected to be part of the president’s budget proposal next month. And, four scientists and representatives of research institutions said they had participated in planning for what is being called the Brain Activity Map project. The details are not final, and it is not clear how much federal money would be proposed or approved for the project in a time of fiscal constraint or how far the research would be able to get without significant federal financing. In his State of the Union address , President Obama cited brain research as an example of how the government should “invest in the best ideas.” “Every dollar we invested to map the human genome returned $140 to our economy — every dollar,” he said. “Today our scientists are mapping the human brain to unlock the answers to Alzheimer’s. They’re developing drugs to regenerate damaged organs, devising new materials to make batteries 10 times more powerful. Now is not the time to gut these job-creating investments in science and innovation.” Story C. Landis, the director of the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, said that when she heard Mr. Obama’s speech, she thought he was referring to an existing National Institutes of Health project to map the static human brain. “But he wasn’t,” she said. “He was referring to a new project to map the active human brain that the N.I.H. hopes to fund next year.” Indeed, after the speech, Francis S. Collins, the director of the National Institutes of Health, may have inadvertently confirmed the plan when he wrote in a Twitter message : “Obama mentions the #NIH Brain Activity Map in #SOTU.” A spokesman for the White House Office of Science and Technology Policy declined to comment about the project. The initiative, if successful, could provide a lift for the economy. “The Human Genome Project was on the order of about $300 million a year for a decade,” said George M. Church , a Harvard University molecular biologist who helped create that project and said he was helping to plan the Brain Activity Map project. “If you look at the total spending in neuroscience and nanoscience that might be relative to this today, we are already spending more than that. We probably won’t spend less money, but we will probably get a lot more bang for the buck.” Scientists involved in the planning said they hoped that federal financing for the project would be more than $300 million a year, which if approved by Congress would amount to at least $3 billion over the 10 years. The Human Genome Project cost $3.8 billion. It was begun in 1990 and its goal, the mapping of the complete human genome, or all the genes in human DNA, was achieved ahead of schedule, in April 2003. A federal government study of the impact of the project indicated that it returned $800 billion by 2010. The advent of new technology that allows scientists to identify firing neurons in the brain has led to numerous brain research projects around the world. Yet the brain remains one of the greatest scientific mysteries. Composed of roughly 100 billion neurons that each electrically “spike” in response to outside stimuli, as well as in vast ensembles based on conscious and unconscious activity, the human brain is so complex that scientists have not yet found a way to record the activity of more than a small number of neurons at once, and in most cases that is done invasively with physical probes. But a group of nanotechnologists and neuroscientists say they believe that technologies are at hand to make it possible to observe and gain a more complete understanding of the brain, and to do it less intrusively. In June in the journal Neuron, six leading scientists proposed pursuing a number of new approaches for mapping the brain. One possibility is to build a complete model map of brain activity by creating fleets of molecule-size machines to noninvasively act as sensors to measure and store brain activity at the cellular level. The proposal envisions using synthetic DNA as a storage mechanism for brain activity. “Not least, we might expect novel understanding and therapies for diseases such as schizophrenia and autism ,” wrote the scientists, who include Dr. Church; Ralph J. Greenspan, the associate director of the Kavli Institute for Brain and Mind at the University of California, San Diego; A. Paul Alivisatos, the director of the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory; Miyoung Chun, a molecular geneticist who is the vice president for science programs at the Kavli Foundation; Michael L. Roukes, a physicist at the California Institute of Technology; and Rafael Yuste, a neuroscientist at Columbia University. The Obama initiative is markedly different from a recently announced European project that will invest 1 billion euros in a Swiss-led effort to build a silicon-based “brain.” The project seeks to construct a supercomputer simulation using the best research about the inner workings of the brain. Critics, however, say the simulation will be built on knowledge that is still theoretical, incomplete or inaccurate. The Obama proposal seems to have evolved in a manner similar to the Human Genome Project, scientists said. “The genome project arguably began in 1984, where there were a dozen of us who were kind of independently moving in that direction but didn’t really realize there were other people who were as weird as we were,” Dr. Church said. However, a number of scientists said that mapping and understanding the human brain presented a drastically more significant challenge than mapping the genome. “It’s different in that the nature of the question is a much more intricate question,” said Dr. Greenspan, who said he is involved in the brain project. “It was very easy to define what the genome project’s goal was. In this case, we have a more difficult and fascinating question of what are brainwide activity patterns and ultimately how do they make things happen?” The initiative will be organized by the Office of Science and Technology Policy, according to scientists who have participated in planning meetings. The National Institutes of Health, the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency and the National Science Foundation will also participate in the project, the scientists said, as will private foundations like the Howard Hughes Medical Institute in Chevy Chase, Md., and the Allen Institute for Brain Science in Seattle. A meeting held on Jan. 17 at the California Institute of Technology was attended by the three government agencies, as well as neuroscientists, nanoscientists and representatives from Google, Microsoft and Qualcomm. According to a summary of the meeting, it was held to determine whether computing facilities existed to capture and analyze the vast amounts of data that would come from the project. The scientists and technologists concluded that they did. They also said that a series of national brain “observatories” should be created as part of the project, like astronomical observatories.
蓝定 哈哈一笑 ，道： “ 好，很久没有痛快地打一场了，正好舒舒筋骨，冲啊！ ” 说完，三人象三道闪电冲向敌人的队形，我居中，蓝定和菲蓝居两边后面，很快就迎上了对冲过来的狼一般的褐色人群。 迎面的数个褐色士兵居然飞跃五米高， 我大喝一声： “ 斩兽腿！ ” 说完，高高举起手中的能量剑，绿白色的斗气骤然迸发，一道半弧形的绿白色光芒电射而出，直奔前面飞跃的褐色人的下方斩去。 蓝定和菲蓝也不甘示弱，两柄激光剑也几乎同时劈出两道蓝色的斗气之光。 然而对方的功力似乎惊人的高，最前面的十几个士兵人还是有部分从空中飞过，后面冲上来的人群随即急停，原本阵容整齐的褐色洪流只是微微一乱。 这使我感到愤怒。我连忙高高跃起，大喝一声，双手带动能量剑速转换为浅红色能量刀，那来自妖星的气锋发出三尺烈焰，重重的轰击到空中飞起的褐色身影上。四个褐色猛士首当其冲，顿时被能量刀斩断，血光四散。 蓝定和菲蓝也没犹豫，各自挥舞着自己的激光剑冲进了褐色的军队里，剑光闪闪，威风凛凛。 我们在褐色狼狮部认为蓝族毫无还手之力的时候，成功地阻挡了对方洪流前进的态势，制造了紊乱。 褐色的的洪流非常不情愿的出现了一个大漩涡，随即它又旋出数个分支的湍流向我们包抄而来。 那正是我们想要的效果。我无惧地挥舞着能量刀像一道道浅红色的闪电，蓝定和菲蓝在我两边奋力拚杀像卷起的死亡疾风，刀光血雨。每一刀挥出，必然会伴随着一道伤口或一个死亡。 The blue boy laughs to say: "Well, for a long time without a fight, just spreading my muscles and bones, yeah!" Then, three people like three lightning rush into the enemy formation, and the Lan Ding and Fei Lan are in both sides back, soon met rushing wolf brown people. A number of brown people in front to us jump over five meters high, I shout: "Cut their legs!" Then, lift high energy sword in hand, green white quarrelling suddenly burst, a half arc green white ray laser project out, go straight to the front brown guy to cut down. Blue boy and Fei Lan also not resigned to playing second fiddle, two laser swords at the same time divide two blue light. However the opposite side skill seems surprisingly high, the part of a dozen people in the front flying through the air, and rushed crowd soldiers behind immediately stop, the original lineup neat brown tide is only slightly disturbed. This made me angry. I hurry up, shouting, hands to drive energy sword speed converted to light red energy knife, that come from the MS star in the qi flame front issued three feet into the air, heavy bombardment flying brown figures. Four brown brave warriors are first to bear brunt, immediately by energy cut, blood light scatter. Blue boy and Fei Lan did not hesitate, waving their respective laser sword into the brown's army, glittering swords, majestic-looking. We successfully blocked the torrent going, manufacturing disorder when the brown wolf lion believe the blue family defenseless. The torrent brown very reluctant to appear a maelstrom, making it spin out the number of branch of turbulent to envelop us. That is what we want to effect. I am no fear waving an energy sword like a pale red lightning, while the blue boy and Fei lan fight on my both sides as rolled up death gale, knife light. Each knife play must be accompanied by a wound or a death.
Scientific Reports — a new era in publishing Online and open access, Scientific Reports is a primary research publication from the publishers of Nature , covering all areas of the natural sciences. Hosted on nature.com — the home of over 80 journals published by Nature Publishing Group and the destination for millions of scientists globally every month — Scientific Reports is open to all, publishing technically sound, original research papers of interest to specialists within their field, without barriers to access. Scientific Reports is committed to providing an efficient service for both authors and readers, and exists to facilitate the rapid peer review and publication of research. With the support of an external Editorial Board and a streamlined peer-review system, all papers are rapidly and fairly peer reviewed to ensure they are technically sound. An internal publishing team works with the board, and accepted authors, to ensure manuscripts are processed for publication as quickly as possible. Rapid dissemination of accepted papers to the widest possible audience is achieved through a programme of continuous online publication. Scientific Reports leverages the tools, technology and experience of Nature Publishing Group to ensure that published manuscripts are enhanced by innovative web technologies. In addition, all papers are archived in PubMed Central. All accepted papers will be published on payment of an article-processing charge. Scientific Reports is: · Fast — rapid review and publication · Rigorous — peer review by at least one member of the academic community · Open — articles are freely available to all and authors retain copyright · Visible — enhanced browsing and searching to ensure your article is noticed · Interlinked — to and from relevant articles across nature.com · Global — housed on nature.com with worldwide media coverage Impact factor Scientific Reports is not eligible for an impact factor until 2013. Abbreviation The correct abbreviation for abstracting and indexing purposes is Sci. Rep . Monthly Statistics Scientific Reports provides a monthly update on journal-related statistics , including the average time from submission to publication.
By John Pomfret Washington Post Staff Writer http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/06/27/AR2010062703639.html Monday, June 28, 2010 SHENZHEN, CHINA -- Last year, Zhao Bowen was part of a team that cracked the genetic code of the cucumber. These days, he's probing the genetic basis for human IQ. THIS STORY Chinese researcher and data analyst Zhao Bowen in the lab of BGI, which has insulated itself from the government's dictates. (Yuan Shuiling/imaginechina) THE OTHER SUPERPOWER: A newly unhindered China invests billions for a scientific edge An emerging scientific competitor Zhao is 17. Centuries after it led the world in technological prowess -- think gunpowder, irrigation and the printed word -- China has barged back into the ranks of the great powers in science. With the brashness of a teenager, in some cases literally, China's scientists and inventors are driving a resurgence in potentially world-changing research. Unburdened by social and legal constraints common in the West, China's trailblazing scientists are also pushing the limits of ethics and principle as they create a new -- and to many, worrisome -- Wild West in the Far East. A decade ago, no one considered China a scientific competitor. Its best and brightest agreed and fled China in a massive brain drain to university research labs at Harvard, Stanford and MIT. But over the past five years, Western-educated scientists and gutsy entrepreneurs have conducted a rearguard action, battling China's hidebound bureaucracy to establish research institutes and companies. Those have lured home scores of Western-trained Chinese researchers dedicated to transforming the People's Republic of China into a scientific superpower. "They have grown so fast and so suddenly that people are still skeptical," said Rasmus Nielsen, a geneticist at the University of California at Berkeley who collaborates with Chinese counterparts. "But we should get used to it. There is competition from China now, and it's really quite drastic how things have changed." China has invested billions in improving its scientific standing. Almost every Chinese ministry has some sort of program to win a technological edge in everything from missiles to medicine. Beijing's minister of science and technology, Wan Gang, will visit the United States in early July and is expected to showcase some of China's successes. In May, for example, a supercomputer produced in China was ranked the world's second-fastest machine at an international conference in Germany. China is now in fourth place, tied with Germany, in terms of the number of supercomputers. China has jumped to second place -- up from 14th in 1995 -- behind the United States in the number of research articles published in scientific and technical journals worldwide. Backed by the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, Chinese medical researchers, partnering with a firm in the United States, beat out an Indian team last year to develop a new test for cervical cancer that costs less than $5. The goal is to test 10 million Chinese women within three years. Chinese engineers have significantly improved on Western and Soviet coal-gasification technology as part of a multibillion-dollar effort to create green Chinese energy. Action, not research "The action is here," said S. Ming Sung, the chief Asia-Pacific representative for the Clean Air Task Force, a U.S.-based nonprofit entity, and a former Shell Oil executive. "In the U.S., there are too many paper researchers. Here, they are doing things." Meanwhile, Chinese military researchers appear to be on the cusp of a significant breakthrough: a land-based anti-ship ballistic missile that is causing concern within the U.S. Navy. In 2007, Chinese geneticists discovered vast differences in the genetic makeup of Africans, Asians and Caucasians. They will soon report a breakthrough showing why some people -- such as Tibetans -- can live effortlessly at high altitudes while others can't. There are challenges. China is still considered weak at innovation, and Chinese bureaucrats routinely mandate discoveries -- fantasy-world marching orders that Western scientists view as absurd. In 2008, the Ministry of Science and Technology gave researchers two years to come up with 30 medicines ready for clinical trials and only five days to apply for grants to fund the work. That's despite the fact that since the communist revolution in 1949, China has developed only one internationally recognized drug -- Artemisinin -- to fight malaria. Chinese science and technology is also awash in scams and sometimes-troubling practices. More than 200 institutions in China practice controversial stem cell therapies for people suffering from injuries, diseases or birth defects. Although the government moved last year to regulate the industry, none of the techniques has been subjected to rigorous clinical trials. China is also the leading source of what are known as "junk" patents -- ridiculous claims of "inventions" that are little more than snake-oil scams. "This discovery is going to shake the world!" bellowed Liu Jian, chief executive of Hualong Fertilizer Technique Co. Liu says he has developed a method to reduce fertilizer use by half through the use of nanotechnology, although officials at the Agriculture Ministry mock the claim. "Will you help us raise some capital?" Liu asked in an interview. Finally, plagiarism and doctored results seem to be as common as chopsticks. A study by Wuhan University uncovered an entire industry of bogus report and thesis writers who raked in $145 million last year, a fivefold increase since 2007. The emergence of China as a nascent scientific superpower raises questions about the U.S. relationship with Beijing. Ever since the United States opened the door to Chinese students in the 1970s, hundreds of thousands have flocked to America. Most have studied science or engineering and have been welcomed in research institutions across the land. But with China becoming a competitor, U.S. experts have begun to question that practice. FBI officials allege that there is a large-scale operation in the United States to pilfer American industrial, scientific, technological and military secrets. In the past few years, dozens of Chinese have been convicted of stealing American technology and shipping it to China. "The science and technology relationship with China has always stood up against all kinds of political pressures," said Richard P. Suttmeier, who has researched China's rise for the National Science Foundation. "Now that you have competition going on, finding the basis for cooperation in the absence of trust is an issue. It goes to questions of espionage and a hunger for technology." That hunger is evident in the halls of BGI, home to Zhao Bowen and more than 1,500 other Chinese scientists and technicians. Located in an industrial zone in the southern Chinese megalopolis of Shenzhen, BGI has grown into one of the world's leading genomics institutes devoted to deciphering the genetic blueprint of organisms. Over the past few years, scientists at BGI sequenced the genes of a chicken, a silkworm, a panda, a strain of rice and 4,000-year-old human remains from Greenland. THIS STORY THE OTHER SUPERPOWER: A newly unhindered China invests billions for a scientific edge An emerging scientific competitor In January, BGI made the biggest purchase of genome sequencing equipment ever, buying 128 ultra-high-tech machines from California-based Illumina. With that one acquisition, BGI could very well surpass the entire gene-sequencing output of the United States. Shunning dictates Inside the 11-story facility, the vibe is pure Silicon Valley start-up: shorts, flip-flops, ankle bracelets, designer eyewear and a random tattoo. Zhao came to BGI on a summer internship last year to work on cucumbers. Now a full-time employee while continuing his studies, Zhao is turning his attention to a topic Western researchers have shied away from because of ethical worries: Zhao plans to study the genes of 1,000 of his best-performing classmates at a top high school in Beijing and compare them, he said, "with 1,000 normal kids." BGI's secret -- and the secret to a lot of China's best scientific institutes -- seems to be insulating itself from China's government bureaucracy. BGI started as the Beijing Genomics Institute in the early 2000s but left Beijing in 2007 after the Ministry of Science and Technology tried to dictate what it could and could not study. The Shenzhen city government offered it millions of dollars in grants and operating expenses to move south. Last year, BGI received a $1.5 billion line of credit from the China Development Bank. "We came here because it was the best place for us to pursue science," said Yang Huanming, the institute's founder. "We're not interested in politics." By far, China's most successful research institution is the National Institute for Biological Sciences, known as NIBS, which is responsible for half of the peer-reviewed publications in China. The institute's 23 principal investigators, its director and deputy director are all returnees from the United States. It's also the only major research institute in China that does not have a Communist Party secretary. Luo Minmin, 37, a neurobiologist, returned to China six years ago after getting his PhD from the University of Pennsylvania and completing a postdoctoral research stint at Duke. Luo said he has a big budget at NIBS and greater research freedom than he would have in the United States. He's studying a gene involved in attention-deficit disorder. "If I had stayed in America, the chances of making a discovery would have been lower," he said. "Here, people are willing to take risks. They give you money, and essentially you can do whatever you want."
我能让他得逞吗？一道量子信息密度波牵引过去，使他抓向蓝姑娘右边空处，蓝姑娘同时双掌发出太极旋转波向高个子推去。 白色的光芒一闪而逝，高个子的身体已经飞了出去，重重的落在三米之外。 周围顿时变得鸦雀无声，无论是谁也没有想到，这个蓝族的国色天香姑娘竟然可以将蓝族的高个子摔跤冠军推飞。 高个子迅速地挣扎着爬起来，浑身蓝光开始疯狂地开合，双脚跳跃而出，双手做着虎豹抓扑的动作，显然这一次他认真了。 蓝姑娘双手旋转云手，白光环绕，待气静发。 高个子双爪再一次朝蓝姑娘飞抓过去，蓝姑娘一个云手闪身到左边，接着借力抓住高个子左手腕往前摔去。 那高个子毕竟力大，蓝姑娘这一摔，带不动他，连忙一个左转身，这时那高个子右掌推到，蓝姑娘左手接着，一团蓝白光芒爆耀开来，双方弹开五米对峙。 周围嘲笑高个子的声音开始涌现。原来那十几个蓝混混支持者，现在全都变成了高个子的咒骂者，怪笑一浪高过一浪。 高个子挂不住脸面了，疯狂地抓扑蓝姑娘，犹如青烟，同时伴随着雨点般的拳打脚踢，其势如恶虎，其力似猛牛。 但见蓝姑娘轻燕腾挪，穿梭如风，指东打西，四两搏千斤，使任何作用力都沿着她的旋转的切线方向泻出。 也只有在这种危险的情形，我才能更好体会太极的真意，那就是旋转，转一切作用为切线的运动，是宇宙博弈的中心法则。 蓝姑娘和高个子的较量本质上是旋转和力的较量。然而，毕竟男女体能有别，虽然高个子的强力被蓝姑娘的旋转卸掉，但蓝姑娘也无法构成有效的反击而摔倒对方。 这就是我再次出手的时候了。朗朗乾坤，荧光昭昭，岂能让邪恶占上风？ Can I let him succeed? Quantum information density wave traction is projected by me, so he scratches at right empty side of the blue girl, the blue girl uses her palms of the hands making Taiji rotating wave to push the tall man out. White light as a wind, the tall body already flew out, and falls in the three meters away. Peripheral suddenly in perfect silence, regardless of who did not think that the national beauty and heavenly fragrance of the blue group -- peony girl could push the tall wrestling champion to fly. The tall man quickly struggles to climb up, blue light starts opening and closing to frantically, the feet jumping out, and his hands play posture as a tiger or grasping bashing movement, obviously this time he is serious. The blue girl hands rotating cloud, white surround, stay calm to prepare fight. A tall double claw again to try catch towards the blue girl, the blue girl has a cloud sideways to let it left, and then she takes to hold the tall guy left wrist forward to fall. The tall man after all strong, the blue girl this action does not move with him at once. Then she has a left turn, the tall guy right palm comes, the blue girl left palm hits, then, a group of blue and white bright light burst from both sides, the both spring out five meters of confrontation. Peripheral ridicule tall voices begin to emerge. The dozen blue bully supporters, now all become tall curser, strange laugh as one wave after wave. The tall man hanging in the face, frantically clawing the blue girl, like smoke surround her, accompanied by a rain of cuff and kick, with the force of evil tiger, its force like that bison. But see the blue girl is as a swallow shuttle maneuvers, as wind, pointing to the east to beat the west, stroke a thousand using four, so that any action along her rotating tangential flow. Only in this dangerous situation, I can better understand the meaning of Tai Chi, which is rotating, turning all the role for the tangent movement, which is a central dogma of the universal game. The blue girl and tall guy contest is rotation to strength. However, after all, the physical fitness of female and male is different, although the tall guy strong force are moved by the blue girl spinning, but the blue girl can not constitute an effective counterattack to fall down the tall guy. That's when I shot again. As bright world, and sun and moon as fluorescence, can one let the evil prevail to this place?
Background The term “scholarly communication” describes the process of sharing and publishing research works and outcomes ( Borgman and Furner, 2002 ) . Through scholarly communication this is available to a wider academic community and beyond ( Halliday, 2001 ) . The scholarly communication process can be divided into three main stages: the communication in informal networks like social media, the initial public dissemination in conferences and preprints, and the formal publication of research in scientific journals ( Graham, 2000 ) . Web2.0 was the technological innovation-based applications and also the application-oriented technological innovation. The main manifestations are: personal publication and information integration, such as Blog, RSS; community collaboration, such as the Wiki; user-dominant participation, such as Tag, SNS, Social Bookmark; the better user experience, such as Ajax. It helped to apply the kinds of resources. The social and interactive web brings additional challenges as well as possible advantages for scholarly communication. With the establishment of the new kind of network society ( Dahlgren, 2005 ; Katz et al., 2001 ) , researchers meet an evolution in scholarly communication, requiring more knowledge from all kinds of communication processes, even when they work alone ( Thorin, 2006 ) . Blog as one of the communicating platform affects scholarly communication. Blog is a self-publishing tool that was similar to online journals where an owner could publish messages. Readers could subscribe, link, share links, comment in an interactive mode and indicate their social relationship to other bloggers who read the particular blog. Blog provides function for users with blog space and help users form user communities ( Li, 2007 ) . Blog supports individuals to create their information as a kind of online diary, to form an archive, to converse with like-minded persons, and to form a democratic discussion ( Godwin, 2007 ) . Research Aim and Methodology This project is an exploratory study focusing on whether the information practices in scientific blog affect the modes of scholarly communication. In this study the basic concept “Scholarly communication” is deliberately limited to a particular group of people, and a particular kind of goal-oriented activity. Therefore, I have chosen the biggest online forum among Chinese scientists 'ScienceNet.cn' (http://www.sciencenet.cn/) to open a personal blog. In this blog, I have practiced of posting small pieces of text, pictures, links, short videos related to our current course 'the Social Web'. The aim of these blog posts is to offer a new mode of scholarly communication and share useful resources with others of similar interests. In addition, I also wish to find new possibilities for this type of communication to brainstorm my current ideas, leading to novel discoveries and philosophies in this research field. Therefore, I am expecting comments from other scientists for further discussions. Research Results and Discussions Scientific blog is the platform also in the environment of social media which is built on Web 2.0 technologies. In this mini-project, “blog-readers” strictly refer to people directly engaged in the scientific community. This study is trying to gain some insights into changes of scholarly communication for researchers in the context of social web. From my personal practice, researchers seem to be more interested in consuming social media rather than producing their own items online (from my personal observation of the blog events: much less comments than reading clicks). In addition, although some online information is regarded as novel and interesting, the validity and credibility of this information is worry-some due to no scientific checkup system. For instance, the references in the blog entries are not necessarily logic and related to the content in the posts, which could mislead the readers to some extent. Another concern is that bloggers can reserve part of the critical information for themselves and would like to get more important data from others, making the information flow incomplete and unequal. Finally, bloggers have to sacrifice time and energy to dig into reference materials and reply to readers' comments, and therefore certain motivation and dedication are required in this practice. In summary, content, form, efficiency, speed, and amount of scientific information have grown rapidly in social web but the essence of communication has not changed. The emergence and growth of Blog gives the ability to build new ways of communication with new features: interactions, virtualization, multi-dimension, acuteness, and variety. Bloggers with good quality do not only produce content to post on their blogs, but also build social relations with their readers and other bloggers. It also brings many challenges and problems, for example misinformation, insignificance information, and the copyright of information. Reference: Borgman, C. L., and Furner, J. (2002). Scholarly communication and bibliometrics. Annual Review of Information Science and Technology 36 , 2-72. Dahlgren, P. (2005). The Internet, public spheres, and political communication: Dispersion and deliberation. Polit Commun 22 , 147-162. Godwin, P. (2007). The Web 2.0 challenge to information literacy. Graham, T. W. (2000). Scholarly Communication. Serials 13 , 3-11. Halliday, L. (2001). Scholarly communication, scholarly publication and the status of emerging formats. Paper presented at: Information Research. Katz, J. E., Rice, R. E., and Aspden, P. (2001). The Internet, 1995-2000 - Access, civic involvement, and social interaction. Am Behav Sci 45 , 405-419. Li, R. (2007). the Comparison of the modes of information communication of Blog and Wiki. Researchs in Library Science, 19-22. Thorin, S. E. (2006). Global changes in scholarly communication Springer Netherlands). Yan, E., Ding, Y., and Sugimoto, C. R. (2011). P-Rank: An Indicator Measuring Prestige in Heterogeneous Scholarly Networks. Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology 62 , 467-477.
和工程师不同，基础研究的成果就是论文，SCI或者非SCI。几十年之后，99.99%以上的论文和99.9%的从事基础研究的科学家会被人完全遗忘。既然如此，我们的工作还有意义吗？我们为什么还要冒这种虚度一生的危险？诺贝尔奖获得者，理论物理学家 Steven Weinberg 的一番话，或许能给我们一些启发。 --------------------------------------------------------------------- Four golden lessons — Advice to students at the start of their scientific careers Steven Weinberg When I received my undergraduate degree — about a hundred years ago — the physics literature seemed to me a vast, unexplored ocean, every part of which I had to chart before beginning any research of my own. How could I do anything without knowing everything that had already been done? Fortunately, in my first year of graduate school, I had the good luck to fall into the hands of senior physicists who insisted, over my anxious objections, that I must start doing research, and pick up what I needed to know as I went along. It was sink or swim. To my surprise, I found that this works . I managed to get a quick PhD — though when I got it I knew almost nothing about physics. But I did learn one big thing: that no one knows everything, and you don’t have to. Another lesson to be learned, to continue using my oceanographic metaphor, is that while you are swimming and not sinking you should aim for rough water. When I was teaching at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in the late 1960s, a student told me that he wanted to go into general relativity rather than the area I was working on, elementary particle physics, because the principles of the former were well known, while the latter seemed like a mess to him. It struck me that he had just given a perfectly good reason for doing the opposite. Particle physics was an area where creative work could still be done. It really was a mess in the 1960s, but since that time the work of many theoretical and experimental physicists has been able to sort it out, and put everything (well, almost everything) together in a beautiful theory known as the standard model. My advice is to go for the messes — that’s where the action is. My third piece of advice is probably the hardest to take. It is to forgive yourself for wasting time. Students are only asked to solve problems that their professors (unless unusually cruel) know to be solvable. In addition, it doesn’t matter if the problems are scientifically important — they have to be solved to pass the course. But in the real world, it’s very hard to know which problems are important, and you never know whether at a given moment in history a problem is solvable. At the beginning of the twentieth century, several leading physicists, including Lorentz and Abraham, were trying to work out a theory of the electron. This was partly in order to understand why all attempts to detect effects of Earth’s motion through the ether had failed. We now know that they were working on the wrong problem. At that time, no one could have developed a successful theory of the electron, because quantum mechanics had not yet been discovered. It took the genius of Albert Einstein in 1905 to realize that the right problem on which to work was the effect of motion on measurements of space and time. This led him to the special theory of relativity. As you will never be sure which are the right problems to work on, most of the time that you spend in the laboratory or at your desk will be wasted. If you want to be creative, then you will have to get used to spending most of your time not being creative, to being becalmed on the ocean of scientific knowledge. Finally, learn something about the history of science, or at a minimum the history of your own branch of science. The least important reason for this is that the history may actually be of some use to you in your own scientific work. For instance, now and then scientists are hampered by believing one of the oversimplified models of science that have been proposed by philosophers from Francis Bacon to Thomas Kuhn and Karl Popper. The best antidote to the philosophy of science is a knowledge of the history of science. More importantly, the history of science can make your work seem more worthwhile to you. As a scientist, you’re probably not going to get rich. Your friends and relatives probably won’t understand what you’re doing. And if you work in a field like elementary particle physics, you won’t even have the satisfaction of doing something that is immediately useful. But you can get great satisfaction by recognizing that your work in science is a part of history. Look back 100 years, to 1903. How important is it now who was Prime Minister of Great Britain in 1903, or President of the ? What stands out as really important is that at , Ernest Rutherford and Frederick Soddy were working out the nature of radioactivity. This work (of course!) had practical applications, but much more important were its cultural implications. The understanding of radioactivity allowed physicists to explain how the Sun and Earth’s cores could still be hot after millions of years. In this way, it removed the last scientific objection to what many geologists and paleontologists thought was the great age of the Earth and the Sun. After this, Christians and Jews either had to give up belief in the literal truth of the Bible or resign themselves to intellectual irrelevance. This was just one step in a sequence of steps from Galileo through and to the present that, time after time, has weakened the hold of religious dogmatism. Reading any newspaper nowadays is enough to show you that this work is not yet complete. But it is civilizing work, of which scientists are able to feel proud. ---------------------------------------------- 是的，我们的工作可能就是一粒沙，一滴水，但它仍然是科学的历史的一部分。 （有感于在科学网上不断有人对基础研究说三道四。）
Scientific researches and talents of China’s mainland Xiu-Ju Zhao Wuhan Polytechnic University; Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Chinese Academy of Sciences dzrdez@163.com Abstract Scientific researches of China’s mainland have made remarkable achievements and China’s mainland scientists increasingly play a role in the international academic organizations. However, there are structural and institutional problems in scientific research and talent of China’s mainland. The possible and potential solutions are suggested. The researches have made remarkable achievements in premier geology and paleontology (Northwest University; Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology, Chinese Academy of Sciences), structure biology (Tsinghua University; National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing ), oral science (West China School/Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University), optics (Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics (CIOMP), Chinese Academy of Sciences) and quantum information ( 1 ) (University of Science and Technology of China), neutrino (Institute of High Energy Physics), cellular stress biology, immunology (Jiahuai Han, Xiamen University), traditional Chinese medicine (Youyou Tu, Lasker~DeBakey Clinical Medical Research Award ), biomaterial (Sichuan University), sequencing (BGI, Shenzhen), etc. Papers with authors from China (including Hongkong, Macau and Taiwai) represent 6.6% (225) of the 3425 papers published in Nature journals in 2011, up from 5.3% (152 papers) in 2010. China increased its share of the top 1% of highly cited scientific articles from 1.85% (127 out of 6,874 articles) in 2001 to 11.3% (1,158 out of 10,238 articles) in 2011, and now ranks fourth globally. China’s mainland scientists increasingly play a role in the international academic organizations, such as foreign associates of the National Academy of Sciences of United States of American ( Jie Zhang, Jiayang Li, Zhonghe Zhou, etc), fellows of International Academy of Wood Science (Fucheng Bao, etc), foreign associates of Erfurt Academy of Sciences (Shuwen Dong, etc), president of the Federation of Immunological Societies of Asia and Oceania, FIMSA -Xuetao Cao, fellow of Academia Ophthalmologica Internationalis - Xiaoxin Li, foreign associates of the National Academy of Sciences of Russia (Gengdong Cheng, Yanling Li, etc), fellows of American Society of Mechanical Engineers (Xuemin Xu, etc), fellows of Geological Society of America and Mineralogical Society of America (Jingsui Yang, etc), foreign Members of Academia Europaea (Zhigang Shuai, etc), APS Fellows (Zhong Fang, etc), IEEE Fellows (Zhenghe Feng, etc), Chairman of IUPAB - Zihe Rao, Chairman of ISVHLD 14 - Yumen Wen. However, there are structural and institutional problems in scientific research and talent of China’s mainland. Scientific research programs are fragmentation, including National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC), National Basic Research Program of China (973 Program), National High-tech RD Program (863 Program), etc. Talents programs are explosive, and include Thousand Talents Program, Changjiang Scholars Program, Hundred Talents Program, Thousand Young Talents Program, etc. In addition, the authorities prefer foreign degrees to native ones; academic units and countries abroad and at home are discriminatory; start-up funds of native doctors are little, and their promotions are difficult. Evaluation on faculty is too frequent; the evaluation is not academic and professional, and a peer review mechanism is not established; evaluation is on default set up foreign languages and computer qualifications. Moreover, cooperation of peer is not enough. Unfortunately, inefficiency and bad attitudes of administrative departments of universities and research institutes exist widely. The reasons for the above phenomena are as follows, personally. The agencies including universities and institutions employ the working way and method of “from top to bottom, responsible for higher rank”. There is nothing but disaster in dividing the world into "us" and "them" and punishing “them”. The universities and institutions possess centralization of power, and the faculty has no freedom of selecting the way of teaching or studying; more personal injury, and less discussion, debate, critique are prevalent among the faculty. China belongs to tight (many strong norms and a low tolerance of deviant behavior) culture ( 2 ) . Persons at lower and middle positions are suffered from low level of social security, unrealistic short-term unemployment, and low wages relative to the cost of living. In the last two decades (1990-2010), China has essentially followed the life satisfaction trajectory of a U-shaped swing and a nil or declining trend ( 3 ) . The root may be from the belief of the Constitution of PRC: “This Constitution, in legal form, affirms the achievements of the struggles of the Chinese people of all nationalities and defines the basic system and basic tasks of the State; it is the fundamental law of the State and has supreme legal authority. The people of all nationalities, all State organs, the armed forces, all political parties and public organizations and all enterprises and institutions in the country must take the Constitution as the basic standard of conduct, and they have the duty to uphold the dignity of the Constitution and ensure its implementation.” The possible and potential solutions are as follows. The academic treatment can only be determined by academic performance and independent of country or unit where the degrees obtained. Establish internationally accepted title system based on peer-review. Emphasize on and respect for the persons holding original ideas. Encourage the free exploration, and the number of demand-driven research is moderate. At this stage, some measures are practicably made. Lecturer/instructor, assistant professor, assistant research fellow positions last for at least one year; associate professor, associate research fellow positions last for at least tow years, step by step promotion without exception, regardless of what kind of unit, what state obtained a degree in. Starting funding (thousand RMB yuan) for lecturer is 100-250, associate professor 250-800, and professor 800-2000, not exceeding 10% of the minimum or maximum limits. No results directly based on their own independent ideas, no associate or full professor. Postdoctoral fellows even owning papers of high IF as first author must be assistant professor and then become associate professor. For basic research of natural sciences, no papers of the corresponding author, no associate professor and no high-quality papers of the corresponding author, no full professor. Meanwhile, remove foreign languages and computer requirements in evaluation. References 1. J.-W. Pan et al. , Rev. Modern Phys. 84 , 777 (2012). 2. M. J. Gelfand et al. , Science 332 , 1100 (2011). 3. R. A. Easterlin, R. Morgan, M. Switek, F. Wang, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. , doi:10.1073/pnas.1205672109 (2012).
Dear SE, Since the formal operation of the JMS online manuscript system, many of you have already done initial review on manuscripts submitted to JMS before they’re sent out for peer-review. Your initial review has played a very important role in guaranteeing manuscript quality, shortening manuscript processing period, and reducing later manuscript handling workload. P ossiblywe didn’t give you a clear guide, thus up to now, some SEs still don’t know how to doinitial review, some don’t respond to us after receiving the initial review invitation, some delay several days after the required review date is due. In order to ensure your smooth initial review in the future, we prepare a new PPT for you. Best regards to you QIU Dunlian Journal of Mountain Science SE initial review guide (new).pdf
http://gradworks.umi.com/35/10/3510886.html 受Antwerp大学资助，我的博士论文已经公开发表并被ProQuest Dissertation Thesis全文收录。下面是博士论文摘要。博士论文基本已经发表或者已经接受发表。有兴趣的朋友可以参阅，并引用。引用格式如下： Liu, Y x . (2011). The diffusion of scientific ideas in time and indicators for the description of this process. Doctoral thesis. Antwerp University. The aim of this doctoral dissertation is to provide a method to study the development of science and the diffusion of scientific ideas through citation analysis. It is claimed that the main motivation for citing is interestingness of the phenomenon. Documents are cited because the phenomena investigated in the documents are of interest to the citer who wants to do further investigations. In this way we see a citation as the result of an interaction between old ideas and new insights. Citation diffusion as a deterministic process is driven by these interactions. The rate of change of citations is the key by which we monitor the knowledge diffusion process. We define different times series of citation indicators to describe dynamic aspects of science. We continued our investigations by studying knowledge production through integration and diffusion focusing on the notions of diversity and coherence. Science is an evolutionary process led by the interaction of different ideas on phenomena under study. Interactions between different ideas related to a phenomenon have different characteristics: these ideas may be coherent, but may also conflict with each other. They may stimulate further developments or may - at least temporarily hinder further progress. We map citations to the investigated phenomena, and establish a function reflecting how citations grow in time. Using spline interpolation we are able to detect changes in the timelines of citation data. The citation history of Nobelist K.C. Kao's main article containing his highly original idea on fiber optics, is used to illustrate how interactions occur during the citation process. We reveal the different diffusion characteristics of its academic and application phase. In this way our work studies the development of science and links this development to citation analysis.
An Algorithm for Discovery David Paydarfar and William J. Schwartz Science 6 April 2001: 13.Published online 8 March 2001 1. Slow down to explore. Discovery is facilitated by an unhurried attitude. We favor a relaxed yet attentive and prepared state of mind that is free of the checklists, deadlines, and other exigencies of the workday schedule. Resist the temptation to settle for quick closure and instead actively search for deviations, inconsistencies, and peculiarities that don’t quite fit. Often hidden among these anomalies are the clues that might challenge prevailing thinking and conventional explanations. 2. Read, but not too much. It is important to master what others have already written. Published works are the forum for scientific discourse and embody the accumulated experience of the research community. But the influence of experts can be powerful and might quash a nascent idea before it can take root. Fledgling ideas need nurturing until their viability can be tested without bias. So think again before abandoning an investigation merely because someone else says it can’ be done or is unimportant. 3. Pursue quality for its own sake. Time spent refining methods and design is almost always rewarded. Rigorous attention to such details helps to avert the premature rejection or acceptance of hypotheses. Sometimes, in the process of perfecting one’s approach, unexpected discoveries can be made. An example of this is the background radiation attributed to the Big Bang, which was identified by Penzias and Wilson while they were pursuing the source of a noisy signal from a radio telescope. Meticulous testing is a key to generating the kind of reliable information that can lead to new breakthroughs. 4. Look at the raw data. There is no substitute for viewing the data at first hand. Take a seat at the bedside and interview the patient yourself; watch the oscilloscope trace; inspect the gel while still wet. Of course, there is no question that further processing of data is essential for their management, analysis, and presentation. The problem is that most of us don’t really understand how automated packaging tools work. Looking at the raw data provides a check against the automated averaging of unusual, subtle, or contradictory phenomena. 5. Cultivate smart friends. Sharing with a buddy can sharpen critical thinking and spark new insights. Finding the right colleague is in itself a process of discovery and requires some luck. Sheer intelligence is not enough; seek a pal whose attributes are also complementary to your own, and you may be rewarded with a new perspective on your work. Being this kind of friend to another is the secret to winning this kind of friendship in return. Although most of us already know these five precepts in one form or another, we have noticed some difficulty in putting them into practice. Many obligations appear to erode time for discovery. We hope that this essay can serve as an inspiration for reclaiming the process of discovery and making it a part of the daily routine. In 1936, in Physics and Reality, Einstein wrote, “The whole of science is nothing more than a refinement of everyday thinking.” Practicing this art does not require elaborate instrumentation, generous funding, or prolonged sabbaticals. What it does require is a commitment to exercising one’s creative spirit—for curiosity’s sake. Comment: common sense Omer Kucuk Wayne State University I agree with the authors. Perhaps the principles could be further reduced to: Use common sense and have fun. Published 4 May 2001 Comment: On Reading Timothy G. Buchman Washington University School of Medicine The authors suggest that one read, but not too much lest one get discouraged by claims of others. Certainly reading as a critical scientist requires both selectvity and skepticism. However there is a different kind of scientific reading that must be encouraged: reading outside one's own field. The understandable tendency to keep the mind uncluttered increasingly blinds professional scientists to reports from outside their particular field of study. The most successful scientists recall happening upon a paper, a lecture or a colleague by chance, a meeting that changes the course of their research. As Pasteur is oft quoted, "Chance favors the prepared mind." Gambling a little time by reading outside one's field can yield handsome rewards. It is a chance worth taking, frequently. Published 16 April 2001 Comment: Other Components of the Algorithm V. D. Ramanathan Tuberculosis Research Centre, Indian Council of Medical Research, India. Paydarfar and Schwartz have succinctly come out with these five cardinal principles to maximize the chances of discovery in science. One assumes that the basic ingredient of an almost insatiable curiosity for knowing more about the nature of the physical world is taken as an essential prerequisite by the authors. One wonders whether such a quality can be nurtured from scratch or at least be improved on once such a tendency is recognized. The principle of slowing down is very important. Perhaps we ought to cultivate a guide book approach rather than a cook book approach as advocated by Nick Herbert (in his book on "Reality of the Quantum World"). Too many projects are driven by "kit-oriented" or "common man -oriented" research. The principle of pursuing quality for its own sake has another component--the joy of doing science and devising aesthetically appealing experiments. It is well known that Paul Dirac firmly believed that if there is beauty in an equation, it is bound to be right! Published 9 April 2001 The Feynman Algorithm for Discovery -- the "simplest" as well as the "hardest" among all such algorithms!
为什么会有那么多科研工作登上新闻头条？上周三一项关于咖啡之于健康的研究一经在《新英格兰医学杂志》发表，便立即上了500家以上媒体的新闻头条。围绕此次关于咖啡的小题大作之种种，5月17日CBC发表新闻述评，谈到了科研机构、学术期刊与新闻报道之间的微妙关系。 What's the fuss about coffee? By Kelly Crowe, CBC News Posted: May 17, 2012 5:23 PM ETLast Updated: May 17, 2012 5:21 PM ET Why is it that so much scientific research ends up making headlines? Because they ask us to report on their research, that’s one reason. Medical journals and research institutions work hard to make sure that their scientific papers appear in the news. This is how it works: science and medical reporters are given special access to websites that give advance notice of upcoming research. There are dizzying lists of dozens of scientific papers from hundreds of journals, volumes of new research that is published every single day. There are armies of helpful public relations people who arrange interviews with the scientists, so we can all be ready for the moment when the embargo lifts. Really? Drinking coffee helps you live longer? CBC's Kelly Crowe asks. (John Rieti/CBC) The embargo is a strict deadline, enforced by threat of future exclusion, and reporters who mistakenly break the embargo can be punished for years by the offended journal, which will refuse all access to future papers. This fear of embargo-breaking keeps the international media in line. We all hold back on the story until the designated day and time, say 5 p.m. on Wednesday, when the embargo magically lifts, and the headlines fly out around the world, giving the impression that news has just broken wide open. Take this past Wednesday, for example. At the magical hour of 5 p.m. when the embargo on this week’s New England Journal of Medicine was lifted, more than 500 headlines suddenly appeared, all announcing some variation on the theme of coffee and longer life. “Coffee Drinkers May Live Longer" (New York Times), "Coffee Drinkers Have Lower Risk of Overall Death, Study Shows "(ABC News), “Coffee Drinkers Live Longer, Big Study Finds” (Vancouver Sun). The world's science and medical reporters had been reading the study for a few days, in advance of the embargo deadline, trying to decide whether and how to report on it. For CBC TV News, we tried to book an interview with the lead author, but he seemed to be camera shy and refused to talk on television. But I did have some questions about the research. First question: Really? Drinking coffee helps you live longer? That seems like pretty big news. But that’s not what the study said. The headlines should have read "study shows that coffee doesn’t seem to hurt you" even if you smoke, drink too much, eat unhealthy food, or avoid exercise, all habits that seem to go along with drinking coffee. Once the epidemiologists squeezed the data through their statistical models, and adjusted for all the smoking, red meat eating, vegetable avoiding, boozing couch potatoes who also drink coffee, it appears that coffee is “associated” with a modest decrease in risk of dying from everything but cancer. Not that it keeps you from dying, just that the rate of death in coffee drinkers is slightly lower. The authors reported a 10% lower risk of death in men who drank 2 or more cups of coffee a day, compared to men who didn’t drink coffee. For women, coffee drinking was associated with a 15% lower risk of death. In the paper the authors admit that the study doesn’t prove anything. “It is not possible to conclude that the inverse relationship between coffee consumption and mortality reflects cause and effect” the paper states. Although he wouldn’t do an on camera interview, author Neal Freedman, from the National Cancer Institute did answer a few of my questions in an email and over the phone, and he confirmed that the observed associations could reflect another exposure, just like all observational studies of this type. The research is based on a questionnaire from 1995 asking more than 500,000 American seniors, over age 50, how much coffee they consumed, along with a long list of other lifestyle and nutrition questions. The original database was established to compare dietary habits and cancer, but these coffee researchers used it for a more specific purpose, to study the relationship between coffee and death, and they sifted through the data to see whether drinking coffee was associated with both overall death, and death from specific causes, like heart disease. Before they used the data, the researchers excluded anyone who suffered from cancer, heart disease, or stroke, and anyone with extremely high or low caloric intake, which prompts a nave reporter question: “If they separated out all the people who were sick with cancer, heart disease and stroke from the study group, does that mean that only healthy people were considered? And if the research subjects made it to age 50 and beyond without cancer, heart disease or stroke, could it be that they were in good health anyway and that was why they had a lower risk of dying? Maybe coffee had nothing to do with it.” In his email to me, Freedman said he excluded people who were already sick, because that might have affected how much coffee they drank. But how much coffee were these people drinking anyway? The researchers admit in the paper that they aren’t sure. The study says “coffee consumption was assessed by self report at a single time point and may not reflect long-term patterns of consumption”. So, another nave reporter question:“If the study subjects only filled out one questionnaire, once in their lives, how does anyone know that their coffee consumption didn’t change over time? Maybe they stopped drinking coffee, or maybe they switched to herbal tea?” In his email to me, Neal Freedman said it is likely that at least some of the people changed their coffee drinking habits, although other studies suggest people stick to the coffee habits for years. And he said if there were changes, that would make the coffee drinking and non-coffee drinking groups more similar, “which would likely have attenuated our findings.” In other words, changes in coffee drinking habits would have weakened the findings. The authors also admit they couldn’t be confident about whether people were drinking caffeinated or decaffeinated coffee: “The distinction between persons who drank caffeinated coffee and those who drank decaffeinated coffee was subject to misclassification”, the study said. The authors also weren’t sure what kind of coffee they drank, even though they suggest it might matter: “ We lacked data on how coffee was prepared (espresso, boiled, or filtered), and the constituents of coffee may differ according to the method of preparation of either beverage more than half the time.” So what can we learn from this paper? Apparently not much beyond the fact that coffee probably won’t hurt you. “Our results provide reassurance with respect to the concern that coffee drinking might adversely affect health,” the authors write. Haven’t we heard this before? It turns out that a 2008 paper by a Harvard University researcher came to a similar conclusion, that “regular coffee consumption was not associated with an increased mortality rate in either men or women”. But this is the biggest study to show that coffee isn’t dangerous. And other researchers we contacted said that it was a well done study, for its type, and that it confirms the findings of previous studies. So although it’s not clear that drinking coffee is good for you, this study confirms what others have shown, that it won't harm you. When I asked Freedman, in the email, why he did the study in the first place, this is what he wrote: “Coffee is one of the most widely consumed beverages, but the association between coffee consumption and health has been unclear. Several recent studies suggested that there might be a modest inverse association between coffee drinking and the risk of death, but these possible modest inverse associations mostly did not reach statistical significance. Our study is larger than previous studies and therefore is well suited to evaluating modest associations.” Note he said “modest association” between coffee and mortality, not “proof that drinking coffee extends life”. A rather different headline than "Coffee drinkers live longer." http://www.cbc.ca/news/health/story/2012/05/17/coffee-crowe.html
第一期的 Applied Physics Letters 出版于1962年9月。第一年 两周一期，每期 发表 大概 8篇论文。到2011年，每周一期发表论文85篇左右。2012年是该刊创刊以来的第50周年，也就是第100卷。最近其网站上公布了创刊以来引用次数前50名的论文，共53篇，详细见下， 中国只有一篇上榜：来自香港科技大学的汤子康团队（第33篇） 。 有些工作还是非常经典的：如有机发光二极管（第1篇），多孔硅（第2篇），双异质结蓝光二极管（第6篇），高分子发光二极管（第9篇）等等。 Top 50 Most Cited Papers from 50 Years ofApplied Physics Letters 1. Organic electroluminescent diodes C. W. Tang and S. A. VanSlyke Appl. Phys. Lett.51, 913 (1987) 2. Silicon quantum wire array fabrication by electrochemical and chemical dissolution of wafers L. T. Canham Appl. Phys. Lett.57, 1046 (1990) 3. Vapor-liquid-solid mechanism of single crystal growth R. S. Wagner and W. C. Ellis Appl. Phys. Lett.4, 89 (1964) 4. Electronic analog of the electro-optic modulator Supriyo Datta and Biswajit Das Appl. Phys. Lett.56, 665 (1990) 5. Multidimensional quantum well laser and temperature dependence of its threshold current Y. Arakawa and H. Sakaki Appl. Phys. Lett.40, 939 (1982) 6. 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http://eca.state.gov/education/engteaching/pubs/BR/functionalsec3_8.htm Social Approaches 8 I Think That Perhaps You Should: A Study of Hedges in Written Scientific Discourse Fran cediloise Salager-Meyer Hedging is a linguistic resource which conveys the fundamental characteristics of science of doubt and skepticism. The first part of this paper considers three views of hedges: a. threat minimizing strategies used to signal distance and to avoid absolute statements,b. strategies to accurately reflect the certainty of knowledge and c. politeness strategies in the social interactions and negotiations between writers and editors. The second part of the paper examines the use and frequency of hedges according to genre and to the different (rhetorical) sections of scientific papers. The final part of the paper presents a taxonomy of hedges with a few practical exercises (sensitization, translation and rewriting exercises) which ESP practitioners could use to help their students become aware of these subtle and often neglected language forms. Introduction: The Concept And Importance of Hedges One of the most important aspects of scientific discourse is to weigh evidence and draw conclusions from data. Fundamental characteristics of science are uncertainty, doubt and skepticism. Stubbs (1986) argues that all sentences encode a point of view and that academic texts are no different in containing the author's presence: Scientists inevitably indicate their attitude in their writings. Because science is not the coolly objective discipline as asserted in many textbooks and scientific style guides, academic writing cannot be considered as a series of impersonal statements of facts which add up to the truth. Moreover, research from a variety of disciplines (e.g., sociology of science) has revealed ways in which academic discourse is both socially situated and structured to accomplish rhetorical objectives. Linguistically these objectives are realized as hedges --mostly verbal and adverbial expressions such as can, perhaps, may, suggest, which deal with degrees of probability. Hedges can be considered as the interactive elements which serve as a bridge between the propositional information in the text and the writer's factual interpretation. As Skelton (forthcoming) remarks, hedges could be viewed as part of the larger phenomenon called commentative potentials of any language. Natural languages are reflective: not only saying things, but also reflecting on the status of what they say. In one of the first explorations of this phenomenon, Lakoff defined hedges as words or phrases, whose job is to make things fuzzy or less fuzzy (1972: 175), implying that writers are less than fully committed to the certainty of the referential information they present in their writings. One could state a proposition as a fact (e.g., This medicine will help you recover quickly), or one could use a hedge to distance oneself from that statement, e.g., I believe that this medicine could help you recover quickly. Research on LSP (Languages for Specific Purposes) has repeatedly shown that hedges are crucial in academic discourse because they are a central rhetorical means of gaining communal adherence to knowledge claims. Indeed, scientific truth is as much the product of a social as that of an intellectual activity, and the need to convince one's fellow scientists of the facticity of experimental results (or of the correctness of a specific point of view) explains the widespread use of hedges in this type of discourse. Hyland (1994), for example, asserts that hedging exhibits a level of frequency much higher than many other linguistic features which have received considerably more attention. Skelton (1988) argues that epistemic comments are equally common in the arts and sciences, occurring overall in between one third and one half of all sentences. Along the same lines, Gosden (1990) reports that writers' perception of uncertainty realized through modality markers constitutes 7.6% of grammatical subjects in scientific research papers. More specifically, modals appear to be the typical means of marking epistemic comment in research papers: Adams Smith (1984) found that they make up 54% of all the forms used to denote epistemic modality; Butler (1990) states that they account for approximately 1 word in every 100 in scientific articles; Hanania and Akhtar (1984) report that they make up 8.1% of all finite verbs ( can and may being the most frequent); finally, modals were also found to constitute 27% of all lexical hedging devices in Hyland's (1994) corpus of biology articles. Four Reasons For Hedging 1. The most widely accepted view is that hedging is the process whereby authors tone down their statements in order to reduce the risk of opposition and minimize the threat-to-face that lurks behind every act of communication. This position associates hedges with scientific imprecision and defines them as linguistic cues of bias which avoid personal accountability for statements, i.e., as understatements used to convey evasiveness, tentativeness, fuzziness, mitigation of responsibility and/or mitigation of certainty to the truth value of a proposition. In this view, hedging is what Skelton (forthcoming) calls the politician's craft, not only a willed mitigation, but an obfuscation for dubious purposes. Kubui (1988) and Fand (1989), for example, state that hedges are used to signal distance and to avoid absolute statements which might put scientists (and the institution they work at) in an embarrassing situation if subsequent conflicting evidence or contradictory findings arise. The following sentence, which ended a paper in a university conference illustrates this use of hedging: Our results seem to suggest that in Third World countries the extensive use of land to grow exportation products tends to impoverish these countries' populations even more. The epistemic verb seem combined with the modal lexical verb suggest allows the speaker to avoid making a categorical statement and to negotiate some degree of flexibility for his claims. 2. Salager-Meyer (1993) and Banks (1994) claim that the exclusive association of hedges with evasiveness can obscure some important functions of hedging, and that expressing a lack of certainty does not necessarily show confusion or vagueness. Indeed, one could consider hedges as ways of being more precise in reporting results. Hedging may present the true state of the writers' understanding and may be used to negotiate an accurate representation of the state of the knowledge under discussion. In fact, academic writers may well wish to reduce the strength of claims simply because stronger statements would not be justified by the experimental data presented. In such cases, researchers are not saying less than what they mean but are rather saying precisely what they mean by not overstating their experimental results. Being too certain can often be unwise. Academics want their readers to know that they do not claim to have the final word on the subject, choosing instead to remain vague in their statements. Hedges then are not a cover-up tactic, but rather a resource used to express some fundamental characteristics of modern science (uncertainty, skepticism and doubt) which reveal the probabilistic nature science started acquiring during the second half of the 19th century. (During the 17th and the 18th centuries and the first half of the 19th century, science was more deterministic). Moreover, because of the close inter-connection between different scientific fields, no scientist can possibly claim to wholly master the field of knowledge of a given discipline. The seem/suggest combination of the example above could display the speaker's genuine uncertainty and thus allow him to offer a very precise statement about the extent of his confidence (or lack thereof) in the truth of the propositional information he presented. 3. Myers (1989) argues that hedges are better understood as positive or negative politeness strategies, i.e., as sophisticated rational strategies used to mitigate two central positions expressed in scientific writing: to present claims (or findings) pending acceptance by the international scientific community, and to deny claims presented by other researchers. Indeed, to express an opinion is to make a claim (particularly central claims in establishing a niche to use Swales' expression 1990a: 141, and to make a claim is to try to impose one's opinion on others. For example, in the following double-hedged statement:1 Our analyses indicate that higher doses of fish oil can benefit individuals with untreated hypertension. The authors are presenting a claim to the scientific community while trying to convince their readers of the relevance of their findings. But, in doing so, they remain somewhat vague because they cannot claim to have the final word on the subject. In the social interaction involved in all scientific publishing, hedges permit academics to present their claims while simultaneously presenting themselves as the humble servants of the scientific community (Myers, 1989: 4). As soon as a claim becomes part of the literature, it is then possible to refer to it without any hedging, as the following example illustrates: Influenza is the most important viral infection of the respiratory tract. Thus, because new results/conclusions have to be thoughtfully fit into the existing literature, hedging is not simply a prudent insurance against overstating an assertion, but also a rational interpersonal strategy which both supports the writer's position and builds writer-reader (speaker/listener) relationships. A hedged comment such as, I think that perhaps you should have analyzed the benefits these exportation products could have on foreign currency increases, could reflect a polite and diplomatic disagreement, or it might also display genuine uncertainty on the speaker's part (definition 2). 4. Banks (1994) argues that a certain degree of hedging has become conventionalized, i.e., that the function of hedges is not necessarily to avoid face-threatening acts (definition No. 1), but simply to conform to an established writing style . This established style of writing arose as a consequence of the combination of the needs and stimuli mentioned in definitions 1, 2 and 3 above. A totally unhedged style would not be considered seriously by journal editors. It should be made clear at this stage that it is difficult to be sure in any particular instance which of the four above-mentioned concepts is intended nor need we assume that the authors of hedged utterances always know why they hedge their statements in the first place. As we explained elsewhere (Salager-Meyer, 1994), hedges are first and foremost the product of a mental attitude, and decisions about the function of a span of language are bound to be subjective. Taxonomy of Hedges Although not totally comprehensive nor categorically watertight, the scheme below represents the most widely used hedging categories, at least in scientific English. Typically, hedging is expressed through the use of the following strategic stereotypes: 1. Modal auxiliary verbs (the most straightforward and widely used means of expressing modality in English academic writing), the most tentative ones being: may, might, can, could, would, should: - Such a measure might be more sensitive to changes in health after specialist treatment. - Concerns that naturally low cholesterol levels could lead to increased mortality from other causes may well be unfounded. (Observe the cumulative hedging effect: the main and the subordinate clauses are both hedged.) 2. Modal lexical verbs (or the so-called speech act verbs used to perform acts such as doubting and evaluating rather than merely describing) of varying degree of illocutionary force: to seem, to appear (epistemic verbs), to believe, to assume, to suggest, to estimate, to tend, to think, to argue, to indicate, to propose, to speculate. Although a wide range of verbs can be used in this way (Banks, 1994), there tends to be a heavy reliance on the above-mentioned examples especially in academic writing: - Our analyses suggest that high doses of the drug can lead to relevant blood pressure reduction. (Here too we have a cumulative hedging effect) - These results indicate that the presence of large vessel peripheral arterial disease may reflect a particular susceptibility to the development of atherosclerosis. (Same cumulative hedging effect as above) - In spite of its limitations, our study appears to have a number of important strengths. - Without specific training, medical students' communication skills seem to decline during medical training. 3. Adjectival, adverbial and nominal modal phrases: 3.1. probability adjectives: e.g., possible, probable, un/likely 3.2. nouns: e.g., assumption, claim, possibility, estimate, suggestion 3.3. adverbs (which could be considered as non-verbal modals): e.g., perhaps, possibly, probably, practically, likely, presumably, virtually, apparently. - Septicemia is likely to result, which might threaten his life. - Possibly the setting of the neural mechanisms responsible for this sensation is altered in patients with chronic fatigue syndrome. - This is probably due to the fact that Greenland Eskimos consume diets with a high content of fish. 4. Approximators of degree, quantity, frequency and time: e.g., approximately, roughly, about, often, occasionally, generally, usually, somewhat, somehow, a lot of. - Fever is present in about a third of cases and sometimes there is neutropenia. - Persistent subjective fatigue generally occurs in relative isolation. 5. Introductory phrases such as I believe, to our knowledge, it is our view that, we feel that, which express the author's personal doubt and direct involvement. - We believe that the chronic fatigue syndrome reflects a complex interaction of several factors. There is no simple explanation. 6. If clauses, e.g., if true, if anything - If true , then, our study contradicts the myth that fishing attracts the bravest and strongest men. 7. Compound hedges . These are phrases made up of several hedges, the commonest forms being: 1. a modal auxiliary combined with a lexical verb with a hedging content (e.g., it would appear ), and 2. a lexical verb followed by a hedging adverb or adjective where the adverb (or adjective) reinforces the hedge already inherent in the lexical verb (e.g., it seems reasonable/probable ). Such compound hedges can be double hedges (it may suggest that; it seems likely that; it would indicate that; this probably indicates ); treble hedges (it seems reasonable to assume that); quadruple hedges (it would seem somewhat unlikely that, it may appear somewhat speculative that), and so on. As can be seen then, all the forms presented above imply that the statements in which they appear contain personal beliefs based on plausible reasoning (or empirical data). Without these strategic stereotypes, readers would imply that the information conveyed pertains to universally established knowledge. Hedges According To Genre And Rhetorical Function The literature on hedging has also revealed the distributional variability in academic prose, the difference being attributable to variation in the communicative purpose not only of different genres, but also of different sections within a text. Salager-Meyer (1993, 1994) showed that medical editorials and review articles are more heavily hedged than research papers and case reports per se. She argues that the stronger the generalization and claim to universality (review papers and editorials), the more hedged the discourse. On a scale from general to particular (or from universality to individuality), editorials and review articles, which evaluate, persuade or argue and appeal to a broad audience, will have many hedged statements. Research papers, which both inform and argue, will be in the middle; and case reports will be at the other end of the scale as illustrated in the figure below: Encyclopedia-like writing Pretension to generalization Editorial Review Paper Author Critical essay writer/evaluator Content: Judgment/value/instruction Novel-like writing Some pretension to generalization Research Paper Author Observer/instructor/critical writer Content: Description/suggestion/advice Short story No pretension to generalization Case Report Author Objective informant Content: Almost pure description Because case reports are clinical observations of a single (or a few) generally rare and even unique entities, they are almost purely descriptive and, therefore, relatively unhedged. Typical of case reports are short-story and anecdote-like sentences such as the following: A previously well 4-year-old boy fell about one meter from a wall and struck the back of his head on concrete. He was not knocked out and got up immediately and continued playing. He did not complain of headache and visual disturbance but shortly afterwards he vomited and his mother took him to the accident and emergency department. By contrast, review articles collect, select, order and interpret the huge outpouring of scientific reports and present relevant (and often controversial) findings and generalizations in a form useful for researchers outside the immediate group working on a given problem. This is why in almost every one of the review paper statements, there is, as Bazerman and Paradis say (1990: 60), some qualifying adverb or adjective that makes the statement more cautious: - The panel suggests that all adults 20 years of age and over should have non-fasting serum cholesterol measured at least once every 5 years. - This seems to support the possibility that depression may be an important clinical feature in monosymptomatic hypochondriacal psychosis. (Observe the cumulative effect of hedging: both the main and the subordinate clauses are hedged.) The frequency of occurrence and types of hedges are not evenly distributed throughout different sections of academic papers (Banks 1994, Salager-Meyer 1994). The typical introduction section of academic papers (Swales, 1990a) includes, inter alia, a survey of the field. It is a hypothesis-making opening section where the unknown or poorly understood is delineated and where scientists mention (mostly with hedge-attributing verbs such as to indicate, to seem, to suggest ) previous research which bears on the same issue as the one their article deals with. - In most cases a psychiatric disorder is involved in the chronic fatigue syndrome and it has been suggested that depression may be a secondary phenomenon. - Although earlier studies indicated that infants who received solids at an early age were heavier than those who were introduced to solids at the recommended time, more recent reports have been unable to confirm this association. The writers use hedging to convince the reader that work remains to be done in their area of inquiry (what Swales refers to as establishing a niche 1990a: 145), i.e., to suggest that the niche they wish to establish does indeed exist. The questions raised in the Introduction section will be answered in the rest of the paper, as what was up to now uncertain is about to be made certain. In the Introduction sections of academic papers, then, hedges serve the purpose of building arguments to support the researchers' own work. As described in Skelton (1988), the Introduction of a scientific article is almost as tentative as an Arts paper. Hedges appear least in the almost purely factual (i.e., unhedged) Methods section, the least discursive and commentative section of academic papers where confirmatory statements are the rule, e.g., - We used data from 31,561 computer files and a computer model was designed to test our risk program. - We recruited 671 infants born after 38-45 weeks' gestation. The Results section is also characterized by a relative absence of hedging devices. When they do appear, however, they tend to foreshadow the discussion which will follow: - This finding strongly suggests that these CNS sites contain neurons and fibers. - One explanation could be that basal glycemia was 151 vs. 127 mg/dl for NA. The abrupt change from objective recounting (Methods and Results sections) to subjective discussion ( Discussion/Conclusion sections) is reflected in the much higher incidence of hedging in the Discussion/Conclusion sections of academic papers. It is in these last two discursive and speculative sections that authors put forward controversial ideas or interpretations and hence most feel the need of protecting themselves from counter argument or other forms of attack: - Repressed homosexuality may have played a role in generating symptoms in some patients. - Our six psychotic patients had possibly quite different aetiologies. - The probability of multiple sclerosis is likely to be much less in clinically atypical cases. - Although it is attractive to suggest that the increased frequency of cervical neoplasia in smokers may be related to another factor, this is by no means proven. Pedagogical Justification In spite of the widespread use of hedges in academic writing, this phenomenon is largely ignored in pedagogical materials geared to non-native speakers of English (NNSE). In an excellent review and critical analysis of ESP/EAP textbooks, Hyland (1994) concludes that in most ESP course books explanations on epistemic strategies are inadequate, the practice material is limited, alternatives for modal verbs are omitted, and empirically-based information concerning the sociolinguistic rules of English scientific discourse communities is absent. In other words, the important pragmatic area represented by hedging devices is under-represented (not to say neglected) in most ESP course books and style manuals. As Hyland (1994: 244) states, the overall picture indicates a need for greater and more systematic attention to be given to this important interpersonal strategy. There are two clear pedagogical justifications for explicitly addressing hedging as an important linguistic function and for assisting learners (even those in the earliest stages) to develop an awareness of the principles and mechanics of its use. 1. It has been stated that foreign language readers frequently tend to give the same weight to hedged (provisional or hypothetical) statements or interpretation as to accredited facts. Since comprehending a text entails both decoding information and understanding the writer's intention, it is of prime importance that students be able to recognize hedging in written texts. 2. The appropriate use of hedging strategies is a significant communicative resource for student writers at any proficiency level, and it plays an important part in demonstrating competence in a specialist register. Crismore and Farnsworth (1990: 135) go as far as saying that hedging is the mark of a professional scientist, one who acknowledges the caution with which s/he does and writes on science. The problem is that proficiency in that pragmatic area appears to be notoriously difficult to achieve in a foreign language (Cohen and Tarone, 1994). Hyland (1994) remarks that the use of modality presents considerable problems for linguistically unsophisticated writers of academic texts, while Bazerman (1988) has noted that a pragmatic failure to modulate successfully represents a feature of the work of L2 students at Western universities. Skelton (1988) further remarks that even those students who have a good control over the grammar and lexis of English write in a direct/unhedged fashion. Student writers (especially NNSE) should then be made aware of the fact that unhedged conclusions are open to criticism and could even be considered as intellectually dishonest. Reading And Writing Classroom Exercises In order to empower NNSE academics to express (and recognize) doubt where there is no certainty, to know how and when to mediate their claims, and to use these techniques successfully, I propose the following reading and writing classroom exercises (presented here below in increasing order of difficulty). The hope is that these exercises will enable learners to use their limited linguistic resources to achieve greater delicacy of meaning. To enhance students' motivation to perform the tasks, I recommend using authentic and challenging materials from their own field of study, which is one of the best ways of developing our students' academic meaning potential. The approach followed in the exercises below is interdisciplinary in nature, combining reading comprehension, writing and sociolinguistic awareness. Reading exercises 1.1. Ask students to circle tentative verbs and modal auxiliaries in a passage: - We conclude that seamen seem to be a special group with a high risk of fatal accidents. This might be because the men who choose to be seamen are accident prone. The occupation is more likely to be having an effect because the mortality from several kinds of accidents appeared to be related to length of employment. We believe that to prevent accidents at work as well as during leisure time, attention should be focused not only on technical devices but also on seamen's lifestyle in general. 1.2. Ask the students to underline all the hedges they can find in a passage and to justify their use. This exercise generally leads to class discussion on the manner in which scientists mitigate and modulate their discourse. Moreover, it gives students a chance to articulate the fact that hedging is a human enterprise whose purpose is to limit the degree of certainty about a fact. Students can also state how a given hedging tactic in English would be rendered in their native language. 1.3. Give the students a reading sample with several reporting verbs and have them identify the different speech acts involved (e.g., making a claim, disagreeing with a colleague's opinion, suggesting further research). Then ask the students to explain which verbs express neutrality, opinion, uncertainty, tentativeness or fact. This exercise will help the students to identify subtle language forms, e.g., to distinguish between weak and strong reporting verbs or to identify mitigation (e.g., a somewhat interesting finding ). The following sample (drawn from the Discussion section of an article on smoking and cervical cancer) illustrates the point: - Our results show a relation between smoking habit and the proportion of DNA modification in cervical epithelium. The presence of modification in cervical epithelium and the correlation with smoking habit strongly suggests that the modifications are a consequence of exposure to tobacco compounds... Women with high proportions of DNA modifications may have an increased susceptibility to cervical cancer. Our study then contradicts the results of the International Agency for Research on Cancer (1986) which claimed that there was not enough evidence to conclude that smoking is a cause of cervical cancer. Prospective studies of women with a high proportion of modified cervical DNA should be carried out to establish the risk. Writing exercises In preparing a written statement, ESP students have to choose speech acts that are socioculturally appropriate (e.g., knowing how to disagree with the results of previous research) and they need to know which strategies or semantic formulae are generally used for a speech act such as disagreement. The main purpose of the following exercises is to help the students to gain some control (in their written assignments) over the language forms that are considered socioculturally appropriate at a given level of formality. 2.1. Present students with utterances containing facts and ask them to rewrite the sentences with tentative verbs of interpretation/opinion (or vice versa, to present students with opinion or comment utterances and ask them to rewrite the sentences with assertive verbs). The following passage could serve as an example: - Middle insomnia is ( may be) associated with exacerbations of illness in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Patients with fragmented sleep experienced ( seemed to experience) increased fatigue and joint pain. This is ( appears to be) consistent with findings in animals and humans that sleep deprivation reduces ( tends to reduce) the pain threshold. These findings show ( indicate ) that it is ( may be) possible to treat pain and insomnia concurrently. 2.2. Explain to the students that when they report their own study, they should not sound too sure of the benefits (either practical or theoretical) of their work, without undermining the importance of their research. Students should know, for example, that tentative verbs such as to appear, to seem, to suggest can be used instead of the modals may, can, could to generalize from results when presenting their findings and to emphasize the speculative nature of their statements. 2.3. Instruct students to use tentative verbs when necessary (e.g., suggest, argue, indicate, tend to ) when citing the work of others, i.e., when they write the review of literature of their papers: - The questionnaire called Nottingham Health profile has been criticized because it tends to overlook some very important factors. Indeed, the task of performing a critical review of the work of others (while offering one's own views) is culturally difficult for non-native speakers of English. Cohen and Tarone (1994) report that when confronted with such a task, NNSE simply present views without interpretation, i.e., without taking a stand on the matter. They simply opt out of performing that task. Students need to have at least some control over the linguistic forms or structural conventions that are considered sociolinguistically appropriate when performing speech acts in an academic context. 2.4. This exercise--which could first be done in the students' native language and then in English--is more appropriate with intermediate/advanced students. It consists of presenting two (or more) articles (approximately 1,500 words in length) with conflicting views on a challenging academic theme and in asking students to express their opinion about each article. I believe that this exercise could also help develop the students' critical facilities, especially in contexts where the learners--because they come from a culture where the infallibility of the written word is deeply ingrained--consider it heretical to criticize and question what is written. Conclusion Hedging is a human enterprise, a resource which is inherent in common language. In our daily interactions with our peers, we, human beings--as social beings, par excellence--feel the need to modulate our speech acts in order to guarantee a certain level of acceptability and the possibility of coexistence. The same remark applies to scientific language which is a product of human relations. The strategic stereotypes called hedges permit language users to say something and to comment on what they are saying. From the repertoire of linguistic forms at their disposal, scientists--as any other language user-- resort to those forms which better fit their communicative purposes and which they think will allow them to gain communal adherence and warrant the highest degree of acceptability for the claims they present to the world's store of knowledge, i.e., to the scientific community at large. It would be somewhat erroneous to consider hedges as linguistic devices merely used to convey fuzziness or vagueness. Indeed, because 18th and 19th century deterministic science evolved (in the 20th century) into a probabilistic science, hedges should also be viewed as devices (or discourse strategies) used to reflect not only fundamental characteristics of modern science (skepticism, uncertainty and doubt), but also the true state of the writers' understanding and state of knowledge. Last but not least, the mild speech conveyed by hedges allows researchers to present themselves as cautious, coy, humble and modest servants of their discipline, and to diplomatically negotiate their claims when referring to the work of colleagues and competitors. In other words, hedges enable academics to anticipate peers' criticism and to take oratory precautions, i.e., to participate in the complex game of social interaction and negotiations involved in all scientific publishing where bold and presumptuous statements are frowned upon. The appropriate use of hedging strategies for academic argumentation is a significant resource for student writers and plays an important part in demonstrating competence in a specialist register. Materials writers and LSP practitioners therefore have the responsibility to help students acquire an awareness of why, how and when hedges are used. NNSE scientists should not only be made aware of the need to mediate their claims, but they also need to be taught when to mediate and what semantic formulae are used in English to successfully achieve that goal. A full understanding of hedging devices is critical to academic success and eventual membership in a professional discourse community. Françoise Salager-Meyer holds an. M.A. in Russian language and literature from the University of Lyon (France) and a Ph.D. in Foreign Language Education from the University of Texas at Austin. She has taught Russian for Specific Purposes and French at the University of Texas at Austin and has been teaching ESP at the Graduate School of Medicine of the University of the Andes (Merida, Venezuela) since 1980. Her research interests include discourse analysis and contrastive rhetoric. Notes: 1. The examples presented throughout this paper are authentic statements drawn from the British Medical Journal (1993, Vol 306). 2. One difficulty in assigning a given hedging category to discrete linguistic items is that grammatical forms are capable of fulfilling more than one function. Indeed, many indications of tentativeness are not easily quantifiable and cannot be readily isolated as classes of formal items. Moreover, not all the items listed here correspond to hedging devices. For example, the may in, We may not turn to the following aspect of the problem, or the could in, We could not detect any statistically significant difference, are obviously not hedges.
http://theweek.com/article/index/222719/the-4-biggest-scientific-breakthroughs-of-2011 From neutrinos to new planets, a look at some of the year's most important discoveries posted on December 23, 2011, at 12:24 PM 1. Upending the laws of physics 2. Reasons to listen to your gut Bacteria in our intestines may play a major role in the health of our minds and bodies. German researchers have discovered that just as each human being has a specific blood type, each of us also has one of three separate families of bacteria residing in our guts. A person's "enterotype" likely establishes itself in infancy and appears to affect everything from how well food is digested to how drugs are absorbed. The discovery of the three distinct gut ecosystems "was a surprise, and it's good news," says researcher Peer Bork. The finding could help physicians diagnose and treat serious digestive disorders, and also help explain why the effects of medicines and nutrients vary widely from person to person. Further studies have shown that ingesting a bacteria species found in certain yogurts and cheeses calms stressed-out mice — pointing to the prospect of treating psychiatric disorders with microbes instead of drugs. 3. Closing in on alien life 4. A new weapon against aging The fountain of youth might one day flow within our own cells. Scientists working with mice have discovered that if they remove a special kind of cell that promotes aging, a host of age-related conditions disappear: The genetically modified rodents didn't develop cataracts, their skin didn't wrinkle, and they maintained high levels of energy throughout their lives. The so-called senescent cells have lost the ability to divide, and as they build up in aging tissue, they release toxins that destroy robust neighboring cells. Scientists devised a way of killing off those senescent cells, and the procedure "suggests therapies that might work in real patients," says Norman E. Sharpless, an expert on aging. If purging the cells works in people as it does in mice, the treatment could ward off a host of age-related diseases, from cancer to dementia, and keep us vigorous longer.
Executive summary Science is a global enterprise. Today there are over 7 million researchers around the world, drawing on a combined international RD spend of over US$1000 billion (a 45% increase since 2002), and reading and publishing in around 25,000 separate scientific journals per year. These researchers collaborate with each other, motivated by wishing to work with the very best people and facilities in the world, and by curiosity, seeking new knowledge to advance their field or to tackle specific problems. Knowledge, Networks and Nations reviews, based on available data, the changing patterns of science, and scientific collaboration, in order to provide a basis for understanding such ongoing changes. It aims to identify the opportunities and benefits of international collabor ation, to consider how they can best be realised, and to initiate a debate on how international scientific collaboration can be harnessed to tackle global problems more effectively. From Singapore to South Africa, new researchers and research communities are reshaping the landscape for science and innovation, so long dominated by the USA, Japan and Europe. This report explores this changing geography of science and innovation. In Part 1, it maps and investigates where and how science is being carried out around the world and the ways in which this picture is changing. • Science in 2011 is increasingly global , occurring in more and more places than ever before. Science is addressing questions of global significance. It is supported by governments, business, philanthropists and charities. There are particular countries where this increased activity is especially striking, with investment an scientific productivity outstripping general trends of growth. The rise of China has been especially notable, overtaking Japan and Europe in terms of its publication output in recent years. Beyond China, rapid developments have also taken place in India, Brazil and new emergent scientific nations in the Middle East, South-East Asia and North Africa, as well as a strengthening of the smaller European nations. • However, the traditional ‘scientific superpowers’ still lead the field . The USA, Western Europe and Japan all invest heavily in research and receive a substantial return in terms of performance, with large numbers of research articles, the lion’s share of citations on those articles, and successful translation, as seen through the rates of patent registration. • The continued strength of the traditional centres of scientific excellence and the emergence of new players and leaders point towards an increasingly multipolar scientific world , in which the distribution of scientific activity is concentrated in a number of widely dispersed hubs. • Beyond these hubs, science is also flourishing . The recognition of the role that science can play in driving economic development, and in addressing local and global issues of sustain ability, has led to increased research activity and the application of scientific method and results within less developed countries. Part 2 reveals the shifting patterns of international collaboration. International science is largely conducted through bottom-up, informal connections, as scientists become more mobile and as large and often complex data are shared at the click of a button. But top-down, solutions-oriented initiatives are also helping to shape the research landscape, as scientists organise themselves, or are being organised, to tackle shared concerns. • The scientific world is becoming increasingly interconnected, with international collaboration on the rise . Today over 35% of articles published in international journals are internationally collaborative, up from 25% 15 years ago. • Collaboration is growing for a variety of reasons . Developments in communication technologies and cheaper travel make it easier than ever before for researchers to work together; the scale of research questions, and the equipment required to study demands that researchers are mobile and responsive. Collaboration enhances the quality of scientific research, improves the efficiency and effectiveness of that research, and is increasingly necessary , as the scale of both budgets and research challenges grow. • However, the primary driver of most collaboration is the scientists themselves . In developing their research and finding answers, scientists are seeking to work with the best people, institutions and equipment which complement their research, wherever they may be. • The connections of people, through formal and informal channels, diaspora communities, virtual global networks and professional communities of shared interests are important drivers of international collaboration. These networks span the globe. Motivated by the bottom-up exchange of scientific insight, knowledge and skills, they are changing the focus of science from the national to the global level . Yet little is understood about the dynamics of networking and the mobility of scientists, how these affect global science and how best to harness these networks to catalyse international collaboration. • Collaboration brings significant benefits , both measurable (such as increased citation impact and access to new markets), and less easily quantifiable outputs, such as broadening research horizons. The facilitation of collaboration, therefore, has a positive impact not only on the science conducted, but on the broader objectives for any science system (be that enhancing domestic prosperity or addressing specific challenges ). 原文见 http://royalsociety.org/uploadedfiles/royal_society_content/influencing_policy/reports/2011-03-28-knowledge-networks-nations.pdf
科学家出重要成果年龄变大 Benjamin F. Jonesa 和 Bruce A. Weinbergb 发表在PNAS（The Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America）的原文《Age dynamics in scientific creativity》在 http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2011/11/03/1102895108 。可惜俺没有钱购买。 该文的Data Supplement: http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2011/11/03/1102895108/suppl/DCSupplemental 第25、26页的图片，如下： 物理学家，无论是理论的还是实验的，做出重大成果（Great Achievement）的年龄都在40岁以后了。 看来像俺一样的老科学家应该受到重视了。嘻嘻！ 有关介绍请看： 牛登科 老师《科学家的创造力与年龄》， http://bbs.sciencenet.cn/home.php?mod=spaceuid=61772do=blogid=506120 请您提供更多信息！谢谢！ 本博文“热门博文”上升中 上面昨天，今天9:00的情况如下：
Zuojun Yu, a Honolulu-based freelance English editor, will give two one-hour-long lectures on scientific writing in English. Lecture 1: scientific writing basics Lecture 2: how to write like a pro Preferred audience: young scientists and Ph.D. candidates in the field of environmental sciences. Date: Dec. 8th and 9th, 2011 Locations and time: to be announced
Comprehensive coverage for anyone who wants a comprehensive survey of Fortran 2003, including those familiar with programming language concepts but unfamiliar with Fortran All authors have been intrinsically involved in the development of Fortran Fortran continues to be the premier language used in scientific and engineering computing since its introduction in the 1950s. Fortran 2003 is the latest standard version and has many excellent modern features that assist programmers in writing efficient, portable and maintainable programs that are useful for everything from ‘hard science’ to text processing. The Fortran 2003 Handbook is the definitive and comprehensive guide to Fortran 2003, the latest standard version of Fortran. This all-inclusive volume offers a reader-friendly, easy-to-follow and informal description of Fortran 2003, and has been developed to provide not only a readable explanation of features, but also some rationale for the inclusion of features and their use. Experienced Fortran 95 programmers will be able to use this volume to assimilate quickly those features in Fortran 2003 that are not in Fortran 95 (Fortran 2003 contains all of the features of Fortran 95). Features and benefits: • The complete syntax of Fortran 2003 is supplied. • Each of the intrinsic standard procedures is described in detail. • There is a complete listing of the new, obsolescent, and deleted features. • Numerous examples are given throughout, providing insights into intended uses and interactions of the features. • IEEE module procedures are covered thoroughly. • Chapters begin with a summary of the main terms and concepts described. • Models provide the reader with insight into the language. Key Topics: • Fortran Concepts and Terms • Language Elements and Source Form • Data Types • Block Constructs and Execution Control • I/O Processing and Editing • Interoperability with C • Standard Intrinsic Procedures This highly versatile and authoritative handbook is intended for anyone who wants a comprehensive survey of Fortran 2003, including those familiar with programming language concepts but unfamiliar with Fortran. It offers a practical description of Fortran 2003 for professionals developing sophisticated application and commercial software in Fortran, as well as developers of Fortran compilers. All authors have been heavily involved in the development of Fortran standards. They have served on national and international Fortran standard development committees, and include a chair, convenors and editors of the Fortran 90, 95, and 2003 standards. In addition, Walt Brainerd is the owner of The Fortran Company, Tucson, AZ, USA. Content Level » Professional/practitioner Keywords » Array processing - C inte 1 Introduction.PDF 2 Fortran Concepts and Terms.PDF 3 Language Elements and Source Form.PDF 4 Data types.PDF 5 Declarations.PDF 6 Using data.PDF 7 Expressions and Assignment.PDF 8 Block Constructs and Execution Control.PDF 9 Input and Output Processing.PDF 10 Input and Output Editing.PDF 11 Program Units.PDF 12 Using Procedures.PDF 13 Intrinsic Procedures and Modules.PDF 14 IEEE Exceptions and Arithmetic.PDF 15 Interoperability with C.PDF 16 Scope, Association, and Definition.PDF roperability - Floating-point arithmetic - Fortran - Fortran 2003 - IEEE arithmetic - Numerical computing - Parallel computation - Programming languages - Scientific computing - object-oriented programming Related subjects » Chemistry - Computational Intelligence and Complexity - Software Engineering - Theoretical, Mathematical Computational Physics - Theoretical Computer Science
(Ten Commandments for technical writers. Science. 121.567)In 1955 at the Conference on Scientific Editorial Problems,Elmer W.Shaw outlined ten commandments for technical writers,based on the views expressed by the various speakers on the subject(15 April,1955 Science).Authors of scientific papers would do well to keep them constantly in mind:1 Thou shalt remember thy readers all the days of thy life; for without readers thy words are as naught2 Thou shalt not forsake the time-honoured virtue of simplicity.3 Thou shalt not abuse the third person passive.4 Thou shalt not dangle thy participles;neither shalt thou misplace thy modifiers.5 Thou shalt not commit monotony.6 Thou shalt not cloud thy message with a miasma of technical jargon.7 Thou shalt not hide the fruits ot thy research beneath excess verbiage,neither shalt thou obscure thy conclusions with vague generalities.8 Thou shalt not resent helpful advice from thy editors,reviewers,and critics.9 Thou shalt consider also the views of the layman,for his is an insight often unknown to technocrats.10 Thou shalt write and rewrite without tiring,for such is the key to improvement.A revised edition of the above would have to include 'thou shalt not wantonly curtail words or phrases'as the indiscriminate use of abbreviations should be avoided.在1955年召开的"科学编辑问题会议"上Shaw E W根据各位发言人对科技论文撰写的不同看法综合概括为十条戒律,并发表在当年4月15日科学(Science)杂志上,所有科技论文作者经常牢记这十戒必有裨益。 1 你须终此一生与读者为念,若无读者,你之论文亦无意义;2 你不应抛弃简雅之优点3 你不可滥用第三人称被动式;4 你切不可卖弄汝之分词;也不可错置修饰词;5 你之论文最忌单调枯躁乏味;6 你不可使用艰深晦涩之专业术语使文章迷茫难解; 7 你不可使用累牍之赘语糟粕掩盖研究之精华,勿令模糊概念使结论难为人解;8 你勿忌恨编者、评论者和批评者有益之见;9 你须慎思门外汉之见解,缘其常具专家所无之识;10 你须不厌其烦,一写再写,此乃论文改进提高之关键也。 除此十条外,还应加上一条,"你不可任意缩减单词或短语",亦应避免滥用缩略语。 摘译自:Cuschieri.A.and Baker.P.R .(1977) Introduction to Research in Medical Sciences. Churchill Livingstone Edinburgh London and New York.
Scientific Editor (SE) in JMSconducts initial review on a newly submitted manuscript based on their professional knowledge. This ppt is to guidethe SEshow to login and manage their account in JMS's ScholarOne Manuscript Center, and how to conduct manuscript scoring. 科学编辑审稿指南.pdf
All manuscripts submitted to JMS will first be subjected to plagiarism checking, then sent to Scientific Editors (SE) for initial review. The purpose of this procedure is to primarily select better manuscripts, shorten manuscript processing time and reduce the latermanuscript handling amount. SEs will spend relatively much less time than reviewers ineliminating poor quality manuscripts. SE will make comments based on the plagiarism checking result and their professional judgements to decide whether a manuscript is Rejected , or needs Revision (only major revision), or to sendfor peer-review . SE will click the listedreasonsor to write out clearly other reasonswhen they make comments. Reject □ 1. Previously published □ 2. Total similarity index above 50% by plagiarism checker □ 3. Similarity index with one single literature being above 20% by plagiarism checker □ 4. Well written but better suited for another journal □ 5. Major language problems: readers can’t understand what the authors want to express □ 6. Too poorly written, phrased, or presented □ 7. Important tables, figures (pictures) and data are copied from other literature or the authors’ own published papers □ 8. Old knowledge with no new or useful material □ 9. Fundamentally weak hypothesis □ 10 ． Reasonable text, but images are of very poor quality, are inappropriate, or are incorrectly interpreted □ 11. Too many methodological errors □ 12. Hypothesis adequate, but poor study design, methodology, or statistics □ 13. L acking in logic, initial premise not logically supported by methods and results □ 14. Sample population too small or biased to justify results and conclusion □ 15. Lack of important results to evaluate its contribution. □ 16 Lack of correlation between purpose and results □ 17 ． Other reasons (please clearly write out) Revision □ 1. Failure to follow JMS author guidelines □ 2. The ideas are good, the results are enough,but poor image and/or table quality; □ 3. Novel ideas, high quality images, clear tables, but language expression needs to be greatly improved; □ 4. Novel ideas, high quality images, clear tables, but the whole text is poorly organized □ 5. Novel idea and /or significant contribution, but technical quality (a few experiments may be needed) and/or presentation needs major revision; □ 6. Novel idea and /or significant contribution, but literature is not sufficiently reviewed in the INTRODUCTION part. Send for peer-review
2011 EU-China Workshop on Complexity Science Venue ： University of Fribourg ， Switzerland Time ： Sept 14-19, 2011 Scientific Program Scientific Board Yi-Cheng Zhang (Chair) University of Fribourg, Switzerland Bing-Hong Wang (Chair) University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, P.R. China Jeff Johnson Open University, London, UK Jian-Wei Zhang University of Hamburg, German Yan Gao University of Shanghai for Science and Technology ， China Sai-Ping Li Institute of Physics, Academia Sinica, Taiwan Xu Cai Central China Normal University,Wuhan ， P.R. China You-Gui Wang Beijing Normal University, Beijing, P.R. China Local Organizing Committee at University of Fribourg Miss. Pei Wu （吴培） , Mr. Ting Lei （雷庭） , Mr. Hao Liu （刘浩） , Mr. Yun Ye （叶云） , Mr. Cheng-jun Zhang （张成军） Dr. Matus Medo , Dr. Giulio Cimini, Dr. Stanislao GUALDI Invited Speakers Yan Gao （高岩） University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, China Guang-Le Yan （严广乐） University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, China Xing-Ye Li （李星野） University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, China Hui-Jie Yang （杨会杰） University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, China Sai-Ping Li （李世炳） Institute of Physics, Academia Sinica ， Taiwan Bing-Hong Wang （汪秉宏） University of Science and Technology of China You-Gui Wang （王有贵） Beijing Normal University P.R.China Jiang Zhang （张江） Beijing Normal University P.R.China Qing-Hua Chen （陈清华） Beijing Normal University P.R.China Ding-Ding Han （韩定定） East China Normal University P.R.China Yu-Gang Ma （马余刚） Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences ， Shanghai ， P.R.China Xu Cai （蔡勖） Central China Normal University ， Wuhan ， P.R.China Jian Jiang（江健） Central China Normal University ， Wuhan ， P.R.China Jiao Gu （ 辜姣） Central China Normal University ， Wuhan ， P.R.China Yi-Min Liu （刘益民） Shaoguan University, Guangdong, P.R.China Zike Zhang （张子柯） University of Fribourg, Switzerland Jian-Wei Zhang ， University of Hamburg ， Hamburg ， German Jeff Johnson ， Open University, London, UK Fred von Gunten, International Strategy and Competition, University of Fribourg ， Switzerland Luciano Pietronero ， University of Rome ， Italy Paul Ormerod ， Volterra consulting, Lond ， United Kingdom Bridget Rosewell ， Volterra consulting Andrzej Nowak ， University of Warsaw ， Poland David Hall ， Open University, London, UK Hans Herrmann ， Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich ， Switzerland Danial Stauffacher ， ICT4Peace, Geneva ， Switzerland PROGRAM Wednsday, Sept 14: Arriving at Zurich Thursday, Sept 15: Traveling to Bern（伯尔尼）, Lu Saien （ 卢塞恩） ， INTERLAKEN （因特拉肯，少女峰） Friday, Sept 16 Meeting Room: Pavillion Vert " Green Temple" (near the Department of Physics, University of Fribourg) Session 1, Chaired by Yi-Cheng Zhang 14:00 – 14:30, Yi-Cheng Zhang: Welcome 14:30 – 18:00, Plenary Talks Hans Herrmann (ETHZ, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich): Physics of Sand dunes and beyond Dott. Giulio Cimini （ Uni Fribourg and Univ. Rome, Italy ）： Newsbag, an adaptive model for news recommendation Jian-Wei Zhang, (University of Hamburg), Potentials of sino-european cooperations in complexity sciences Sai-Ping Li, (Institute of Physics, Academia Sinica) TAIPEX------An Online Experimental Platform to Study Market Behavior 18:00-20:30, Welcoming Banquet Saturday, Sept 17 Meeting Room: Pavillion Vert " Green Temple" (near the Department of Physics, University of Fribourg) Session 2, Chaired by Jian-Wei Zhang 9:00 –10 :30. Plenary Talks Xu Cai （ CCNU ） : Conspectus on complexity science Researc Bing-Hong Wang (USTC): Perspectives of several directions in recent complex system research Yu-Gang Ma （ SIAP ）： Critical point and critical cluster distribution of explosive site percolation in random network Jian Jiang（ CCNU ）： Long division unites - long union divides, A model for cultural evolution Jiao Gu （ Central China Normal University ， Wuhan ， P.R.China ） The spectral analysis for biology networks 10:30-11:00: Coffee Break 11:00-12:00: Plenary Talks: You-Gui Wang (BNU) ： Self-organization and Preconditions of Efficient Markets Qinghua Chen （ BNU ）： Statistics and Evolution of Donations for 2008 Wenchuan Earthquake Jiang Zhang （ BNU ）： Accelerating growth and size-dependent distribution of human online activities 12:00-1 4:30: Lunch Session 3 Chaired by Bing-Hong Wang 14:30-16:00, Plenary Talks Yan Gao (USST) ： Piecewise Smooth Lyapunov Function for a Nonlinear Dynamical System Xing-Ye Li （ USST ） : Global Compact Representation of Continuous Piecewise Linear Functions and Its Applicatio Hui-Jie Yang （ USST ）： Hurst Exponents for Short Time Series Ding-Ding Han （ ECNU ）： Fluctuation scaling in complex networks Zike Zhang (Fribourg U) ： Statistical Mechanics of Social Tagging Networks: Structure, Dynamics and Function 16:00-16:30: Coffee Break 16:30-18:00: Plenary Talks: Dott. Stanislao Gualdi （ Uni Fribourg and Univ. Rome, Italy ）： A genetic perspective on citation networks Jeff Johnson, (Open University, London, UK) European and China cooperation opportunities in Complexity Sciences Fred von Gunten （ ISC, Uni Fribourg ） Complexity of systems with respect to the economy and society Yi-Cheng Zhang （ Fribourg U ）： Summary and Conclusion Remarks 18:00-19:30: Dinner Sunday, Sept 18 Travelling to Lausanne( 洛桑 ) and Geneva（日内瓦） Monday, Sept 19 l NESS Cooperation Session, Chaired by Yi-Cheng Zhang 9:00-10:30, Discussion and Talks: Yi-Cheng Zhang, (University of Fribourg) Yougui Wang （ BNU ） Paul Ormerod, (Volterra consulting) Bridget Rosewell, (Volterra consulting) Luciano Pietronero ， （ University of Rome ） Andrzej Nowak ， （ University of Warsaw ） David Hall ，（ Open University ） Danial Stauffacher ， President of The ICT For Peace Foundation 10:30-11:00: Coffee Break 11:00-11:30: Discussion and Closing Proceedings and post-event paperwork : Wei Han ， UESTC, Chengdu, China Tang Yong ， UESTC, Chengdu, China Li Chuncheng ， UESTC, Chengdu, China
《How To Choose a Good Scientific Problem》 Abstract: Choosing good problems is essential for being a good scientist. But what is a good problem, and how do you choose one? The subject is not usually discussed explicitly within our profession. Scientists are expected to be smart enough to figure it out on their own and through the observation of their teachers. This lack of explicit discussion leaves a vacuum that can lead to approaches such as choosing problems that can give results that merit publication in valued journals, resulting in a job and tenure. 个人点评： 我认为此文精华在下图 a rule for new students and postdocs: Do not commit to a problem before 3 months have elapsed.
在写此文前，偶然看到徐罡博士的博文： “ 英文论文撰写的 3C 原则，并感谢导师的教诲 ” （现在有的博文还提出 5C 原则），这 3C 分别是 Clear, Concise, and Critical ，有兴趣的网友可 点击查看看其博文 。我觉得这 3C 中 Clear 尤为重要，下面就详述原因（主要表现在两个方面）。 许多（如果不是绝大多数）科学家喜欢在实验室做实验，但是却讨厌写论文，其实事实上，写论文至少和做实验同样重要。撰写一篇清楚明了 (clear) 的论文对你的读者和你自己都是重要的。 “Write clearly” 是为了确保你的读者明白你的信息。作为作者，在写论文之前，最好先换位思考，作为一个读者，你想读到什么样的论文呢？很可能是短小、精悍、清楚明了的论文！事实上这样的文章才最有可能为读者所理解。你可以设想一下你的文章的可能的读者，当然最可能的是你的研究领域内的同行，但也不限于此，潜在的读者可能从刚从事科研的研究生到诺贝尔奖获得者，并且还要注意，读者还很有可能像你我一样来自非英语国家。所以你的文章要保证不但使英语国家的你研究领域内的同行可以很容易理解，还要使领域外的外行能够理解。另外，读者们也不会都在精神百倍的时候读你的文章，他／她可能是飞机上、公交车上、或在昏昏欲睡的深夜。因此，可以想象，使上述的读者都能在他们半清醒的状态下读你的文章时，还不至于不理解或误解你的文章，对作为作者的你显然是个挑战，但是你如果想让你的读者清楚无误的明白你的文章信息，你不得不使你的文章足够的让人明白。 但是， clarity 的标准是什么呢？套用公元一世纪的罗马修辞学家昆体良（ Quintilian ）的一句话： “ Clear writing is writing that is incapable of being misunderstood ” 。 也就是说 ”clear writing” 就是要不能被误解，这显然比能被理解是更高的标准。另一方面， “write clearly” 不仅仅是为了确保你的读者明白你的信息，同时也可以使你自己更加理清你的思路和想法。很多人认为，只要自己知道自己想说什么，将其写下来即可，但事实往往并非如此。写作可以帮助你发现你到底想表达什么。当你写论文时，你会经常发现你的思路方向变了，你可能最终回答了一个和你当初提出的有些不同的一个问题。这种思路的变化是写论文的一个很大的益处（事实上这也是写科学性很高的博文的一个好处）。另外一个好处就是，在你写论文时，可以发现错误的推理，因为当你读了你所写的，你将会发现一些问题，比如逻辑上前后不一致等等。这些问题迫使你重新考虑到底想表达什么。 因此，至少有两个很好的理由使你想 write clearly ，第一：确保你自己知道想表达什么；第二：使你的文章信息能使多种背景的读者都明白。所以 write clearly 确实很重要，如果说许多写论文的技巧都是像云雾一样令人捉摸不定，那么写的 “ 明白的 ” （请注意：此处采用东北话发音）才是真谛，正如那句名言所云： “ 明明白白才是真 ” 。 ［注：以上部分编译自一本专著 (1) ］ 那么到底如何才能 write clearly ，有个网站 ( 点击参考： How to Write Clearly - The 10 Most Important Principles ) 提出了十项原则（够多的！我党也才只是提出了四项基本原则） , 个人觉得非常好，实录如下，并补充一下自己的一点体会： 1. Use Short Sentences . 我们中国作者在英语的一个很大优势就是语法很强，所以往往句子写的很长，还没有语法错误，我最长就曾写过长达四、五行的一个句子。这种句子，读者和审稿人读起来会非常费劲，一定要避免，尽量使一句话只有 10-20 个单词。我们写论文的目的只是为了让审稿人和读者明白自己文章本身的内容，不是为了显摆自己的英语如何的 NB, 就算牛，作为来自非英语国家的老中，还能玩得过人家老美、老英？！ 2. Prefer the Simple to the Complex . 就是尽量用一些简单的词，别玩一些偏僻词，整得自己很有学问似的，其实老美，尤其是平常说话，用的基本都是非常简单的常用的词，但是很有沟通效果，也很生动。 3.Prefer the Familiar Word . 这个就无需多说了，当然用自己熟悉的词，不熟悉，我们也搞不定啊。 4. Avoid Unnecessary Words. 避免不必要的词，这一点很有必要，因为有的期刊是按字数收出版费的，另外文章的总字数，许多 SCI 国际期刊都有具体的不同规定和限制。 5. Use Action Verbs . 即尽量用动词，比较： "He drove very fast down the road." 和 “He sped down the road". 为何后者更好？！ 6. Write as you Talk . 就是说写论文要像平常说话一样让人通俗易懂，别故弄玄虚（参见文后11楼的评论） 。 7. Use Terms your Reader Can Picture . 别用太抽象的词 . 8. Connect with your Reader's Experience . 换位思考，上面已经详述。 9. Use Variety . 同一个意思，变换说法，别太单调。 10 .Write to Express not Impress . It is still all too often the case that people resort to unfamiliar, long words and meandering prose, especially when making formal announcements. Policemen say, "the thief was apprehended", not, "We caught the thief". Notices say, "Please refrain from smoking", rather than, "Please do not smoke". Nobody actually uses the word 'refrain' in normal conversation so why use it in a notice? It is done to sound important, make the notice sound official, done to impress, not express. 根据我的理解，简单的说，就是作者写论文要直接表达（Express)自己的意思，而不是拐弯抹角的给读者某种印象(Impress)或含蓄简洁地表达自己的观点或结果/意思，读者没有时间也没有耐心来猜哑谜，套用一句歌词：你的“意思”，我永远不懂！对于写论文，这绝对是要避免的（参见文后8楼的评论）。 参考文献 1. Zeiger M. Essentials of writing biomedical research papers ， 2 nd version, Mcgraw-Hill, 2000. 后记：感谢科学网编辑将本文置顶推荐，尤其是感谢将标题中的那点洋文改为 “ 如何让学术论文清楚明了？ ” 我当初采用又土又洋的标题，只是由于当时看到的英文专著是那麽说的，没有编辑的文采整成合适的中文标题，即：并非是为何显摆（再说也根本没有资本）。 （王守业草于 2010 年 11 月，修改于 2011 年 5 月 26 日，初稿曾贴于丁香园。必须得承认：本文的原创性不高，很多内容参考了上述的参考文献和网站内容。文中图片来自网络，感谢作者。引文地址： http://blog.sciencenet.cn/home.php?mod=spaceuid=563591do=blogquickforward=1id=448316 ）
SECOND CALL FOR PAPERS Models of Scientific Discourse Annotation (MSDA2011) Portland, Oregon, June 25, 2011 (following ACL/HLT 2011) http://msda2011.wordpress.com/ SUBMISSION DEADLINE: 25TH FEBRUARY 2011 SUBMISSION SITE: http://www.easychair.org/conferences/?conf=msda2011 **SELECTED ACCEPTED PAPERS TO BE PUBLISHED IN A SPECIAL ISSUE OF PLoS One ( http://www.plosone.org/ )** Motivation -------------- The detection of discourse structure of scientific documents is important for a number of tasks, including biocuration efforts, text summarisation, and the creation of improved formats for scientific publishing. Currently, many parallel efforts exist to detect a range of discourse elements at different levels of granularity, and for different purposes. Discourse elements detected include facts, problems, hypotheses, experimental results, and analyses of results; the differentiation between new and existing work, and the difference between the author’s own contribution and that of cited sources. A plethora of feature classes is used to identify these elements, including verb tense/mood/voice, semantic verb class, speculative language or negation, and various classes of stance markers, as well as text-structural components and the location of references. The linguistics behind this work involves topics such as the detection of subjectivity, opinion, entailment, and inference; detecting author stance and author disagreement, and inferring differences between the given text and the state of knowledge in a particular field. Several workshops have been focused on the detection of some of these features in scientific text, such as speculation and negation in the 2010 workshop on Negation and Speculation in Natural Language Processing and hedging in the CoNLL-2010 Shared Task Learning to detect hedges and their scope in natural language text. There have also been several efforts to produce large-scale corpora, such as BioScope, where negation and speculation information were annotated, and the GENIA Event corpus. To perform this analysis, a wide range of annotation schemes have been produced, that vary along a number of different axes, including: • Annotation viewpoint (e.g. argumentative zones, scientific investigation structure, type of knowledge conveyed) • Unit of annotation (e.g. zone, sentence, segment, event, etc) • Type of text (abstracts or full papers) • Domain of application • Granularity of the annotation categories (coarse or fine-grained) • Whether other types/levels of information are also annotated (e.g. certainty level, knowledge source, manner etc.) Scope ---------- The goal of the 2011 workshop on "Models of Scientific Discourse Annotation" is to compare and contrast the motivation behind these different efforts, the techniques and principles applied in the various approaches, and discuss ways in which they can complement each other and collaborate to form standards for an optimal method of annotating appropriate levels of discourse, with enhanced accuracy and usefulness. The goal of the workshop is to compare, contrast and evaluate different scientific discourse annotation schemes and tools, in order to answer questions such as: • What motivates a certain level, method, viewpoint for annotating scientific text? • What is the annotation level for a unit of argumentation: an event, a sentence, a segment? What are advantages and disadvantages of all three? • How easily can different schemes to be applied to texts? Are they easily trainable? • Which schemes are the most portable? Can they be applied to both full papers and abstracts? Can they be applied to texts in different domains? • How granular should annotation schemes be? What are the advantages/disadvantages of fine and coarse grained annotation categories? • Can different schemes complement each other to provide different levels of information? Can different schemes be combined to give better results? • How can we compare annotations, how do we decide which features, approaches, techniques work best? • How do we exchange and evaluate each other’s annotations? • How applicable are these efforts towards improved methods of publishing or summarizing science? We are inviting two types of submissions: 1) Research papers by participants who are currently conducting scientific discourse analysis are invited to present their work, augmented by a clear motivation for the granularity, discourse elements and goal of their annotation procedure 2) Vision papers, by participants who wish to either compare and contrast existing efforts, or present a vision of annotation as it pertains to specific user goals or a particular view of scientific discourse as a textual genre of study. In inviting both categories, we hope to stimulate a discussion between the Computational Linguistics community and linguists, genre specialists and sociologists of science, to come to a common understanding regarding the needs and possibilities of scientific discourse analysis. Keynote lecture --------------------- We are proud to announce a keynote lecture by Eduard H. Hovy of ISI/USC, tentatively entitled: ‘Towards a systematic approach for annotating scientific discourse’ Submission details --------------------------- Submission deadline is FEBRUARY 25, 2011. Two types of papers are solicited: 1) 8-page (+ 2 pp references) research papers reporting to original and unpublished research in scientific discourse annotation 2) 4-page (+ 2 pp references) vision papers pertaining to models, concepts, critiques or comparisons of systems of annotation of scientific discourse. Accepted papers are expected to be presented at the workshop and will be published in the workshop proceedings. A selection of the presented papers will be published as a special issue of PLoS One ( http://www.plosone.org/ ). Submissions must be formatted using ACL 2011 style files, available at http://www.acl2011.org/call.shtml Contributions should be submitted via the MSDA2011 submission site: http://www.easychair.org/conferences/?conf=msda2011 Important dates ---------------------- Feb 25th, 2011 Submission deadline Apr 1st, 2011 Notification of acceptance Apr 15th, 2010 Camera ready papers due Jun 25th, 2010 Workshop Organising committee: ------------------------------- Sophia Ananiadou, National Centre for Text Mining, University of Manchester gnes Sándor, Xerox Research Europe, Grenoble Hagit Shatkay, University of Delaware Anita de Waard, Elsevier Labs, University of Toronto Program Committee: ----------------------------- Gully Burns – ISI/USC Tim Clark – Harvard/MGH Kevin Cohen - University of Colorado Nigel Collier - National Institute of Informatics Walter Daelemans -University of Antwerp Kjersti Flottum – Bergen Roxana Girju - University of Illinois Sanda Harabagiu - University of Texas Dallas Lynette Hirschman - MITRE corporation Halil Kilicoglu - Concordia University Jin-Dong Kim - DBCLS, University of Tokyo Anna Korhonen - University of Cambridge Maria Liakata - Aberystwyth University Roser Morante - University of Antwerp Raheel Nawaz - University of Manchester Drago Radev - University of Michigan Andrey Rzhetsky - University of Chicago Caroline Sporleder - Saarland University Gyorgy Szarvas - Technical University Darmstadt Paul Thompson - University of Manchester Junichi Tsujii – University of Tokyo Antal van den Bosch - Tilburg University Karin Verspoor - University of Colorado Theresa Wilson - University of Edinburgh -- Paul Thompson Research Associate School of Computer Science National Centre for Text Mining Manchester Interdisciplinary Biocentre University of Manchester 131 Princess Street Manchester M1 7DN UK Tel: 0161 306 3091 http://personalpages.manchester.ac.uk/staff/Paul.Thompson/
Scientific Reports: A new open access publication from Nature Publishing Group http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=8m=36160058r=Mzg0ODUxNzc1NgS2b=2j=OTE4MjQ2NTAS1mt=1rt=0 New in 2011: Scientific Reports is an online, entirely open access, primary research publication covering all areas of the natural sciences - biology, chemistry, physics and earth sciences. Papers published will be technically sound and of interest to specialists within their field. Rapid publication, wide dissemination Scientific Reports is committed to providing an efficient service for both authors and readers, and reflects Nature Publishing Group's desire to ensure there is a home for all scientifically sound research in the natural sciences. A streamlined peer-review system managed by the Editorial Board - together with the support of an Editorial Advisory Panel and an in-house publishing team - allows for rapid and fair publication decisions. Prompt dissemination of accepted papers is achieved through a program of continuous online publication. Published manuscripts will be enhanced by the tools and technology found on nature.com. Scientific Reports is now accepting submissions. To submit or find out more visit http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=12m=36160058r=Mzg0ODUxNzc1NgS2b=2j=OTE4MjQ2NTAS1mt=1rt=0.%% ***************************************************************************** As a registered user of Nature Publishing Group's Web sites, our database indicates that you have opted-in to receive product information and special offers. If you no longer wish to receive these e-mails or to discontinue all e-mail services from Nature Publishing Group please update your online account. Modify My Account http://links.ealert.nature.com/ctt?kn=1m=36160058r=Mzg0ODUxNzc1NgS2b=2j=OTE4MjQ2NTAS1mt=1rt=0 (You will need to log in to be recognised as a Nature.com registrant) For further technical assistance, please contact our registration department mailto:registration@nature.com For print subscription enquiries, please contact our subscriptions department mailto:subscriptions@nature.com For other enquiries, please contact our customer feedback department mailto:feedback@nature.com Nature Publishing Group | 75 Varick St Fl 9 | New York | NY 10013-1917 | USA Nature Publishing Group's offices: Principal offices: London New York Worldwide offices: Basingstoke Boston Buenos Aires Delhi Hong Kong Madrid Melbourne Munich Paris San Francisco Tokyo Washington DC Macmillan Publishers Limited is a company incorporated in England and Wales under company number 785998 and whose registered office is located at Brunel Road, Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 6XS. 2011 Nature Publishing Group, a division of Macmillan Publishers Limited. All rights reserved
我希望在国内成立一家 英语 论文编辑服务公司，招聘一些研究生从事 英语 论文编辑和翻译工作。当然，公司将为这些研究生提供特殊的培训和指导，并指派有相关领域经验的主管编辑负责审核他们的工作，以保证 英语 论文的语言部分不会被审稿人挑出毛病。 为什么我觉得这样的公司在国内会有市场？ 第一，被招聘的研究生英语水平基础一定要很好，同时他们也能积极继续提高自身英语水平以迎合未来他们自身研究的需求。公司不会付给他们很高的酬劳，而且他们将从事的是枯燥的编辑和翻译工作。作为回报，公司将为他们提供免费培训。（但这些学生的收入还是会相当不错，以便留住他们至少为公司工作两年时间。) 第二，低劳动成本将使得我们的编辑及翻译服务费用和那些雇用“英语母语人士”的公司相比更具竞争力。而服务费用高是当前许多人不采用论文编辑及翻译服务的主要原因之一。 如果您感兴趣，请回答下列问题： 您需要英文编辑服务吗？如果是，对于简单编辑(一次编辑)、标准编辑(两次编辑) 和大幅编辑(三次编辑)这三种服务方式，您能接受的费用范围各是多少 (比如说，每3000个英语单词多少人民币)？ 您是否需要将您的中文论文翻译成英文？如果是，您能接受的费用范围又是多少(比如说，每3000个汉字多少人民币)？ 您是需要论文编辑多，还是翻译多？您的研究领域是什么？ 诚挚对诚挚，希望您能在此给予回复。 新年快乐！（科学网 张笑/译） Do you wish someone could help you write research papers in English? I wish to set up an editing company in China that uses graduate students as editors and translators. Sure, these students need to go through special training and be supervised. Their work will be checked by an experienced managing editor in the field so that journal reviewers cannot complain about the English presentation of the manuscript. Why do I think such a company will work? First, the chosen students should be pretty good in English already. They should also be motivated to improve their English skill for their own future in research. The training is free, in exchange for (not well) paid editing and translation chores for the company (but the income should be reasonably good to keep these students in the company for at least two years). Second, the low labor cost will allow the editing and translation fees to be competitive with similar companies run by native speakers. The high cost is one of the main reasons that keep many of us away from using editing and translation services. What I need is your input. Do you need help with English editing? If you do, what are the price ranges that you can accept, for light editing (one round of editing), standard editing (two rounds), and extensive editing (three rounds)? Do you need help to translate your paper from Chinese into English? If you do, what is the price range that you think you are willing to pay? Do you need editing more than translation, or the other way around? What is your research field? I am sincere, so please leave a comment only if you are, too. Happy New Year!
http://www.sciencemag.org/site/special/insights2010/ The 17 December 2010 issue of Science includes special sections highlighting the Breakthrough of the Year and Insights of the Decade Insights of the Decade Introduction Stepping Away From the Trees For a Look at the Forest by Science News Staff Science 's news staff takes a break from reporting to review some big ideas of the past 10 years and the technologies that made them possible. The Dark Genome Since the publication of the human genome sequence in 2001, scientists have found that the so-called junk DNA that lies between genes actually carries out many important functions. Precision Cosmology In the past decade, cosmologists have deduced a very precise recipe for the content of the universe, as well as instructions for putting it together, transforming cosmology from a largely qualitative endeavor to a precision science with a standard theory. Ancient DNA Scientists have been giving us new views of the prehistoric world in the past decade that hinge on the realization that biomolecules such as ancient DNA and collagen can survive for tens of thousands of years and give important information about long-dead plants, animals, and humans. Water on Mars The past decade's half-dozen martian missions have made it clear that early in Mars history, liquid water on or just inside the planet did indeed persist long enough to alter rock and, possibly, sustain the origin of life. Reprogramming Cells By prompting a cell to overexpress a few genes, researchers have discovered in the past decade how to turn a skin or blood cell into a pluripotent cell: one that has regained the potential to become any number of cells in the body. The Microbiome This past decade has seen a shift in how we see the microbes and viruses in and on our bodies, most of which are commensal and just call the human body home; collectively, they have come to be called the human microbiome. Exoplanets Data on the 500-and-counting planets discovered outside of our solar system in the past decade are revolutionizing researchers' understanding of how planetary systems form and evolve. Inflammation Over the past decade, it has become widely accepted that inflammation is a driving force behind chronic diseases that will kill nearly all of us: cancer, diabetes and obesity, Alzheimer's disease, and atherosclerosis. Metamaterials In the past decade, physicists and engineers pioneered new ways to guide and manipulate light, creating lenses that defy the fundamental limit on the resolution of an ordinary lens and even constructing cloaks that make an object invisible-sort of. Climate Change Research In the past few years, climate scientists finally agreed that the world is indeed warming, humans are behind it, and natural processes are unlikely to rein it in-just as they had suspected. Insights of the Decade For all checked items News For all checked items Select this article Introduction Stepping Away From the Trees For a Look at the Forest The News Staff 17 December 2010 : 1612 - 1613 . Science 's news staff takes a break from reporting to review some big ideas of the past 10 years and the technologies that made them possible. Summary Full Text Full Text (PDF) Select this article Shining a Light on the Genome's 'Dark Matter' Elizabeth Pennisi 17 December 2010 : 1614 . Since the publication of the human genome sequence in 2001, scientists have found that the so-called junk DNA that lies between genes actually carries out many important functions. Summary Full Text Full Text (PDF) Select this article A Recipe for the Cosmos Adrian Cho 17 December 2010 : 1615 . In the past decade, cosmologists have deduced a very precise recipe for the content of the universe, as well as instructions for putting it together, transforming cosmology from a largely qualitative endeavor to a precision science with a standard theory. Summary Full Text Full Text (PDF) Select this article Tiny Time Machines Revisit Ancient Life Ann Gibbons 17 December 2010 : 1616 . Scientists have been giving us new views of the prehistoric world in the past decade that hinge on the realization that biomolecules such as ancient DNA and collagen can survive for tens of thousands of years and give important information about long-dead plants, animals, and humans. Summary Full Text Full Text (PDF) Select this article A Roller-Coaster Plunge Into Martian Waterand Life? Richard A. Kerr 17 December 2010 : 1617 . The past decade's half-dozen martian missions have made it clear that early in Mars history, liquid water on or just inside the planet did indeed persist long enough to alter rock and, possibly, sustain the origin of life. Summary Full Text Full Text (PDF) Select this article Cells Rewrite Their Own Destiny Gretchen Vogel 17 December 2010 : 1618 . By prompting a cell to overexpress a few genes, researchers have discovered in the past decade how to turn a skin or blood cell into a pluripotent cell: one that has regained the potential to become any number of cells in the body. Summary Full Text Full Text (PDF) Select this article Body's Hardworking Microbes Get Some Overdue Respect Elizabeth Pennisi 17 December 2010 : 1619 . This past decade has seen a shift in how we see the microbes and viruses in and on our bodies, most of which are commensal and just call the human body home; collectively, they have come to be called the human microbiome. Summary Full Text Full Text (PDF) Select this article Alien Planets Hit the Commodities Market Yudhijit Bhattacharjee 17 December 2010 : 1620 . Data on the 500-and-counting planets discovered outside of our solar system in the past decade are revolutionizing researchers' understanding of how planetary systems form and evolve. Summary Full Text Full Text (PDF) Select this article Inflammation Bares a Dark Side Jennifer Couzin-Frankel 17 December 2010 : 1621 . Over the past decade, it has become widely accepted that inflammation is a driving force behind chronic diseases that will kill nearly all of us: cancer, diabetes and obesity, Alzheimer's disease, and atherosclerosis. Summary Full Text Full Text (PDF) Select this article Strange New Tricks With Light Robert F. Service and Adrian Cho 17 December 2010 : 1622 . In the past decade, physicists and engineers pioneered new ways to guide and manipulate light, creating lenses that defy the fundamental limit on the resolution of an ordinary lens and even constructing cloaks that make an object invisiblesort of. Summary Full Text Full Text (PDF) Select this article Climatologists Feel the Heat As Science Meets Politics Richard A. Kerr and Eli Kintisch 17 December 2010 : 1623 . In the past few years, climate scientists finally agreed that the world is indeed warming, humans are behind it, and natural processes are unlikely to rein it injust as they had suspected. Summary Full Text Full Text (PDF)
The answer is SURE! In fact, it has appeared in a title. Here is an example: Assessing the apparent imbalance between geochemical and biochemical indicators of meso- and bathypelagic biological activity: What the @$#! is wrong with present calculations of carbon budgets? Author(s): Burd AB (Burd, Adrian B.) 1 , Hansell DA (Hansell, Dennis A.) 2 , Steinberg DK (Steinberg, Deborah K.) 3 , Anderson TR (Anderson, Thomas R.) 4 , Aristegui J (Aristegui, Javier) 5 , Baltar F (Baltar, Federico) 5 , Beaupre SR (Beaupre, Steven R.) 6 , Buesseler KO (Buesseler, Ken O.) 7 , DeHairs F (DeHairs, Frank) 8 , Jackson GA (Jackson, George A.) 9 , Kadko DC (Kadko, David C.) 2 , Koppelmann R (Koppelmann, Rolf) 10 , Lampitt RS (Lampitt, Richard S.) 4 , Nagata T (Nagata, Toshi) 11 , Reinthaler T (Reinthaler, Thomas) 12 , Robinson C (Robinson, Carol) 13 , Robison BH (Robison, Bruce H.) 14 , Tamburini C (Tamburini, Christian) 15 , Tanaka T (Tanaka, Tsuneo) 16 Source: DEEP-SEA RESEARCH PART II-TOPICAL STUDIES IN OCEANOGRAPHY Volume: 57Issue: 16Pages: 1557-1571Published: AUG 15 2010
You may have seen “Lost in translation” (a movie), or have read “Lost in translation” (a novel); the two are unrelated though. I did both, therefore my title for the Blog: Found in translation. Yes, I found out recently that I can be pretty good at translation (of a research paper in a field that I have some knowledge). In the past, I repeatedly said to my friends and clients that I would not do translation (Chinese to English) for them, no matter what … Then, I was forced to translate a research paper for an old client. The main reason was the deadline, because he did not believe any translation company can do a good job, which means the translated paper needs to be edited by me afterwards. I agreed with him (and I could use the income), so my brain was called to action. First, I asked for an assistant from the co-author list. Then, I marked all the jargon in red and sent the annotated file to my new assistant, asking him to translate each into English, in addition to preparing figures, tables, and reference list in English. The first thing I did was to familiarize myself with the research topic. I quickly read a couple of published papers in English, which I picked from the reference list. A couple of hours later, I had learned a bunch of jargon on the subject. I worked on the paper for 2-3 hrs each day, and I was getting better and better each day. I expect to finish translating this paper of 8000 Chinese characters in 20 hrs. As much fun as I have had working on this task, I still prefer NOT to translate for my clients. Why? It’s mainly the cost. I want to do a decent job, which means I need time to learn new things (including jargon), to understand the paper itself, and to present the work in my own words that can be understood by people in that field (which may NOT be my own field). My final request to my client: This is your work, so please read my translation very carefully and point out any mistakes I made. After all, I am only a ghostwriter.
For abstract, define only those abbreviations that you will use in the abstract, not those you will use in the main text. For example: Abstract: The sea-surface temperature (SST) in the eastern Pacific Ocean becomes abnormally warm every 3-5 years, known as the El Nino. The authors use SST data derived by satellite to show another El Nino is on the way. Note that the purpose for defining abbreviations is for speedy writing and reading. If the abbreviation is used only 2-3 times, do not introduce it (unless it saves you a lot of space, say in a long abstract). Avoid using confusing abbreviations, such as AS (just-in-time definition for Arabian Sea), NC (North China), etc. Just-in-time definition is what I prefer; however, most journals in my fields (oceanography and meteorology) still do not accept just-in-time definition. (Its time for evolution.) For the papers main text (not including the abstract), whatever abbreviations you define in the abstract do NOT count. You need to treat the paper as a separated body from the abstract. Do not define the same abbreviation again and again in the paper, especially not in the conclusion part (no matter how convenient this is for people like me who may read the conclusion first or only read the conclusion). If I am wrong on these rules, please let me know. p.s. Yahoo! has a nice article on When and how to introduce abbreviations under Acronyms and other abbreviations
Lecture 1: scientific writing basics Lecture 2: how to write like a pro Speaker: Zuojun Yu, a Honolulu-based freelance English editor 时间：6月28日上午9:30-11:30 地点： 中国科学院南海海洋研究所 , 标本楼6楼学术报告厅 Same lectures will be given in Beijing on June 25 (Friday) at the LASG/IAP: http://www.sciencenet.cn/m/user_content.aspx?id=330808
I know my host is very busy, and I had a chance to witness it. On the 21st of June, he introduced one speaker at 8:45 am in one building, and walked me to another building for my lectures from 9-11 am. I was not very well settled, because I had to speak from a raised stage with a microphone much too low for me to use. (I was told to sit down and teach, but I was not used to sitting while lecturing.) With me standing, I felt that I did not have good eye contact with my audience. I tried not to be distracted by cool sea breeze or traffic noise from the street. Suddenly, my host asked the audience: Do you all understand the point Yu Lao Shi just made? Silence was the answer. I knew I lost my audience, the worst thing for any speaker. I went back a couple of slides, and repeated my teaching in Chinese. When I finished both lectures, I was not getting questions. I didn't know what to do. My host came to rescue again: Now, let's ask some questions. Start with you... He practically made every one in the first few rows to ask a question. After that, students were more willing to ask me questions on their own... What a relief to me. Thank you, my host. I have learned how to interact better with the audience from you!
Due to flight delay, the lectures will be given in the evening on the 18th (Friday), starting at 7 pm. I will teach scientific writing at the YIC ( 中国科学院烟台海岸带研究所 ). It's on June 16th (Wed), starting at 19:00 (or 7 pm). 英文写作 讲座信息如下 Zuojun Yu, a Honolulu-based freelance English editor, will give two one-hour-long lectures on scientific writing in English. Lecture 1: scientific writing basics Lecture 2: how to write like a pro Same lectures will be given in 1) Qingdao on June 21 (Monday) at the FIO ( 海洋局一 所 ) : http://www.sciencenet.cn/m/user_content.aspx?id=327267 2) Beijing on June 25th (Friday) at LASG ( 中国科学院大气物理研究所, 大气科学和地球流体力学数值模拟国家重点实验室; 英文缩写 LASG). It starts at 9:30 am. For detail, please visit: http://www.lasg.ac.cn/Sylm/2010/5/gt1vqr52wg.htm 3) Guangzhou on June 28th (Monday) at the SCSIO ( 中国科学院南海海洋研究所 ): 主办: 中国科学院南海海洋研究所 《热带海洋学报》 Contact info: http://www.jto.ac.cn/CN/column/column111.shtml
First of all, I do not translate. So, take what I write below with a grain of salt . Background: A friend of mine is trying to translate a manuscript in Chinese. The goal is to publish the manuscript in an English language journal. 1) Get a paper published in a good English language journal on the same or similar topic, preferably by a senior scientist from an English-speaking country (unless it's by me; just kidding). Read it at least once to learn the terminology. 2) Check the journal style, which is usually available online. If not, get a published paper from the journal this translated manuscript will be submitted to; this published paper should tell you a lot about the journal's style. It may also tell you whether or not this journal provides copy-editing. 3) Read the Chinese paper from the beginning to the end once at least (if it's not written by you), to get a feeling about what it is about. 4) Start stair-climbing… 5) Let the original author read the translated version and give you feedback: he may not write English well, but he should be able to tell... At least I hope so. Please let me know if this list is totally my imagination, or it actually helps. ps. I read this Blog today (April 14, 2011), and feel it is still valid. By now, I have actually translated a paper for Chinese Sci. Bulletin ( 中国科学 D 辑 ) . I wrote a Blog about my own experience, which you can find blow: Found in Translation http://blog.sciencenet.cn/home.php?mod=spaceuid=306792do=blogid=372353
I will teach scientific writing at LASG (中国科学院大气物理研究所, 大气科学和地球流体力学数值模拟国家重点实验室; 英文缩写LASG). It's on June 25th (Friday), starting at 9:30 am. For detail, please visit: http://www.lasg.ac.cn/Sylm/2010/5/gt1vqr52wg.htm Same lectures will be given in 1) Qingdao on June 21 (Monday) at the FIO: http://www.sciencenet.cn/m/user_content.aspx?id=327267 2) Guangzhou on June 28th (Monday) at the SCSIO: 主办: 中国科学院南海海洋研究所 《热带海洋学报》 Contact info: http://www.jto.ac.cn/CN/column/column111.shtml
4) Appropriate Use of Conventions a) Adjective and verb confusion Example: His colleagues agree that he does his job good. Correction: His colleagues agree that he does his job well. b) Pronoun case: Example: He sat between you and I in the meeting. Correction: He sat between you and me in the meeting. c) Idiom: Example: Dr. Yee had a very high opinion towards her. Correction: Dr. Yee had a very high opinion of her. d) Comparison of modifiers Example: Of the five posters, I like Dr. Lis more. Correction: Of the five posters, I like Dr. Lis best. e) Sentence fragment Example: Whether or not the answer seems correct. Correction: The answer seems to be correct. f) Comma splice or fused sentence Example: Ann enjoys reading novels, she reads at least one each week. Correction: Ann enjoys reading novels, and she reads at least one each week.
3) Clarity and Precision a) Ambiguous and vague pronouns Example: In the paper they claim these results are new. Correction: The authors claim these results in the paper are new. b) Diction Example: He derived the satellite data from a Website. Correction: He downloaded the satellite data from a Website. c) Wordiness Example: There are many issues we face in everyday life we live. Correction: There are many issues we face in everyday life. d) Missing subject Example: If your car is parked here and not eating at the restaurant, it will be towed away. Correction: If you park here and do not eat at the restaurant, your car will be towed away. E) Weak passive verbs Example: When we take the data, the sampling sites are being selected first. Example: Before we take the data, we select the sampling sites first.
The last stop of our summer visit in China will be my beloved hometown, Hangzhou. We will be staying at Dahua Hotel during the last week of June. I stayed there before, and really enjoyed the quiet surrounding and reasonably priced restaurant operated by the hotel. I wonder if some of my fellow Bloggers care to get together for an afternoon tea or lunch (since I need to have dinner with my parents). Also, if someone feels his or her institute has a great need for lectures on how to write research papers in English, please send me a short message ( 发短消息 ) with your email address so we can try to set up a location and time, like the one in Qingdao (see http://www.sciencenet.cn/m/user_content.aspx?id=327267 ).
The modern uses of the semicolon relate either to the listing of items, or to the linking of related clauses . Applications of the semicolon in English include Between closely-related independent clauses not conjoined with a coordinating conjunction I went to the basketball court; I was told it was closed for cleaning. I told Ben he's running for the hills; I wonder if he knew I was joking. Nothing is true; everything is permitted. A man chooses; a slave obeys. Between independent clauses linked with a transitional phrase or a conjunctive adverb I like to eat fish; however, I don't like to be eaten by them. I like being odd; yet, I hate being different. Between items in a series or listing containing internal punctuation , especially parenthetic commas, where the semicolons function as serial commas : She saw three men: Jamie, who came from New Zealand; John, the milkman's son; and George, a gaunt kind of man. Several fast food restaurants can be found in each of London, England; Paris, France; Dublin, Ireland; and Madrid, Spain. Examples of familiar sequences are: one, two, and three; a, b, and c; and first, second, and third. Zuojun: I see few authors use semicolon in their research papers. One thing you could try is to use semicolon to break a very long sentence that you don't want to split into two sentences. Happy writing!
2. Logical Expression of Ideas a) Coordination and subordination Example: Ann has a cough, and she has probably caught a cold. Correction: Ann has a cough ; she has probably caught a cold. b) Logical comparison: Example: Dr. Wang publishes more papers than his colleagues. Correction: Dr. Wang publishes more papers than his colleagues (do). c) Modification and word order Example: Crying loudly, the tree had the boys kite wrapped around it. Correction: Crying loudly, the boy had wrapped his kite around a tree.
Before my summer lectures on scientific writing, I have received the following questions from a student rep. I post my quick, and not well-thought-through, answers below. I hope you all can contribute by giving your version of A1, A2 and A3. Thank you in advance! Q1: When preparing a research paper in English, is itok to write it in Chinese first, and then translate it into English? If your answer is No, how can we overcome it? (Actually, some of us are doing so right now.) A1: My answer is actually YES. If you feel comfortable writing in Chinese first, go ahead. You do need to pay attention to some writing style in English, which I will teach when I visit. My guess is that you will do this only once or twice, because you dont want to write two papers each time and only publish one! Q2: We often have trouble choosing proper words in English. Do you have any good suggestions? A2: Its hard even for a native speaker to write well One thing you could do is to use the thesaurus in Word (under Review button). Still, you need a good sense of knowing right from wrong, which takes time to learn. In time, however, you will get better. Q3: Can you talk about how to improve English writing besides through reading? Because we may still feel intimidated by English writing after we have read lots of English materials. A3: Rome was not built in one day. Do not rush yourself. How long did it take you to learn how to write well in Chinese? All the composition lessons in grade school, middle school, and high school It's like swimming: You can never be good at it without lots of practice in the water Read and WRITE with your heart and mind, and you will get better and better every day. Good Good Study, Day Day Up!
I. Consistency a) Sequence of tenses Example: After the experiment was finished, data are collected for analysis. Correction: After the experiment was finished, data were collected for analysis. b) Shift of pronoun Example: If you want to improve your English writing, one should try to read more and write more. Correction: If you want to improve your English writing, you should try to read more and write more. c) Parallelism Example: This paper showed us how to collect data, how to analyze data, and drawing a conclusion was also demonstrated. Correction: This paper showed us how to collect data, analyze data, and draw a conclusion . d) Noun-number agreement Example: Ann and Daisy want to be an oceanographer. Correction: Ann and Daisy want to be oceanographers . e) Subject-verb agreement Example: There is eight experiments. Correction: There are eight experiments.
http://www.scienceblog.com/cms/blog/4554-the-importance-scientific-literacy-17352.html The Importance of Scientific Literacy Posted by The_Urban_Scientist ? The Importance of Scientific Literacy The 21st century is fast-paced and highly competitive. Each day, we make important decisions that will greatly impact our lives today and well into the future. Moreover, we are provided greater amounts of increasingly complex information that ever before. However, our societys collective sense of science literacy is outdated; many people still think of science literacy as simply being informed about new advances, for example in medicine and technology. This definition of scientific literacy will not longer suffice in this new Information Age. As the media shares new information about scientific, medical, or ecological breakthroughs, we are expected to respond to this new information. What will we do with this information? How will our lives be affected by the decisions we make? In this new century science literacy is the occupational capacity to apply information in an appropriate contest, to analyze information, to synthesize information from various sources or on various topics, and evaluate information to determine the best course of action. Essentially, being scientifically literate in the 21st century means understanding the nature of science as a process that helps us discriminate between what is real or likely and what is not. It is the comprehension of the nature of our minds, our bodies, and our environment. It is using that knowledge to make the best decisions possible for ourselves, our families, and our community now and for future generations. This type of literacy is valuable because it cultivates the intellectual development of the individual. Science the close observation and examination of the natural world, analyzing information and sources of information, interpreting events, and making decisions based on these observations or conclusions made by others. Quality science education equips students (of any age) with the tools to direct ones own learning. The individual can make his or her own discoveries, create new knowledge, and apply information and resolve discrepancies on his or her own. By studying and doing science, an individual is transformed from a passive recipient of information to an active and discerning consumer of information. In other words, scientific literacy is valuable because it prepares and empowers us to become more actively engaged in the decisions we make in out lives. However, I am surprised by the decisions some people make because they posses a depth of misunderstanding about scientifically related topics. For example, I have met many people, some with college educations, who have decided not to participate in research activities because they were certain the doctors or psychologists would deliberately harm them. Ive known people who have refused to donate blood or become an organ donor because they honesty believed doing so would put them at risk. Moreover, I have heard people share explanations for natural phenomena, such as disease transmission and reproductive health, which were grossly inaccurate. And more recently, I have read peoples angry comments about waste treatment or genetically modified plants, that were completely void of any comprehension of the these technologies. Some of these misconceptions and misunderstandings are so strongly-held that most people do not abandon their own explanations even when they have the opportunity to discuss the matter with scientists, doctors, or other experts. These inaccurate explanations have been accepted as truths for so long and so deeply that a single brief conversation (or blog comment) is not enough for people to update their memory banks or even have them open up their minds to the possibility of alternative explanations. It is imperative that people have an accurate understanding f our bodies, our health, and our environment. Helping people engage in more meaningful discourse (in general and) about science-related topics is the first step to creating a more scientifically literate society. I think it is especially important to educate the most vulnerable citizens in our society, e.g. the poor, the undereducated, the marginalized and disenfranchised. A societys most vulnerable citizenry are those who do not know how to critically evaluate the options or the validity of a source and are ignorant to the resources available to them. Individuals who are well-informed and discerning are less likely to be victims of social injustice or environmental racism. Being better educated makes us better advocates. When we become advocate or activist-citizens we hold our elected officials and service providers and each other accountable. Tags: Education and Outreach The_Urban_Scientist's blog | Add new comment | 2811 reads Printer-friendly version | Send to friend
The Scientific Annotation Middleware (SAM) is a set of components and services that enable researchers, applications, problem solving environments (PSE) and software agents to create metadata and annotations about data objects and document the semantic relationships between them. Developed starting in 2001, SAM allows applications to encode metadata within files or to manage metadata at the level of individual relationships as desired. SAM then provides mechanisms to expose metadata and relationships encoded either way as WebDAV properties. http://collaboratory.emsl.pnl.gov/docs/collab/sam/2.1/SAMDownload.html （下载地址） 使用说明： SAM SAM 2.1 Installation Instructions Tutorials Showing SAM and ELN Client Installation SAM-2.1.zip Installation sam.war Installation ELN Client Installation Preview Release of Notarization Service SAM-2.1.zip Installation Prerequisites: JDK 1.4 (or newer) (download from java.sun.com) (NOTE: Verify that you are using a JAVA_HOME that points to the JDK directory and not the JRE directory. Tomcat will run with a JAVA_HOME that uses the JRE directory, but SAM will have errors. On a Windows computer you can enter 'echo %JAVA_HOME%' at the command line to verify that you are using the JDK) Tomcat 4.1.X+ and Tomcat 5.0.X+ (download from http://tomcat.apache.org/) Please see our FAQ's page for information regarding other versions of Tomcat and Java SAM Verify Tomcat Installation SAM has been tested with the binary distribution of Tomcat 4.1.27 a nd Tomcat 5.0.30. Before proceeding with SAM install, you should verify that you can start Tomcat and view your Tomcat-based website. You may wish to remove the Tomcat examples and default users (see TomcatConfig.shtml for details of how to do this). Remember the location of your Tomcat installation for the next step. Unpack SAM-2.1.zip Unpack the SAM zip file into the main directory of your Tomcat setup. This will copy all the files necessary to run SAM into the correct locations. (Be sure to use folder names to preserve the directory structure within the zip file.) Define SAM user accounts In the default configuration for the zip install, SAM 2.1 manages user accounts internally. SAM ships with a default root account that has write access to the entire data store. YOU ARE STRONGLY ADVISED TO CHANGE THE PASSWORD FOR THIS ACCOUNT. This can be done by editing the Domain.xml in the webapps/sam directory before running the server or by using the web-based admin pages. To create/modify accounts, access the server web page http://yourservername/sam/admin/main and select Security, then Select List and Edit Users and edit or add users to your server. For more information on this function see Administration Guide (Optional) Define your storage location The SAM 2.1 zip install preconfigures SAM to use the local file system for storing content and metadata). You can specify the base directory for the local storage by uncommenting and changing the store-base parameter in %TOMCAT%/webapps/sam.xml. By default, content will be stored in %TOMCAT%/store. A relative path definition will be interpreted as relative to %TOMCAT%/. You can also input an absolute file path. SAM can also be configured to use a database for metadata and/or content. An example configuration for use of MySQL is commented out in the Domain.xml file. (Optional) Configure Indexing Options By default, SAM 2.1 zip install does not enable lucene indexing, to use lucene indexing, uncomment the 'contentindexer' and 'propertiesindexer' parameters in Domain.xml. To specify which properties are indexed alter the %TOMCAT%/common/classes/indexed-properties.xml file. If you start the server prior to enabling indexing then data and metadata already in the store will not be indexed, to use the property reindexer, uncomment the 'reindex' parameter in web.xml. (Optional) Define email notifications You may configure SAM to send email notifications when there has been a change to the server. Download and unpack openjms- 0.7.5 .zip, to your desired location. In system variables set OPENJMS_HOME to location of openjms folder Change settings in web.xml -SAM_JMS_Mode on default is 'rmi', off is 'none' -SAM_Mail_Host your mail smtp server -SAM_Mail_Sender from address you want recipients to see -SAM_Mail_Send_Hour hour you would like daily digests sent out at -SAM_Mail_Send_Day day you would like weekly digests sent on Run openjms/bin/startup before starting Tomcat startup or alter Tomcat startup and shutdown scripts to start and stop openjms. Start Tomcat After the above steps, starting Tomcat will run your SAM server. You can access the SAM webDAV site via the URL http:your IP address:8080/sam/. You can use a variety of mechanisms to read/write data and metadata, for example: your browser (read-only) DAV Explorer Microsoft Explorer (configure a Network Drive using the above URL) or Office applications DAVfs (Linux) or WebDrive Other webDAV resources can be found at www.webdav.org. To access the ELN server in SAM, goto the URL http:your IP address:8080/sam/launchELN in your browser. Clicking Configure New Notebook will allow you to setup an ELN. Proceed to SAM Administration and Development Guide... -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- sam.war Installation Prerequisites: JDK 1.4 (or newer) (download from java.sun.com) A Servlet 2.3 capable Web Application Server (e.g. Tomcat) Note: These instructions are for advanced users and assume greater knowledge of your web application server than the recommended SAM-2.1.zip Installation. More details about configuration options are available in the SAM Administration and Development Guide... SAM Install the sam.war file using the standard procedure for your server. Set your server to unpack the war file (required for SAM 2.1 to run.) Defining User Accounts There are two main options: Create User accounts using the standard procedure for your server (e.g. editing tomcat-users.xml). Create duplicate accounts in SAM by editing the Domain.xml file in the SAM web application. Instructions for creating accounts and examples are in the Domain.xml file starting around line 288. or Configure a single-sign-on mechanism using your server's standard mechanisms (e.g. Tomcat Realms) and JAAS. SAM 2.1.zip includes JAAS LoginModules for username/password and MyProxy-based Grid Certificate authentication. These classes can be configured to integrate SAM's internal account mechanism with your web application server's. Using this option will require moving some SAM classes out of the web application to shared directories (see next step). (Optional)Supporting multiple web applications using SAM If you wish to use SAM (via it's API rather than webDAV) with multiple web applications, several additional steps are required: Move SAM JAR files Several base jar files must move to your server's shared library directory (e.g. %catalina_home%/common/lib for Tomcat): slide-kernel.jar slide-stores.jar slide-roles.jar Additional library files might be necessary, depending on the requirements of the web applications. In addition, slide-catalinawrapper.jar would have to be placed in a privileged directory on your server (e.g. %catalina_home%/server/lib for Tomcat) to enable single-sign-on using JAAS. Configure a Server Listener In order for SAM to be initialized when Tomcat starts a ServerListener has to be added to the Tomcat configuration (server.xml). The SlideServerListener looks for %catalina_home%/conf/slide.xml to initialize the Slide Domain. server ... Listener className=wrappers.catalina.SlideServerListener logLevel=6 / ... /server Configure SAM When used in this manner, SAM is configured through an XML file named %catalina_home%/conf/slide.xml instead of the usual Domain.xml. Proceed to SAM Administration and Development Guide... -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ELN Client Installation The Electronic Laboratory Notebook (ELN) was begun as part of a previous project and has been released under an open source license (see http://sourceforge.net/projects/eln/). The SAM project has contributed to the development of the ELN 5.1 client and has developed a SAM-based ELN 5.1 server. The ELN Client installation is the same for the original (Perl cgi) and SAM-based servers and users of a SAM-based ELN notebook should follow the standard instructions for installing the ELN Client. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- About the SAM Project Download SAM Installation Instructions SAM 2.1 Features SAM Administration Development Information Getting Started with the Electronic Laboratory Notebook FAQ/Known Issues Support
On Dec 19, 2009, editors at Acta Crystallographica Section E alerted the scientific community to a disgraceful pattern of fraud involving papers they had published in 2007. At least 70 false crystal structures were reportedmainly from two groups led by Hua Zhong and Tao Liu, both at Jinggangshan University, Jian, China. All authors have now agreed to retraction of 41 papers published by Zhong and 29 by Liu. It is rather surprising that wrongdoing on such a scale evaded detection during peer review and, considering that crystal structures are deposited in public databases upon publication, that the truth has been uncovered so slowly. In China, the government controls almost all funding for research. As in other countries, to gain funding researchers need to publish as many papers in high impact journals as possible. According to Science Citation Index and other resources, Chinese authors published 271000 papers in 2008 , roughly 115% of the world's total. This incident is not the first time that scientific fraud has occurred in China. Regulations to monitor state-funded research projects were announced in 2006 by the Ministry of Science and Technology in response to six high-profile cases of scientific misconduct. A new circular was issued on March 19, 2009, aimed at preventing misconduct in higher education institutionspunishment for breaching the new rules could involve warnings, dismissal, or legal action. Research programmes could be suspended or terminated, funding could be withdrawn, or awards and honours revoked. Such extensive fraud is disappointingnot only does it indicate a substantial waste of research time and money, but it is likely that, whatever punishments do result, damage to the reputations of the researchers, institutions, and journal concerned is likely to be disproportionately great. Clearly, China's Government needs to take this episode as a cue to reinvigorate standards for teaching research ethics and for the conduct of research itself, as well as establishing robust and transparent procedures for handling allegations of scientific misconduct to prevent further instances of fraud. For Hu Jintao's goal of China becoming a research superpower by 2020 to be credible, China must assume stronger leadership in scientific integrity. The Lancet, Volume 375, Issue 9709 , Page 94, 9 January 2010 doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(10)60030-X
看完后无地自容! On Dec 19, 2009, editors at Acta Crystallographica Section Ealerted the scientific community to a disgraceful pattern of fraud involving papers they had published in 2007. At least 70 false crystal structures were reportedmainly from two groups led by Hua Zhong and Tao Liu, both at Jinggangshan University, Jian, China. All authors have now agreed to retraction of 41 papers published by Zhong and 29 by Liu. It is rather surprising that wrongdoing on such a scale evaded detection during peer review and, considering that crystal structures are deposited in public databases upon publication, that the truth has been uncovered so slowly. In China, the government controls almost all funding for research. As in other countries, to gain funding researchers need to publish as many papers in high impact journals as possible. According to Science Citation Index and other resources, Chinese authors published 271 000 papers in 2008, roughly 115% of the world's total. This incident is not the first time that scientific fraud has occurred in China. Regulations to monitor state-funded research projects were announced in 2006 by the Ministry of Science and Technology in response to six high-profile cases of scientific misconduct. A new circular was issued on March 19, 2009, aimed at preventing misconduct in higher education institutionspunishment for breaching the new rules could involve warnings, dismissal, or legal action. Research programmes could be suspended or terminated, funding could be withdrawn, or awards and honours revoked. Such extensive fraud is disappointingnot only does it indicate a substantial waste of research time and money, but it is likely that, whatever punishments do result, damage to the reputations of the researchers, institutions, and journal concerned is likely to be disproportionately great. Clearly, China's Government needs to take this episode as a cue to reinvigorate standards for teaching research ethics and for the conduct of research itself, as well as establishing robust and transparent procedures for handling allegations of scientific misconduct to prevent further instances of fraud. For Hu Jintao's goal of China becoming a research superpower by 2020 to be credible, China must assume stronger leadership in scientific integrity.
It’s New Year’s Day here in Honolulu, a very quiet morning except for birds’ singing. In contrast, the New Year’s Eve was LOUD, because it’s one of the few occasions that people in Hawaii are allowed to set off fireworks (when limited permits are issued for big fireworks that shoot high into the sky). We joined Yanli’s family to celebrate the coming of 2010, with good food, wine, and lots of small fireworks (that need no permit). Waking up half-rested, I was thinking of what to do on New Year’s Day. I could go check how my numerical experiments are doing, but that will only take an hour. I could finish editing a manuscript for my new client, which might take 2-3 hours. I could write a Blog about my ~100 days on the ScienceNet. Suddenly, an idea came to me… Writing well in English is a useful skill, whether you hate “the SCI journals” or not. If you can publish research papers in English, you will have more international readers. (Do go for Open Access journals whenever possible.) So, here is my proposal to you. If you are a graduate student whose advisor needs help with English writing, ask her (or him) if you could help to improve the draft (or translate it) for a reasonable fee, say much cheaper than a world-class English editing company would charge. If you are a serious student with average level of English skill, she might actually let you. Then, I request that you go over the manuscript twice or more, until you feel that you have done all you could to improve it. After that, you send it to me for polishing… Tell your advisor that I cannot promise the manuscript will be accepted by an SCI journal, but the editor and reviewers should be pleased with the clear English presentation. If you are a young scientist without your own research grants, you may approach senior PIs at your institute, who are not working on exactly the same topic as you do (to avoid potential conflict of interest) but could use some help with English writing. You may wonder what you could gain by doing this, besides making some spending money. Well, you could at least improve your own English writing greatly. (See my Blog on What Can You Gain from English Editing? If you are a devoted scientist, good English writing will come handy. If you are a graduate student who may decide not to continue research some day (for whatever reasons), you can always make a decent living as an English editor. Now, you may also wonder what I hope to gain through this partnership. I hope to expand my business in 2010, of course. I also feel I can help you to be a better writer of scientific articles. To find out more about me, you may simply google my name in English. Happy New Year!
会议主页 Welcome to OSSC 2009 WebSite Guiyang, China, Sept 18-20 2009 2009 International Workshop on Open-source Software for Scientific Computation 02.16.2009 | OSSC 2009 International Workshop on Open-source Software for Scientific Computation will be held in September 18-20, 2009, in Tianjiabing Building multifunctional conference centre of Guizhou Normal University , Guiyang, city of forest, the capital of Guizhou province, located amid the inland southeastern area, China Excellent City of Tourism. The aim of OSSC 09 is to provide an international forum of exchanging the knowledge of using open-source software for scientific computation within the communities from education, academics, to industries. We expect contribution papers focusing on the development and applications of open-source software for scientific computation. Key Words: Open-source software, scientific computation, toolbox/toolkit for research/education, mathematical modeling, numerical methods and simulation, computational science and engineering. All accepted full papers will be published by IEEE Press, which are cited by EI. Click here (pdf) for Call for papers. Organization Programme Committee 02.16.2009 | OSSC Honorable Chairs Songde Ma CASIA, China songde.ma@mail.ia.ac.cn Michel Cosnard INRIA, France michel.cosnard@inria.fr General Chairs Baogang Hu LIAMA, China hubg@nlpr.ia.ac.cn Christian Saguez ECP, France saguez@mas.ecp.fr Program Committee Chairs Claude Gomez Scilab Consortium, France claude.gomez@scilab.org Xiaoyao Xie Guizhou Normal University, China xyx@gznu.edu.cn Program Committee Roberto Bucher SUPSI, Switzerland Jun Cai University Libre de Bruxelles, Belgium Roberto Coisson University of Parma, Italy Junping Du BUPT, China Claude Gomez Scilab Consortium, France Maurice Goursat INRIA, France Stephane Grumbach LIAMA, China Jianguo He Ningxia University, China Qiang Ji RPI, USA Shi Li LIAMA, China Xiaofeng Lin Guangxi University, China Xiaoping Lin Guangdong University of Technology , China Ding Liu Xi'an University of Technology, China Cheng Soon Ong ETH Zurich, Switzerland Longhua Ma Zhejiang University, China Kannan Moudgalya IIT Bombay, India Wei Pan Capital Normal University, China Shiyin Qin Beijing University of Aeronautics Astronautics, China Tetsuya Sakurai Tsukuba University, Japan Soeren Sonnenburg Friedrich Miescher Lab, Germany Serge Steer INRIA, France Kejun Wang Harbin Engineering University, China Xingbo Wang Hunan Agricultural University , China Eric TT Wong The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, China Xiaoyao Xie Guizhou Normal University, China Shiqi Yu Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology,CAS Organization Chair Shi Li LIAMA, China leeshi2006@gmail.com Publication Chair Mengqi Zhou IEEE Beijing Section, China zhoumq@public3.bta.net.cn Organizers LIAMA, Institute of Automation, CAS, Beijing, China Guizhou Normal University, China Co-Sponsors IEEE Beijing Section, China INRIA, France SCILAB Consortium , France Workshop webmaster Cai Kang LIAMA, China kangcai@gmail.com
This Second Edition of How to Write and Illustrate a Scientific Paper will help both first-time writers and more experienced authors, in all biological and medical disciplines, to present their results effectively. Whilst retaining the easy-to-read and well-structured approach of the previous edition, it has been broadened to include comprehensive advice on writing compilation theses for doctoral degrees, and a detailed description of preparing case reports. Illustrations, particularly graphs, are discussed in detail, with poor examples redrawn for comparison. The reader is offered advice on how to present the paper, where and how to submit the manuscript, and finally, how to correct the proofs. Examples of both good and bad writing, selected from actual journal articles, illustrate the authors advice which has been developed through his extensive teaching experience in this accessible and informative guide. BJORN GUSTAVII has been teaching courses in scientific writing for doctoral (Ph.D.) students in medicine for 25 years.He brings his personal experience to this book, both from writing more than 100 of his own research papers and from his work as a journal editor. Published date: 2008 Pages: 180 Free Download: Write and Illustrate a Scientific Paper.part1 Write and Illustrate a Scientific Paper.part2
有关计算机科学本体及相关的科学分类、研究方法、具体科学思维方法、范式等相关理论有待得到发展与完善，所有这些更有助于计算机科学的良性发展，计算机科学方法论是促进本体有序发展的基石，也是计算科技哲学的研究对象，需要计算机科学理论工作者用一般科技哲学理论加以具体化研究与改进，以使体系更好的为第三种形态的计算机科学服务。 展示一篇国外论文：Scientific Methods in Computer Science(参考研究) Department of Computer Science Mlardalen University 结构如下： Scientific Methods in Computer Science Abstract Introduction 1 What Is Science 1.1 Classical Science 1.2 Sciences Belonging To Several Fields 2 The Scientific Method 3 Science Research Technology 3.1 Aristotle's Science Contra Technology 3.2 Modern Science Contra Technology 4 What IS Computer Science 4.1 Sub-areas Of Computer Science 5 Scientific Methods Of Computer Science 5.1 Modeling 5.2 Theoretical Computer Science 5.3 Experimental Computer Science 5.4 Computer Simulation 6 Conclusion About The Scientific Methods OF Computer Science Reference 原论文地址 以下来源于( 参考研究 可以点击链接定位）
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